Humor and satire in literature. The main features of satire

ACT FIVE The same room Appearance I Gorodnichiy, Anna Andreevna and Marya Antonovna. Mayor. What, Anna Andreevna? A? Have you thought about it? This rich prize, channel! Well, admit it frankly: you have never seen it in a dream - just from some mayor's wife and suddenly ... phew, you canal! .. with what a devil you have become related! Anna Andreevna. Not at all; I have known this for a long time. This is a curiosity for you, because you are a simple person, you have never seen decent people. Mayor. I myself, mother, am a decent person. However, really, what do you think, Anna Andreevna, what birds we have become now! What about Anna Andreevna? Fly high, damn it! Wait, now I'm going to put all these hunters to file requests and denunciations to the pepper. Hey, who's there? The quarterly is included. Ah, it's you, Ivan Karpovich! Call here, brother, merchants! Here I am, canals! So complain about me? You see, you damned Jewish people! Wait, doves! Before, I only fed you to the mustache, but now I will feed you to the beard. Write down everyone who just went to bang on me, and these are the most scribblers, scribblers who twisted their requests. Yes, announce to everyone so that they know: what, to disk, what honor God has sent to the mayor - that he gives his daughter out not just for some ordinary person, but for such that there has never been in the world, that he can do everything, everything, everything, everything! Let everyone know so everyone knows. Shout out to all the people, roll the bells, damn it! When there is a celebration, so a celebration! The quarterly is leaving. So, Anna Andreevna, huh? How are we now, where will we live? here or in St. Petersburg? Anna Andreevna. Naturally, in St. Petersburg. How can you stay here! Mayor. Well, in St. Petersburg so in St. Petersburg; and it would be good here too. What, after all, I think, then the township is already to hell, eh, Anna Andreevna? Anna Andreevna. Naturally, what a township! Mayor. After all, what do you think, Anna Andreevna, now you can get a big rank, because he is a friend of all the ministers and goes to the palace, so he can do such a production that in time you will fit into the generals. What do you think, Anna Andreevna: is it possible to fit into the generals? Anna Andreevna. Still would! Of course you can. Mayor. And, damn it, it's nice to be a general! The cavalry will be hung over your shoulder. And which cavalry is better, Anna Andreevna: red or blue? Anna Andreevna. Of course blue is better. Mayor. Eh? see what you want! good and red. Why do you want to be a general? - because, it happens, you go somewhere - courier and adjutants will jump forward everywhere: "Horses! “And there they won’t give it to anyone at the stations, everything is waiting: all these titular, captains, mayor, and you don’t even blow your mustache. You dine somewhere with the governor, and there - stop, mayor! He bursts into tears and dies with laughter.) That's tempting, canal! Anna Andreevna. you go to hunt hares, or Strawberries; on the contrary, your acquaintances will be treated with the most subtle treatment: counts and all secular ... Only I, really, am afraid for you: sometimes you will utter such a word that you will never hear in good society. well? after all, the word does not harm. Anna Andreevna. Yes, it’s good when you were a mayor. But life is completely different there. Mayor. Yes, there, they say there are two fish: vendace and smelt, such that only saliva will flow as soon as you start eating Anna Andreyevna: All he wants is fish! I don’t want our house to be the first in the capital, and that my room should have such an ambiance that it’s impossible to enter and all you have to do is close your eyes like that. (Closes his eyes and sniffs.) Oh, how good! Scene II The same merchants. Mayor. A! Hello, falcons! Merchants (bowing). We wish you well, father! Mayor. What, doves, how are you? How is your item going? What, samovar, arshinniki, complain? Archwives, proto-beasts, worldly swindlers! complain? What, did you take a lot? So, they think, that’s how they will put him in prison! .. Do you know, seven devils and one witch in your teeth, that ... Anna Andreevna. Oh, my God, what words you, Antosha, let go! Mayor (with displeasure). Ah, no more words now! Do you know that the same official you complained to is now marrying my daughter? What? A? what do you say now? Now I'll... u!... you're deceiving the people... Will you make a deal with the treasury, cheat it out of a hundred thousand by supplying rotten cloth, and then donate twenty arshins, and give you another reward for this? Yes, if they knew, then you would ... And the belly sticks forward: he is a merchant, do not touch him. "We, he says, will