What a terrible picture Grisha Dobrosklonov saw. "People's Defender" Grisha Dobrosklonov (based on the poem N

Before you is an essay based on Nekrasov's poem "Who in Rus' should live well." The work is devoted to the analysis of the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov.

People's Protector - Grisha Dobrosklonov

Created in the mid-1970s, the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” reflected the period of the democratic rise of Russia, which was on the verge of a revolution. A mass movement of the intelligentsia began among the people with the aim of revolutionary propaganda. All hopes were pinned on the "revolutionary" peasantry, but the peasant masses remained "deaf" to the preaching of the Narodniks, and their "going to the people" was not crowned with success. Disputes about the forms and methods of propaganda in the countryside, about the introduction of revolutionary consciousness into the masses, about how to direct them to the path of active struggle, now and then arose in the populist environment at that time. The author, in the form Grisha Dobrosklonova , is included in this dispute.

Nekrasov believed in the need for "live" propaganda among the peasants, in the unity of the intelligentsia and the people, in its effectiveness, even when "going to the people" failed. A fighter-agitator who went to the people, to the peasantry - is Grisha Dobrosklonov - the son of a deacon who lived " poorer than the last poor peasant ", And " laborers unrequited ”, salting bread with tears. A hungry childhood and a harsh youth brought him closer to the people, determined his life path.

... about fifteen

Gregory already knew for sure

What will live for happiness

Wretched and dark

native corner.

With character traits, Grisha resembles Dobrolyubov, even their names are consonant. Like Dobrolyubov, Dobrosklonov is a fighter for peasant interests, for all the offended and humiliated. He wants to be there, ... where it is difficult to breathe, where grief is heard ". He does not need wealth or personal well-being, he is ready to give his life for so that ... every peasant lives freely and cheerfully in all of holy Rus'! ».

Fate prepared for him

The path is glorious, the name is loud

people's protector,

Consumption and Siberia.

Gregory is not afraid of trials, he believes in the triumph of the cause to which he devoted his life, feeling how many millions of people are awakening to the struggle.

The army rises

innumerable,

The strength will affect her

Invincible!

The thought of this fills his soul with joy and confidence. The words of Gregory have a strong effect on the Vakhlak peasants and on the seven wanderers, they infect with faith in the future happiness for all of Rus'.

Grigory Dobrosklonov - the future leader of the peasantry, his path is hard, but also glorious, " only souls strong, loving “They enter it because the greatest happiness, according to Nekrasov, is in the struggle for the freedom of the oppressed. To the main question, which is the meaning of the poem: “Who is living well in Rus'?” - the author answers: fighters for the happiness of the people.

Would our wanderers be under their native roof,

If only they could know what happened to Grisha.

He heard immense strength in his chest,

Gracious sounds delighted his ears,

Sounds of the radiant hymn of the noble -

He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people.

The poet connects the union of the peasantry and the intelligentsia with the fate of the entire people, offering his own solution to the question - how to establish contact and mutual understanding, how to close the gap between them. Only the joint efforts of the revolutionaries and the people can lead Russia onto the broad road of freedom and happiness.

I hope this essay has helped you better understand the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov.

The poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” already in its title contains a question, the answer to which worried any enlightened person at the time of Nekrasov. And although the heroes of the work do not find someone who lives well, the author nevertheless makes it clear to the reader who he considers happy. The answer to this question is hidden in the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, a hero who appears in the last part of the poem, but is far from the last in ideological terms.

For the first time, readers get to know Grisha in the chapter “Good Time - Good Songs”, during a feast, due to which the image of Grisha in “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is initially associated with the concept of people's happiness. His father, the parish clerk, enjoys the love of the people - it is not without reason that he is invited to a peasant holiday. In turn, the clerk and sons are characterized as "simple guys, kind", along with the peasants, they mow and "drink vodka on holidays." So from the very beginning of creating the image, Nekrasov makes it clear that Grisha shares his whole life with the people.

Then the life of Grisha Dobrosklonov is described in more detail. Despite his origins from the clergy, Grisha was familiar with poverty from childhood. His father, Tryphon, lived "poorer than the seedy last peasant."

