The academicians of the wounds angered Vladimir Putin with their outright venality and Russophobia. A

Specialists, and not only them, know an incredible number of different phobias. For example, someone is terribly afraid of spiders, while someone has a clearly expressed fear of loneliness, enclosed space, heights, and much more. It even comes to the completely absurd - the fear of receiving gifts, the sight of buttons, etc. But there are also more serious, in a global sense, phobias, which include Russophobia.

What this means is easy to guess - the term is directly related to Russia and the Russian people. Moreover, such a concept today explains not only the fear of this country, but also represents a whole collection of homogeneous concepts, as well as ideas regarding the Russian population.

In essence, russophobia is a pronounced feeling of hostility, suspicion and hostility both towards the Russian people themselves and towards Russia as a whole.

From the point of view of some experts, Russophobia is a separate manifestation of ethnophobia. Others believe that, in comparison with other national phobias, this kind of national hostility has taken the form of a certain ideology that has its own development, genesis, terminology, structure, and even a special manifestation, and also keeps a certain historical context.

A bit of history

The term "Russophobia" itself became widely known thanks to the great Russian poet F. Tyutchev, who, according to some researchers, opposed this word with another concept - pan-Slavism.

As for the emergence of the ideology itself, it appeared in the 16th century, when Polish and Lithuanian figures opposed the Russian state were engaged in hostile propaganda. These included not only politicians, but also writers, historians, as well as ministers of the church. Such a worldview arose against the backdrop of the historical events taking place at that time, when many wanted to possess Russian lands. In addition, there was a confrontation between the Orthodox and Catholics. Among the most famous and aggressive Russophobes is the Polish King Sigismund.

Among the most famous ardent Russophobes, the following figures can also be noted:

• Chevalier d, Éon (1728-1810).
• Mikhail Sokolnitsky (1760-1816).
• Astolf de Custine (1790-1867).
• Charles Stratford Canning (1786-1880).
• Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895).
• Franz Joseph (1830-1916).

Also in the 16th century, the so-called European Russophobia appeared, the emergence of which was due to the discovery of Russia by the peoples of Western Europe. Europeans began to get acquainted with Slavic traditions and way of life, some of them treated this with great interest, while others, on the contrary, were horrified by everything related to the Slavs.

Now in the archives you can see the negative reviews of foreigners who visited Rus' in those days. Despite this, Russophobia of the 16th century still did not represent a whole system. At that time, such an ideology either did not exist at all, or it was carefully veiled due to a strong fear of the Turks. After all, Europeans saw Russia as a force capable of holding back the Ottoman Empire.

The full formation of the Russophobic ideology began to be observed only towards the end of the 18th century, when it was clear from the changes that were taking place that Russophobia had turned into a system that worked to promote the hostile policy of states against Rus'. At first it was observed in France, and after the defeat of the Napoleonic troops, Russophobia also captured England. From the point of view of most historians, the final formation of the Russophobic system took place there.

Experts, analyzing the reasons for the appearance of Russophobia, believe that such behavior of Western European states is associated with their desire to point out to the Russian people that they “do not conform” to European standards.

definition classification

Although the word Russophobia is well known to many of us, it is quite difficult to classify this concept. In fact, there are two theories for dividing Russophobic ideology into types. According to the first, which belongs to Semyon Charny, Russophobia is divided into elite and grassroots:

• Elite is political in nature and involves the commission of anti-Russian actions by any power or its regions.
• Grassroots refers to the broad masses who are opposed to Russia.

These two varieties do not always exist in parallel from each other. It happens that they unite, thus forming a goal leading to the exile or liquidation of the people.

But the author of the second concept, A. I. Fursov, is sure that Russophobia can not always be an integral ideological system, but simply represent a temporary deterioration in attitudes towards the Russian people, caused by the onset of certain events.

Reasons for the appearance

The exact causes of Russophobia have not yet been established. Meanwhile, three concepts can be conditionally distinguished:

• Aggression. According to the first, by Nikita Sokolov (historian), the worldwide hatred of the Russians arose as a result of the state's aggressive foreign policy. And this applies to both Ancient Rus' and modern Russia. Sokolov's point of view is also shared by the philosopher Alexander Tsipko, according to whom the Russophobic ideology arose as a result of the ill-conceived propaganda of the Russian leadership against fascism.
• Fear. Another reason for the emergence of Russophobia is considered competition. According to Yuri Pivovarov, the formation of the Russophobic system is associated not only with competition, but also with the xenophobia that European peoples suffer from. And Dmitry Rogozin added to all this the hostility of the European peoples to each other, which caused the emergence of European Russophobia. Some researchers believe that hatred of Russia arose thanks to the European media, which constantly supports it in every possible way. But this attitude of the media is again caused by the desire of European states to surpass Russia both economically and politically.
• The history of Russophobic ideology also suggests the presence of another reason for the emergence of this concept - cultural and ideological. It appeared due to the confidence of the Western states that the Russian people, in fact, is a barbarian with no material culture, which is characterized by the strongest autocracy.

Such claims resurfaced after the fall of the Iron Curtain. In addition, this attitude towards Russia was fueled by the involvement of Russians in criminal activities abroad.

In the 19th century, the Russian-language media abroad began to conduct active propaganda against Russian migrants. Nowadays, the Internet is widely used for these purposes.

However, despite the current situation, some experts still believe that ordinary Europeans are quite loyal to Russians, so there can be no talk of total Russophobia.

Separately, it is worth talking about Russophobia in Ukraine. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the process of revival and cultivation of national consciousness began in all the former Soviet republics. The peoples, who were once one big family, distanced themselves from Russia. The Ukrainians were especially successful in this when the opposition came to power in the country, who vehemently advocated unity with the States and against Russia. History was rewritten on the go, starting with the Moscow Principality, when supposedly free Ukraine fell under the yoke of the Russians.

Changed values ​​and a reworked history played an important role in the process of raising children and adolescents, as a result of which the country received a whole generation of true Russophobes. It was they who took an active part in organizing the Maidan and the bloody revolution in 2014. The ongoing events have affected the minds of millions of Ukrainians, and for the inhabitants of the Crimea they served as an impetus for holding a referendum on joining a big and strong Russia.

At the same time, the southeast of Ukraine (Donbass) demanded federalization from the authorities. Two regions of Donbass declared themselves independent republics. From that very moment, the attitude of the Ukrainian people towards the Russians completely deteriorated, a fierce hatred towards the Russians arose. Russia was declared an aggressor, and once defeated fascism revived in Ukraine.

