Chichikov enters into an agreement with the smugglers. Prosecutor: “Chichikov’s goal is to cause the greatest damage to the state”

Corruption in our state is eternal and, it seems, ineradicable. So, in " Dead souls ah" N.V. Gogol is wonderful description Chichikov’s career in customs (by the way, the first edition of the first volume of “Dead Souls” turns 180 this year). Read, maybe you will recognize our modern officials:

...but our hero endured everything, endured it strongly, endured it patiently, and finally transferred to the customs service.

It must be said that this service had long been a secret subject of his thoughts. He saw what dandy foreign things the customs officials had, what porcelains and cambrics they sent to gossips, aunts and sisters. More than once, long ago, he said with a sigh: “If only there was somewhere to move to: the border is close, and enlightened people, and what thin Dutch shirts you can get!” It should be added that at the same time he was also thinking about a special type of French soap, which imparted extraordinary whiteness to the skin and freshness to the cheeks; God knows what it was called, but, according to his assumptions, it was certainly located on the border.

So, he would have wanted to go to the customs for a long time, but the current various benefits for the construction commission were withheld, and he reasoned correctly that the customs, be that as it may, was still nothing more than a pie in the sky, and the commission was already a bird in its hands. Now he decided to get to customs at any cost, and he got there.

He began his service with extraordinary zeal. It seemed that fate itself had destined him to be a customs official. Such efficiency, insight and foresight was not only unseen, but even unheard of. In three or four weeks, he had already become so skilled in customs affairs that he knew absolutely everything: he didn’t even weigh or measure, but by the texture he knew how many arshins of cloth or other material there were in a piece; taking the bundle in his hand, he could suddenly tell how many pounds it contained.

As for searches, here, as even his comrades themselves put it, he simply had a dog’s instinct: one could not help but be amazed to see how he had so much patience to feel every button, and all this was done with deadly composure, polite incredibly. And at a time when those being searched were furious, lost their temper and felt an evil urge to beat up his pleasant appearance with clicks, he, without changing either in his face or in his polite actions, said only: “Would you like to worry a little and get up?” Or: “Would you like, madam, to be welcomed into another room? there the wife of one of our officials will explain to you.” Or: “Let me, with a knife, I’ll rip open the lining of your overcoat a little,” and, saying this, he would pull out shawls and scarves from there, calmly, as if from his own chest.

Even the authorities explained that it was a devil, not a man: he was looking in wheels, drawbars, horse ears and who knows what places, where no author would ever think of getting into and where only customs officials are allowed to get into. So the poor traveler, who had crossed the border, still could not come to his senses for several minutes and, wiping off the sweat that appeared in small rashes all over his body, only crossed himself and said: “Well, well!” His situation was very similar to that of a schoolboy who ran out of a secret room, where the boss had called him in order to give him some instruction, but instead he was flogged in a completely unexpected way.

For a short time there was no profit from him for the smugglers. This was the storm and despair of all Polish Judaism. His honesty and incorruptibility were irresistible, almost unnatural. He didn’t even make up a small capital for himself from various confiscated goods and selected little things that were not included in the treasury in order to avoid unnecessary correspondence.

Such zealously selfless service could not help but become the subject of general surprise and finally come to the attention of the authorities. He received a rank and promotion, and after that he presented a project to catch all the smugglers, asking only for the means to carry it out himself. He was immediately given the command and the unlimited right to carry out all sorts of searches. That's all he wanted.

At that time, a strong society of smugglers was formed in a deliberate and correct manner; The daring enterprise promised benefits worth millions. He had already had information about him for a long time and even refused to bribe those sent, saying dryly: “It’s not time yet.”

Having received everything at his disposal, he immediately let the public know, saying: “Now it’s time.” The calculation was too correct. Here, in one year, he could receive something that he would not have won in twenty years of the most zealous service. Previously, he did not want to enter into any relations with them, because he was nothing more than a simple pawn, therefore, he would not have received much; but now... now it’s a completely different matter: he could offer any conditions he wanted.