Even a cat and a dog chose to run away from the family, unable to withstand hunger. All this is due to the fact that the sexton has a “light disposition”: he is always hungry and always looking for somewhere to drink. At the beginning of the chapter, the sons lead him, drunk, home. He boasts of his children, but he forgot to think about whether they are full.

It is no easier for Grisha in the seminary, where the already meager food is taken away by the "grabber economy." That is why Grisha has a “thin” face - sometimes he cannot fall asleep from hunger until the morning, everything is waiting for breakfast. Nekrasov several times focuses the reader's attention on this particular feature of Grisha's appearance - he is thin and pale, although in another life he could be a fine fellow: he has a wide bone and red hair. This appearance of the hero partly symbolizes all of Rus', which has the prerequisites for a free and happy life, but so far lives in a completely different way.

Grisha from childhood is familiar with the main problems of the peasantry: overwork, hunger and drunkenness. But all this does not embitter, but rather hardens the hero. From the age of fifteen, a firm conviction matures in him: you need to live exclusively for the good of your people, no matter how poor and wretched they are. In this decision, he is strengthened by the memory of his mother, caring and hardworking Domnushka, who lived a short century because of her labors ...

The image of Grisha's mother is the image of a Russian peasant woman beloved by Nekrasov, meek, unrequited, and at the same time carrying a huge gift of love. Grisha, her "beloved son", did not forget his mother after her death, moreover, her image merged for him with the image of the entire Vakhlachin. The last maternal gift - the song "Salty", testifying to the depth of maternal love - will accompany Grisha all his life. He sings it in the seminary, where "gloomy, strict, hungry."

And longing for his mother leads him to a selfless decision to devote his life to others who are equally disadvantaged.

Note that the songs are very important for the characterization of Grisha in Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'". They briefly and accurately reveal the essence of the ideas and aspirations of the hero, his main life priorities are clearly visible.

The first of the songs that sound from the lips of Grisha conveys his attitude towards Rus'. It can be seen that he perfectly understands all the problems that torn the country apart: slavery, ignorance and the disgrace of the peasants - Grisha sees all this without embellishment. He easily selects words that can terrify any, the most insensitive listener, and this shows his pain for his native country. And at the same time, the song contains hope for future happiness, the belief that the desired will is already approaching: “But you will not die, I know!” ...

Grisha's next song, about a barge hauler, reinforces the impression of the first, depicting in detail the fate of an honest worker who spends "honestly earned pennies" in a tavern. From private destinies, the hero moves to the image of "all mysterious Rus'" - this is how the song "Rus" is born. This is the anthem of his country, full of sincere love, in which faith in the future is heard: "The army rises - innumerable." However, someone is needed who would become the head of this army, and this fate is destined for Dobrosklonov.

There are two ways, - Grisha thinks, - one of them is wide, thorny, but a crowd greedy for temptations goes along it. There is an eternal struggle for "mortal blessings". It is on it, unfortunately, that the wanderers, the main characters of the poem, are sent at the beginning. They see happiness in purely practical things: wealth, honor and power. Therefore, it is not surprising that they fail to meet Grisha, who has chosen a different path for himself, "close, but honest." Only strong and loving souls who want to intercede for the offended go along this path. Among them is the future people's protector Grisha Dobrosklonov, for whom fate is preparing "a glorious path, ... consumption and Siberia." This road is not easy and does not bring personal happiness, and yet, according to Nekrasov, only in this way - in unity with all the people - can one become truly happy. The “great truth” expressed in Grisha Dobrosklonov’s song gives him such joy that he runs home, “jumping” with happiness and feeling “immense strength” in himself. At home, his enthusiasm is confirmed and shared by his brother, who spoke of Grisha's song as "divine" - i.e. finally acknowledging that he had the truth on his side.