Even despite the fact that about a quarter of the population of Nezalezhnaya consider themselves Russians, and more than 50% speak Russian, Russophobia has become almost a national pride. The mass media of Ukraine tirelessly maintain hatred for everything Russian in the minds of the people, positioning Russia as the main enemy of the Ukrainian people.

Recently, the fight against Russophobic ideology has become increasingly important against the background of the rise of national patriotic consciousness. And this applies not only to the global space, but also to individual regions within the country.

Since the customs, way of life and way of life of the Russian people are still a mystery to foreigners, cultural interaction is a very important aspect. It is necessary to conduct active educational activities among the population of other countries, conveying to people the true information about the essence of the Russian nation and about Russia as a whole.

This seems to be especially relevant for the residents of Ukraine, whose consciousness has fallen under the influence of Western media, conducting propaganda against Russia, providing false distorted information. The fear of Russians in the West has deep roots, so it is believed that it is completely impossible to defeat it. However, it is still necessary to study this issue in order to determine the dynamics and develop ways to influence the manifestations of Russophobia.

It so happened historically that hatred of the Russians was present almost constantly, especially in Western countries, which considered themselves the most civilized and tried in every possible way to impose their culture and way of life on the Russian people. But the Russians have always been independent and proud, which allowed Russia to survive even in the most unfavorable times, preserving the integrity of the state, as well as national customs and foundations.

Particularly outraged was the definition of the resettlement of the Crimean Tatars from the Crimea in 1944 as genocide. The description says that the film was shot for a British audience and after the presentation of the English version in London, a Russian version was also released. The screenwriter and co-director of the film is the historian Oleksa Gaivoronsky, who, in an interview with Krym. Realii chatted that "Crimea is my home. And Ukraine is my state." The general producer of the tape is Amet Volodarsky, about him below.

From the first minute, the reunification of Russia and Crimea is called "an unexpected transition under the control of Russia" and, citing unnamed political scientists, it is reported that this historic event is assessed "as the beginning of a new redistribution of European borders."

More quotes:

At present, according to official data, about 250 thousand people (Crimean Tatars) live on the peninsula, which is probably somewhat underestimated.

The couple are engaged in the revival of the forgotten traditional crafts of the Crimean Tatars. They will become guides to the world of memories and hopes of their people, who now find themselves behind a new Iron Curtain.

But the Crimean Khanate did not remain independent for long. Soon, the Golden Horde was replaced by a new older brother in Crimea - the Ottoman Empire.

The ancient law that from time immemorial forced any newcomers to mix with the old-timers and turned them into children of this land in the new conditions of classical colonialism did not work. The Russian autocrats took up the construction of a new, their own Crimea.

For Russia, Crimea was the only corner of a subtropical paradise within the northern empire. And there was no place left for the natives in this cramped paradise.

There was little free land in the Crimea, and therefore the authorities were interested in the maximum displacement of the Crimean Tatars from the peninsula. At times there were thoughts about their forcible eviction.

The policy of displacement continued for decades.

Under the pretext that the Crimean Tatars allegedly helped the troops of Great Britain, France, Sardinia and Turkey stationed in the Crimea, the Russian authorities increased pressure by forcing at least 150 thousand more Crimean Tatars to a new exodus to the Ottoman Empire.

The recruitment of Crimean Tatars into Nazi battalions turned out to be just as disastrous. Their numbers have never been compared with the number of Crimean Tatars who fought in the Red Army. Nevertheless, after the expulsion of the Nazis, the Soviet authorities accused the Crimean Tatars of total cooperation with the occupiers and used this as a pretext for the total deportation of the Crimean Tatar people.

This action of Stalinist terror, contrary to custom, was organized not on an ideological basis, but exclusively on a national basis.

The memory of this act of genocide (resettlement from Crimea) is an unhealed wound in the history of every Crimean Tatar family.

What is the Zekkie Development Fund?

There is practically no information about this fund, but we still managed to find something. Zekkie promotes the ideas of the writer Vladimir Polyakov and works closely with the Russian scientific community. For example, Polyakov's lecture was organized jointly with the Academy of Linguistic Sciences and the Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages, and the presentation of his books with the same Scientific Council for the Study and Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage. President of the Foundation Amet Volodarsky.

Who is Amet Volodarsky?

Amet Aleksandrovich Volodarsky is Vice-Rector for General Affairs and International Affairs of the Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages, and a certain Emma Fedorovna Volodarskaya also works as rector there. He also served as Deputy Head of the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Amet Volodarsky acted as the organizer of the premiere screening of the scandalous film "Haytarma", the criticism of which cost the post of the then Consul General of Russia in Simferopol Vladimir Andreev.

Here's another interesting one:

Deputy Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences Amet Volodarsky announces that in solidarity with the Crimean Tatar TV channel ATR, which Roskomnadzor did not give permission to broadcast, the implementation of all social projects related to Crimea is suspended. In particular, according to him, the opening of the department of the Crimean Tatar language and culture in Moscow, the design and construction of the international educational center in Saki is suspended.

“Whoever this game is, it harms the development of harmony. I am sure that our decision is not emotional in nature, but only emphasizes the inferiority of pressure on the culture and self-consciousness of the indigenous people of Crimea,” he wrote.

Who is Vladimir Polyakov?

From the statement of the KRO "Taurian Union": Polyakov is known in Crimea as a consistent denier of pro-fascist collaborationism, which, in particular, played such a tragic role in the history of the Crimean partisan movement. Standing on the point of view of the Russophobic ethnic organization "Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people", Polyakov considers collaborationism a fabrication of Soviet propaganda and for many years has been actively whitewashing fascist accomplices. The lack of a special historical education allows him to easily propagate his opinions, neglecting the existing documentary base.

This map, taken from Turkish school textbooks, clearly demonstrates the aspirations of the Pan-Turkists

The intention of the federal Center to make the study of national languages ​​in the republics of Russia exclusively voluntary, as expected, met with strong opposition. The skirmisher, as expected, was Tatarstan. The position of the defenders of the Tatar language from "imperial discrimination" was eloquently voiced at the end of September by an activist of the nationalist association "Azatlyk" Fanil Gilyazov. According to Gilyazov, the federal law "On Education" does not say that national languages ​​should be studied in Russia only voluntarily. The position of "Azatlyk" in this regard is consonant with the course of the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education of Tatarstan Engel Fattakhov.

