At the origins of the human race, the stages of the formation of man. At the origins of the human race

AT THE ORIGINS OF THE HUMAN ROD. PRESENTATION ON THE SUBJECT "WORLD HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY. EVG [email protected]. EN

BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMS. EVOLUTION, ABSTRACT THINKING, PRIMARY HERD, INTER-SPECIES AND INTRA-SPECIES FIGHT. EARLY PALEOLITHIC, NEANDERTHAL, CRO-Magnon. RACES OF PEOPLE, MESOLITHIC, ROCK PAINTING, FETISHISM.

HUMAN SOCIETY AND NATURAL COMMUNITIES. THE ORIGIN OF MIND IN THIS FIGHT WIN, THOSE WHO WERE MORE SUCCESSFULLY TO ENSURE THEIR EXISTENCE IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. THE MOST ANCIENT TOOL FROM STONE - 2, 5 - 3 MIL. IN EAST AFRICA. ONLY THE BEINGS WITH THE BEARINGS OF INTELLIGENCE CAN MAKE WORK TOOLS. ANIMALS CAN ONLY USE THEM. MIND CAN BE EXPLAINED: BY THE OPERATION OF NATURAL LAWS OF EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT, INTERSPECIES FIGHT FOR EXISTENCE.

HUMAN EVOLUTION. FORMATION OF THE ORIGINS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. THE ABILITY TO LEARN SELECTED A HUMAN WHO PASSED EXPERIENCE FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION, UNLIKE ANIMALS WHO COULD NOT DO THIS. THE ACCUMULATION OF KNOWLEDGE, AND SKILLS, MASTERING FIRE ALLOWED HUMANS UNDERING INTO HERDS PRIMARY COMMUNITIES TO EXIST SUCCESSFULLY IN PEOPLE COULD PROTECT THEMSELVES AND CHILDREN. IN NATURE. THE INTER-SPECIFIC FIGHT WAS WON BY THOSE WHO HAD THE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE AND COORDINATE ACTION. FORMATION OF SPEECH - COMPLICATED THE STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN. THE CAPACITY FOR ABSTRACT THINKING APPEARED. EVERY STAGE OF HUMAN EVOLUTION IS ASSOCIATED FIRSTLY WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN, AND SECONDLY WITH THE IMPROVEMENT OF TOOLS OF LABOR.

1. RELIGION STATEMENTS THE DIVINE ORIGIN OF MAN. STAGES OF HUMAN FORMATION. 2. IN THE 20th CENTURY VIEW THAT MAN PRODUCT 2.5 – 3 mil. EAST AFRICA - AUSTRALOPITECS. USE OF WORK TOOLS, UPright POSTING MODERN SCIENCE DOES NOT HAVE ANSWER WHY THIS HAPPENED. HERE IS THE DIFFERENCE OF VIEWS ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ANCESTOR OF MODERN MAN. APPROXIMATELY 1.5 - 700 THOUSAND. YEARS BACK EVOLUTION. EARLY PALEOLITHIC. 3. IN THE 21st CENTURY THE THEORY ABOUT EXTRATERRESTRIAL TOOLS - SCRAPERS, CHOPPERS FROM THE ORIGIN OF BONE AND STONE. UPright PACING, INCREASED BRAIN VOLUME FROM 300 - 600 CU. SM UP TO 1300 - 1700 CUBE SEE IN NEANDERTHALS. APPROXIMATELY 200 - 300 THOUSAND. YEARS AGO - MASTERING FIRE. THE TIME OF THE EARLY PALEOLITHIC ENDS WITH THE ADVANCE OF GLACIERS ABOUT 20-30 Thousand years ago. YEARS AGO NEANDERTHALS COMPLETELY DISAPPEAR. A CRO-MAGNON IS APPROVED.

BUT THEY ALL REFER TO THE SAME KIND OF REASONABLE MAN. BASIC RACES OF HUMANS. RACIAL SIGNS ARE VARIOUS: SKIN PIGMENTATION, EYE SECTION, HAIR COVERING, GROWTH, BLOOD TYPES, ETC. NEGROID RACE. (skin pigmentation, curly hair, weak beard and mustache growth) CAUROPOID RACE. (soft hair, protruding nose) MONGOLOID RACE. (cut eyes, cheekbones, straight hair) OCEANIC RACE. (a combination of Negroid and Caucasoid features) GREAT RACES ARE NOT HOMOGENEOUS. IN ADDITION TO THIS, TRANSITIONAL RACES FORMATED ON THE BORDERS OF THE RACES.

MAN IS DEVELOPING HIS PLANET. MESOLITHIC EPOCH. (FROM 20th TO 9th - 8th millennium B.C. GLACIERS RECEIVE BELIEF IN SIGNS, FETISCHISM. THE EMISSION OF FUNERAL RITUALS AND BELIEF IN HIGHER FORCES. THE APPEARANCE OF SHAMANS, PRIESTS. POPULATION - 10 MILLION. A - HUNTING, GATHERING , FISHING, HUMAN PENETRATION IN AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA, THE COMING OF A NEW STAGE IN KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD: ROCK PAINTING, RITES OF MAGIC, ABSTRACT THINKING, THE BIGGEST MYSTERY IS MAN WITH HIS DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE.

