What landforms are there in the Far East. Geological structure and relief of the Far East

The territory of the Far East is located along the Pacific coast for more than 4,500 thousand km. from Chukotka to the border with Korea. The northern part of the region is located beyond the Arctic Circle, therefore, even in summer, snow covers remain. The southern territories are located at 40 latitudes - among the spruce groves, subtropical plants are often found here.

Nature

This region is characterized by contrasting phenomena and processes, which are due to the interaction of various air masses, cold and warm air masses, as well as the junction of lithospheric plates. All this became a prerequisite for the formation of colorful natural conditions.

The Far Eastern Territory is located on the line of collision of the Pacific and Eurasian plates, resulting in the formation of mountain systems that stretch parallel to the ocean.

Most of the mountain ensembles of the Far East were formed back in the Mesozoic period, but mountain building processes continue to this day, as evidenced by systematic earthquakes in this region.

Climatic conditions

The contrasting climate of the Far Eastern Territory is predetermined by the interaction of marine and continental air masses in the temperate zone. Due to the cold air flow from the Asian High, winters in the region are severe and frosty.

Under the influence of warm currents from the ocean in winter, a large amount of precipitation falls here, sometimes the thickness of the snow cover reaches 2 m.

Summer in the region is quite warm, but monsoon rains fall here every day. Many rivers of the Far East, in particular the Amur, begin to flood in the summer, because due to the long spring, the snow melts gradually.

Relief, flora and fauna

A complex relief system, a combination of various air masses and closed basins are the factors that lead to the diversity of the vegetation cover of the Far Eastern Territory. The flora includes species characteristic of both cold Siberia and hot Asia.

Here, spruce coniferous forests coexist with impenetrable thickets of bamboo. Lindens, spruces, hornbeams, pears, pines and nuts can be found in the forests. Dense thickets of broad-leaved forests are entwined with lianas, lemongrass and grapes.

The Far Eastern fauna is also very diverse: reindeer, squirrels, sables, elks, which belong to Siberian species, as well as black deer, raccoon dogs, and Amur tigers live here.

Economy of the region

Vivid contrasts are typical and for the economy of the region. Industry and agriculture are well developed in the Far East. Rice, potatoes, soybeans, legumes, wheat and a variety of vegetables are grown in the central and southern parts.

Also, the south of the Far East specializes in gardening. In the northern part of the region, expensive furs are made. The coastal areas are dominated by fishing.

In the bowels of the Far Eastern Territory, a large-scale ensemble of minerals is presented, which are rarely found in the same territory, these are copper, non-ferrous and iron ores, gold, phosphorites, oil, natural gas, apatites and graphites.

The Far East is traditionally called the territory of Russia, located off the coast of the Pacific and partially Arctic Oceans, as well as the Kuril, Commander, Shantar Islands and Sakhalin Island. The Far East is a huge territory, 36% of the total area of modern Russia.

Geography and climate

The length of the region from Chukotka to the southwest to the borders of Korea and Japan is 4500 km. It captures the Arctic Circle, where snow lies all year round. The lands in the northern part of the Far East are bound by permafrost, on which the tundra grows. In fact, almost the entire territory of the Far East, except for Primorye and the southern half of Kamchatka, is located in the permafrost zone.

To the south the climate and nature change considerably. In the south of the Far East, taiga trees coexist with plants from the subtropics (which is not repeated almost anywhere in the world).

Far East. Nature

In the view of the majority, and in fact, the Far East is a vast taiga, mountains and other irregularities of the territory that attract extreme tourists so much. The rivers Amur, Penzhin, Anadyr and a number of less significant ones flow here.

The relief of the Far East has a strongly rugged character and is represented mainly by mountainous forms. There are several watershed ranges: Kolyma, Dzhugdzhur, Yablonovyo and Stanovoy. There are powerful mountain systems, for example: the Tukuringra and Jagdy ranges. The peaks of the mountain ranges of the Far East, as a rule, do not exceed 2500 m.

The landscapes of the Far East are very diverse. Plains stretch along its tributaries. In the north and west, these plains are covered with southern taiga forests of special Daurian larch. In the south, on the flat Prikhankaysko-Amur lowland, unique Manchurian broad-leaved forests grow. Many relict and southern plants are found in them: Mongolian oak, Amur linden, white-bark elm, Manchurian ash, hornbeam, cork tree.