To make things go more smoothly, he persuaded another official, his comrade, who could not resist the temptation, despite the fact that he was gray. The terms were concluded, and the society began to act. The action began brilliantly: the reader, no doubt, has heard the so often repeated story of the ingenious journey of the Spanish rams, who, having crossed the border in double sheepskin coats, carried under their sheepskin coats a million worth of Brabant lace. This incident happened precisely when Chichikov was serving at customs. If he himself had not participated in this enterprise, no Jews in the world would have been able to carry out such a task.

After three or four sheep trips across the border, both officials ended up with four hundred thousand in capital. Chichikov, they say, even exceeded five hundred, because he was smarter. God knows to what enormous figure the blessed sums would have increased if some difficult beast had not run across everything...

In the poem " Dead Souls"Gogol touches on Chichikov's career only at the end of the work. At the beginning, Chichikov appears before readers as some mysterious person, about the origin of which nothing is known. Considering that Chichikov - main character poem, there is a danger that readers will begin to treat him as positive hero, despite the clearly fraudulent nature of its activities. Gogol himself felt this danger, and in the 11th chapter he begins to reduce the image of Chichikov: “It is very doubtful that the readers will like the hero we have chosen. The ladies will not like him, this can be said affirmatively, for the ladies demand that the hero be decisive perfection, and if there is any mental or physical blemish, then disaster!... But the virtuous person is still not taken as a hero... No, it’s time to finally hide the scoundrel too. So, let’s harness the scoundrel!” Further, the author writes about the origin of the hero and his career: “After leaving school, he did not even want to rest: his desire was so strong to get down to business and service. However, despite the commendable certificates, with great difficulty he decided to join the government ward". However, Chichikov could vegetate in this ward until the end of his life, because... “He got an insignificant place, a salary of thirty or forty rubles a year.” Some decisive step had to be taken.

“Finally, he sniffed out his (his boss’s - author’s note) home, family life, found out that he had a mature daughter, with a face that also looked like it was threshing peas at night. he came up with an idea to launch an attack. He found out which church she came to. Sundays, stood opposite her every time, cleanly dressed, his shirt front heavily starched - and the business was a success: the stern police officer staggered (in the old days - the official in charge of office work in court - author's note) and invited him to tea! And before the office had time to look back, things had worked out in such a way that Chichikov moved into his house, became a necessary and indispensable person, bought flour and sugar, treated his daughter like a bride, called the police officer papa and kissed his hand; Everyone in the ward decided that there would be a wedding at the end of February before Lent. The stern police officer even began to bother his superiors for him, and after a while Chichikov himself sat down as a police officer in one vacant position that had opened up. This seemed to be the point main goal his connections with the old police officer, because he immediately sent his chest secretly home and the next day he found himself in another apartment. The police officer stopped calling him daddy and no longer kissed his hand, and the matter of the wedding was hushed up, as if nothing had happened at all. However, when meeting him, he always affectionately shook his hand and invited him to tea, so that the old police officer, despite his eternal immobility and callous indifference, shook his head every time and said under his breath: “You cheated, you cheated, you damn son !"

This was the most difficult threshold he crossed. From then on things went easier and more successfully. He became a remarkable person."

At one time I had the opportunity to witness a similar turn in the fate of one person. Let's call him Pyotr Olegovich. He was a graduate student at that time. The term of graduate school was approaching the end. This graduate student came from a small town. After graduating from graduate school, he was faced with a dilemma: to return to his homeland, which he apparently really did not want, or to do something to stay in Moscow. And staying in Moscow in those days (80s) was very, very difficult. The only legal way is to marry a Muscovite. Our graduate student chose this path. Events unfolded rapidly (there was little time left before defense). At some conference he met a girl. She was short and completely inconspicuous. "But what can you do - love!" - the department staff said. Two weeks before the defense, a wedding was scheduled. Afterwards the young people went to honeymoon. “What is Petya thinking?!” - his leader was indignant. Anyone familiar with the dissertation defense process knows that last month before defense - the most intense. But Petya drove off with his young wife, and seemed to have forgotten about everything. But, thank God, everything worked out. Petya returned, the defense was successful. But what do we hear a month later? Petya is getting a divorce! In his way, he acted nobly. He did not apply for living space. He only needed Moscow registration. Subsequently, he exchanged his apartment in a provincial town for one in Moscow and moved with his mother to Moscow. He was a very gentle, loving, caring son. Only when his mother died did he get married, this time for real. What was he thinking when he got married for the first time? After all, for his first wife it was a tragedy: to find her love, and then lose it, to understand that she had been deceived, taken advantage of to achieve her goals. How did her life turn out next? Perhaps Petya was thinking: “Yes, I will do a bad thing, marry a girl I don’t love, in the name of my goals. But then throughout my life I will behave honestly and atone for my meanness.” Isn't it all very familiar? Raskolnikov adhered to the same philosophy, but as a result he failed. After all, this is a novel, some will say. In life, everything can be different. In life, scoundrels live to see advanced years and die in their bed, surrounded by loved ones. Is this true? This story is not over yet, and we will probably still have to find out how it ends.