Artwork test

One of the controversial issues for non-specialists is the role Grigory Dobrosklonov and the meaning of it image in the poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'": did Nekrasov create the image of a “defender of the people”, a fighter for the happiness of the people, “a commoner, a revolutionary of the 60s. and revolutionary populist of the 70s”, or an educator, educator of the people. In the draft version of the chapter, as the researchers note, “the true meaning of the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, the people's protector, was clearer. It was here that Nekrasov compared him with Lomonosov and predicted a difficult fate for him: "consumption and Siberia." "Consumption" and "Siberia" were, of course, accurate indications of the revolutionary, anti-government activities of Grisha Dobrosklonov. But Nekrasov, even at the initial (pre-censorship) stage of work, crossed out the lines: “Fate prepared for him / The path is loud, the name is glorious / The people’s protector, / Consumption and Siberia.” Only by the will of the publishers of the poem were these lines included in the text already in Soviet times. But the question of why the author refused these lines, which directly indicate the revolutionary activity of the hero, remains. Did Nekrasov do this as a result of autocensorship, i.e. knowing in advance that no lines will be skipped? Or was it caused by a change in the concept of Grisha's image?

A possible explanation for Nekrasov's refusal to point out the tragic fate of Grisha Dobrosklonov was found by N.N. Skatov, who saw the reason in the desire to create a generalized image of a representative of the younger generation. “On the one hand,” the researcher writes, “he (Grisha Dobrosklonov) is a man of a completely definite way of life and way of life: the son of a poor deacon, a seminarian, a simple and kind guy who loves the village, the peasant, the people, wishing him happiness and ready to fight for him. But Grisha is also a more generalized image of youth, striving forward, hoping and believing. He is all in the future, hence some of his uncertainty, only outlined. That is why Nekrasov, obviously, not only for censorship reasons, crossed out poetry already at the first stage of work.

The place of the hero in the story also causes controversy. K.I. Chukovsky was inclined to assign a key role to this hero. Actually, the appearance of such a hero as Grisha Dobrosklonov became the most important argument for the researcher in determining the composition of the poem. The "happiness" of the people's protector Grisha Dobrosklonov should crown, according to K.I. Chukovsky, a poem, and not an enthusiastic hymn to the "benefactor" - the governor, which sounds in "Peasant Woman". Other researchers perceive the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov as the final one in Nekrasov's reflections on “happiness”. According to L.A. Evstigneeva, “in the following chapters, the central figure of the poem was to become Grisha Dobrosklonov, whose image is only outlined in the “Feast ...”.

But there is another point of view, according to which Grisha Dobrosklonov is not the culmination of the poem, not its crown, but just one of the episodes in search of the peasants. “The meeting with Grigory Dobrosklonov,” the researchers believe, “was one of the episodes of the wanderers’ journey - important, significant, fundamental, etc., but still only an episode that did not at all mean the end of their search.” The same position is shared by V.V. Zhdanov, author of the book "The Life of Nekrasov": "It is unlikely that all the lines of the path of a polysyllabic narrative, all the variety of images and characters can be reduced to Grisha Dobrosklonov," he says, "it is likely that this is one of the stages on the way to the completion of the whole work." The same idea is expressed by N.N. Skatov: "In itself, the image of Grisha is not the answer either to the question of happiness, or to the question of the lucky one." The researcher motivates his words by the fact that “the happiness of one person (whoever it is and whatever one understands by it, even the struggle for universal happiness) is not yet a solution to the issue, since the poem leads to thoughts about“ the embodiment of the people’s happiness ” , about the happiness of all, about "a feast for the whole world."

There is every reason for such an understanding of the role of the hero: the journey of the peasants, indeed, should not have ended in Vakhlachin. And at the same time, it is difficult to agree with the fact that Grisha Dobrosklonov is just one of the many heroes. It is no coincidence that in the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, the features of people so dear to Nekrasov's heart - Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky - are clear.

But the problem is not only in determining the place of the hero in the poem. It is debatable whether Nekrasov accepted Grigory Dobrosklonov's "happiness" as the highest idea of ​​happiness? Addressing this problem, K.I. Chukovsky claims that in his work Nekrasov correlated the life of only rich and influential people with the idea of ​​happiness, for example, the “owner of luxurious chambers” from the poem “Thinking at the front door” was called happy. But this statement is not entirely accurate. Nekrasov also had a different understanding of happiness. And it is also expressed in his lyrics. For example, he called I.S. Turgenev:

Lucky! available to the world
You know how to take pleasure
All that is beautiful in our destiny:
God gave you freedom, lyre
And a woman's loving soul
Bless your earthly path.