Language course condemned Vladimir Putin and nationalists in Bashkiria. Head of the Executive Committee of the World Kurultai of the Bashkirs Amir Ishemgulov, meeting on October 16 with the Prosecutor of the Republic Andrey Nazarov, said: it would be useful for the Russian-speaking population of Bashkiria to learn Bashkir the way Russian children learn the Tatar language in the neighboring region. “It has long been proven by medical science that the knowledge of several languages ​​improves the functioning and development of both hemispheres of the brain, - Ishemgulov substantiated his position. - People who know the Bashkir language also find it easier to master many foreign languages, such as English and German, as they share letters with the Bashkir language, such as the letter "h", which is difficult to pronounce without knowing the Bashkir language. People who look to the future with a perspective, perfectly understand the importance of the Bashkir language, which belongs to the Turkic group of languages, for international relations.” .

Nationalist activists from another Turkic region, Chuvashia, did not stand aside. October 21 head of Chuvashia Mikhail Ignatiev received a formidable letter from the Chuvash national organization "Ireklekh" with a demand not to allow "discrimination against the Chuvash language" .

National (more precisely, nationalist) Chuvash associations on the language issue in the region intend to follow the same course as the World Congress of Tatars and the World Kurultai of the Bashkirs. "Discrimination" of the Chuvash language in Russia will be discussed on October 28 in Cheboksary, at a meeting of the Chuvash National Congress.

Defenders of the "infringed" Nazi languages ​​from the Volga region receive support from non-Turkic regions as well. The fact that the languages ​​of the regions of Russia should be mandatory for learning on an equal basis with Russian was expressed in the fall by Kumyk and Lezgin activists from Dagestan, representatives of Circassian public organizations in the Krasnodar Territory, public figures from Yakutia, Komi, etc.

In a word, the July meeting in Yoshkar-Ola, where Russian President Vladimir Putin called for an end to anti-constitutional and Russophobic tendencies in the educational sphere of the national regions, became historic. Moscow's intentions are opposed not only by "domestic" defenders of regional sovereignties. The anti-Putin nationalist wave that has risen on the language theme has been more than positively assessed in the scientific and political circles of Azerbaijan.

Yasemen Garagoyunlu

In October on the resource of the Azerbaijani party Yeni Musavat Bastainfo under the more than eloquent heading "The path to the weakening of Russia is the development of pan-Turanist ideas within it".

The author of the article, an employee of the Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan (ANAS) Yasemen Garagoyunlu, stated that it expresses its full support for the "linguistic" performances of nationalists in Tatarstan and Bashkiria. “I believe that independent Turkic states should support these rallies and demands, writes Garagoyunlu. - The Turkic states should have educational, language, cultural, and information programs for the Turkic subjects of the Russian Federation. Türkiye and Azerbaijan should keep the Russian Turks in their cultural orbit.” .

Immediately, the scientist explains why Baku and Ankara need to provide benefits to the Russian Tatars, Bashkirs, Karachays and other Turks of Russia: "So that they do not become Russified and assimilate." Mrs. Garagoyunlu, following the pattern of the classical heritage of the Pan-Turkists, names the historical experience of the peaceful coexistence of Russians and Turks inside Russia "Turkish genocide". According to an employee of ANAS, in the last 300 years in the North and South Caucasus, Russia did nothing but carry out genocides and ethnic cleansing among the Turkic population.

“Armenia was created on the Turkic lands in the west of Azerbaijan, and the Turkic strip was also destroyed, passing from the Caucasus to the Black Sea and connecting the Caucasus with the Ottoman Empire” . Under the "Turkic" corridor from the Caucasus to the Brilliant Port of Garagoyunlu, he means ... the current Krasnodar Territory, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Georgia. “Batum was the center of the exit of the Caucasian Turks through the Black Sea to Europe, on this strip were Akhalkalaki, Meskhetia (the region of residence of the Meskhetian Turks - approx. ed.). Russia broke this ethnic-geographical-cultural thread, having formed a Christian dominant in the Caucasus in the person of Georgians and Armenians, and prevented the integration of the Ottomans into the Caucasus and the Idel-Ura region. l ( Volga region - approx. ed.)» .

Sprinkling salt on the wounds of the Russian pan-Turkists with a generous hand, Garagoyunlu tells fantastic things: “During the preparation of the plan to seize the Caucasus and Central Asia, Peter the Great asked pan-Slavic scientists how to seize these territories, where to start? The Pan-Slavs responded that it was necessary to divide the single Turkic language into separate dialects in order to create new peoples and split the Turkic identity. And today the Russians are implementing this program in order to Russify, Christianize, assimilate the Turkic geography. This policy is aimed at creating a demographic imbalance through Russification-Christianization and the placement of ethnic Christians in Turkic geography and, as a result, reduce the number of Turks. .

This swatch Russophobic myth-making, born from the consciousness of a representative of the humanitarian academic sphere of Baku, could be considered a variation on the theme of the myth beloved by the Tatar "national patriots" about how archers Ivan the Terrible under the threat of death, they forced the Kazan Tatars to be baptized. This myth, like other variations on its theme, is now practically harmless. For adequate Tatars, pan-Turkic legends about the capture of Kazan cause laughter at best, irritation at worst. But Yasemen Garagoyunlu does not take pan-Turkic narratives in their naked form, but sets them the vector of actual political development. “The current Russian Federation is a symbiosis of Slavic and Turkic peoples. Two alternative civilizations and cultures are gathered in Russia: Russian-Slavic, Christian, Orthodox and Turkic-Muslim. This means that in order to break up, weaken Russia, you need to use the line of rupture of these two cultures. There are autonomous Turkic states in the Russian Federation - Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Altai Republic, Tuva, Karachay-Cherkessia, Khakassia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Sakha, Chuvashia, Crimea, Gagauzia, Karakalpakstan (so in the text - approx. ed.). Russia knows that the existence of Turkic autonomies is a break line, and Russia will fall apart precisely from this line. Today's Russia was formed by the capture of the Golden Horde. The fate, future, and in general the existence of Russia, which is the owner of vast territories of Eurasia, depends on the uprising and the political will of the Turkic peoples who live under the yoke of Russia” . The Turks of Russia, according to Garagoyunlu, are now experiencing an unprecedented passionate upsurge and want to leave the "prison of peoples." In order not to disintegrate like the USSR, Russia "carries out the forceful planting of the Russian language and culture in the Turkic subjects" .

