The output per 1 worker shows. The economic essence of the indicator "labor productivity"
Depending on the unit of measurement of working time, there are three indicators of output: hourly, daily, annual.
Average hourly output is calculated by dividing the total output by the number of hours worked by all or only the main workers.
The average daily output is calculated by dividing the total output by the number of man-days worked by all or only the main workers.
Annual output is calculated by dividing the total output by the average number of industrial and production personnel.
Indicators of the dynamics of labor productivity, expressed by the indices of average hourly, average daily and average annual output, as a rule, do not coincide. Their difference is due to the degree of use of working time.
The hourly output index (IB h) characterizes the change in labor productivity during each hour of work. Hourly output rises or falls only as a result of changes in the labor intensity of production. The degree of use of working time is not reflected in the hourly output, since only hours actually worked are included in the calculation.
The daily output index (IB d) characterizes the change in labor productivity during each hour of work (IB h), as well as the change in the number of hours worked during the shift (It cm)
IB d \u003d IB h × It cm.
The index of annual output (IB d) characterizes the change in hourly and daily labor productivity (IB h), as well as the use of working time during the year (It d)
(IV g) \u003d Iv d ×It g
Comparison of the dynamics of indicators of hourly, daily and annual production of workers allows us to draw a conclusion about changes in the use of working time for the reporting period. If the daily output index is less than the hourly output index, then this is an indicator of an increase in intra-shift losses of working time, the excess of the annual output index over the daily output index indicates an increase in the number of absentee days in a year and vice versa.
Determine how the average hourly, average daily and average annual output has changed over the year and explain the difference in the dynamics of output, if the enterprise produced products (O) for 36 million rubles, the number of employees (H) 1500 people, they produced 375 thousand for the year man-days (D), or 3,000 man-hours (T). In the previous year, the average output per worker was 22,000 rubles, the average daily output was 93 rubles, the average hourly output was 10.5 rubles.
1. We determine the annual output and its growth in relation to the previous year
V r \u003d O / H; B d \u003d 25,000,000/1500 \u003d 24,000 rubles.
Iv g \u003d V. g. from. / In g.b; IB g. = 24000/22000 = 1.09.
2. We determine the daily output in the reporting period and its growth in relation to the daily output of the previous year
V d \u003d O / D V d \u003d 36,000,000 / 375,000 \u003d 96 rubles.
IB d \u003d V. d. from. / In d.b; IB d. \u003d 96/93 \u003d 1.03
3. We determine the hourly output in the reporting period and its growth in relation to the hourly output of the previous year
V h \u003d O / T V h \u003d 36,000,000 / 3,000,000 \u003d 12 rubles.
Iv h \u003d V. h from. / Vg.b; Ih = 12/10.5 = 1.143
Thus, the annual output increased by 9% (IВ g = 1.09), daily output - by 1% (IV d = 1.03), hourly - by 14.3% (IВ h = 1.143).
Indicators of the dynamics of production do not match due to the different use of working time during the shift and year in the base and reporting periods.
It \u003d IВ d / IВ h; 1.03/1.143 = 0.9.
ID \u003d IВ g / IВ d ;; 1.09/1.03 = 1.058.
Thus, the use of working time in the reporting period, compared with the baseline, during the shift deteriorated by 10%, and improved by 5.8% during the year.
Hourly output increased by 4%, daily output by 6%, annual output by 5%. Determine how working time was used during the year.
1. Determine how the use of working time has changed during the shift (I working time)
It working time \u003d Iv d. / Iv h
It working time = 1.06 / 1.04 = 1.019.
2. Let's determine how the number of secret days per year has changed on average per worker (I jav.d)
I jav.d. \u003d Iv g. / Iv d. \u003d 1.05 / 1.06 \u003d 0.99.
3. Let's determine how the number of working hours in a year has changed (I working hours)
I slave \u003d IВ g. / IВ h. \u003d 1.05 / 1.04 \u003d 1.0096.
Thus, the number of hours of actual work per shift increased by 1.9% (I work.vr = 1.019), the number of turnaround days per year decreased by 1% (I work.d = 0.99), the number of working hours per year increased by 0.96%
(I work = 1.0096).
Average hourly output:
Average daily output:
Average monthly (quarts, years) output:
Between showing the hour, daily and monthly output of one worker, there is a trace of the relationship:
Where 
- average actual duration of the working day in hours;
-average fact will continue working period in days.
