What is hyperbole in literature - definition. Examples of hyperbole in Russian fiction

Russian literature is replete with a variety of speech turns. In order to make speech more vivid and expressive, people often use figurative means of language and stylistic devices: comparison, inversion, and others. Everyone in his life, when reading this or that literature, probably met with such a concept as hyperbole, not even suspecting the meaning of this term.

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Use in literature

Hyperbolas in literature very fond of using all writers without exception. They do this in order to decorate their works, making them more emotional, vivid, filled.

And this is not at all surprising, because without this stylistic figure and others like it, any work would be empty, boring and absolutely uninteresting. It is unlikely that such works would capture the attention of the reader, exciting his imagination, causing him numerous vivid emotions.

Hyperbole, in turn, just helps to achieve such necessary effects. So what is hyperbole in ? This is an artistic medium based on an exaggeration of reality.

Advice! Another definition of hyperbole is exaggeration to the point of implausibility, so it is very important to remember and keep in mind that it does not need to be taken literally!

What is hyperbole for?

They free the reader from the framework of reality and attribute supernatural characteristics to natural phenomena and people. Hyperbole in literature plays by no means the last role, as it makes our speech more lively, and allows us to feel the emotional and mental state of the narrator or the author of the text.

This allows them to clearly and correctly convey the verbal atmosphere of the story. The function of hyperbole as a device is give brightness, emotionality and persuasiveness to the text. It is also often used by humorous writers to create comic images for characters in their works, allowing the reader's imagination to revive them in their imagination. .

How to find hyperbole in text?

Complete the task "find hyperbole in the text" is quite simple, because among all the others speech turns they are distinguished by the fact that they have clear exaggeration. Examples of usage: "this girl had saucer-sized eyes in surprise" or, "this dog was the size of an elephant."

All these phrases are apparent exaggeration of reality, because you will not meet a girl with such big eyes on the street or a dog the size of an elephant, because there are simply none and cannot be in nature. These are the simplest examples of the use of the considered stylistic device in the Russian literary language.

Attention! To find hyperbole in the text, it is enough to pay attention to a clear significant exaggeration.

What is hyperbole in Russian?

Linguistics refers to any excessive exaggeration of properties, qualities, phenomena or actions to form a spectacular and attention-grabbing created image by hyperbole . It is used not only in literary language.

In common colloquial speech, she is also a frequent visitor. The difference between the first application and the second is that in his speech a person uses existing statements, and the writer seeks to create his own, exclusive statement in order to distinguish his own work from many others.

Examples

Examples of hyperbole from artistic and colloquial speech:

• "rivers of blood";
• "always late";
• "mountains of corpses";
• “have not seen each other for a hundred years”;
• "scare to death";
• “I said a hundred times”;
• "a million apologies";
• "sea of ​​ripened wheat";
• “I have been waiting for an eternity”;
• “stood all day”;
• "at least fill up";
• "a house a thousand kilometers away";
• "Always late."

Examples in fiction

It can be said that everything classical works rest on the transfer of the author's emotions to the reader, who moves him into a situation created by himself. Hyperbole in literature, in classical works was very actively used by many famous authors.

History of the origin of hyperbole

One of the first who began to study conic sections - an ellipse, a parabola, a hyperbola, was a student of the famous Plato, the ancient Greek mathematician Menechmus (IV century BC). Solving the problem of doubling the cube, Menechmus thought: "What happens if you cut the cone with a plane perpendicular to its generatrix?" So, by changing the angle at the top of a right circular cone, Menechmus obtained three types of curves: an ellipse - if the angle at the top of the cone is acute; parabola - if the angle is right; one branch of the hyperbola - if the angle is obtuse.

The name of these curves was not invented by Menechmus. They were proposed by one of the largest geometers of antiquity, Apollonius of Perga, who devoted a treatise from eight books "Conic Sections" ("On Conics") to remarkable curves. Seven books have survived, three of them in Arabic translation. The first four books contain the beginning of the theory and the basic properties of conic sections. This is a treatise on the ellipse, parabola and hyperbola, defined as sections of a circular cone, where the exposition is brought to the study of the evolutions of a conic section. Apollonius showed that curves can be obtained by drawing different sections of the same circular cone, and any one.

With a proper inclination of the cutting plane, all types of conic sections can be obtained. If we assume that the cone does not end at the vertex, but is projected onto it, then some sections have two branches.