Ms. Garagoyunlu's material looks rather menacing. But in the text of the Baku scientist there are moments that cannot be perceived without laughter. Describing the “genocidal” policy of Russia towards the Turks of the Volga and Caucasus that has been going on since tsarist times, Garagoyunlu calls it the “doctrine of Ilminsky-Tolstov.” Ilminsky is most likely Nikolay Ivanovich Ilminsky(1822−1891) - an orientalist and educator of the peoples of the Volga region, who translated the Gospel and the Psalter into the Kryashen language. At the end of his life, Ilminsky wrote Konstantin Pobedonostsev about the fact that the pan-Turkists, gaining strength in the Volga region, seek to drive the Kryashens who never knew Islam into Islam, and from there into the Tatar nation and the “warm” common Turkic family.

With Tolstov, who, according to Garagoyunlu, carried out the genocide of the Turks in the Caucasus, it turned out much funnier than with Ilminsky. Sergei Pavlovich Tolstov(1907−1976) - famous Soviet archaeologist, specialist in the ancient states of Central Asia. But it is quite possible that an employee of the Azerbaijani Academy of Sciences, Garagoyunlu, wrote down not an outstanding Soviet historian, but his relatives as the “architects of the Turkic genocide in the Caucasus”. Cavalry General Sergei Tolstoy, grandfather of the orientalist, participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1878-1879, from 1900 to 1905 he was the chief ataman of the Terek Cossack army. In a word, an example of faithful service to his Fatherland and no signs that Sergei Evlampievich Tolstov could ever subject someone to genocide. Pan-Turkists can only cling to the fact that the Cossack centurion Sergei Tolstov in 1873 took part in the capture of Khiva. But according to Garagoyunlu, Tolstov "genocide" the Turks not in Central Asia, but in the Caucasus! One would like to ask Mrs. Garagoyunlu: if she meant Tolstov-grandfather, did she not classify the Khiva Khanate as a “historically divided” in the 19th-20th centuries “Great Azerbaijan”? Although the madam scientist could have in mind not Tolstov, but Tolstoy. I wonder what. The most famous representative of the Tolstoy family in the world, he is also the author of War and Peace, fought in the Caucasus in his youth. Another thing is that Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy did not “genocide” the highlanders, but even admired them ...

“The Russian reader may perceive Garagoyunlu’s article as the ravings of a madman, - a member of the Council under the President of Russia on Interethnic Relations told the portal EADaily Ismail Shabanov, Chairman of the public organization "Talysh Diaspora of Russia". - But the Institute of Philosophy of the Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences does not keep crazy people. Garagoyunlu wrote her material, directed in support of Russian national separatists going against Vladimir Putin, in more than common sense. Yasemen Garagoyunlu came to science from the political field - from the youth organization of the Yeni Musavat party. Four years ago, Garagoyunlu called on the international community to pay attention to the alleged "genocide" of the Turks in Iran by the regime of the Islamic Republic. I can say for sure that these destructive calls, dangerous for peaceful Azerbaijani-Iranian relations, were agreed with the Baku political circles. As agreed, Garagoyunlu's anti-Russian article, published in October, in which this young woman calls Vladimir Putin's desire to protect the Russian language a "genocide of the Turks," was agreed upon.

All public statements of Azerbaijani scientists undergo preliminary verification with the relevant supervising authorities. The Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan is supervised by the head of the presidential administration of Azerbaijan, Ramiz Mehdiyev, an academician of ANAS. And pay attention to the following. Most of the historical and political ideologies adopted in Azerbaijan, where Azerbaijan is given the place of a “victim” of the conspiracy of European powers, and the Azerbaijani people are given the role of a divided nation, were developed by Ramiz Mehdiyev.” .

In Russia and some other countries, it is often used the concept of "Russophobia". However, the authors who use this term usually do not explain: "Russophobia" - what is it?

Is it an ideology, a worldview, (most of the numerous “phobias” are precisely mental deviations)? Let's try to figure it out.

How not to be a social phobe? Learn about it from ours.

Concept definition

What does Russophobia mean? "Phobias" psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, teachers, culturologists call unreasonable irrational fears.

Xenophobia- fear of strangers, not similar to the sick people. They may differ in skin color, religion, adhere to other cultural values ​​and norms (be representatives of a different culture or some kind of subculture) - it doesn’t matter.

These are all varieties of xenophobia. Xenophobia can manifest itself in aggressive behavior, but this is not necessary and does not constitute the essence of this pathology.

Russophobia- this is a variety, a special case of xenophobia.

If we call anyone who is afraid of people who are something different from himself a xenophobe, then a Russophobe is someone who is afraid of Russians.

Russophobe is afraid of Russians not because they actually harmed him. If so (there is real harm), it is not a phobia, but a completely rational fear.

Russophobe does not control his emotional state, he is not able to understand himself: absolutely all Russians seem to him dangerous, hostile, aggressive.

Xenophobia is a social and psychological deviation (deviation from the norm). Russophobia too. Mentally, almost all Russophobes are healthy. Their pathology is personal, mental.

However, it gives them a lot of inconvenience, and if it manifests itself in aggressive behavior directed at the phantom object of their fears (of all Russians), can become dangerous for other people.

Russophobes - who are they?

In 2017, the President of Ukraine, Petro Poroshenko, signed a decree, which actually banned from a certain moment the use of the Russian language on the territory of Ukraine for teaching, including in elementary school.

This is typical manifestation of Russophobia and people who support such laws can be called Russophobes. Obviously, the Russian language does not threaten Ukraine and Ukrainians. Moreover, without exception, all outstanding figures of Ukrainian culture and science of the past wrote and spoke Russian.

European culture also penetrated into Ukraine through the Russian language. This language is one of the six officially recognized international languages ​​of UNESCO. Ukrainian and Russian languages ​​are related (like these peoples themselves).

We see here irrational fear before what is not only not dangerous, but even useful. This is a typical phobia, and precisely Russophobia.

Why are the Russians afraid?

As in the case of any disease, body or soul, the cause of this disease is in the patient himself. It is with him that something is wrong, and not with the one he fears.

Cause of xenophobia considered to be an inferiority complex. Feeling weak, defenseless in a certain respect, a person finds (sometimes quite randomly) an external object to which he transfers his fears.

Why does the patient need it? If fear is personalized, the patient clearly understands who he is afraid of, what kind of people are dangerous to him, he has the illusion of controlling the situation.

Since I know who is dangerous to me, I can avoid these terrible people or protect myself from them, take action against them.

In fact, the fight against phantoms only deepens the pathological condition of the patient, since the real cause is in himself, and it is precisely this that must be eliminated.

Source of disease- in the soul of the patient, and not in those whom he fears.

Taking the problem outside, the patient does not notice its true cause and is not treated, which aggravates his condition.