Average monthly output per employee:
d - the share of workers in the total number of employees of the enterprise
The change in labor productivity of one worker characterizes the following index:
The influence of each factor in relative terms is measured by the corresponding analyte indices:
Indexes are linked into the system:
The production is considered a direct indicator of the PT, since the larger its value, the higher the labor output. Labor intensity is considered the opposite indicator, because. with an increase in the labor intensity of manufactured products, labor productivity decreases:
44. Methods for measuring the level and dynamics of labor productivity: natural, cost, labor. Advantages, disadvantages, areas of application.
The natural method involves accounting for production in natural or conditionally natural units of measurement.
Application: enterprises that produce homogeneous products or have established accounting for labor costs for each type of manufactured product.
Analysis of changes in the level of labor productivity for this method is carried out using the index:
- output in physical terms in the reporting and base periods.
labor costs in otch and bases per-x.
Labor method. As the labor of a co-meter, the standard value of a unit of production is used ( 
).
Area of application: separate sections, teams, production, where labor rationing is established. 
With the cost method, the volume of production is estimated in monetary (value) terms.
This is a universal method, because can be applied to any enterprise.
Arithmetic average index of labor productivity, index of S.G. Strumilin:
- individual indices of labor productivity for individual production units.
45. Study of labor costs. Indicators of the level, dynamics and differentiation of wages.
Labor costs are the costs incurred by an enterprise in connection with the hiring and use of labor force.
Their study is carried out on the basis of special one-time sample surveys.
Cost groups:
1. Pay for hours worked
2. Payment for unworked time
3. One-time incentive payments
4. Payment for food, housing, fuel ...
5.Expenses of the organization to provide employees with housing.
6. -//-//- for social protection of workers
7.-//-//- for professional education
8.-//-//- for cultural and community services
9.Taxes and fees related to the use of labor force.
10.Other expenses, communication with the isp-eat slave. Forces.
Salary - the cost of labor force.
Payment form:
Time-based (based on actual hours worked and tariff rates)
Simple (hourly, daily, monthly)
Time-bonus (simple + additional bonuses)
Piecework (based on actually manufactured products)
Direct-per-unit
Bonus for overfulfillment
Progressive - the rate is higher if above the norm
Indirect - for wages will help workers
The chord system is for the entire complex of work performed, and not for each operation performed.
Wage fund - the amount of remuneration provided to employees in accordance with the quantity and quality of their work.
Average hour of salary
-Average daily salary
Average monthly salary
The relationship between average wages (Z), the average number of workers (T) and the fund z.p. (F) you can imagine:
Difference indicators:
The decile coefficient of differentiation is the ratio of the lowest average monthly salary of 10% of the highest paid employees to the highest average monthly salary of 10% of employees with the lowest salary;
Coeff fundt - the ratio of average wages of 10% of the highest and 10% of the least wages of employees.
Study the dynamics of wages with the help of wage indices. At the same time, the dynamics of nominal and real wages are analyzed.
Nominal - the amount of money for the work performed.
Real - reflects the purchase is capable of a nominal RFP, reduced by the amount of taxes and obligatory payments.
Real salary index:
To study the dynamics of the average level of the RFP, use the system of indices of variables, post composition and structure of shifts.
46. The concept of national wealth. Concepts for determining the composition of national wealth: expansion WB; in accordance with the SNA; in accordance with BNH. Methodological problems of determining the department of e-s nat wealth.
NB - the totality of non-fixed and fixed assets accumulated in the country as of a certain point in time.
BNH (balance of the national economy) - a system that meets the conditions of non-market management. It is based on the division of the entire economy into two spheres - mat pr-va and non-productive sphere .. Mat pr-in is divided into pr-in funds pr-va and pr-in consumer goods.
SNA is a system of macroeconomic calculations for countries with a market economy. There is a division into commercial and non-commercial enterprises. It covers all areas of basic indicators. GDP takes into account the results of the mat of production and the service sector.
The mat turnover of assets is taken into account according to the accounting records at acquisition prices. The value of natural resources is taken into account in physical terms.
There is no value of valuables. In the economy market, the following are used: historical (original) cost, replacement cost (restored), subjective cost (future income cost), market value (coordination of sub-st-ti of the seller and sub st-ty of the buyer).