TRY TO MAKE YOUR CONCLUSIONS. MAIN CONCLUSIONS. THE ORIGIN OF MAN WAS THE RESULT OF A MULTIFACTORAL INFLUENCE ON HIS DEVELOPMENT. EVERY NEW STEP WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PERFECTION OF LABOR TOOLS AND WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN. THE FIRST STAGE OF THE FORMATION OF MAN IS THE EARLY PALEOLITH. THE MANUFACTURE OF WORK TOOLS, THE USE OF FIRE SELECTED MAN FROM THE ANIMAL WORLD. THE BASIC RACES ARE FORMING. DURING THE MESOLITHIC ERA, MAN EXPLORES THE PLANET. . THE BRAIN DEVELOPS AND ABSTRACT THINKING ARISES: RITUALS, MAGIC, FETISHISM. SINCE THE PALEOLITH, THE CRO-MAGNON TYPE OF HUMAN DOMINATES.

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION. BASIC CONCEPTS: NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION, PRODUCING ECONOMY, DIVISION OF LABOR, EXCHANGE, MONEY, PROPERTY INEQUALITY, MATRIARCHY AND PATRIARCHY, PROPERTY, TRIBE, GENUS, UNION OF TRIBES, ENEOLITH, METAL PROCESSING.

MAN AND NATURE: THE FIRST CONFLICT. NEOLITHIC - TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE AND CATTLE BREEDING IN 9 - 8 THOUSAND B.C. BC DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND CATTLE BREEDING ONLY UNDER FAVORABLE CONDITIONS: CATTLE GROWING FROM HUNTING AND AGRICULTURE FROM GATHERING. THERE HAS BEEN A TRANSITION FROM ASSIGNING TO A PRODUCING TYPE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. THE REASONS FOR THIS WERE THE IMPROVEMENT OF HUNTING GUN AND AS A CONSEQUENCE THE NUTRITIONAL CRISIS WHICH HAPPENED TO HUMAN COMMUNITIES. 1. SOME TRIBES LIMITED CONSUMPTION BY THE TABOO SYSTEM AND STOP IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT. 2. A BREAKTHROUGH IN A NEW QUALITY IMPACT ON NATURE.

The excess of production caused not only trade, but also the emergence of property inequality. Gradually, the leaders and AGRICULTURAL - CATTLE-BREEDING CROPS. sorcerers began to accumulate property and valuables. THE FIRST AGRICULTURAL CIVILIZATIONS. (7 - 4 THOUSAND B.C.) THE DIVISION OF LABOR DEEPENED: AGRICULTURE SEPARATED FROM CATTLE BREEDING, THE CRAFT BECAME INDEPENDENT. THE SPHERE OF EXCHANGE WAS EXPANDING: DIFFERENT RELATIONS OF IN-KIND EXCHANGE BEGAN TO BE REPLACED BY MONEY. THESE CIVILIZATIONS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED RIVER CIVILIZATIONS (MILD CLIMATE, SOIL AND WATER) - EGYPT, MEDIURCHIE, INDA valley, KHUANKHE. THE FIRST PLANTS: WHEAT, BARLEY, CORN IN THE INCA. HUGE CHANGES HAPPENED IN THE LIFE OF PEOPLE IF BEFORE THIS ALL HUMAN LIFE WAS DEDICATED TO SURVIVAL AND THE MAN EXPIRED FROM THE TRIBE WAS DOOMED, ​​THEN WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE PRODUCING TYPE OF ECONOMY, IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE MORE PRODUCTS KUTSI, THAN YOU NEED

TRANSITION FROM MATRIARCHY TO PATRIARCHY. OWNERSHIP, ACCUMULATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS HAVE LEAD TO A CHANGE IN THE KULAD OF LIFE. THE NEOLITHIC PEOPLE LIVED IN LARGE FAMILIES. GIRLS WERE GIVEN IN MARRIAGE TO OTHER GENES AND TRIBES. THE MEN STAYED IN THE FAMILY. THE DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP ON THE MALE LINE AND HERE THE ORIGIN OF PROPERTY. MULTIPLE GENERAL TRIBES. A FAMILY HAPPENED. THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE FAMILY HAS BEEN DISPUTE FOR A LONG TIME. ACCORDING TO Morgan (USA) - FORMATION OF THE FAMILY HAS PASSED SEVERAL STAGES. UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF HUNTING AND GATHERING - THE MAIN FIGURE IS A WOMAN WHO TRANSFERED EXPERIENCE ORGANIZED THIS BUILD-MATRIARCHY YU AND IMPORTANT WORK. ALL THIS LEAD TO THE NORMS OF PATRIARCHY - THE SPECIAL ROLE OF MEN IN SOCIETY.