not yield to the nobles either." Yes, a nobleman ... oh, you mug! - a nobleman studies the sciences: although he is whipped at school, but for the cause, so that he knows what is useful. What about you? - you start by cheating, the owner beats you because you do not know how to deceive. Still a boy, "Our Father" you do not know, and you already measure; but as soon as he opens your belly and stuffs your pocket, he put on airs! Fu you, what an unseen! Because you blow sixteen samovars a day, is that why you put on airs? Yes, I do not care about your head and your importance! Merchants (bowing). Guilty, Anton Antonovich! Mayor. Complain? And who helped you to cheat when you were building a bridge and painted a tree for twenty thousand, while there was none for a hundred rubles? I helped you, goat beard! Have you forgotten it? If I showed this to you, I could also send you to Siberia. What do you say? A? Merchants. Blame God, Anton Antonovich! The crafty beguiled. And let's go ahead and complain. What kind of satisfaction you want, just don't get angry! Mayor. Don't get angry! Now you are lying at my feet. From what? - because mine took; and if you were even a little on your side, you would trample me, scoundrels, to the very dirt, and even pile a log on top. Merchants (bow at their feet). Don't ruin it, Anton Antonovich! Mayor. Don't lose! Now: do not lose! before what? I would like you ... (Waving his hand.) Well, God forgive me! full! I am not remorseful; now just keep your eyes open! I am not marrying my daughter to some simple nobleman: so that the congratulations be ... understand? not to fight off with some kind of balychka or a head of sugar ... Well, go with God! The merchants leave. Appearance III The same, Ammos Fedorovich, Artemy Filippovich, then Rastakovskiy. Ammos Fyodorovich (still at the door.) Do you believe the rumors, Anton Antonovich? Have you been blessed with extraordinary happiness? Artemy Filippovich. I have the honor to congratulate you on your extraordinary happiness. I was overjoyed when I heard. (Approaches Anna Andreevna's hand.) Anna Andreevna! (Going up to Marya Antonovna's pen.) Marya Antonovna! Rastakovskiy (enters). Congratulations Anton Antonovich. May God prolong your life and the new couple and give you offspring numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren! Anna Andreevna! (Approaches Anna Andreyevna's hand.) Marya Antonovna! (Approaches Marya Antonovna's pen.) Scene IV The same, Korobkin and his wife, Lyulyukov. Korobkin. I have the honor to congratulate Anton Antonovich! Anna Andreevna! (Approaches Anna Andreyevna's hand.) Marya Antonovna! (Approaches her pen.) Korobkin's wife. I sincerely congratulate you, Anna Andreevna, on your new happiness. Lyulyukov. I have the honor to congratulate you, Anna Andreevna! (Goes up to the pen and then, turning to the audience, clicks her tongue with an air of daring.) Marya Antonovna! I have the honor to congratulate you. (Goes up to her hand and addresses the audience with the same daring.) Scene V A multitude of guests in frock coats and tailcoats first approach Anna Andreevna's hand, saying: "Anna Andreevna!" - then to Marya Antonovna, saying: "Marya Antonovna!" Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky push through. Bobchinsky. I have the honor to congratulate you! Dobchinsky. Anton Antonovich! I have the honor to congratulate you! Bobchinsky. Happy accident! Dobchinsky. Anna Andreevna! Bobchinsky. Anna Andreevna! Both approach at the same time and face each other. Dobchinsky. Maria Antonovna! (Approaches the pen.) I have the honor to congratulate you. You will be in great, great happiness, in a golden dress and walk around and eat various delicate soups; you will have a lot of fun. Bobchinsky (interrupting). Marya Antonovna, I have the honor to congratulate you! May God give you all the wealth, chervonets and a son, from a sort of small one, that kind of thing (shows with his hand), that you could put it in the palm of your hand, yes, sir! Everything will be a boy screaming: wow! wah! wow!.. Appearance VI A few more guests approaching the pens. Luka Lukich with his wife. Luka Lukic. I have the honor... Luka Lukic's wife (runs forward). Congratulations, Anna Andreevna! They kiss. And I'm so, right, happy. They tell me: "Anna Andreevna is giving away her daughter." "Oh my god!" - I think to myself, and I was so glad that I said to my husband: "Listen, Lukanchik, that's how happiness is for Anna Andreevna!" "Well, - I think to myself, - thank God!" And I say to him: “I am so delighted that I burn with impatience to personally express to Anna Andreevna ...” “Oh, my God! - I think to myself, - Anna Andreevna was just expecting a good party for her daughter, but now this is fate: that’s exactly what happened as she wished," and