To determine the efficiency of production and its profitability, the formula for calculating labor productivity is used. Based on the data obtained, the management of the enterprise can draw conclusions about the introduction of new machines or changes in production technology, reduction or increase in the workforce. Calculating this value is very simple.
Basic information
Labor productivity is the most important criterion for assessing the effectiveness of workers. The higher it is, the lower the cost of producing goods. It is he who determines the profitability of the enterprise.By calculating labor productivity, you can find out how fruitful the work of workers is for a given period of time. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to plan the further work of the enterprise - calculate the estimated production volumes, revenue, draw up a cost estimate and purchase materials for production in the required quantity, hire the required number of workers.
Labor productivity is characterized by two main indicators:
- Working out , which indicates the volume of products manufactured by one worker for a certain period of time. Often calculated for one hour, day or week.
- Labor intensity - on the contrary, it already indicates the amount of time that the worker spent on the production of one unit of goods.
Calculation of production and labor intensity
The output depends on the average number of employees and the time spent on production. The formula looks like this:B=V/T or B=V/N, where
- V
- T - the time it takes to make it
- N
- V - quantity of the manufactured product;
- N - the average number of employees.
Both formulas can be used to calculate the productivity of one worker.
Consider a specific example:
In 5 days, the confectionery shop produced 550 cakes. There are 4 confectioners in the shop.
The output is:
- В=V/T=550/4=137.5 - the number of cakes made by one confectioner per week;
- В=V/N=550/5=110 - the number of cakes made in one day.
R=N/V= 4/550=0.0073 - indicates the amount of effort that the confectioner makes to make one cake.
Formulas for calculating performance
Consider the basic formulas for calculating labor productivity for each of the situations. All of them are quite simple, but at the same time, the following nuances must be taken into account in the calculations:- The volume of output is calculated in units of manufactured goods. For example, for shoes - pairs, for canned food - cans, etc.
- Only the personnel involved in the production are taken into account. So, accountants, cleaners, managers and other specialists who are not directly involved in production are not considered.
Balance calculation
The basic calculation formula is the balance sheet calculation. It helps to calculate the productivity of the enterprise as a whole. For its calculation, the main value is taken as the amount of work indicated in the financial statements for a certain period of time.The formula looks like this:
PT=ORP/NWP where:
- Fri - labor productivity;
- ORP - the volume of output;
- NWP- the average number of workers involved in the process.
PT=195 506/60=3258.4, which means that the labor productivity of the enterprise for the year amounted to 3258.4 machines per worker.
Profit Performance Calculation
You can calculate productivity based on the profit of the enterprise. Thus, it is possible to calculate how much profit the enterprise brings in a given period.Labor productivity for the year or month for the enterprise is calculated by the formula:
PT \u003d V / R, where
- Fri - average annual or average monthly output;
- IN - revenue;
- R - the average number of employees for the year or month.
Fri = 10 670 000/60 = 177 833. 3 rubles. It turns out that for one year of work, each employee brings an average of 177,833.3 rubles of profit.
Average daily calculation
You can calculate the average daily or average hourly output using the following formula:PTC=V/T, where
- T - the total cost of working time for the production of products in hours or days;
- IN - revenue.
PT=10657/30=255. 2 machines per day.
Natural Calculation Formula
It can be used to calculate the average labor productivity per worker.This formula looks like this:
PT \u003d VP / KR, where
- VP - manufactured products;
- KR - the number of workers.
Fri=150/8=18.75 cars.
Factors affecting value
The following factors influence the value of labor productivity of an enterprise:- Natural and weather conditions . The productivity of agricultural enterprises directly depends on weather conditions. So, bad weather conditions - rain, low temperatures - can reduce human productivity.
- Political situation . The more stable it is, the more attention is paid to the development of production, therefore, the productivity is higher.
- General economic situation , both enterprises and states, the world as a whole. Loans, debt - all this can also reduce productivity.
- Making changes to the structure of production . For example, previously one employee performed 2 or 3 operations, then a separate employee was involved in each operation.
- Application of various technologies . This includes not only the introduction of new machinery and equipment, but also methods and methods of production.
- Change in management team . As you know, every leader tries to make his own additions to the production process. Not only the performance indicator, but also the quality of the goods largely depends on his knowledge and qualifications.