Describing curves in the language of algebra, a mathematician chooses in the section plane such a rectangular coordinate system in which the equations of the curves have the simplest form. If you direct the abscissa axis along the axis of symmetry of the conic section and place the origin of coordinates on the curve itself.

The origin of the name is explained by the following figure.

Let's build any rectangle at the top. Let us attach a square to it, touching the vertical curve, and with the side - the axis of symmetry. Then in a hyperbola the area of ​​a square is greater than that of a rectangle.

Mathematical hyperbole

Definition

The inverse proportionality is called the function given by the formula y = k / x where k is not equal to 0. The number k is called the inverse proportionality coefficient.

The hyperbola has two branches, which are located in the first and third quadrants if k > 0, and in the second and fourth quadrants if k > 0.

The function y = k/x , where k > 0, has the following properties:

The scope of the function is the set of all real numbers, except for the number 0

Set of function values, all numbers except the number 0

Y = k/x - odd

Takes positive values ​​for x > 0 and negative values ​​for x< 0

Decreases over intervals x< 0 и х > 0.

If k< 0, то функция y = k/x обладает свойствами 1-3, а свойства 4-5 формулируются так: принимает положительные значения при х < 0 и отрицательные при х > 0

Increases on intervals x< 0 и х > 0.

Graph structure if K>0

Let's plot the function y = 1/x

OOF: x is not equal 0 MZF: y is not equal 0 y = k/x - odd

The structure of the graph spruce K<0

Let's plot the function y = k/x

For k = 2 y = -2/x OOF: x is not equal 0 MZF: y is not equal 0 y = k/x is odd

So we learned what is called a hyperbole in mathematics

Where else is hyperbole used?

Examples of stylistic hyperbole

The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language practices mathematical and stylistic hyperbole as words - amonyms, but based on the above facts, we can talk about the similarity of the concepts of hyperbole in mathematics and literature.

For example, in N.V. Gogol's The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich, the main artistic means of expression is hyperbole, the use of which gives a satirical effect to the entire work. For example, “Ivan Ivanovich has a somewhat timid character. Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary. Bloomers with such wide folds that if they were blown up, the whole yard with the barn and buildings could be placed in them.

In Gogol, hyperbole is generally a favorite means of expression. For example, in the story "Taras Bulba" the author uses the following hyperboles: "The entire surface of the earth seemed to be a green-gold ocean, over which millions of different colors splashed ..."; “He blew cold centuries and spread closer, closer, and, finally, covered half of the entire surface of the earth ...”; “... the Cossack, like a lion, stretched out on the road. The forelock thrown proudly captured him on half an arshin of the earth.

In the comedy "The Inspector General", enhancing the effect of Khlestakov's lies, Gogol puts the following phrase into his mouth: "Curiosities, curiosities ... thirty-five ... thousand curiosities." The author resorts to hyperbole to enhance the impression, to sharpen the image, an important way of conveying the author's thought is the construction of the plot of the figurative system.

Literary hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, significance of an object, phenomenon. For example: “At one hundred and forty the sun set ablaze” (Mayakovsky). Hyperbole is used to enhance the emotional impact on the reader, as well as to highlight certain aspects in the depicted phenomenon. For example: “And the mountain of bloody bodies prevented the balls from flying” (M. Yu. Lermontov). Or from N.V. Gogol: "Bloom pants, the width of the Black Sea"; "A mouth the size of the arch of the General Staff." Hyperbole acquires the greatest role in satire. Hyperbole can be idealizing and destroying.

The stylistic device, whose name is borrowed from the ancient Greek language and translated as "exaggeration", is present in classical and modern works along with metaphor, epithet, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. What is hyperbole in literature? This is a deliberate exaggeration of the properties of phenomena, objects. The language tool is used in Russian colloquial speech for emotional amplification, when there is not just a transfer of dry information, a personal assessment of what is happening is emphasized.

The speech figure was a favorite means of expression for the authors of folk tales, epics. The stylistic device was widely used by writers, whose works became classics of literature. Visual amplification contains humorous and satirical stories, poetic creativity. Exaggeration is used wherever it is required to highlight one or another fact of reality.

Why is exaggeration used in literature?

Hyperbole catches attention, has an exciting effect on the imagination, makes you take a fresh look at the facts of reality, feel their significance, a special role. Exaggeration overcomes the boundaries set by plausibility, endows a person, object or natural phenomenon with supernatural characteristics. The expressive means emphasizes the conditionality of the world created by the writer. What is hyperbole in literature? The technique indicates the attitude of the author to the depicted - sublime, idealistic or, conversely, mocking.