At present, Russophobia is the most common in Ukraine. What is the specific reason for the mass prevalence of this pathology in this country?

In 2014, a revolution took place in Ukraine. The inhabitants of Ukraine themselves called it the Revolution of Dignity. It was difficult and bloody. The exact number of deaths has not yet been established.

According to some estimates, more than a thousand people were killed and maimed. The rebels managed to overthrow Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, who fled to Russia. Then other politicians came to power.

However, the situation in Ukraine not only did not improve, but worsened. Unemployment is growing, the level of income of the population is falling. Active citizens are seized with apathy, as they see that corruption in the country is still flourishing, it even intensified after the last Maidan.

It is this situation that causes a feeling of fatigue, impotence, emptiness, which provokes the appearance of an inferiority complex. It can be recalled that the Maidan of 2014 was by no means the first. And now, after all the efforts, the result is zero.

That's why there was an unconscious psychological need project your inner problems outward, as always happens with any kind of xenophobia. The Russians have become such a phantom object of fear and hatred.

The cause of the country's problems is seen not in the insufficiency of the efforts made by the Ukrainians themselves, not in their mistakes - but in the Russians. It's all their fault.

Such a choice of the object of his phobia is connected with the political and even partly military conflict between Ukraine and Russia. That is, to some extent provoked by Russia.

However, at its core, the fear of the Russians, the proclamation of Russia as the main enemy of Ukraine, is an irrational phenomenon.

Illness always arises because a person lacks the courage to see the problem in himself, and he transfers it to others. Russophobia in this sense is a typical example.

What is the fear of hospitals and doctors called? find on our website.

Is there Russophobia in Russia?

Are there Russophobes in Russia itself? If you get acquainted with the social life of modern Russia, read the press, you can confidently answer: Yes! There are a lot of Russophobes.

For example, publicist Boris Stomakhin, who has long been serving a sentence on falsified charges of inciting ethnic hatred and extremism. He is constantly called "Russophobe".

Boris Stomakhin is a publicist. He did not beat anyone, did not kill, did not arrange terrorist attacks. He wrote articles. Few people read these articles. The texts of Boris Stomakhin are sharply critical of not only the Russian state, but also the population of Russia.

Boris Stomakhin even they attribute the words that all Russians must be killed.

This is somewhat of an exaggeration.

In one of his texts, he did write that those who took up arms to fight in Eastern Ukraine should be killed. But he did not call for killing all Russians.

Many other well-known people in Russia have been called and are called Russophobes: a publicist and a satirist Viktor Shenderovich, musicians Yuri Shevchuk and Andrei Makarevich.

All of them are united by a very critical attitude towards the Russian statehood, the moral and mental qualities of the Russian people.

However, none of them experience any irrational fears. They are not afraid of the Russians. Moreover, Boris Stomakhin is Russian himself. He is not afraid of himself. Yes, this is impossible.

Recall that the essence of any kind of xenophobia is the transfer of the source of one's fears to an external object, something clearly different from the patient himself. The patient cannot be afraid of himself. He is afraid of a stranger, some other person.

In Russia, therefore, the concept of "Russophobia" is completely distorted and is used in a completely different sense from what it actually has. In fact, the inhabitants of Russia are called "Russophobes" anyone who is critical of their country tells them the uncomfortable truth about themselves. The term "Russophobia" actually has no such meaning.

So, those who are usually called “Russophobes” in Russia are healthy, opposition-minded people with developed critical thinking. They are distinguished by a greater degree of intellectual and civic maturity than those around them.

Why are they called "Russophobes"? To not take seriously what they say. A they tell the truth, and very unpleasant. But if these people are sick, then what they say is delusional fabrications. Why listen to them?

In fact, the sick are not those who are proclaimed "Russophobes", but those who call them such.

This disease is infantilism, unwillingness to grow up.

It is an adult who has the ability to be critical of himself and his country. The attitude of Russians (the vast majority of them) towards themselves and their country is childish, immature. Therefore, the unpleasant truth causes such a reaction on their part.

The inhabitants of Russia phobia of criticism. It is they who are sick, and not those whom they brand as "Russophobes" and poison. In fact, in Russia the situation described by A.S. Griboyedov in the comedy "Woe from Wit". The smartest and most critical is declared crazy.

Are there real Russophobes in Russia? Yes. These are representatives of other peoples who live in Russia, but are afraid of the Russians, although the Russians have not caused any real harm to them.

About the prevalence of phobia

It is very difficult to estimate the level of prevalence of this pathology. Residents are currently suffering from it. Ukraine, Moldova, the Baltic countries, Georgia and many European countries, as well as the USA.

However, it can definitely be argued that this is a fairly widespread problem in the CIS countries (especially in Ukraine). But in the countries of Western Europe and the USA - a rarity.

Westerners are rationally afraid of Russia and Russians, but there are reasons for this. Russia has the world's second largest nuclear potential, a huge army, and often behaves aggressively towards its neighbors. This rational fears. Irrational fears are not very common in Western countries.

There are no statistics on this disease. Residents of Ukraine, where there is now an epidemic of Russophobia, do not recognize themselves as sick at all. It is not possible to estimate the exact number of cases.

Everyday Russophobia and how to deal with it:

Treatment and prognosis

Since this pathology is a kind of xenophobia, the treatment is fundamentally the same as any kind of xenophobia. First of all, you need to understand your problem and admit it.

Since the deviation is deeply personal in nature, getting rid of it against the will of the patient is impossible. You need to contact a psychotherapist or psychologist. A psychiatrist won't help.

If the patient is aware of his problem he is on the road to recovery. The doctor will hold a series of conversations, it is possible to use group therapy methods, hypnotherapy.

The goal is to strengthen self-confidence, overcome an inferiority complex, thereby relieving the patient of phantom fears.

Although Russophobia is a disease, its aggressive manifestations can represent public danger and we have the right to fight them.

However, the prevention of this pathology is more effective, which consists in strengthening friendly ties between Russians and other peoples. They should be convinced that the Russians are their friends.

This is what knocks the mail out from under the feet of a delusional state that has engulfed the emotional sphere and consciousness of a person. Such a path can be recommended to those who are thirsty contribute to the fight against Russophobia.

On the attitude towards Russia on the part of the Western elites and the majority of the media:

As a well-known DNA geneticist, Anatoly Klyosov, who made a revolutionary breakthrough, is fighting pop genetics and Russophobia in science.