- Availability of additional incentives - premiums, increased pay for processing.
In general, the productivity of any enterprise is constantly growing. This is due both to gaining experience and to building up technical and technological potential.
Video: Formula for calculating labor productivity
Learn all the intricacies of calculating labor productivity from the video below. It contains the main factors affecting the calculation of labor productivity, related concepts and formulas, as well as examples of solving the most common problems that an enterprise owner may face.Labor productivity is the ratio of the volume of work performed or products manufactured to the time spent on its production by an enterprise, workshop, department or individual. Calculating it is quite simple, knowing the basic formulas and having data on the production volumes of the enterprise and the number of employees.
Instruction
To determine the average daily output, you must calculate the averages. It is very difficult to calculate the average for one day of accounting, so calculate the output for one month. Add up all the indicators for the development of a team or shift staff producing the same products for one month of work. Divide the result by the number of working days for which this product was produced and by the number of employees in the team or shift. The result obtained will be the average daily output, which the employee must produce in one shift of work.
To calculate average hourly output, divide the average daily output per worker by the number of hours worked per shift. The result will be equal to labor productivity per unit of working time.
If you need to calculate the output for one calendar year, multiply the average daily output for one month by 12 and divide by the number of employees in the team or shift.
Calculate the average daily production. It determines the daily volume of products produced by the enterprise for a certain period of time. Average daily output according to the formula: Daily output \u003d production volume / number of man-days that everyone worked
When calculating performance, it must be taken into account that it can change under the influence of internal and external factors. Internal factors of influence include adjustments in the volume and structure of production, improvement of mechanisms and incentives for the worker, organization of production, and the introduction of innovative technologies.
Helpful advice
By analogy, you can calculate the indicators of the average quarterly, semi-annual or annual output. If the production rate is not proportional to labor costs, then labor productivity is low.
Sources:
- Labor productivity statistics and analysis
Norm workings- a value that characterizes the amount of products produced by an employee of a certain qualification for a certain unit of time. The unit of time is usually taken as 1 hour of working time or 1 working shift. Knowing norm workings per unit of time, you can define norm workings V month.
Instruction
In the simplest case, to determine the norm workings V month(HBm) calculate the number of units of time in the total amount of working time for month. To do this, use the production calendar for the current year, which determines the average number of hours of working time for month(SMRV).
If per unit of time when determining the norm workings accepted working hour (NWh), then multiply it by the average number of hours of working time for month and you will get norm workings behind month: NVm \u003d NVch x SMv.
When the norm workings defined for a work shift (HW) having an average duration in hours (AM), then divide the average number of hours worked per month by this indicator and multiply the original norm workings on this coefficient (K): K = SMv / SPrs; NVm = HVrs x K.
This calculation is suitable for mass and large-scale production, characterized by a continuous cycle, in which there are no preparatory and final works, or they are performed by specially assigned workers. In the event that the calculation is made for piece or small-scale production, it must take into account the time that the worker spends on preparing equipment and materials, as well as on completing the work.
In this case, it is necessary to take a photograph of the working day and take into account the time in minutes for preparation, completion of the process, as well as technological and other breaks (Bp). Multiply this by the Average Monthly Working Days (AMW) and convert it from minutes to hours and you get the time spent on a workflow in a month (Wmw): Wmw = SMwd x Wp.
Average output is determined by a long-term analysis of the amount of output produced by one or a group of employees. The calculation is necessary when transferring from wages to. The work is assigned to the rater.
Production in value terms depends on the structure of work and their material consumption.
For example: Labor costs for the implementation of 1 m 3 of prefabricated reinforced concrete floor panels are almost the same, but the estimated cost of 1 m 3 of assembled prefabricated reinforced concrete is 20 times more than the cost of 1 m 3 of excavation. Hence, the output in value (monetary) terms for the installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete will be as many times greater than for earthworks.
Task 1.5.1.
m 2
(production of 1 plasterer per month);
m 2
(daily output of the 1st worker).
Labor productivity growth Fri is determined by the formula:
, (1.5.3)
where In - output (in physical terms) in the reporting year;
Wb - output in the base (preceding) year.
Task 1.5.2.
The brigade of erectors of structures, which in the previous (base) year reached natural output per 1 worker of 3.4 m 3 of assembled reinforced concrete per shift, is planning to increase output to 3.8 m 3 next year. Determine productivity improvement.