The undoubted component of "happiness" for Nekrasov was not idleness, but work. And therefore, drawing pictures of a happy future in the poem "Woe of Old Naum", Nekrasov sings of "eternal cheerful work over the eternal river." Such a Nekrasov confession is also known. In May 1876, the village teacher Malozemova wrote him a letter - a response to the poem read, which ended with the chapter "Peasant Woman". It seemed to the teacher that the poet did not believe “in the existence of happy people,” and she tried to dissuade him: “I am already old and very ugly,” she wrote, “but very happy. I sit by the window at school, admire nature and enjoy the consciousness of my happiness ... In my past there is a lot of grief, but I consider it a blessing-happiness, it taught me how to live, and without it I would not know the pleasure in life ... ". Nekrasov answered her much later - his letter is dated April 2, 1877: “The happiness you are talking about would be the subject of a continuation of my poem. It's not meant to end." Do these words mean that in the future the author wanted to continue the story about the life of Grisha Dobrosklonov? It is impossible to answer this question. But it is impossible not to notice that Grishino's understanding of happiness is really close to the happiness of a rural teacher. So, when grateful to Grisha for kind words, for help, Vlas wishes him happiness, as he understands him, peasant happiness:

God bless you and silver
And gold, give me smart,
Healthy wife! -

Grisha Dobrosklonov disagrees with this understanding of happiness, opposing it with his own:

I don't need any silver
No gold, but God forbid
So that my countrymen
And every peasant
Lived freely and cheerfully
All over holy Rus'!

Researchers have long noted the closeness of the fate and image of Grisha Dobrosklonov with the fates and personalities of Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Nikolai Dobrolyubov. The seminary past, the origin of Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov's personality traits and even his last name become direct sources of the image. It is also known how Nekrasov perceived his employees according to Sovremennik: in poems dedicated to Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, their fates are affirmed as the embodiment of an ideal fate. But we can also note a number of details that testify to the special significance for the author of the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov. Nekrasov clearly sacralizes the image of Grisha: presenting Grisha as a "messenger of God", marked with the "seal of the gift of God." The angel of mercy calls on the path chosen by him - “the narrow path”, “honest one”. The song "Among the world of the valley", which is sung by an angel of mercy, was called "Where to go?" Researchers see in this title a clear analogy with the title of Chernyshevsky's novel What Is To Be Done? But another source of these words can also be assumed: they echo the words of the Apostle Peter, who, as the ancient apocrypha testifies, asked Christ about the purpose of his path: “Where are you going?” In answer to Peter's question, Christ said, "To Rome to be crucified again." “After this, Christ ascends to heaven, and Peter, seeing in the words of Christ the proclamation of his martyrdom, returns to Roma, where he is crucified upside down.” This analogy also allows us to see the highest meaning of Grisha's path. It is interesting to note that the original name of the Nekrasov hero was Peter.

But it is no coincidence that the author refuses this direct analogy with the fate of a follower of Christ, just as he refuses direct indications of the revolutionary activities of Grisha Dobrosklonov. Grisha appears as an educator, "a sower of knowledge in the fields of the people", who is called to "sow the reasonable, the good, the eternal." It is characteristic that the poem calling "the sowers of knowledge to the people's field" was written simultaneously with the chapter "A feast for the whole world." But if in the poem "To the Sowers" Nekrasov complained about the "timidity" and "weakness" of the sowers, then in the poem he creates the image of a hero endowed with purposefulness, moral strength, and understanding of the people's soul. Born in a people's environment, having experienced all its sorrows and sorrows, he knows both the people's soul and the path to the people's heart. He knows that he can "revive" Rus'. The life given to the revival of the people's soul, the enlightenment of the people, is conceived by Nekrasov as happiness. That is why Nekrasov ends his poem with the words:

Would our wanderers be under their native roof,
If only they could know what happened to Grisha.
He heard immense strength in his chest,
Gracious sounds delighted his ears,
Sounds of the radiant hymn of the noble -
He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people! ..

We must agree with V.I. Melnik, who writes that the poet sang “every sacrifice of a person, every feat - if only it was done in the name of other people. Such self-sacrifice became, as it were, Nekrasov's religion.