TRANSITION TO ANEOLITH. POPULATION GROWTH LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TERRITORIES A NEW STAGE IN THE HISTORY OF HUMANITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES BEGAN. UNIONS OF TRIBES APPEARED, WHICH GRADUALLY LOST CONNECTION WITH EACH OTHER. THE APPEARANCE OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES HAPPENED (5 - 4 MILLION B.C.) TOTAL 4 THOUSAND LANGUAGES. INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY, FINNO-UGRIAN, MONGOLIAN, SEMITO-KHAMIAN, BERBERO-LIBYAN, KUSHITIAN, SINO-TIBETAAN AND OTHERS. AT THIS TIME THE TRANSITION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF METALS BEGINS: COPPER, TIN, LEAD AND OTHERS. DEVELOPMENT TIME: 7 THOUSAND. , BUT WIDE DEVELOPMENT IN 4 - 3 THOUSAND. BC IN THE ENEOLITH AGE (COPPER - STONE AGE)

MAIN CONCLUSIONS. APPROXIMATELY 10 THOUSAND BC THE CRISIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION OCCURRED ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXHAUST OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF HUNTING AND GATHERING. EXIT FROM IT IN TWO WAYS: 1. LIMITATION OF NEEDS 2. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND CATTLE BREEDING. THE PRODUCING ECONOMY LEAD TO A CHANGE IN THE WAY OF LIFE: THE DIVISION OF LABOR, CRAFTSMANSHIP, EXCHANGE AND THE APPEARANCE OF MONEY. THERE IS A TRANSITION FROM MATRIARCHY TO PATRIARCHY AND THE FORMATION OF A FAMILY. THE CONCEPT OF OWNERSHIP APPEARS. WITH THE GROWTH OF THE POPULATION THE HUMAN IS SETTLEMENT TO NEW PLACES AND AS A RESULT THE APPEARANCE OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES IS OCCURRED. EXACTLY AT THIS TIME IN 7 THOUSAND. BC DEVELOPMENT OF METALS BEGINS. PERIOD FROM 4 TO 3 THOUSAND B.C. BC GETS THE NAME OF THE COPPER-STONE AGE (ENEOLITH) A NEW STAGE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ORIGINATION OF STATES BEGINS.

SOURCES ZAGLADIN NV WORLD HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY: A TEXTBOOK FOR 10 GRADE. – 7 - ED. - M .: TID "RUSSIAN WORD - RS", 2007. CHAPTER 2. "PRIMARY AGE"

At the origins of the human race. Presentation on the topic "Ancient people" Made Kolesnikova V.I. History teacher MOU Teplinskaya OOSh Stages of human development PALEOLITH (from paleo ... and Greek lithos - stone), the ancient Stone Age, the first period of the Stone Age, the time of the existence of fossil man (paleoanthropes, etc.), who used upholstered stone, wooden, bone tools, engaged in hunting and gathering. Breeding fire. The Paleolithic lasted from the appearance of man (over 2 million years ago) until about the 10th millennium BC. e. The most important achievement of the Paleolithic was the mastery of the ability to use fire (approximately a stone tip with a “leg”. Compare the Paleolithic. At the end of the Early Paleolithic era, a period of sharp change in the natural conditions of the existence of primitive people began. Many herds of primitive Neanderthal hunters could not adapt to new natural conditions. By the end early Paleolithic (about 20-30 thousand years BC) Neanderthals completely disappeared.Man of the modern, Cro-Magnon type was established everywhere. Paleolithic to Neolithic (c. 10th - 5th millennium BC. In the Mesolithic, bows and arrows appeared, microlithic tools, the dog was tamed. The Mesolithic is sometimes also called the Protoneolithic (from the Greek protos - the first and the Neolithic) or Epipaleolithic (from Greek epi - after and Paleolithic) An example of a complex tool The Mesolithic covers the period from the 20th to the 9th-8th millennium BC natural conditions at this time become more favorable, new territories become available for settlement. The population does not exceed 10 million people. Around this era, man first entered the American continent and Australia. In the Mesolithic era, the Dance was born and received wide. Painting by Lleid. Spain. "Stone newspaper". Arizona. Rock carvings, known in science as petroglyphs, are found in different parts of the world. They belong to different historical eras from the Paleolithic to the Middle Ages. Ancient people applied them to the walls and ceilings of caves, to open rock surfaces and individual stones. The oldest Paleolithic rock paintings have been found in caves and grottoes in southern France and northern Spain. The petroglyphs are characterized by figures of animals, primarily objects of hunting of an ancient man: bison, horses, mammoths, rhinoceroses, predators - bears, lions are less common. Paintings on the mountain plateau. Tassoly-Ajjer, Algeria. In Russia, petroglyphs were called petroglyphs. Here, Paleolithic drawings have been discovered in the Kapova Cave in the Urals and on the rocks near the village of Shishkino on the Lena River. Already in ancient times, the style and technique of rock carvings were diverse - from contour drawing scratched on stone to bas-relief and polychrome painting, for which mineral paints were used. Rock carvings had a magical meaning for ancient people. Composition in the cave of Lascaux Fighting archers Mesolithic people were able to make percussion, wind, string and tong musical instruments. Gradually, faith in higher powers was strengthened, which could both help and harm. Some tribes practiced human sacrifice. economy (gathering, hunting) to the producer (agriculture, cattle breeding). In the Neolithic era, stone tools were polished, drilled, pottery, spinning, and weaving appeared. Small figurine of a mammoth made of clay Transition to agriculture and cattle breeding. The time of the Neolithic revolution marks the transition from the appropriating to the producing type of economic activity.