so, really, she was glad that she could not speak. I cry, I cry, I just cry. Already Luka Lukich says: "Why are you crying, Nastenka?" - "Lukanchik, I say, I don’t know myself, tears are flowing like a river." Mayor. I humbly ask you to sit down, gentlemen! Hey, Mishka, bring more chairs here. The guests are seated. Scene VII The same, a private bailiff and quarterly officers. Private bailiff. I have the honor to congratulate you, Your Excellency, and make you prosperous for many years! Mayor. Thank you, thank you! Please sit down, gentlemen! The guests are seated. Ammos Fedorovich. But please tell me, Anton Antonovich, how it all began, the gradual course of everything, that is, the case. Mayor. The course of the case is extraordinary: he deigned to personally make an offer. Anna Andreevna. In a very respectful and most subtle way. Everyone spoke extremely well. She says: “I, Anna Andreevna, out of respect for your merits alone ...” And such a wonderful, well-mannered person, of the noblest rules! "Do you believe me, Anna Andreevna, my life is a penny; I only because I respect your rare qualities." Maria Antonovna. Ah, mother! because that's what he told me. Anna Andreevna. Stop it, you don't know anything and don't interfere in your own business! “I, Anna Andreevna, am amazed…” In such flattering words… And when I wanted to say: “We don’t dare to hope for such an honor,” he suddenly fell on his knees and in the most noble way: “Anna Andreyevna, don't make me the most unhappy! Agree to respond to my feelings, otherwise I will end my life with death. Maria Antonovna. Really, mother, he said that about me. Anna Andreevna. Yes, of course... and about you was, I do not reject anything. Mayor. And so he even scared me: he said that he would shoot himself. "I'll shoot myself, I'll shoot myself!" - speaks. many of the guests. Tell me please! Ammos Fedorovich. What a thing! Luka Lukic. Indeed, this is how fate led. Artemy Filippovich. Not fate, father, fate is a turkey: merits led to that. (Aside.) Happiness always gets into the mouth of such a pig! Ammos Fedorovich. I, perhaps, Anton Antonovich, will sell you the dog that was traded. Mayor. No, I'm not up to the males now. Ammos Fedorovich. Well, if you don't want to, we'll get along with another dog. Korobkin's wife. Oh, how, Anna Andreevna, I am glad for your happiness! you can't imagine. Korobkin. Where now, may I ask, is the eminent guest? I heard that he left for some reason. Mayor. Yes, he went for one day on a very important matter. Anna Andreevna. To your uncle to ask for blessings. Mayor. ask for blessings; but tomorrow ... (Sneezes.) Congratulations merge into one rumble. Thanks a lot! But tomorrow and back ... (Sneezes.) Congratulatory rumble; more audible than other voices: Private bailiff. We wish you good health, your honor! Bobchinsky's voice. One hundred years and a bag of chervonets! Dobchinsky's voice. God prolong for forty forty! Artemy Filippovich. For you to disappear! Korobkin's wife. Damn you! Mayor. Thank you very much! And I wish you the same. Anna Andreevna. We now intend to live in St. Petersburg. And here, I confess, there is such an air ... too rustic! .. I confess, a big nuisance ... Here is my husband ... he will receive the rank of general there. Mayor. Yes, I confess, gentlemen, I, damn it, really want to be a general. Luka Lukic. And God bless you! Rastakovskiy. From man it is impossible, but from God everything is possible. Ammos Fedorovich. Big ship - big swimming. Artemy Filippovich. On merit and honor. Ammos Fedorovich (aside). Here he will throw out a thing when he really becomes a general! That's who the generalship is like a saddle for a cow! Well, brother, the song is still far from that. There are cleaner ones here, but still not generals. Artemy Filippovich (aside). Damn it, Eka is already climbing into the generals! What good, maybe he will be a general. After all, he has importance, the evil one would not take him, that's enough. (Turning to him.) Then, Anton Antonovich, don't forget us either. Ammos Fedorovich. And if something happens, for example, some need for business, do not leave patronage! Korobkin. Next year I will take my son to the capital for the benefit of the state, so do me a favor, show him your patronage, take the father's place for an orphan. Mayor. I am ready for my part, ready to try. Anna Andreevna. You, Antosha, are always ready to promise. First, you won't have time to think about it. And how can you burden yourself with such promises and why? Mayor. Why, my soul? sometimes you can. Anna Andreevna. It is possible, of course, but not every small fry to provide patronage. Korobkin's wife. Have you heard how she interprets us? Guest. Yes, she always has been; I know her: put her at the table, she and her legs ...