The vast lowlands located between the mountain ranges are very interesting for their flora and fauna: Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankayskaya. But in general, the plains occupy no more than 25% of the area of the region.

Winters are severe and with little snow, summers are relatively warm and with heavy rainfall. Winter is characterized by weak winds, a large number of sunny days, little snow and severe frosts. Especially gets from frost to the inhabitants of the most remote mainland, for example, in Transbaikalia. Here, on average, up to 10 mm of precipitation falls during the winter. Sometimes you can't go sledding either.

Rains in the Far East, the closer to China and the sea, the more similar to showers in the tropics, but only in intensity, but not in temperature. In the summer in the Far East, you can easily come across a swamp; the swampiness of the territories reaches 15-20%.

The tastiest piece of Russia for the damned imperialists. The richest region, the natural pantry of diamonds (in Yakutia more than 80% of all reserves of Russia), in almost every subject of the region there are gold deposits (50% of Russia's reserves), deposits of non-ferrous metals, minerals, there is coal, and oil, and gas.

Cities of the Russian Far East

The major cities include Vladivostok, Khabarovsk. These cities are of great economic and geostrategic importance for the country. Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk, Magadan should also be mentioned.

The city of Yakutsk is of particular importance for the entire region. But in Chukotka there are endangered settlements. The places there are harsh and hard to reach - people leave.

Population of the Far East

There are many nationalities in the Far East, but Russians predominate everywhere. Russians are about 88%, the second group is Ukrainians - about 7%. There are, of course, Koreans, Chinese (which is not surprising), Belarusians, Jews.

The population of the Far East is 6.3 million people. (about 5% of the population of Russia).

Indigenous peoples:

Yakuts,
Dolgans, Evenki and Eveny in the north,
the northeast is occupied by the Eskimos and Chukchi,
on the islands - Aleuts,
in Kamchatka - Itelmens and Koryaks,
in the Amur basin and to the east of it - Nanai, Ulchi, terms, Orochi, Udege, Nivkhs.

The number of Yakuts is about 380 thousand people, Evenks - 24 thousand. And the rest - no more than 10 thousand people. Difficult living conditions have determined that the urban population prevails over the rural. On average, 76% of the population of the Far East lives in cities.

The Far Eastern District includes:

1) On the map, study the geographical location of this region of Russia.

Think about the impact it has on the nature of the Far East.

The Far East occupies the extreme eastern position in the country. The region stretched from Chukotka to the Ussuri region. The northern regions of the Far East lie beyond the Arctic Circle, and the southern regions lie at the latitude of the Mediterranean. The territory of the Far East consists of the mainland, peninsular (Kamchatka, Chukotka) and insular (Sakhalin, Kuril, Commander Islands, etc.). This geographical position causes a wide variety of natural conditions.

2) Determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme northern and southern points of the Far East, compare its latitudinal position with other territories of our country.

Its extreme northern point is Cape Shelaginsky (700N, 1710E), the southernmost point is at the mouth of the Tyumen-Ula River (420N, 1300E). In comparison with other regions of the country, the Far East covers a greater number of climatic zones and has a greater variety of conditions.

3) What subjects of the federation are part of this area.

It consists of six administrative units: Primorsky, Khabarovsk and Kamchatka Territories. Amur, Magadan and Sakhalin regions.

Questions in a paragraph

*Remember what resources are especially rich in the seas of the Pacific Ocean, washing the shores of Russia.

The seas of the Pacific Ocean are especially rich in biological resources, are important as international sea routes, and have great recreational potential.

*Explain why in winter there are great contrasts between the temperatures of the coastal and inland regions of the Far East.

The coastal areas have a milder and more humid monsoonal climate. Due to the features of the relief, moist air masses do not penetrate deep into the mainland, and a sharply continental climate is formed in the interior.

*Name the largest rivers flowing in the temperate zone of the Far East.

Lena, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

1. Indicate the most specific features of the geographical location of the Far East.

The extreme eastern position in the country and remoteness from other areas. The Far East has a large latitudinal elongation and a huge meridional one along the entire Pacific coast of Russia. The region has a long coastline.