Human society and natural communities THE ORIGIN OF MIND This struggle was won by those who could more successfully ensure their existence in the natural environment. The oldest stone tool is 2.5-3 million years old in East Africa. Only creatures with the rudiments of reason can make tools. Animals can only use them. Reason can be explained: by the action of natural laws of evolutionary development; interspecies struggle for existence.

Human evolution The formation of the rudiments of social behavior The ability to learn singled out a person who passed on experience from a generation, in contrast to animals who could not. Uniting in herds, primitive people could protect themselves and children. In the interspecific struggle, those who had the ability to communicate and coordinate actions won. The design of speech has complicated the structure of the brain. The ability to think abstractly appeared. Each stage of human evolution is associated with: the development of the brain and the improvement of tools.

Lower Paleolithic Stone Age Middle Paleolithic up to 45–40 thousand years ago Upper Paleolithic Paleolithic up to 100 thousand years ago up to 12–10 thousand years ago Mesolithic Neolithic Chalcolithic up to 8 thousand years ago up to 5 thousand years ago (Copper Stone Age) to Tue floors. 4 thousand BC e. Early Bronze Age Iron Age Middle Bronze Age perv. floors. 2 thousand BC e. Late Bronze Age Bronze Age 3000 BC e. Tue. floors. 2 thousand BC e. From the beginning of 1 thousand BC. e. and up to the present

Ice Age Mindel ü Riss Wurm Günz Archanthropes and paleoanthropes, at the end of Riss - the appearance of Cro-Magnons (Homo sapiens); human settlement in Africa, Asia, Europe; the emergence of races. Neolithic revolution: transition to a productive economy; the birth of the most ancient civilizations of the East and West

Pithecanthropus Lived about 1.5 million years ago. Distinctive features were a low forehead, developed superciliary arches, massive protruding jaws.

The ordeal served as a stimulus for revealing the hidden possibilities of human development. People learned to process stone, bone and animal skins, make fire and much more. Speech and the beginnings of religious ideas appear. Homo habilis is replaced by homo sapiens (reasonable man).

The main races of people Racial signs are diverse: skin pigmentation, eye shape, hairline, height, blood groups, etc. NEGROID RACE (skin pigmentation, curly hair, weak growth of beard and mustache) RACE (eye cut, cheekbones, straight hair) OCEANIC RACE (a combination of Negroid and Caucasoid features) The main races are heterogeneous. On the borders of residence of the main races, transitional racial groups (mulattoes) have developed.

A man masters his planet MESOLITHIC AGE (from 20 to 9 - 8 thousand BC glaciers retreat) The emergence of faith in omens, fetishism. The emergence of funeral rituals and belief in higher powers. The appearance of shamans, priests. Population - 10 million people. Appropriating type of economy - hunting, gathering, fishing. Human penetration into America and Australia. The onset of a new stage in the knowledge of the world: rock art, rituals of magic - ABSTRACT THINKING. The greatest mystery: the man himself with his development of the intellect.

By the end of the Stone Age, people who had passed the severe test of survival for several tens of thousands of years had learned a lot. People have achieved real art in the manufacture of tools. They have learned to drill and grind stone, to create tools of miniature precision.

Man discovered the property of clay and learned how to create ceramic dishes. He invented the loom and learned how to weave linen and sew clothes.

This material introduces students to the hypotheses of the origin of man; allows you to identify factors that contributed to the separation of man from the natural world; deepen existing ideas about the nature and main components of the Neolithic revolution.

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At the origins of the human race. neolithic revolution

Lesson Objectives : To introduce students to the hypotheses of the origin of man: to find out what factors

Contributed to the isolation of man from the natural world; deepen existing ideas

On the nature and main components of the Neolithic revolution.

Equipment: map, computer presentation

During the classes :

I. Repetition

Exercise: Answer the questions

1. Name the historians of antiquity.

2. What are the features of historical descriptions of antiquity?

3. What are the features of the study of history during the Middle Ages.

4. What is a historical source?

5. List the types of historical sources.

6. Name the theories of historical development known to you. Name their authors.

7. List the periods of world history.

II. Learning new material

Why is it necessary to know the history of primitive society?

Many phenomena of modern human life arose or began to arise in the hoary antiquity of primitive society. Dwellings, clothing, marriage and family, morality and etiquette, useful knowledge, art and religion, agriculture and animal husbandry, the basics of processing materials - to understand all this, one often has to turn to the origins. This iscognitive valueprimitive history.

Primitive history also has a greatideological significance. How did man appear on Earth: as a result of the evolution of organic nature or by divine providence? Or maybe human nature has an alien origin? What is the origin of the human races? Does it give grounds for racist ideas about their unequal value? Is man by nature a collective being? How and when did private property, inequality, and the state emerge?

Knowledge of primitive history has andpractical value. After all, many peoples of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania until very recently were or continue to be at various stages of the decomposition of the primitive communal system. The features and remnants of this system in their lives require analysis, evaluation, and accounting, and historical science does not stand aside from this.