Let us, however, continue the theme of Chichikov’s career: “Everything turned out to be in him that is needed for this world: pleasantness in turns and actions, and agility in business affairs. With such means, he obtained in a short time what is called a grain place, and took advantage them in a great way."

“Bread places” still exist today. Let me give you one more memory. There was one employee working in our laboratory. One day she announced that she was leaving, found a job in government (in the mayor's office or in the council - I don't remember now). Somehow she opened up and, without any hesitation, said that this was a grain-producing place, where you could take bribes. Moreover, she said this completely without embarrassment, honestly and openly. Apparently, she believed that this went without saying, and that others did not take bribes only because they were not given bribes.

Gogol further writes: “You need to know that at the same time the strictest persecution of all kinds of bribes began; he was not afraid of the persecution and immediately turned them to his advantage, thus showing directly Russian ingenuity, which appears only during squeezes.” It turns out that there have already been campaigns against bribes in Russia. How did they end? Maybe we overcame this disease a long time ago and have been living in an honest country for a long time? I'm afraid that the reader will say: stop being ironic. Of course that's enough. Everyone knows that we are currently conducting a similar campaign; hundreds of officials are being imprisoned. How many officials do we have in Russia? Maybe we shouldn’t plant hundreds, but half of them should be replanted?

Such memories were generated by reading “Dead Souls” (even re-reading, because we all studied this poem by Gogol at school). It will soon be 170 years since the creation of this masterpiece, but the problems, heroes, people that were there remain the same. Maybe they are immortal?

Tasks:

• Educational:
  • to form in students an idea of ​​the hero of Gogol’s work.
• Developmental:
  • develop skills holistic analysis work of art;
  • develop the ability to competently construct a monologue statement, master culture dialogical speech;
  • develop the ability to think independently, analyze the circumstances in which the heroes operate;
  • develop the ability to compare textually studied works, their issues and heroes.
• Educational:
  • cultivate interest in moral and universal values;
  • bring students to the need for self-improvement through awareness of the contradictions of their own character.

Lesson methodology: the teacher’s word, work with reference and literary studies, analytical conversation, textual analysis of individual scenes, commented reading, expressive reading by students, work on individual assignments, work on abstracts, work with draft manuscripts.

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

Lesson stage 1

Teacher's word (against the background of music).

Again, like in the golden years,
Three worn out flapping harnesses,
And the painted knitting needles knit
Into loose ruts...

Russia, poor Russia,
I want your gray huts,
Your songs are windy to me -
Like the first tears of love!

I don't know how to feel sorry for you
And I carefully carry my cross...
Which sorcerer do you want?
Give me your robber beauty!

Let him lure and deceive, -
You won't be lost, you won't perish,
And only care will cloud
Yours beautiful features…

- No, these were not the feelings that filled the soul of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov when he drove into the city of N. in his spring carriage. What is our hero concerned about, why does he come to an ordinary Russian town and who is he, Pavel Ivanovich: a scoundrel, a nice man, an acquirer? Is it eternal? Is Chichikovism threatening us today and with what? We will try to understand these problems today.
– So, let’s go for the author and his hero.

Lesson stage 2

Stills from the film “Dead Souls” by M. Schweitzer.