"" Literature "grade 6" - Krylov Ivan Andreevich. One of the halls of the National Portrait Gallery. I.A. Krylov "Cabin". Nikolai Mikhailovich Rubtsov. Prishvin "Pantry of the sun". Green "Scarlet Sails". Shukshin Vasily Makarovich Chirks are homemade shoes. Mitrasha. Leskov "Lefty". Journey through the pages of a school textbook. Litgorodok.

"Literature" Grade 7 "- Konstantin Dmitrievich Balmont. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. Ivan Andreevich Krylov. Literary type. Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev. Epos. Alexander Alexandrovich Blok. Literature. Literary criticism. Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. Determine the type and genre (type) of a literary work. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. Drama.

"Literary Excursions" - The material and odds of work are gradually becoming more complicated. Acquaintance with the life and work of the writer begins for students in the school museum. For example, a lesson-excursion "The nature of East Kazakhstan in the work of local authors." The best essays can be read at a special evening dedicated to the results of the competition.

"Eidos-compendium" - Poet. Eidos abstract. Form of organization of research reading. A lesson in the study of the poet's life path. Eidos. Pronouns. How to organize a lesson. Right hemisphere. Sun. A way of organizing independent creative activity. Figurative drawing. Artistic analysis of the poem. Research activity.

"Moral values ​​on literature" - Preparation of widely educated, highly moral people. Spiritual and moral ideal. Spiritual and moral education. Loyalty to simple truths. Spiritual and moral values ​​in the lessons of literature. Honor. Quiet reading time. Love and respect for the Motherland. Image of Peter the Great. Midshipmen of our parish.

"Modern Literature Lesson" - The purpose of the lesson. A sample of designing a literary reading lesson. Vision angle. Formation of the type of correct reading activity. Lesson structure. Three stages of work with any text. Choice of the final task. Text analysis in grades 5-6. Lesson topic. Modern Literature Lesson.

In total there are 19 presentations in the topic

Preliminary plan, work on facts and theoretical material

It is necessary to draw up a preliminary speech plan, which will then be refined. It is also called a work plan. The saturation of speech with factual and theoretical material depends on its type, topic and composition of listeners. Skillfully selected facts and figures enrich the speech, make it concrete, substantive, intelligible, and convincing. Facts must be true and absolutely accurate. They may be the result of observation, the study of life, but the bulk of the facts are drawn from reference books, scientific literature, newspapers, magazines, documents and other sources.

How to rehearse a speech?

The full text of the speech or its abstract, abstracts, plan are ready. It is useful to pronounce it orally, specifying the sound time, the tempo corresponding to the norms of public speaking is 100-200 words per minute). This is the so-called rehearsal.. When rehearsing, pay attention to the technique pronunciation. First of all, on orthoepy - exemplary literary pronunciation and on the correctness of stress. Pay attention to diction, to the pace of speech, to the volume of the voice. The voice should sound clear, moderately loud, not monotonous. It is necessary to pay attention to pauses, to phrasal and logical stresses, with the help of which speech segments or words are distinguished. The speaker must be able to express various feelings and experiences with his voice. This helps expressive facial expressions, gestures, posture. It is not uncommon for speakers to rehearse their speech in front of a mirror.