Periodization of primitive history

There are several types of periodization of primitive history.Archaeological periodizationas the main criterion uses a consistent change of tools and materials from which they were made. Main stages:(slide 2)

It should be noted that the dates are very approximate, and different researchers offer their own options. In addition, we must remember that in different regions these stages occurred at different times.

Geological periodization

The history of the Earth is divided into four eras. The last era Cenozoic. It is divided into tertiary (began 69 million years ago), quaternary (started 1 million years ago) and modern (began 14 thousand years ago) periods.

The Quaternary period is divided into eopleistocene (preglacial period), Pleistocene (ice age) and Holocene (postglacial).(slide 3)

Anthropological periodization

Modern man forms a species sapiens (lat. - reasonable) of the genus Homo (lat. - man), belonging to the family hominids (humans) of the primate order.

The distant ancestor of man is considered to be a group of anthropoid primates, called - driopithecus (tree monkeys).

1. The process of formation of driopithecus began 25 million years ago in the tropical and equatorial regions of Africa and Asia. They resembled modern baboons and chimpanzees.

1. Then, 5 - 6 million years ago, here appeared australopithecines - "monkey people" , which were a transitional form from driopithecus to the most ancient people - archanthropes. Australopithecus was distinguished by a relatively large brain volume (550 - 600 cc)(slide 4)

1. Archanthropes (earliest people)- Homo habilis (lat. - a skilled person ), appeared about 600 - 500 thousand years ago. This Pithecanthropus (whose remains were found on the island of Java) the volume of the brain is about 900 cubic meters. cm., synanthropus (found in China) the volume of the brain is about 1050 cc. see However, the find of the English anthropologist and archaeologist Louis Leakey, made by him in Kenya, in the Olduvai Gorge, proved that the oldest man appeared already about 2.5 million years ago, i.e. archanthropes for a long time got along well with australopithecines. In addition, it was proved that Africa was the ancestral home of man. It was the remains of a man found in Olduvai who were given a specific name. Homo habilis. Over time, Homo habilis has evolved into Homo erectus ( erect or erect human). (slide 5-6)

1. This has become a new step in human evolution. 300 - 250 thousand years ago, the archanthropes were gradually replacedpaleoanthropes (ancient people)- Homo erectus ( Neanderthals - brain size 1200 - 1600 cu. see Cro-Magnons). (slide 7)

1. About 100 thousand years ago, the Earth's climate began to change. The temperature has dropped significantly. With each century, the cold climate spread further and further inland. Gradually, the territory of Europe was covered by a huge glacier. Along with climate change, the flora and fauna of the planet has also changed. Many species of flora and fauna have disappeared forever. Only a few creatures managed to adapt to the new conditions of existence.)The harsh climate forced primitive peopleadapt and fight for your survival. (slide 8)

45 - 40 thousand years ago, paleoanthropes were finally replaced by neoanthropes - Homo sapiens

(a reasonable person) - the volume of the brain is 1400 - 1500 cubic meters. cm., which include

Modern people.(slide 9)

The process discussed above - the process of forming a person from anthropoid ancestors to modern man - is called anthropogenesis. (slide 10)

Anthropogenesis - the process of human formation from anthropoid ancestors to modern man

The resettlement of people and the formation of races

At the last stage of anthropogenesis, racegenesis formation of human races. This process is associated with the resettlement of man and his adaptation to the natural and climatic conditions of various regions of the Earth.

The original territory of the origin of man was within the equatorial and tropical belts of Africa and Asia, from here his settlement on Earth began.

People settled throughout the African continent. About 1 million years ago, the archanthropes moved into the northern regions and reached the temperate zone of Europe. Their descendants - paleoanthropes - have already settled in most of Europe.

In Asia, the main areas of origin of primitive people were within the Sunda Islands, India, and China.

What are the views on the settlement of America and Australia?

1) The population of America and Australia autochthonously , i.e. is an indigenous, original population.

2) People came to America and Australia from Asia. And apparently they came by land . Since the level of the World Ocean was then lower, there was an isthmus of land on the site of the Bering Strait. And Australia, the islands of the Malay and Sunda archipelagos and the island of Tasmania could form a single whole with the mainland. The decrease in the level of the World Ocean by about 100 m was due to the fact that a large amount of moisture was conserved in glaciers. This led to the drying of sea shallows and the appearance of land crossings between the continents.

3) The first two versions arose because for a long time it was believed that primitive people could not overcome the vast expanses of water separating America, Australia and Oceania from Eurasia on their imperfect boats and rafts. But the traveler Thor Heyerdahl was able to cross the Pacific Ocean on a makeshift raft and put forward the version thatprimitive people could get to America not only by land, but also by swimming across the ocean.

It can be argued that by the end of the Paleolithic, all continents except Antarctica were inhabited by people. Having adapted to the extreme conditions of existence, man began to live in all natural zones. In the course of human adaptation to the environment, morphological and physiological differences gradually began to appear between the inhabitants of various regions of the globe. Thus, three large groups of races appeared, which have survived almost unchanged to the present day.