2. Tell us about the explorers of the Far East, name and show the geographical objects that bear their names.

In the 17th century, Russian expansion began in Siberia and the Far East. Yakutsk was founded in 1632. In 1647, the Cossacks, led by Semyon Shelkovnikov, founded a winter hut on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, on the site of which Okhotsk, the first Russian port, is today. In the middle of the 17th century, Russian explorers, such as Poyarkov and Khabarov from the Yakut prison, went south to the Zeya and Amur rivers, where they encountered tribes that paid tribute to the Qing Empire (China), that is, they were under Chinese citizenship. As a result of the first Russian-Chinese conflict between Russia and the Qing Empire, the Nerchinsk Treaty was concluded, according to which the Cossacks were to transfer to the Qing government the territories of the Albazinsky Voivodeship formed on the lands of the Daurs. The treaty defined the system of trade and diplomatic relations between states. The border between the countries under the Nerchinsk Treaty in the north passed along the Gorbitsa River and the mountains of the watershed of the Amur Basin. The area of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk between the Kivun and Taikan ranges remained undelimited. At the end of the 17th century, Russian Cossacks - Atlasov and Kozyrevsky began to explore the Kamchatka Peninsula, which at the beginning of the 18th century was included in the Russian Empire.

In 1724, Peter I sent the First Kamchatka Expedition to the peninsula, led by Vitus Bering. The expedition enriched Russian science with valuable information about the eastern coast of Siberia (in particular, the territory of today's Magadan and Kamchatka regions), new maps, accurate determinations of the coordinates of the Far Eastern coast, the strait, which was later called the Bering Strait. In 1730, the Russian government organized the Second Kamchatka expedition led by Bering and Chirikov with the task of reaching the shores of America (in particular, the Aleutian Islands and Alaska). In the 18th century, Krasheninnikov, Steller, Chichagov were engaged in the exploration of Kamchatka.

In the 18th century, Old Believers and disgraced dignitaries, such as Golovkin, were exiled to Yakutia.

In the 19th century, active development of the Far East began by Russian pioneers, which was largely facilitated by the rapid weakening of the power of the Qing empire, which in 1840 was drawn into the first opium war. The fighting against the combined forces of England and France in the south of the country, in the regions of Macau and Guangzhou, drew on significant material and human resources. The northern regions of China were left practically without any cover, which Russia did not fail to take advantage of, along with other European powers, which took an active part in the division of the decrepit Qing Empire. In 1850, Lieutenant G. I. Nevelskoy landed at the mouth of the Amur and established a military post there without permission. Convinced that the Qing administration, which by that time had not recovered from the consequences of the first opium war and was bound in its actions by the outbreak of the Taiping uprising in the country, was unable to adequately respond to the territorial claims of Russia, Nevelskoy decided to declare the mouth of the Amur and the coast of the Tatar Strait the possessions of the Russian Empire. . May 14, 1854 - the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, Count N. N. Muravyov, having received from G. I. Nevelsky data on the absence of Qing military units along the Amur, organized the first river rafting, which included: the Argun steamer , 48 boats, 29 rafts and about 800 people. Rafting delivered to the lower reaches of the Amur ammunition, food, troops (a hundred Cossacks, the 2nd cavalry brigade of the Transbaikal army). Part of the troops then went by sea to Kamchatka to strengthen the Peter and Paul garrison, while part remained on Chinese territory to implement the Muravyov project for the development of the Amur region.

A year later, the second rafting took place, in which about 2.5 thousand people participated. By the end of 1855, there were already five Russian settlements in the lower reaches of the Amur: Irkutsk, Bogorodskoe, Novo-Mikhailovskoe, Sergeevskoe. In 1858, the right bank of the Amur officially ceded to Russia under the Aigun Treaty concluded with the Qing Empire.

3. Give a description of the relief of the Far East.

Almost the entire territory of the Far East belongs to the areas of Cenozoic folding. And in the extreme east, the earth's crust is especially unstable, and turmoil continues in our time. The relief of the Far East is mostly mountainous. This is a region of earthquakes and tsunamis, a seismic zone. In the south, medium-altitude and low mountains (Sikhote-Alin) prevail, high mountains (volcanoes) stand out on the Kamchatka Peninsula (Klyuchevskaya Sopka - 4750 m), there are territories with a flat relief (Central Kamchatka Plain - intermountain depression), there is also the Kolyma Highlands, Anadyr Plateau.