Teacher. And here is our hero. Watch a fragment of the film and compare it with Gogol’s narrative. Which episodes of the first chapter did the director omit, and which ones did he deepen, and why?

Teacher. The first impression of a character is always very important, so let’s turn to the first chapter and try to answer the question: who is he, Chichikov? And what techniques for depicting the image does the author use.

– Find a description of the portrait of Chichikov, what does the author emphasize in the image of the hero? (The phrase is frankly ironic. The description of appearance is given as if so that the reader does not form any impression about the visitor. The construction of the sentence goes back to folk samples: in Russian folk tales We constantly come across expressions like “neither far nor near, neither high nor low.”
A grotesque detail: the visitor blew his nose loudly: “it is not known how he did it, but his nose sounded like a trumpet.” The visiting gentleman behaves with emphasized dignity; there is something exaggerated, contrived in his behavior).

– Gogol – detail master. This is especially evident in the description of Pavel Ivanovich’s luggage. Things help to understand the essence of the hero. What did Chichikov’s things tell us? (A spring chaise, “a suitcase made of white leather, somewhat worn out,” “a mahogany chest with individual linings made of Karelian birch, shoe lasts and a fried chicken wrapped in blue paper”; a cap, a rainbow scarf - all objects hint at something in the situation , habits and character of Chichikov. He is apparently not too rich, but wealthy, travels a lot, loves to eat, one can even conclude that he was richer before than now: a suitcase made of white leather and skillfully made. chest - expensive things.)

- We will learn even more about Chichikov if we read the little story with the poster. Find this episode, highlight keywords, which help to understand the character of Pavel Ivanovich. (It is clear that Chichikov is a businesslike, meticulous man, studying the city as a field of a future battle. No wonder he asked the tavern servant, the watchman, looked at everything carefully, “as if in order to clearly remember the position of the place.” And one more thing is curious: after reading Chichikov “folded the poster neatly and put it in his little chest, where he was in the habit of putting everything he came across.”

– Essential for characterizing his hero speech. How does the speech reveal Chichikov's character? (Author from different sides and on various occasions shows extraordinary dexterity, decency, and diplomatic evasiveness of Chichikov’s speech. In conversations with the rulers of the city, “he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. He somehow hinted to the governor that entering his province is like entering paradise, the roads are velvet everywhere, and that those governments that appoint wise dignitaries are worthy of greater praise.” At the same time, Chichikov did not express flattering words directly to the governor: it would have been a clumsy job, unworthy of such a subtle connoisseur of the rules of conduct. Chichikov does not say, for example, that the governor deserves praise. But those governments “which appoint wise dignitaries...” To the vice-governor and chairman of the chamber, Chichikov dropped his compliments more rudely (“your excellency even said it wrongly twice”), but apparently he already knew who to approach).

- Tell. What do other heroes think and say about Pavel Ivanovich? (They recognized him as their man. If the city fathers felt honesty and virtue in Chichikov, they would recoil from him like the plague. No, they see in him a man of their circle, only gifted with talents for success. And when Chichikov, with “ noticeable modesty,” using “somewhat bookish phrases,” says that he “suffered for the truth,” even the word “truth” does not frighten his listeners. They understand that this is just a catchphrase, but it is said very cleverly and to the point.)

Conclusion.

– So, what kind of person did Chichikov appear to us? How is a cunning traveler similar to those with whom he does his business? (Chichikov can be no less delicate than Manilov, is capable of saving more stubbornly than a box, can go on a spree no worse than Nozdryov, and in the ability to “lie down” he will far surpass this talker; he is tight-fisted and businesslike, like Sobakevich, in thriftiness he is not inferior to that Plyushkin times when he was still a wise master, and, of course, in the art of taking bribes he outdid Ivan Antonovich - the “jug’s snout.”)

- But there is a trait in Chichikov’s character that gives all his properties a new meaning and makes him the first person in the gallery of meanness. Which? (Amazing flexibility, tenacity, adaptability to any circumstances. The miracles of mimicry are demonstrated throughout his entire life.)