The time of the formation of human races, as well as the formation of a modern type of man, refers toLate Paleolithic.

Of great importance in the process of race formation was the mixing of races, as a result of which transitional intermediate racial types began to form.

neolithic revolution

(slide 11 - 14)

However, further improvement of hunting tools led to the extermination of many species of animals, reducing their livestock. As a result, primitive man was threatened with starvation and extinction. This situation, which had developed by the beginning of the 10th millennium BC. scientists callthe first crisis in the development of civilization.

This forced a person to search for a way out of the crisis - people began to move to a new level of development, which was accompanied by a conscious impact on the natural environment and its transformation.

So people noticed that breeding animals in captivity can be much more productive and safer than hunting their wild relatives. This observation marked the beginning of the development of cattle breeding.

The same thing happened with agriculture. Over time, through observation and experience, people came to understand that the seeds of the collected wild plants can be sown near the settlement and yield much more than the collection of plants through gathering. This is how it came about:

1st division of labor: division into farmers and pastoralists.

However, one should not think that the transition from an appropriating to a producing economy was a simple, quick and ubiquitous affair.

The development of cattle breeding and agriculture took place only in favorable natural conditions. In addition, it took millennia for the emergence of breeds of fully domesticated animals that were completely different from their wild ancestors; for cultivation of plants.

The development of agriculture led to settled life, and an increase in labor productivity contributed to the fact that the community gradually grew. In Western Asia and the Middle East, the first large settlements appear, and then cities.

Truly revolutionary changes occurred as a result of the development of metals. People master the first alloy of copper and tin - bronze. In the V - IV millennia BC. weaving and pottery developed, boats and the first wheeled carts appeared, driven by draft animals (horses, donkeys, oxen). Man has realized: the second division of labor.

2nd division of labor: the allocation of handicrafts as a separate branch of the producing economy.

(slide 15)

neolithic revolution - transition from a primitive (appropriating) economy of hunters and

Gatherers to a productive economy based on agriculture

And cattle breeding.

(slide 16-17)

Exercise : Fill the table

10 thousand years BC

10 - 4 thousand years BC

REPRESENTATIVES

Homo habilis (handy man):

Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus - archanthropes (earliest people)

Homo erectus (upright man) - Neanderthal (paleoanthropist - ancient man)

Homo sapiens (reasonable man) - Cro-Magnon man, modern man

MAIN ACTIVITIES

Appropriating type of economy: gathering, driven hunting, the beginning of mastering fire and making clothes

Appropriating type of economy: gathering, individual hunting, domestication of animals

Producing type of economy (Neolithic Revolution): the beginning of agriculture, cattle breeding

TOOLS

LABOR

Primitive: hand axes, scrapers, wooden spears with burnt tips, piercers

Bow and arrows, compound tools: axes, harpoons, spears with tips

Improving existing hunting tools, potter's wheel, loom, drills, hoe, sickle

PUBLIC ORGANIZATION

Primal community: collectivism, equality

tribal community

Neighborhood community: property inequality, tribal leaders, sacralization of power

SPIRITUAL CULTURE

Thinking

Magical and funerary rituals

Intelligence, developed speech, magic: animism, totemism, magical images of animals

The cult of ancestors and leaders, the cult of the mother

Homework: §4 -5, table

In general, it is characterized by the growing dynamics of changes taking place both in various spheres of public life and in the complex of relationships between society and nature.

Traditional for the materialistic traditions of European science was the consideration of history from the point of view of man's conquest of nature. It really acts as a source of resources for the development of civilization. At the same time, a person is in constant interaction with his environment, he himself is its product and an integral part.

Human society and natural communities

The most ancient stone tools are 2.5-3 million years old. Consequently, at that time in East Africa there were already creatures with the rudiments of reason.

The most developed primates (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutangs) are capable of using ready-made objects (stick, stone) in certain situations. However, they cannot make a tool, even the most primitive one (to chip and sharpen a flint). For this, certain knowledge about the properties of objects (for example, that flint is better processed than granite), the ability to plan one's actions, to speculatively imagine their result, which implies the skill of abstract thinking, the presence of reason.

The origin of the mind is explained by the action of natural laws of evolutionary development, interspecies struggle for survival. The best chances in this struggle were those species that, to a greater extent than others, could ensure their existence in the changing conditions of the natural environment. environments.

Living nature has demonstrated an infinite variety of both dead-end and viable evolution options. One of them was associated with the formation of the rudiments of social behavior, which many species of animals demonstrate. Uniting in herds (flocks), they could defend themselves and protect their cubs from stronger opponents, get more food. At the same time, the size of each of them was limited by the ability to feed themselves in a certain territory (primitive people had a herd size of 20-40 people).

In the interspecific and sometimes intraspecific struggle between herds that needed similar food, those who had better developed communication, the ability to warn each other about the approach of the enemy, and better coordinate their actions on the hunt, won. Gradually, over hundreds of thousands of years, the primitive sound signals expressing emotions among the predecessors of man began to acquire an increasingly meaningful character.

Speech was formed, inseparable from the ability to abstract, abstract thinking, which meant the complication of the structure of the brain. Those individuals who showed great ability to communicate had the best chances to survive in the primitive herd, to leave offspring.