How to give a speech? There are 3 ways to speak:

§ Reading text speech

§ Playing it from memory with reading individual fragments

§ Free improvisation

They read such speeches, from the text of which it is impossible to deviate: anniversary or welcoming speeches, as well as reports. The rest of the speeches, as a rule, are delivered, because when reading a speech, the speaker risks losing contact with the audience and the impact on it is reduced to zero.

After the speech is delivered, it needs to be analyzed.

This is necessary in order to find, highlight and take into account its shortcomings in further performances. After all, speech self-improvement is the task of the speaker. He should think about how to achieve a greater effect next time, better contact with the audience.

So, let's summarize the main stages of preparation for the performance:

1. Definition of the topic, purpose, title, audience assessment.

2. Drawing up a preliminary (working) plan;

3. Selection of theoretical and factual material;

4. Drawing up the final plan;

5. Work on the text of the speech;

6. Rehearsal;

7. Making a speech;

8. Answering questions, leading a discussion;

9. Analysis of speech.

WORKSHOP

EXERCISE 1. Read excerpts from speeches by prominent scientists of our time to students1. What methods of attracting attention did the speakers use at the beginning of the speech?

As an Eastern proverb says, everything is a matter of chance, but chance rewards only those who deserve it. Thousands of examples can be cited when certain historical monuments and documents were discovered by chance, by people who were very far from historical science. But can such accidental finds be called discoveries? No and no again. A discovery is always something that, through the work and perseverance of a researcher, turns out to be connected in time and space with the entire amount of accumulated knowledge, when this or that find is comprehended and has taken its place in that endless chain that we call the history of mankind.

(academician).

It seems to me that there are no unattractive specialties. There are only passive people who are unable to be carried away by what is in front of them. After all, in any field of activity there are unplowed layers, unresolved problems, they are waiting for the inquisitive, thirsting for something new. And a living, active person will always find a field of activity for himself where a lazy dreamer sees only boredom. Hard work is the mother of talent, which means it leads to success and recognition(academician).

TASK 2. Analyze an example of a student speech on the topic "Let me introduce myself." Pay attention to the formatting of the introduction and conclusion. List the ideas disclosed by the authors in the main part. Rate speech 2.

Isn't it clear to every person sitting here that talking about oneself is the most difficult and thankless task, even though every speaker expects gratitude and praise? But why is it difficult: because it’s hard to say good things about yourself, because it’s not good to be immodest, and because it’s immodest to show your merits when you yourself are perfectly aware that you still have very few merits and merits.

But what if I follow the path of Stanislavsky, who advised me to play good and look for what he is evil in? This is the only thing I can see.

First, I know that I did not dare. Maybe that's why I want to do public speaking. But, by the way, I can safely say that some of my “brave” and “daring” friends to the point of vulgarity are not sympathetic to me. I I prefer to have fear and gradually overcome it - this is better than stupid self-praise.

Secondly, as you can see, I do not shine with health. And maybe it's not so bad after all? And it is better to have average health, that is, not too good, and not too bad, but, being aware of your shortcomings, strive to make up for them ...? Have you noticed that people who are rich in health or some other talent often squander it too quickly and unwisely? “Average” people, on the other hand, develop what God has sent, and can achieve a lot - well, that’s what I strive for.

Finally, the third and most important thing: you, of course, want to ask: “How are you (you) with mental talents? I will answer honestly: “Tough. Difficult. It's hard." But whoever has it easier - let him throw a stone at me. Seriously, it seems to me that in this life we ​​should have one, but a fiery passion: to develop our mind, improve the wisdom given to us, make up for the shortcomings of our knowledge - then, perhaps, we will be happy.

In a word, I can still say many words about my shortcomings. But isn't love, according to Plato, as the wise Socrates said, a desire to make up for the lack of wisdom, truth and beauty? Long live our (mine and your) shortcomings and aspirations to make up for them! Hooray!

Control questions

1. Tell us about the classical scheme of the oratorical process.

2. What are the conditions for successful preparation for a performance?

3. What is the significance of the preparatory stage in delivering a public speaking speech?

4. Name the main stages of preparing for a speech.

5. How should you rehearse your speech?

6. Why do we need an analysis of oratory?

Topic 10. Using quotes

in oral presentation

extract from them

and thus create a reserve of thoughts for yourself ...

This advice has been followed by the most eminent men of our science.