Endowing his hero with a truly “happy” fate, Nekrasov nevertheless does not complete the chapter with the return of the wanderers to their native villages. Their journey had to continue. Why? After all, the final lines indicated not only the author's agreement with such an understanding of happiness, but also the fact that the wanderers were already ready to share it. One of the possible answers to this question was given by G.V. Plekhanov, famous revolutionary figure. He saw the reason for such an ending in the fact that the people and the "people's defenders" were not united in their aspirations. “The fact of the matter is that the wandering peasants from different villages, who decided not to return home until they decide who lives happily, freely in Rus', did not know what was happening to Grisha, and could not know. The aspirations of our radical intelligentsia remained unknown and incomprehensible to the people. Its best representatives, without hesitation, sacrificed themselves to his release, and he remained deaf to their calls and was sometimes ready to stone them, seeing in their plans only new intrigues of his hereditary enemy - the nobility.

This remark, reflecting the actual realities of Russian life, is still not entirely fair in relation to Nekrasov's poem: Grisha does not appear as a lone wrestler in the poem, the "vahlaks" both listen to him and listen to his opinion. And yet Nekrasov did not want to complete the search for his heroes in Vakhlachin. The journey must continue, and, as one of the researchers rightly writes, “it is not known what it can lead the peasants to. After all, the poem is built on the basis of the development of the author's idea, and it is very important for Nekrasov to show what the wanderers learn during the journey, what, in particular, they learned from those new meetings that are described in "The Feast ...". Therefore, the events depicted in The Feast should not at all be the end of the poem, on the contrary, they became a new stimulus in the further search for the seven men, the further growth of their self-awareness.

The image of the "people's intercessor". He is a seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov - the son of an "unrequited laborer" and a rural deacon who lived "poorer than the last rundown peasant." A hungry childhood, a harsh youth brought him closer to the people, accelerated his spiritual maturation and determined Grisha's life path:

... fifteen years old, Grigory already knew for sure.
What will live for happiness
Wretched and dark native corner.

In many of his character traits, Grisha resembles Dobrolyubov. Like Dobrolyubov, Grisha Dobrosklonov is a fighter for the people's happiness; he wants to be the first there, "where it is difficult to breathe, where grief is heard."

The image of Grigory Nekrasov gave an answer to the question: what should a fighter for the people's interests do?

Go to the downtrodden
Go to the offended
You are needed there.

Gregory joins the ranks of those. who is ready "to fight, to work for the bypassed, for the oppressed." Grisha's thoughts are constantly turned "to all mysterious Rus', to the people." In his soul, "with love for the poor mother, love for the whole zahlachina merged." Gregory is a faithful son of the people. In the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, Nekrasov sees a representative of the laboring masses, who is vitally connected with it: “No matter how dark the Vakhlachina is,” no matter how crowded with corvée and slavery, the eye, “with blessing, put such a messenger in Grigory Dsbrosklonov.” Concerns about personal well-being are alien to him, for him "the share of the people, their happiness, light and freedom above all."

The Nekrasov revolutionary is ready to give his life so that "every peasant lives freely and cheerfully in all of holy Rus'."

Grisha is not alone. Hundreds of people like him have already come out on the "honest paths", in the battle for an "honest cause". He, like other wrestlers,

Fate prepared
glorious path,
the loud name of the People's Defender,
Consumption and Siberia.

But Grisha is not afraid of the upcoming trials, because he believes in the triumph of the cause to which he devoted his life. He knows that his homeland "is destined to suffer a lot more", but he believes that it will not perish, and therefore feels "immense forces in his chest." He sees that a people of many millions is awakening to struggle:

The army rises
Innumerable!
The strength will affect her
Invincible!
This thought fills his soul with joy and confidence in victory.

To the main question of the poem - who lives well in Rus'? - Nekrasov responds with the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, the people's protector. That's why the poet says:

To be our wanderers under the native roof.
If only they could know what happened to Grisha.

Difficult, but beautiful is the path that Grisha Dobrosklonov follows. Only strong, loving souls enter this path. True happiness awaits a person on it, for only one can be happy, says Nekrasov, who devotes himself to the struggle for the good and happiness of the people.