How Artistic Exaggeration Is Implemented To clearly understand what hyperbolas are in literature, one needs to know the ways of implementing amplification inherent in the text of a work of art. Expressiveness is achieved by the writer through the use of lexical hyperbole, including the words "completely", "absolutely", "all". The metaphorical technique is based on figurative comparison. Phraseological hyperbolas in the literature are stable expressions. Quantitative amplification includes the designation of the number.

Lexical hyperbole

Expressiveness is created in literature by the use of certain words: very bad, completely incomprehensible handwriting, no good, everyone knows.

Metaphorical hyperbole

Figurative transfer contains such phrases: the whole world is a theater, a forest of hands, a boundless ocean of love, to promise golden mountains.

Phraseological hyperbole

The following exaggerations are stable expressions: the goat understands, I will beat like a baby, the contract is cheaper than the paper on which it is written.

Quantitative hyperbolas

Numerical exaggerations contain such expressions: a thousand cases for the evening, a million times warned, a mountain of folders with papers.

In linguistics, the word "hyperbola" call an excessive exaggeration of any qualities or properties, phenomena, processes in order to create a bright and impressive image, for example:

• rivers of blood;
• you are always late;
• mountains of corpses;
• haven't seen each other for a hundred years;
• scare to death;
• said a hundred times;
• a million apologies;
• a sea of ​​ripe wheat;
• I've been waiting for an eternity;
• stood all day;
• at least fill up;
• a house a thousand kilometers away;
• constantly late.

Hyperbole is often found in folklore, for example, in epics: Ilya Muromets picks up "an iron shalyga, but which weighed exactly one hundred pounds",
Yes, wherever you wave, the street will fall,
And wave back - alleys ...

In fiction, writers use hyperbole to enhance expressiveness, create a figurative characterization of the hero, a vivid and individual idea of ​​him. With the help of hyperbole, the author's attitude to the character is revealed, the general impression of the statement is created.

What is hyperbole?

Hyperbole is such a stylistic figure that is used for the purpose of deliberate exaggeration. This stylistic device is used for greater expressiveness of the text and to enhance various meanings. A very popular example we haven't seen each other for a hundred years. A hundred years, of course, was not. Used hyperbole.

A hyperbola is a non-linear function inverse to a linear function: y \u003d ax + b, that is, the linear function y is a straight line on the Cartesian coordinate axis, and the inverse g \u003d 1 / y \u003d 1 / (ax + b) is a hyperbola, and represents rather - still curved lines located symmetrically with respect to a certain point, and two straight lines - asymptotes.

Considering the property of a hyperbole to bend a straight line, the expression hyperbole is also used in literature, that is, not a curvature, but a kind of protrusion of certain features of objects. literature.

In Russian there is such a means of representation, which is called hyperbole. Hyperbole is an exaggeration. Quite often, hyperbolas are found in epics. For example, in the epic about the Nightingale the Robber, it is said that the nightingale whistled and - the flowers crumbled, and the people were dead.

And in mathematics, a hyperbola is a plane curve of the second order.

• What is hyperbole

  In mathematics, a hyperbola is an open curve with two branches.

  As a technique in journalism, hyperbole is an exaggeration (for example, saying a thousand times). The opposite of hyperbole is litote (a man with a fingernail).

what is hyperbole

Hyperbola is a mathematical function y=K/x (when K is not equal to zero)

In colloquial speech, hyperbole is a special strong exaggeration of something to focus the interlocutor's attention on it.

At the word hyperbola there are several meanings, but its origin is common, from the ancient Greek word, which means - to pass, redundancy, excess, exaggeration:

• For mathematicians, it defines a second-order plane curve.
• For other people, and especially for those who are associated with rhetoric, it means a strong exaggeration of something.

• Since the mathematics tag is indicated, I will answer the question in this vein, despite the fact that there are other values. So, a hyperbola is a curve, which, like any line, consists of many points. The physical meaning of this curve is that it is obtained when a volumetric cone is cut by a plane.

  A hyperbola is a set of points in a plane, the modulus of the difference between the distances of which from two points, called foci, is a constant value.