4. Why does the distribution of soils in the Far East differ from the zoning scheme of the Russian Plain?

The formation of certain soils is associated with relief and climate. Soils are tied in distribution to natural areas. The climate, relief, natural zones (their areas and distribution) of the Russian Plain and the Far East are different, and therefore the zonal distribution of soils is different.

The Far East is the most distant region from the central part of Russia. It consists of 9 subjects, the population density of which is unevenly distributed. All of them differ from each other in climate and geological structure. These factors are greatly influenced by the terrain.

General features: tectonic structure of the Far East

The territory of the Far East stretches along the Pacific coast of Russia for 4500 km. It is located in the zone of contact of lithospheric plates (the Siberian Platform and the Pacific folding area), where processes of folding are still going on. Due to the special structure of the lithospheres, this area is mountainous and undulating. In the Far East, more often than in other regions, earthquakes, seaquakes, which are accompanied by the formation of a tsunami, occur volcanism.

Kamchatka is home to the most powerful volcano in Eurasia - the famous Klyuchevskaya Sopka.

Rice. 1. Klyuchevskaya Sopka.

Mountains of the Far East

Despite the fact that most of the territory of the Far East is covered with mountains, there are not so many truly large mountain systems. Here are some of them:

Sikhote-Alin - the largest mountain system in the region. It lies on the territory of the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. The highest mountain of this massif is Tordoki Yani, whose height is 2090 meters.

Rice. 2. Sikhote-Alin mountain system.

Suntar Khayata - a mountain range located on the territory of Yakutia and the Khabarovsk Territory. The largest mountain in this mountain range is Mus-Khaya. its height is 2959 meters.
Verkhoyansk chains - are located on the territory of Yakutia and extends for 1200 km. The chain includes the Orulgan ridge, the Kular and Kharaulakh ridges.
Dzhugdzhur - Mountains of the Khabarovsk Territory with a length of 700 km. Mount Topko has a maximum height, the height of which is 1906 meters.

Volcanoes of the Far East

The territory of the Far East is famous for the fact that it is here that a large number of active volcanoes are concentrated, including the largest volcano in Eurasia - Klyuchevskaya Sopka.

Klyuchevskaya Sopka - the age of the volcano is approximately 7000 years, and it is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Another major active volcano is Shiveluch.

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The Far East is one of the largest economic and geographical regions of Russia. Includes Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan and Sakhalin regions, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Area - 3.1 million sq. km 2. Population 4.3 million man (1959). The territory of the Far East stretches from north to south for more than 4.5 thousand km. km. It is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, and Japanese seas. The Far East is predominantly a mountainous country; the plains occupy relatively small spaces, mainly along the valleys of large rivers (the Amur and its tributaries, the Anadyr, etc.). There are active volcanoes in Kamchatka.

A huge stretch (from the Arctic to the subtropics), a variety of climatic conditions, poor development of the territory and, along with this, the presence of natural resources leave an imprint on the economy of the region. The role of the Far East in the development of Russia's foreign trade is great. The closest trade ties are with China, Vietnam, and Japan. In foreign trade operations, the seaports of Vladivostok and Nakhodka are of particular importance.

Primorsky Krai is located in the southern part of the Far East and occupies an area of 165.9 thousand km 2 . It borders with the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, in the north - with the Khabarovsk Territory, from the east it is washed by the waters of the Sea of Japan. The composition of the region includes the islands: Russian, Slavic, Reineke, Putyatina, Askold, etc.

Most of the territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the Sikhote-Alin system (maximum height 1855 m. Cloudy). The most extensive lowlands are Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankayskaya. The climate is characterized by a pronounced monsoon character. Most of the rivers belong to the Amur basin;

Minerals: tin, polymetals, tungsten, gold, fluorites, coal, building materials. The most famous deposits: tin - Kavalerovsky ore district; tungsten - Vostok-2; polymetals - Nikolaev; fluorites - Voznesenskoye, coal - Lipovedskoye, Rettikhovskoye, Pavlovskoye, Bikinskoye.

On the territory of Primorsky Krai there are 25 administrative districts, 11 cities, 45 urban-type settlements, 221 village councils. On 01.01.1992 The population in the region was 2309.2 thousand people. Human. Population density 13.9 people. for 1 km 2. 32% of workers and employees are employed in the region's industry, 8% in agriculture, 12% in transport, and 11% in construction.