Thus, the emergence and improvement of speech, abstract thinking have become the most important factor in the development of the human race itself. It is no coincidence that each new step along the stage of human evolution was associated, on the one hand, with the development of the brain, and on the other hand, with the improvement of hunting and fishing tools.

Many animals demonstrate the ability to learn, but the reflexes and skills acquired by one individual do not become the property of the species. In herds primitive people gradually accumulated knowledge, which, thanks to the development of speech, was transmitted from generation to generation. They reflected the experience of tens of thousands of years of interaction with the outside world, concerned the properties of surrounding objects, understanding the connections between actions and their results. The accumulation of knowledge and practical skills in their application has provided man with decisive advantages in the struggle for survival in comparison with other species.

Armed with clubs, spears, acting together, primitive hunters could cope with any predator. The possibilities of obtaining food have significantly expanded. Thanks to warm clothes, mastering fire, acquiring the skill of preserving food (drying, smoking), people were able to settle over a vast territory, felt relative independence from the climate and the vagaries of the weather.

The accumulation of knowledge was not a constantly evolving, progressive process. Many human communities due to hunger, disease, hostile attacks tribes died, the knowledge they acquired was completely or partially lost.

Stages of human development

The most ancient stone tools are found in East Africa, North and South Asia. It was in these areas that Australopithecus lived. They looked more like monkeys than people, although they could walk on two legs. It is generally accepted that Australopithecus used sticks and sharp stones as weapons, but, most likely, did not yet know how to handle them.

Approximately 1.0 million - 700 thousand years ago, a period begins, which is called the early Paleolithic. (from Greek, "paleo", "ancient" and "litos" - "stone"). excavations in France, near the villages of Shell and Saint-Acheul, made it possible to find the remains of caves and ancient settlements, where successive generations of predecessors of modern man lived for tens of thousands of years. Subsequently, such finds were discovered in other places.

Archaeological research has made it possible to trace how the tools of labor and hunting changed. Tools made of bone and sharpened stone (points, scrapers, axes) became more and more perfect and durable. The physical type of a person changed: he more and more adapted to moving on the ground without the help of hands, the volume of the brain increased.

So, the volume of the brain of a great ape was about 300-600 cubic meters. cm, Australopithecus - 600-700 cu. cm, Pithecanthropus - 800-870 cu. cm, Sinanthropus and Heidelberg man - more than 1000 cc, cm, Neanderthal - 1300-1700 cc. cm, - modern man - 1400-1800 cubic meters. cm.

The most important achievement of the early Paleolithic was the mastery of the ability to use fire (about 200-300 thousand years ago) to heat the home, cook food, and protect against predators.

Initially, people did not know how to kindle a fire. Its source was accidental forest and steppe fires, the extracted fire was constantly maintained in the hearths. The ancient Greek legend about Prometheus, who stole the knowledge of fire from the gods, is probably an echo of the memory of very old times.

The period of a sharp change in the natural conditions of the existence of primitive people completes the time of the early Paleolithic. The onset of glaciers began, approximately 100 thousand years ago, covering almost the entire territory Russia, Central and Western Europe. Many herds of primitive Neanderthal hunters could not adapt to the new conditions of existence. Between them, the struggle for diminished sources of food intensified.

By the end of the Early Paleolithic (about 30-20 thousand years BC), Neanderthals completely disappeared in Eurasia and Africa. Man of the modern, Cro-Magnon type has established himself everywhere.

World religions proceeded from ideas about the creation of man by higher powers. In the 19th century, during the period of dominance of natural-scientific views, a view was formed in science according to which man is the product of a long, gradual evolution. However, in the 20th century, the idea of ​​an extraterrestrial origin of man began to spread in popular science literature.

The fact is that modern science does not have indisputable data about the immediate ancestors of a person of the modern type. It is assumed that he could not be a product of the evolution of the Neanderthals, who were a dead end branch of evolution. In other words, the most important, transitional link has not yet been found in the chain of successive human predecessors.

Under the influence of differences in natural conditions, the main races of people have developed.

Racial characteristics are very diverse. The most obvious are pigmentation (coloration of the skin and hair), the shape of the skull, the development and shape of the hairline (beard, mustache, head hair), eye shape, height. The use of modern research methods includes the analysis of the prevailing blood groups, papillary patterns on the fingers, and the shape of the teeth.

There is no data proving the existence of any races of mental, psychic, physiological and other advantages over the rest. All of them belong to a single biological species "homo sapiens" (Homo sapiens).

The main races usually include Negroid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Oceanic (Australoid).

The main features of the Negroid races are usually attributed to dark skin pigmentation, coarse curly hair, weak growth of a beard and mustache, and a protruding front of the skull. A Negroid race has developed on the African continent, although archaeologists find traces of its residence in southern Europe.

The Mongoloids are dominated by dark, straight hair, they are characterized by a specific cut of the eyes, a facial skeleton with protruding cheekbones. The Mongoloids lived in Southeast, East, Central and partially - Central Asia, in Siberia, on the islands of Polynesia and in America.