– From meetings with landowners, we learn about the reason for his arrival: buying dead souls listed as alive according to the revision fairy tale. For what? What's wrong with that? (Chichikov seeks to profit from the most terrible thing - human death. Buying dead souls, this inhuman mercantilism is a frightening act of the Russian bourgeoisie, they destroy humanity)

– Where does this come from in people? When we ask this question, we turn to people’s past; Chichikov’s whole life is presented in the last 11th chapter.

Lesson stage 3

Teacher. You have been given the task of drawing up a detailed outline of Chichikov’s biography and preparing a creative retelling of the text in order to understand what kind of person he is, what makes him trade in dead souls today.

Story according to plan

A) Difficult picture of early childhood.

B) Chichikov in the city school:

• relationships with friends;
• increment to the half given by the father;
• Chichikov's speculation;
• mouse training;
• attitude towards the teacher;
• “...he imagined a life ahead of him in all comforts, with all sorts of prosperity; carriages, a well-appointed house, delicious dinners.”

B) Service in the treasury chamber:

• an unsuccessful attempt to win over the police officer;
• how Chichikov got himself a position as a police officer;
• order to take bribes initiated by him

D) Chichikov – member of the construction commission:

• failed construction of a government building;
• beautiful houses, which appeared among the members of the commission, including Chichikov;
• the catastrophe he survived.

D) Chichikov’s service at customs:

• the purpose of joining the customs service;
• Chichikov is the terror of smugglers;
• the path he took to get promoted;
• Chichikov enters into a conspiracy with the smuggling community;
• new disaster.

– What is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov like here? Scoundrel? He also had patience, extraordinary willpower, and prudence. But at the same time, fraud, adventurism, crime. But he himself explains that he did not kill anyone, did not ruin anyone, that most of all he cares about his future home, family, children. What repels us about this hero. (Yes, everything is fine in a bright future. But what path does our hero go? Does the end justify the means? An eternal philosophical question that many generations have yet to solve).

“Is he a scoundrel, why is he a scoundrel, acquisition is the fault of everything... Nowadays we don’t have scoundrels, we have well-intentioned, pleasant people, and there are only two or three of those who would expose their physiognomy to a public slap in the face. people, and even they are now talking about virtue.”

“After all, the author’s main task is to make you and I look inside ourselves and ask: “Is there a Chichikov in me?” And it is imperative to be reborn, as Gogol believed in the rebirth of his hero (it is no coincidence that Chichikov dreams of a three-bird bird, and with it faith, hope and the great word - love).

Stage 4 of the lesson

Reading by heart a passage about Rus' by a student.

Teacher. What lexical and syntactic means created the sublime, solemn intonation of the lyrical digression “Rus”.

Lesson stage 5

The teacher reads against the background of music:

AND the impossible is possible,
The long road is easy
When the road flashes in the distance
An instant glance from under a scarf,
When it rings with guarded melancholy
The dull song of the coachman.

We had to be delayed because the careless coachman Selifan did not warn in time about the malfunction of the chaise. We had to wait five or six hours for the hastily found blacksmiths to repair it. When the britzka left the city very late, it had to wait out the funeral procession. The prosecutor was carried to the cemetery, whose death was unwittingly caused by Chichikov himself. Now he lowered the curtains on the windows of the carriage and hid until the procession passed by.

Having passed the city barrier, the chaise rolled along high road. After two lyrical digressions- about this road and about the unpleasant, but always alluring Rus' - Gogol introduces the reader to the biography, explaining the purpose of his purchase of dead serfs.

Chichikov - the main character of Gogol's "Dead Souls"

Chichikov's father and mother were poor nobles who owned a single serf family. His sick parent did nothing but just shuffle around the room and tug at his son’s ear. When Chichikov was very young, he was taken from the village to an old relative in the city and sent to school there. The father, parting with his son forever, advised him to please his teachers and bosses and save a penny, because “this thing is more reliable than anything else in the world, you can do everything and ruin everything in the world with a penny.” (See Chichikov's childhood.)