The economic activity of the Primorsky Territory is focused on the development of oceanic industries: maritime transport, the fishing industry, ship repair, offshore construction, etc. They account for more than a third of the gross social product.

In the total marketable output of industry and agriculture of Primorsky Krai, industry accounts for 88%. The industries that determine the participation of Primorsky Krai in interregional exchange include: fish (31% of production), engineering and metalworking (25%), forestry and woodworking (4%) and mining and chemical industry (2%). Primorye provides the country with 15% of the catch of fish and seafood, the main part of boron products and fluorspar, a significant part of lead, tin, tungsten, but the development of the economy is hindered due to the deterioration of the fund (in industry - 42.8%, in construction - 43.0%) .

Primorsky Krai has a developed diversified agriculture. In agricultural production, the share of animal husbandry is 60%. In the total consumption of the region's population, local production of vegetables, milk and meat takes up to 60-65%; The population is fully provided with its own potatoes.

Primorye is the most developed region of the Far East in terms of transport. The territory of the region is crossed from north to south by the end section of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which has several exits to the sea coast, where large transport hubs have been created (Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vostochny Port, Posyet).

Economic relations of the region: fish and fish products, non-ferrous metals, and their concentrates, commercial timber, furs, soybeans, rice, honey, antlers are exported; Ferrous metals, machinery and equipment, oil products, food and light industry products, building materials are imported.

The Khabarovsk Territory borders on the Primorsky Territory, the Amur and Magadan regions. It is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan.

The territory of the region is 824.6 thousand km 2 . Mountainous relief prevails here (over 70% of the territory), the main mountain ranges are: Sikhote-Alin, Turan ranges, M. Khingan, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Yam-Alin, Stanovoy, Coastal, Dzhugdzhur; the most extensive lowlands: Lower and Middle Amur, Evoron-Tugan (in the south), Okhotsk (in the north). The climate is monsoonal, with severe and little snowy winters and warm, humid summers.

The rivers of the territory of the region belong to the basins of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. The largest river of the region is Amur, other large rivers are Tumnin, Uda, Tugur, Amgun, Bureya, Bidzhan, Bira.

Minerals: tin, mercury, iron ore, hard and brown coal, graphite, brucite, manganese, feldspar, phosphorites, alunites, building materials, peat.

The Khabarovsk Territory includes 22 administrative districts, 9 cities, 44 urban-type settlements, 2528 rural councils. The region includes the Jewish Autonomous Region. On 01.01.1992 the population of the region amounted to 1855.4 thousand people. (in the Jewish Autonomous Region - 216 thousand people), including the urban population - 78.4%. Population density - 2.3 people. for 1 km 2. The regional center is the city of Khabarovsk (601 thousand people). The largest cities of the region: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, Amursk. Agriculture is poorly developed.

The Khabarovsk Territory occupies key positions in the unified transport system of the Far East. The configuration of the region's transport network in the future will be determined by the transit railway lines - the Trans-Siberian and BAM. They are adjoined by railway lines: Izvestkovaya - Chegdomyn, Volochaevka - Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Sovetskaya Gavan. Developed maritime transport - Vanino. Air transport is widely used. The Okha-Komsomolsk-on-Amur oil pipeline is in operation.

Economic relations of the Khabarovsk Territory: products of mechanical engineering and metalworking (energy and foundry equipment, agricultural machinery), non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, chemistry, fish and fish products are exported; oil and oil products, ferrous metallurgy products, machinery and equipment, light industry products, fertilizers, food are imported.

Climate

The main features of the nature of the Soviet Far East are determined by its position on the eastern outskirts of Asia, which is subject to the direct influence of the Pacific Ocean and the seas related to it. The Far East is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas, and in places and directly by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Since their impact inland is rapidly weakening, the Far East occupies a relatively narrow strip of land, stretching from southwest to northeast for almost 4,500 km. In addition to the mainland, it includes Sakhalin Island, the Shantar Islands (in the Sea of Okhotsk), the Kuril Island Arc, and the Karaginsky and Commander Islands located next to the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The climate of the Far East is distinguished by a special contrast - from sharply continental (the whole of Yakutia, the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region) to monsoonal (southeast), which is due to the vast extent of the territory from north to south (almost 3900 km.) And from west to east (to 2500-3000 km.). This is determined by the interaction of continental and sea air masses of temperate latitudes. In the northern part, the climate is exceptionally harsh. Winter with little snow, lasts up to 9 months. The southern part has a monsoonal climate with cold winters and wet summers.