Grisha Dobrosklonov is fundamentally different from other characters in the poem. If the life of the peasant woman Matryona Timofeevna, Yakim Nagogoy, Saveliy, Yermila Girin and many others is shown in submission to fate and the prevailing circumstances, then Grisha has a completely different attitude to life. The poem shows Grisha's childhood, tells about his father and mother. His life was more than hard, his father was lazy and poor:

Poorer than seedy
the last peasant
Trifon lived.
Two chambers:
One with a smoking stove
The other is a sazhen - summer,
And all here is short-lived;
No cow, no horse
There was a dog Itchy,
There was a cat - and they left.

Such was Grisha's father, he least of all cared about what his wife and children eat.

The deacon boasted of the children,
And what do they eat?
And I forgot to think.
He was always hungry
All spent looking
Where to drink, where to eat.

Grisha's mother died early, she was ruined by constant sorrows and worries about daily bread. The poem contains a song that tells about the fate of this poor woman. The song cannot leave any reader indifferent, because it is evidence of a huge inescapable human grief. The lyrics of the song are very simple, they tell how a child suffering from hunger asks his mother for a piece of bread with salt. But salt is too expensive for poor people to buy. And the mother, in order to feed her son, waters a piece of bread with her tears. Grisha remembered this song from childhood. She made him remember his unfortunate mother, mourn her fate.

And soon in the heart of a boy
With love to the poor mother
Love for all vakhlachin
Merged - and fifteen years
Gregory knew for sure
What will live for happiness
Wretched and dark Good Corner.

Gregory does not agree to submit to fate and lead the same sad and miserable life that is characteristic of most people around him. Grisha chooses a different path for himself, becomes a people's intercessor. He is not afraid that his life will not be easy.

Fate prepared for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia.

From childhood, Grisha lived among poor, unfortunate, despised and helpless people. He absorbed all the troubles of the people with his mother's milk, therefore he does not want and cannot live for the sake of his selfish interests. He is very smart and has a strong character. And it leads him to a new road, does not allow him to remain indifferent to national disasters. Grigory's reflections on the fate of the people testify to the liveliest compassion that makes Grisha choose such a difficult path for himself. In the soul of Grisha Dobrosklonov, confidence is gradually growing that his homeland will not perish, despite all the suffering and sorrows that have befallen her lot:

In moments of despondency, O Motherland!
I am thinking ahead.
You are destined to suffer a lot,
But you won't die, I know.

Gregory's reflections, which "were poured out in song," betray in him a very literate and educated person. He is well aware of the political problems of Russia, and the fate of the common people is inseparable from these problems and difficulties. Historically, Russia "was a deeply unhappy country, repressed, slavishly without justice." The shameful seal of serfdom has turned the common people into disenfranchised creatures, and all the problems caused by this cannot be discounted. The consequences of the Tatar-Mongol yoke also had a significant impact on the formation of the national character. Russian man combines slavish obedience to fate, and this is the main cause of all his troubles.
The image of Grigory Dobrosklonov is closely connected with the revolutionary democratic ideas that began to appear in society in the middle of the 19th century. Nekrasov created his hero, focusing on the fate of N. A. Dobrolyubov Grigory Dobrosklonov is a type of revolutionary raznochinets. He was born into the family of a poor deacon, from childhood he felt all the disasters that are characteristic of the life of ordinary people. Grigory received an education, and besides, being an intelligent and enthusiastic person, he cannot remain indifferent to the situation in the country. Grigory is well aware that now there is only one way out for Russia - radical changes in the social system. The common people can no longer be the same dumb community of slaves that meekly endures all the antics of their masters:

Enough! Finished with the last calculation,
Done with sir!
The Russian people gather with strength
And learn to be a citizen.

The image of Grigory Dobrosklonov in Nekrasov's poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” inspires hope in the moral and political revival of Rus', in changes in the consciousness of the simple Russian people.
The end of the poem shows that people's happiness is possible. And even if it is still far from the moment when a simple person can call himself happy. But time will pass and everything will change. And far from the last role in this will be played by Grigory Dobrosklonov and his ideas.