The father's instructions sank into the boy's soul. No different outstanding talents, young Chichikov became the most exemplary student in the class in terms of behavior. Thanks to ingratiating himself with his teachers, he received an excellent certificate. Already at school, he showed a very inventive acquisitiveness: having bought food at the market, he sat in the class next to those who were richer, and as soon as he noticed that a friend was hungry, he stuck out from under the bench, as if by chance, a corner of a gingerbread or a roll and took it. him money, in accordance with his appetite.

After leaving school, Chichikov entered service in the government chamber. At first he was paid the lowest salary. But Chichikov managed to flatter his elderly boss, who had an ugly, pockmarked daughter. Chichikov pretended that he was ready to marry her. He even moved into his boss’s house and started calling him daddy. The boss got him promotion, but immediately after this Chichikov skillfully hushed up the matter of the wedding, as if there was no talk of it.

The lively and cunning Chichikov began to quickly rise in rank. Everywhere he mercilessly took bribes, but he did it secretly and cleverly: he never accepted money from a requester himself, but only through subordinate clerks. Having joined the commission for the construction of a government building, Chichikov managed the matter in such a way that the structure did not go beyond the foundation, and he and his comrades acquired beautiful houses of their own.

The authorities, however, perked up and sent them a strict military man as their new chief. Chichikov involuntarily had to leave his bread-and-butter position. He spent some time in low positions, but soon joined the customs office. Here he showed unheard-of efficiency and truly a dog's instincts. No smuggler on the western border could fool him. Chichikov's talents were noticed here too. For a long time he demonstrated complete incorruptibility. But when his superiors, pleased with his success, made him the head of a team to fight against one large smuggling company, he entered into a conspiracy with him and began to facilitate the transportation of illegal goods, earning hundreds of thousands from it.

However, this enterprise of Chichikov was also upset due to the carelessness of one assistant. Having barely escaped criminal trial, Chichikov lost almost everything he had, lost his job, and only with difficulty got a job as an attorney. Once one of his clients, a bankrupt landowner, decided to pawn his ruined estate on the state trusteeship board. The treasury gave money as security to the peasants - two hundred rubles per capita. Chichikov suddenly learned that his client would receive these amounts not only for living serfs, but also for dead ones, because before the financial census (audit) carried out every few years, all peasants were formally listed as alive. A thought flashed through Chichikov’s fraudulent mind: to travel around Russia, buying from landowners cheaply, and where, out of friendship, taking away, for free, dead peasant souls. Then Chichikov hoped to pledge them wholesale, as if they were alive, to the guardianship council and get a rich sum.

“Dismissal from military service” - Important: Administration of Baikonur. The following categories have the right to receive social benefits: Citizens subject to resettlement from the Baikonur complex. Citizens who participated in the liquidation of consequences at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the period 1986-1987. federal executive authorities Russian Federation.

“Military service” - On conscription for alternative civilian service. Chairman of the relevant education authority. Special duties. Citizens are exempt from conscription for military service: Arrest with detention in a guardhouse for up to 10 days. On exemption from conscription for military service. Deputy Head local government- Chairman of the commission.

"Internet Services" - FTP Service. The network service determines the data format. Examples: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]. A list of popular irc servers can be found on the Internet. Website. Web service. Programs: ProShare (Intel); NetMeeting (Microsoft). E-mail. Example of a Web site. Internet services.

“Psychological service” - There are 64 PPMS Centers in Moscow: Basic and specialized packages of psychological services. Two-level delivery system psychological assistance. Creation of mechanisms for examining psychological instruments and updating the register. The diversity of models complicates coordination and forecasting activities.

“Exhibits from the Armory” - Decorated with gold, turquoise and gems. The Armory is located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, at the Borovitsky Gate. Ancient handwritten liturgical books are richly represented. A little history. Our excursion has come to an end. The throne was brought by the Persian ambassador to Tsar Boris Godunov. Are there similar museums in your homeland?

“Legal basis of military service” - The President of the Russian Federation is Supreme Commander-in-Chief Armed Forces. Hostage taking. Legal basis military service. Hague Conventions. Department of Military Patriotic and civic education CDT "Shield". The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that the defense of the Fatherland is the duty and responsibility of a citizen of the Russian Federation.