The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance of a monsoon climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The influence of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially the cold Sea of Okhotsk, is also noticeable. The complex, predominantly mountainous terrain has a great influence on the climate.

In winter, currents of cold air rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High. In the northeast, along the outskirts of the Aleutian Low, the cold continental air of Eastern Siberia interacts with warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often occur, which are associated with a large amount of precipitation. There is a lot of snow in Kamchatka, blizzards are not uncommon. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover can sometimes reach 6 m. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.

In summer, air currents rush from the Pacific Ocean. Maritime air masses interact with continental air masses, as a result of which monsoon rains occur throughout the Far East in summer. The monsoon climate of the Far East covers the Amur Region and Primorsky Territory. As a result, the largest Far Eastern river, the Amur, and its tributaries flood not in the spring, but in the summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Devastating typhoons often sweep over coastal areas, coming from the southern seas.

Under the influence of the coastal position, the maritime and monsoon climate, the boundaries of geographical zones on the plains of the Far East are strongly shifted to the south. Tundra landscapes are found here at 58-59°N. sh., i.e., much to the south than anywhere else on the mainland of Eurasia; forests reaching the extreme southern regions of the Far East and extending further are a characteristic feature of the entire margin of the mainland in the middle latitudes, while the steppe and semi-desert landscapes, which are widespread at these latitudes in the more western interior parts of the mainland, are absent here. A similar picture is typical for the eastern part of North America.

The complex relief, which is characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and intermountain plains, determines the landscape differentiation of the territory, the wide distribution of not only plain, forest and tundra, but especially mountain-forest, as well as bald landscapes.

In connection with the history of development and the position in the vicinity of floristically and zoogeographically diverse areas, the territory of the Far East is distinguished by a complex interweaving of landscape elements of various origins.

Relief

The relief of the Far East, like its nature, is distinguished by its diversity and unusual combinations. But its main feature is the menacing breath of the bowels. Mountains and depressions predominate, different in appearance, shape and origin. The extreme south is occupied by the asymmetric Sikhote-Alin (2077 m): in the east, its steep slopes come close to sea bays, and in the west, ridges and hills gradually decrease to 300-400 m, passing into the Amur valley.

Behind the narrow (at its narrowest point no more than 12 km) and shallow Tatar Strait, Sakhalin is visible from the shore in clear weather. Two mountain ranges - West and East Sakhalin - frame the central part of the island, occupied by the Tym-Poronai depression (lowering), named after the Tym and Poronai rivers. Sometimes catastrophic earthquakes occur here.

The garland of the Kuril Islands is formed by mountain peaks, the base of which is hidden at a depth of several kilometers (up to 8 or more). Most of these mountains are volcanoes, extinct and active. The highest ones (Alaid - 2339 m; Stokan - 1634 m; Tyatya - 1819 m) are located at the northern and southern ends of the giant arc. Over the past 10 million years, volcanic lava outpourings and major earthquakes have occurred from time to time. These phenomena are accompanied by the current mountain building.

The Kamchatka Peninsula (area - 370 thousand km2) is a vast territory with mountain ranges, coastal plains, and volcanic massifs. The highest of the volcanoes is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m), located in the Klyuchevskaya group of volcanoes. The relatively flat line of the flat western coast differs sharply from the eastern coast, indented with bays and bays, with its high cliffs. The median ridge (3621 m) stretches across the entire peninsula from the northeast to the southwest. Ancient crystalline rocks were completely covered by volcanic ones. As a result, plateaus, gently sloping hills and mountain ranges appeared. In places there are rounded depressions (calderas) of volcanoes. The Eastern Range (2300-2485 m) has a more dissected relief and reaches the shores of the Pacific Ocean with its spurs. The ridge is surrounded by volcanoes on all sides. In total, there are more than 160 volcanoes in Kamchatka; it is not without reason that it is called the "country of fire-breathing mountains".

To the east of the peninsula are the Commander Islands (Bering Island, Medny, etc.). The central parts of the islands are stepped plateaus facing the ocean with steep ledges.

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http://refoteka.ru/r-101023.html

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http://answer.mail.ru/question/90052414