DNA genealogy in Russia and the world continues to actively develop as a promising scientific discipline, and the disputes around it have long left the academic corridors and now do not fade away on the Internet. This development is largely due to Anatoly Klyosov, Doctor of Chemistry, who continues to popularize his offspring, open up new horizons and break stereotypes. “The Bell of Russia” already talked with Anatoly Alekseevich last year, and the publication of the book “ Who gets in the way of DNA genealogy?” and the forthcoming opening of a DNA genealogy laboratory in Moscow.

Kolokol Rossii: The text explaining the title on the cover of your new book reads: "Lies, insinuations and Russophobia in modern Russian science." You directly blame the opponents of your work for these sins. In the last conversation, we already discussed the letter "DNA-demagogy of Anatoly Klyosov", which was signed by 24 Russian scientists. Have you made any new enemies since then?

Anatoly Klyosov: The book is not only about these 24 scientists. Yes, in fact, most of them can only be called scientists conditionally, several people from this list do not have academic degrees at all. There are several sections in the work, where the categories of my opponents are described in sufficient detail and with examples. The largest category is simply illiterate people, who reason “according to concepts”, and not according to science. They are ignorant and therefore categorical. Another category is charged with Russophobic ideology, for them the honest history of Russians and Slavs is simply unbearable. The third category is close to Russian academic science and is related to population genetics.

Indeed, after the first publication of my research, pop geneticists immediately tensed, because I demonstrated an objective tool for describing the genealogy of people, populations and peoples, based on mutations in DNA. The most important feature of the DNA genealogy methodology is the determination of mutation rates in different DNA regions and the application of these rates to the calculations of the chronology of ancient events - ancient human migrations, the lifetimes of the common ancestors of the studied populations. DNA genealogy considers the patterns of inheritance of changes in non-recombinant ("junk", as they used to be called - approx. KR) sections of human DNA in the course of its evolution on a time scale from tens and hundreds to millions of years.

These calculations are closely related to history, because this method allows you to calculate, for example, when the ancestors of modern man came to Europe. I got a number many years ago - about 4800 years ago. And pop geneticists constantly called other data - about 30 thousand years ago. I tried to figure out where this number came from. And it turned out that there are no calculations confirming it, the data are simply taken from the ceiling.

And pop geneticists have a lot of such unverifiable data. For example, they give the following argument: the age of the drawings found in the caves of Western Europe (Spain, France) is about 28-30 thousand years. At the same time, the Neanderthals disappeared, and it was immediately suggested that the ancestors of the current Europeans then forced them out. And it is precisely the “ancestors of the present”, who else? But this is more like working "by concepts" rather than by direct evidence. On average, the error error in the dating of pop geneticists is 300-350%, that is, the time periods differ from the real ones by 3-3.5 times. It happens much more, as in the example above - with a difference between 30 thousand and 4800 years.

Another example: the haplogroup (a group of fundamentally similar mutations in DNA that determines the human race - approx. KR) R1a was conditionally called Ukrainian by them, because it allegedly first appeared in Ukraine. Where does this data come from, where is the confirmation? It just doesn't exist. I began to look for the original source, and it turned out that about 20 years ago, two Italian scientists first voiced such an opinion and indicated that they had supporting facts. But those have not yet been announced, obviously, it was their mistake. But pop geneticists still called the haplogroup R1a “Ukrainian” for many years, and in the academic press. That's how they work, that's their style.

From our direct experimental data, it turns out that according to the R1a group, Ukrainians and Russians are one people, therefore, the haplogroup itself was formed not in Ukraine and not in Russia. She came to the territory of the Russian Plain as a result of migrations about 5 thousand years ago. Therefore, to say that this is a purely Ukrainian or Russian group would be a mistake. And for the rest of the haplogroups, Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are one people. They differ by territory, although only recently, by historical standards, they differ quite a bit in language, and in origin they are almost identical, with the exception of purely geographical reasons, this will also be discussed a little lower.

Let me give you another striking example: according to the conclusions of pop geneticists, the R1a haplogroup allegedly appeared in India about 15 thousand years ago. On this basis, they declared that there were no Aryans at all, and they repeated this in article after article. The well-known population geneticist Lev Zhivotovsky caused enormous damage to science by publishing a series of articles together with the Indians developing the idea that the Anglo-Saxons allegedly invented the Aryans in order to completely enslave India during colonization. Immediately, Indian authors, at the suggestion of Zhivotovsky, with other pop geneticists, make the assumption that the R1a group came to Europe from India, which is complete nonsense, because changes in human DNA allow us to clearly trace in which direction the migration went - just from Europe towards India. Archaeological evidence also speaks of this.

At first, the pop geneticists, convicted of juggling the facts, hid for several years. But gradually they realized that I was creating a system of knowledge in which they had no place without recognizing their theories as erroneous. And they decided to go on an aggressive offensive: at the end of 2014, at a Moscow conference in the Russian Academy of Sciences of pop genetics Elena Balanovskaya, Oleg Balanovsky and Svetlana Borinskaya announced from the podium that now they will deal with my "pseudo-science". I believe that the slander of DNA genealogy is done precisely for the purpose of self-defense of pop geneticists. After all, it is very difficult for them to accept the fact that for 20 years they have been wrong.

A well-known archaeologist was also in the group of my opponents Lev Samuilovich Klein. He has nothing to do with pop genetics, it would seem that he has nothing to defend in this field. We had a long correspondence, later published, during which I explained to him in detail what DNA genealogy is and how it can benefit the historical sciences. He, apparently, felt offended - how could it be that some chemist suddenly appears (Klein constantly emphasizes my specialty), who crosses out part of the historical works of his entire life. He really didn’t like that I conditionally call R1a the “Aryan haplogroup”, he immediately began to write to the public about my “racism”. I understand that the Jews are sensitive to the concept of "Aryans", but what does the ancient Aryans and the Third Reich have to do with it? After Hitler, the word "Aryans" became abusive and forbidden for a long time, although the historical Aryans are not to blame for anything. And so Klein decided to play on the phobia of a number of people for the word "Aryans", silently saying that in his historical works he uses the concept of "Aryans" many hundreds of times. That's such a double standard.

Balanovsky from the rostrum of the Russian Academy of Sciences stated that my book on the origin of the Slavs was published by the Algorithm publishing house, which also published the diaries of the Nazi ideologist Joseph Goebbels and the memoirs of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Can you imagine what level this scientist has fallen to? I looked at the publisher's website and found that Algorithm also published the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation Gennady Zyuganov, the ex-owner of Yukos Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the philosopher Alexander Zinoviev, the journalist Oleg Kashin, the economist Sergei Glazyev, the politician Dmitry Rogozin, that is, a variety of current journalism ... Case - something not in this, but in the fact that Balanovsky indirectly threw a hint at me: to study the history of the Slavs is the same as to promote Nazism.