Production in value terms- a universal indicator that allows you to compare the work of organizations performing a wide variety of types of work.
Production in physical terms is the most clear and reliable indicator of the level of labor productivity. However, it is not suitable for assessing the level of labor productivity in the whole organization if it performs several types of work.
As an additional indicator of labor productivity, the indicator of the fulfillment by workers of the production norms Vn,%, is used, according to the formula
, (1.5.4)
where Tn is the standard time to complete the task, man-days;
Tf - actually spent time, man-days.
In connection with the growth of labor productivity, labor costs are reduced:
. (1.5.5)
From formula (1.1.5) we derive the formula for reducing labor costs:
(1.5.6)
where B is the growth of labor productivity,%;
T - reduction of labor costs,%.
The increase in the volume of work, in%, as a result of an increase in labor productivity is determined by the formula
(1.5.7)
where Ср is the volume of construction and installation works in the settlement (planned) period, rub.;
Sat - the same, in the base period, rubles;
Нр - the number of workers in the settlement (planned) period, people;
Nb - the same, in the base period, pers.
Along with the cost and natural methods for determining the level of labor productivity in construction, the method of calculating the standard time is also used - the so-called labor (normative) method. In this case, the volume of construction and installation works performed is measured in standard hours, the standard labor intensity is determined on the basis of current standards (ENiR, etc.).
The level of labor productivity is calculated as the ratio of standard labor costs (i.e., the number of standard man-hours) to the actual costs for the same amount of work.
The change in labor productivity indicators using this method is determined by comparing them for the analyzed (reporting) and base periods.
Task 1.5.3.
Task 1.5.4.
In the construction organization in the planned year, a 10% increase in labor productivity was determined against that achieved in the base year. Labor costs for the completed volume of construction and installation work in the base year amounted to 93,000 man-days. Determine the planned reduction in labor costs in percent and man-days.
Task 1.5.5.
A specialized team of 27 plasterers within a month (22 working days) performed work in the amount of 11246 m 2 of plastered surfaces. Determine the output in physical terms (per shift, per month).
Problem 1.5.6.
The brigade of erectors of structures, which in the previous (base) year reached natural output per 1 worker of 3.4 m 3 of assembled reinforced concrete per shift, is planning to increase output to 3.8 m 3 next year.
Determine productivity improvement.
Task 1.5.7.
In the base year 2000, the level of labor productivity in the assembly team was 114%, and in the reporting year 2001 it was 119%. Define labor productivity growth.
Problem 1.5.8.
In the construction organization in the planned year, an increase in labor productivity by 8% was determined against that achieved in the base year. Labor costs for the completed volume of construction and installation work in the base year amounted to 78,000 man-days. Determine the planned reduction in labor costs in percent and man-days.
Problem 1.5.9.
Determine the percentage increase in construction and installation works for two general construction trusts as a result of an increase in labor productivity in the reporting year compared to the base year.
Initial data are given in Table 1.5.
Table 1.5.
Tests for topic 1.5.:
1. Labor productivity is:
a) the totality of professions and positions;
b) compliance with the characteristics of workers and jobs;
c) an indicator of the efficiency of using the labor of workers, which is determined by the amount of production or work produced per unit of working time;
d) the placement of workers and the assignment of certain labor functions to each of them.
2. Labor intensity is:
a) labor cooperation, the choice of optimal forms of labor activity;
b) association of people within the framework of a production organization according to interests;
c) an indicator of the efficiency of using the labor of workers, which is determined by the amount of production or work produced per unit of working time.
d) is the cost of labor per unit of output.
3. Working out is:
a) the standard number of workers to perform a shift task;
b) the amount of products produced per unit of time by 1 worker or worker;
c) maintaining friendly contacts between members of the team;
d) an indicator of the efficiency of using the labor of workers, which is determined by the amount of production or work produced per unit of working time.
4. Production is measured:
a) in natural units of measurement: m 2, m 3, kg, t, pcs. etc.;
b) in value units: rubles, thousand rubles, million rubles;
c) in km and m;
d) in man-hours, man-days.
5. Labor input is measured:
a) in cost units: rubles, thousand rubles, million rubles;
b) in km and m;
c) in man-hours, man-days;
d) in natural units of measurement: m 2, m 3, kg, t, pcs. etc.