Caucasoids are characterized by soft hair, a strong development of the hairline, a developed profile of the facial skeleton, and a protruding nose. During the Mesolithic period, Caucasoids lived in Europe, Western and Central Asia, on the Hindustan Peninsula.

As a separate large race, it is also customary to single out the oceanic race, whose representatives lived in small groups over a vast territory from South Asia to Australia and Oceania. A distinctive feature of this race is a combination of Negroid and Caucasoid features.

Large races are by no means homogeneous, for example, for the Caucasians of the north, the predominance of blond hair and blue eyes is typical. Caucasians of the south are distinguished by a darker skin color and darker hair. Transitional racial groups have developed on the borders of residence of large races, for example, mulattoes, the Ethiopian race, and ethnic groups living in Cydan are transitional between Caucasian and Negroid races. A mixed form between Caucasoids and Asian Mongoloids were some peoples of Siberia, the Urals and Central Asia.

The study of the history of races and the nature of their settlement around the globe is the most important source of knowledge about the life of peoples and their origin.

Man masters his planet

The Mesolithic era (from Greek, "mesos" - "middle" - "lithos" - "stone") covers the period from the 20th to the 9th - 8th millennium BC. It is characterized by a new change in natural conditions, which are becoming more favorable: glaciers are retreating, new territories are becoming available for settlement.

During this period, the population of the Earth did not exceed 10 million people. This is not much, but with the predominance of the economy of the appropriating type (hunting, fishing, gathering), it was necessary to constantly expand the territory of hunting grounds. The weakest tribes were forced out to the periphery of the inhabited world. Approximately 25 thousand years ago, man first entered the American continent, about 20 thousand years ago - to Australia.

The history of the settlement of America and Australia causes a lot of controversy. It is generally accepted that a person could be on these continents even before the end of the ice age. When the ocean level was about 100 m lower than the modern one, and there were land bridges connecting these continents with Eurasia. At the same time, scientists, noting that there were several waves of migration to overseas continents, prove that already at the dawn of their history, people could cross wide water spaces. Norwegian explorer T. Heyerdahl, in order to prove the correctness of this point of view, crossed the Pacific Ocean on a raft made using technologies that could have been available to man during the Mesolithic.

In the Mesolithic era, rock painting was born and became widespread. In the remains of dwellings of that time, archaeologists find figurines depicting people, animals, beads and other decorations. All this speaks of the onset of a new stage in the knowledge of the world. Abstract symbols and generalized concepts that arose with the development of speech acquire, as it were, an independent life in drawings and figurines. Many of them were associated with rituals, rituals of primitive magic.

The greatest mystery for man was himself, the process of cognition, understanding the nature of intellectual activity and the abilities associated with it. Primitive magic was built on the belief in the possibility of words, symbolic actions and drawings to influence distant objects and other people, in the special significance of dreams. Early beliefs sometimes did indeed have a certain rational basis. However, they often became fetters for further knowledge of the world.

The large role of chance in people's lives gave rise to attempts to improve the situation in hunting, in life. So there was a belief in signs, favorable or unfavorable. Fetishism appeared - the belief that certain objects (talismans) have a special magical power. Among them were figurines of animals, stones, amulets supposedly bringing good luck to their owner. Beliefs arose, for example, that a warrior who drank the blood of an enemy or ate his heart acquires special strength, hunting, treating a sick person, choosing a couple (a boy or a girl) were preceded by ritual actions, among which dance and singing were of particular importance. Mesolithic people knew how to make percussion, wind, stringed and plucked musical instruments.

Particular importance was attached to funeral rituals, which became more and more complex in modern times. In ancient burials, archaeologists find decorations and tools that people used during their lifetime, food supplies. This proves that already at the dawn of history there were widespread beliefs in the existence of the other world, where a person lives after death.

Gradually, faith in higher powers was strengthened, which could both help and harm. It was assumed that they could be appeased by sacrifice, most often - part of the booty, it should have been left in a certain place. Some tribes practiced human sacrifice.

It was believed that some people have great abilities to communicate with higher powers, spirits. Gradually, along with the leaders (they usually became the strongest, most successful, experienced hunters), priests (shamans, sorcerers) began to play a prominent role in the life of primitive tribes. They usually knew the healing properties of herbs, perhaps had some hypnotic abilities and had a great influence on their fellow tribesmen.

Questions and tasks

1. Using the knowledge acquired in the lessons of biology, history and social studies, tell us about the most common hypotheses of the origin of man. When did the theory of evolution arise and who is its author?
2. What factors contributed to the separation of man from the natural world? What role did interspecific and intraspecific struggle play in the process of human evolution?
3. Name the directions of evolution of the human race. What was the significance of the accumulation of knowledge for ancient man in the struggle for survival?
4. What regions are the ancestral home of mankind? Name the humanoid ancestors of humans.
5. Track the changes in the anthropological type of a person in the process of evolution.
6. What human achievements during the paHHego Paleolithic era allowed him to survive in the conditions of the Ice Age?
7. At what stage of primitive history did human settlement occur on the continents of the planet?
8. When did rock art and religious beliefs emerge in human communities? What function did they perform?