It is obvious to me that Klein, Balanovsky and others like them are open Russophobes, therefore, these gentlemen, the DNA genealogy, which shows the deep antiquity of the Slavs and ethnic Russians, is like a bone in the throat. At one time, the Balanovskys wrote an article stating that Ukrainians gravitate towards Poles in DNA and are very different from Russians. They published DNA maps, on which the genetic populations of Ukraine and Russia are painted over in different colors, and these maps became desktop maps for Ukrainian nationalists.

In fact, this is a lie, because our comparisons have shown that the difference between Ukrainians and Russians is very small. The R1a group is common for us, the difference is only in the Baltic substrate, which is more in Russians (and Belarusians), since Ukrainians territorially live farther from the Baltic Sea. In Lithuanians and Latvians, for example, the content of this N1c1 substrate is approximately the same as in the "northern Russians" - about 40% or more. For the rest of the Russians, the figure is no more than 14% (for Ukrainians - 7.5%, Belarusians - 10%).

On the basis of these false data, some Ukrainians begin to talk about their exclusivity, and call Russians “Mordovians” or “hordes”. This is a blatant sabotage on the part of popgeneticists. In those Ukrainian books on DNA genealogy that I mentioned above, there is outright Nazism. Their Adam was Ukrainian, and Noah's Ark moored off the coast of Ukraine after the flood - in a word, utter nonsense. So it becomes clear who is hindered by my research in the context of the information war. The main thing is that if scientific discussions make sense, then ideological disputes are completely useless - it is impossible to find a compromise in them. Just as counterproductive is a dispute between a liberal and a patriot.

It turns out that DNA genealogy in its objectivity is also a patriotic science. She shows the true state of things, saying that the Slavs and their ancestors lived on the Russian Plain 5 thousand years ago, and not at all from the middle of the 1st millennium AD, as is commonly believed. This very concept of modern historical science can ultimately also be considered Russophobic. She replaces the historical concept of the Slavs with a linguistic one, but she is silent about this. She eschews the historical concept of the Slavs and the Russian ancestors in general, as if they did not exist at all. After all, no one uses the terms "Proto-Germans" or "Proto-Scandinavians", they say "ancient Scandinavians", "ancient Germans", and going back thousands of years. However, for some reason, the “ancient Slavs” are only allowed to exist until the middle of the 1st millennium AD, and then they are gone, and this is considered the norm, as if they are somehow inferior, do not have a rich and deep history. And our discipline breaks into history and demands to revise the hypotheses that have already “bronzed”, reveals what many do not want to reveal. It is understandable that this bothers many people.

KR: If I'm not mistaken, then your approach has obvious advantages in terms of the accuracy of the data obtained ...

A.K.: Let's look at this - archeology often makes mistakes in determining the directions of migration of peoples. Historians know the famous aphorism: “pots are not people”, that is, it is difficult to determine the boundaries of the settlement of peoples from the artifacts found. Linguistics works reliably only with written sources, and the further we go into ancient languages, the more philologists get lost there. And DNA genealogy, which studies haplogroups and haplotypes, and is able to determine the chain of primary and subsequent mutations in them, is obviously in many cases a more reliable tool.

There are two brave historians - Lydia Grot And Vsevolod Merkulov- actively using DNA genealogy in their work and noting that it helps to find answers to many questions. And the rest prefer not to stick out with it yet, since modern historical science is very conservative, and it tends to trust "authoritative opinions" rather than facts. I do not envy the historians in the RAS system who have been attracted by my new discipline. After all, they can be deprived of grants or simply pointed to the door ...

KR: I am reminded of a lesson from the past: In 1749, the historiographer of the Russian Empire, German Gerhard Friedrich Miller, gave a speech at the Academy of Sciences entitled “The Origin of the Russian People and Name,” after which Russian scientists, led by Lomonosov, filed a complaint with Empress Catherine II, demanding that Miller be executed as traitor. In their opinion, the speaker “in the whole speech did not show a single case to the glory of the Russian people, but only mentioned more that could serve to infamy, namely: how they were repeatedly defeated in battles, where they were devastated by robbery, fire and sword and the kings were robbed of their treasures. And finally, it is worthy of surprise with what carelessness he used the expression that the Scandinavians, with their victorious weapons, successfully conquered all of Russia for themselves.

A.K.: I constantly have to debunk the opinions approved by science: they say that the Scandinavians brought crafts to Rus', they were also engaged in diplomacy, military affairs, and the Slavs who lived here were stupid, in fact, they did not know how. All this began just with the founding of the Academy of Sciences by German scientists, with whom Mikhail Lomonosov actively debated. The Norman theory of the emergence of statehood in Rus', supported by Miller, has entered the flesh and blood of our science, and now this is considered the only true concept in our country. To listen to the Normanists, this is how the Scandinavians lived in Rus', apparently invisible, they started with 20 thousand Scandinavians, then 50 thousand, then 100 thousand, and the same Klein says that earlier in Rus' they lived up to 13% of the total population, that is, about 500 thousand people!

But DNA genealogy has clearly shown that this is all a lie. In Scandinavia, there is a certain genetic mark called the Scandinavian haplotype group. I decided to check which of the ethnic Russians can meet her. And I found only four descendants of the Scandinavians with this mark from a huge number of DNA samples. I searched in Ukraine - I didn’t find a single one there at all. In Belarus and Lithuania - the same thing. You see, even if 200 Scandinavians lived with us in ancient times, their descendants could not take and disappear. I looked at the world map of DNA and it became obvious that the clusters of this group are located in the Scandinavian countries proper and then go to the West, especially in the British Isles. And they practically did not go to the East, except perhaps with the troops of Charles XII, and there was a Scandinavian garrison in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe Oreshek fortress. Perhaps someone stayed with the French deserters of Scandinavian origin from Napoleon's army, but in any case, their DNA trace in Russia is below a significant level of statistics.

Well, then the supporters of this theory start talking about the Scandinavian swords found in Rus'. But, you know, I also had a computer from Taiwan in Moscow, does this mean that the Taiwanese founded Moscow? And if a Walther pistol was found buried in the ground in Vladivostok, does this mean that the Germans reached Vladivostok in World War II? How is it possible to draw such global conclusions on the basis of individual findings? Why hexagonal logs in Ladoga, processed according to the Scandinavian method, should be an indispensable evidence of the dominance of the Scandinavians in our country?