  Canonical equation of a hyperbola in Cartesian coordinates

  x^2/a^2-y^2/b^2=1

  The word hyperbole has several meanings. The first value is mathematical. According to Euclid, a hyperbola is a second-order plane curve that consists of two separate curves that do not intersect. The formula of the hyperbola is Y \u003d K / x, provided that k is not equal to 0. That is, the vertices of the hyperbola tend to zero, but never intersect with it.

  The second meaning is literary. Hyperbole is a stylistic figure of deliberate exaggeration.

  Hyperbola A mathematical function that is built on the XY area, consisting of 5 points connected to each other and located on the vertical quarters of the XY. Formula y=K/x.

  Also, the meaning of this word in literature is an exaggeration of something, or an emphasis on the attention of the interlocutor.

  Let's immediately decide what we are considering, hyperbole from the mathematical side or hyperbole, as rhetoric. Let's first look at the mathematical side: A line consisting of points. Or as it is written in one source

  Like the ellipse and parabola, the hyperbola is a conic section.

  And if we consider from the side of rhetoric: A stylistic figure, to enhance expressiveness.

  Hyperbola is a mathematical term meaning a second-order plane curve. The meaning of hyperbole in literature is an exaggeration, to give expressiveness to a phrase, to focus attention. For example, the expression: sea of ​​tears.

A hyperbola in mathematics is a curve related to the number of conic sections.

Hyperbole in literature is a figure of exaggeration.

Mathematical hyperbole

In mathematics, the hyperbola is not common, much more often you can find its counterparts: the parabola and the ellipse. A more precise definition of a mathematical hyperbola would be:

A hyperbola is a point on a plane whose difference to two selected points (or, as they are also called, the foci of the hyperbola) is a constant value.

This value is denoted by 2a, and the distance between the foci through 2s.

A hyperbola contains two identical parts. This is her characteristic. She also has straight lines, to which the hyperbole rushes when it goes to infinity. These lines are called asymptotes.

Just like an ellipse, a hyperbola has an optical property. This means that a beam that has left one focus, after reflection, moves as if it had left another focus.

In mathematics, the term "hyperbole" was known to people even before our era. It was introduced by the ancient Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga, who lived from 262 to 190 BC.

Types of hyperbolas

An isosceles hyperbola is called such a hyperbola, in which a=b. Such a hyperbola is described in a rectangular coordinate system by the equation xy = a²/2, and its foci are at the points (a; a) And (-a;-a).

There are also hyperbolas directly related to triangles. Thus, the Enzhabek hyperbola is a curve that is isogonally conjugate to the Euler line, and the Kiepert hyperbola is a curve that is isogonally conjugate to the line passing through the center of the circumscribed circle and the Lemoine point of the corresponding triangle.

Literary hyperbole

Hyperbole in literature is a stylistic figure, which is a figurative expression that exaggerates any phenomenon, object or action. In works of art, hyperbole is used to enhance the artistic impression.

Since hyperbole is a figurative expression, such an expression should not be taken literally.

Especially often hyperbole is used in Russian folk poetry. Thus, the song “Dunya the spinner” is completely built on the use of hyperbole. This song tells how Dunya spun three threads in three hours, which turned out to be “thinner than a log, thicker than a knee”. Then she "threaded these threads into the garden, stuck a stake."

Often hyperbole is found in Russian ditties:

Sits a loafer at the gate,

Opened his mouth wide

And no one will understand

Where is the gate, and where is the mouth.

Hyperbole was also widely used by ancient Russian authors, whose names have not come down to us. For example, in the "Word of Igor's Campaign" we read:

"To that in Polotsk, ringing the morning bell, early at St. Sophia's bells, and he heard the ringing in Kiev."

Russian writers also used hyperbole. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov used techniques close to folk:

It will pass - as if the sun will shine!

Look - the ruble will give!

I saw how she mows:

What a wave - then a mop is ready.

Nikolai Gogol also became famous for his hyperbole. Everyone knows such expressions from his works as “A million Cossack hats poured into the square”, “A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper”, Cossacks’ trousers “the width of the Black Sea”.

In the work of Vladimir Mayakovsky, hyperbole is one of the characteristic techniques. In his poem "6 nuns" you can read the following:

Let the quota be filled with years of life,

one has only to remember this miracle,

tearing the mouth of a yawn

wider than the Gulf of Mexico.

By the way, hyperbole also has a directly opposite stylistic figure - litote, which means understatement. But more on that next time.

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