KR: Is it possible to put an equal sign between those who are interested in DNA genealogy and patriots?

A.K.: Of course, DNA genealogy is based on patriotism. If only because only a patriot can wish to have an honest history of Russia. When that “liberal” wants to see her, she always turns out to be covered in black paint. For example, I don’t know a single person who is interested in and loves this discipline and at the same time says: “Let’s return Crimea back!” And vice versa, those who pour dirt on my research would gladly give it to Bandera Ukraine. There is a very clear line of demarcation: either a person loves and is proud of the history of his country, or he does not even consider it his own.

And personally, DNA genealogy helped me clarify my own roots, I got to the bottom of the 14th generation of my ancestors who lived in the 16th century. I found out that they were "children of the boyars" and belonged to the Russian hereditary military personnel. And how can I support the position that Crimea has been annexed if my ancestors shed blood for it? Only those who do not remember their kinship can wish for this.

KR: So, in addition to opponents, you definitely had to find like-minded people.

A.K.: I have like-minded people at different levels, they are just less visible. Firstly, I receive a lot of letters and positive comments in social networks, on my official website. People are interested, ask questions, often write very touching things. For many, DNA genealogy has allowed them to discover their ancestors, their family history. Not so long ago, we organized a meeting of the Klyosovs in our family village in the Kursk region, which is called Klyosovo. We gathered near the old cemetery, spread out a tablecloth, remembered our ancestors. A certain Konstantin Klyosov from Volgodonsk came to the meeting, who did not know his roots, he simply had the same surname. I took his DNA for analysis, like all the other guests. And his genes, as expected, coincided with all the other participants in the rally. He was happy to find his pedigree, the world bloomed with new colors for him.

I am also often approached by residents of the Caucasus, for whom it is vital to know their roots, to honor their ancestors. For many, this memory has already been lost, and they are grateful for the opportunity to restore their family tree. The Karachay-Balkarians want to objectively confirm their origin from the Alans, the same for the Ossetians, the Tajiks from the historical Aryans, the Jews from Abraham, and so on. Numerous projects of the Academy of DNA Genealogy, which was officially established in the Russian Federation in July 2015 and operates in Moscow, are aimed at this.

There are those who are engaged in DNA genealogy professionally. I recently received a book in Slovenian called "The Origin of Slovenes and Other Europeans" and there are several pages of bibliography - about a hundred links to my books and articles. In general, of course, for the full recognition of something new by science, time is required. For example, the first serious work on the Sumerian civilization was published in 1869, and science recognized the Sumerians and Akkadians only in 1918.

KR: Among your supporters you can meet fans of the so-called. "folk history", that is, fantasizing on the theme of the Slavic-Aryan Vedas or absolutely outright freaks. They do not discredit the DNA genealogy, do not give an extra reason for skeptics to criticize you?

A.K.: And how can alchemy discredit chemistry? The presence of those whom you call freaks is inevitable in any field of science - in physics, and in astronomy, and in history. We will not drive them all away, and how? For them it's just entertainment, and for us it should be the same. I am not a purist here, because I see how much rubbish goes into academic publications, including one of the most respected scientific journals, Nature. And I am read by non-specialists with broad views, who are interested in many things. There is nothing terrible in this.

In addition, if I publish articles in a light genre in the Bulletin of the Academy of DNA Genealogy, there is always a preface that explains what is worth taking seriously and what is not. But in fact, at the scientific level, I don’t give such people a break, I always explain that their thoughts should be based on a hypothesis, and a hypothesis should be based on facts. If they like to seriously talk about the fact that the Aryans flew in from Alpha Centauri, or came from the Arctic a hundred pounds ago, who forbids? Fiction does not discredit science in any way.

KR: After a three-year wait, information has finally appeared about the imminent opening of the DNA Genealogy Laboratory in Moscow. What problems did you encounter and continue to encounter in the course of working on its opening, why did it take so long?

A.K.: Now we are at the final stage of negotiating the agreement, but the signatures have not yet been delivered, so we will not get ahead of ourselves. The main problem here is the following: as the experience of several years has shown, for the performers, the tested people are a kind of mass that brings money and takes away the results. For the existing Academy of DNA Genealogy, these are living people, we know many of them personally or by correspondence, and we sincerely want them to pay the minimum and receive the results as quickly as possible. In short, everyone with whom we have worked so far, in the end, did not suit us - for outright grabbing, for work ethics, or for the fact that they turned out to be intermediaries in testing, although they positioned themselves as performers. And mediation overestimates the price of tests above reasonable, because intermediaries, of course, did not forget themselves. Now the situation is building up quite well, and we are careful about the fact that things are going to create a laboratory. Our whole idea is to create a laboratory in Russia, so that money does not leave the country, and so that there is no need to send samples abroad, and to work here on DNA fossils, and much more, which is important for the development of this area in Russia, and not somewhere else.

KR: What kind of DNA testing are you planning to do and how much will it cost?

A.K.: The contractor, that is, our laboratory partner, wants to start with minimal tests, namely a 17-marker haplotype and haplogroup, plus one or two snips (mutations of the nucleotide sequence in DNA - approx. KR). And this already comes to a cost of about 15 thousand rubles. We continue to bring down the price, but so far we encounter the contractor's unwillingness to reduce it, at least significantly. The contractor is afraid of a small clientele and suggests starting small, this will be enough for most beginners.

KR: What will the result of such research give to man and science?

A.K.: The result obtained is written in the form of numbers and letters, by itself it will tell you little. Therefore, additional decoding will be required, which is included in the profile of our academy. And this is our main advantage - a personal interpretation of the results obtained, which has no analogues in any laboratory in the world. They provide only template information about what this or that haplogroup means. No one does the interpretation of haplotypes at all ... The Academy of DNA Genealogy has long maintained a database of personal data on haplogroups received from abroad. Even by collecting a minimal set of haplotypes, we can fundamentally advance historical science, this will be a very big deal. Over time, thanks to joint work with archaeologists, we will find out, for example, who the ancient Russian Slavs were according to haplotypes. And then we will be able to determine for any person exactly whose he is a descendant, what kind and tribe. On the timeline, it will be possible to climb very far into the past, so a more complete history of the Slavic tribes will appear. The same applies to other haplogroups. As soon as the data on fossil DNA (that is, on the analysis of the remains of ancient people - approx. KR) goes, we can expect a real breakthrough in archeology - many unknown facts will surely be discovered. And then the opponents will simply be forced to listen to us and even cooperate.

Interviewed by Ivan Vaganov