A. Diesterweg (1790-1866),

Plan:

1. When are quotations needed?

2. Methods of citation.

Literature:

1. Develop the gift of words. Student aid. Comp.: i. - M.: Enlightenment, 1977. - S.151-153.

2. Kokhtev. Textbook for students in grades 8-9 general. inst. -M.: Enlightenment, 1996. - P.86-96

1. When are quotations needed?1

Quoting is used in the following main cases:

Ø To confirm my own thought, for example: "In the story "Dubrovsky" truthfully and authentically painted the landowner's life and customs of the serf-owners of that time. Great Critic , Noting this feature of the work, he wrote: "Ancient life of the Russian nobility".

Ø To introduce the reader or listener to someone's authoritative opinion.

Speaking, for example, with a report on the beauty and richness of the Russian language, one can quote the following statement:

“Charles the fifth, the Roman emperor, used to say that in Spanish with God, French with friends, German with the enemy, Italian with the female sex, it’s decent to speak,” But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would add would that it would be decent for them to speak with all of them, for I would find in it the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, moreover, the richness and brevity of the Greek and Latin language, strong in images.

Ø For a more vivid expression of one's own thoughts.

So, he includes a line from a poem in the fabric of his narrative, believing that it is impossible to find a better comparison:

“Yesterday I arrived in Pyatigorsk, rented an apartment on the edge of the city ... I have a wonderful view from three sides. To the west, the five-headed Beshtu turns blue, like "the last cloud of a scattered storm"; Mashuk rises to the north.

Ø To preserve the features of the language and color of the original text.

Outlining the Contents of the First Scenes of the Fifth Act of the Comedy "Inspector", resorts to quoting the text of the play, for example:

“From a coward, he (the mayor) becomes impudent, a tradesman who suddenly got into noble people; the fear of Siberia has passed - he no longer promises the god a pound candle and threatens to still live and rob merchants; he orders the whole city to shout about his happiness, “to roll into the bells; If it's a celebration, then it's a celebration, damn it! his daughter marries such a person, "that there has never been in the world, that can drive everyone in the city, and put them in jail, and whatever he wants." My God! Does the generalship suit him! And he is in a frantic delight, in a furious comic passion at the thought that he will be a general ... “After all, why do you want to be a general? Because, if it happens, you go somewhere, courier and adjutants will gallop forward everywhere: horses! and there at the stations they won’t give it to anyone, everything is waiting: all these titular, captains, mayor, and you don’t even blow your mustache: you dine somewhere with the governor, and there: stop, city man! Ha ha ha! That's what, channeling, it's tempting!

This is how the gross passions of animal nature are manifested.

2. Methods of citation

Quotations are reproduced exactly, with all the features of the original. Quote in such a way that the thought of the original is not distorted in any way. You can not quote such a part of the text that gives an incorrect or inaccurate idea of ​​​​the thought of the quoted author. It should also be taken into account when, where, under what circumstances, in what context the words we use as quotations were spoken (or written).

Exists two ways to quote:1

Ø The quote is an independent sentence and is made out as a direct speech. In this case, the rules of punctuation for direct speech apply:

§ wrote: "The word is an expression of thought ... and therefore the word must correspond to what it expresses."

§ “The simpler the word, the more accurate it is, the more correct
delivered - the more it gives the phrase strength and convincingly
sti", - indicated Bitter in the article "On Prose".

§ “Take care of the purity of the language, as a shrine! - wrote genev .- Never use foreign words. The Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us.”

Ø The quote is introduced into the composition of the author's proposal as part of it. If a quotation is syntactically related to the author's text and is part of a sentence, then it is usually written with a lowercase letter:

§ Speaking about Pushkin's poetry, he wrote that in the poet's poems “for the first time, living Russian speech spoke to us, for the first time the real Russian world was revealed to us.”

§ M. Gorky encouraged young writers "to learn to write simply, accurately, clearly, then the real beauty of artistic truth will appear by itself."

If the quotation is incomplete, then a gap is indicated by an ellipsis,which is set:

Ø before the quote (after the opening quotes), if the quote
is given not from the beginning of the sentence, For example:

wrote: “... in art, simplicity, clarity and brevity are the highest perfection of the art form, which is achieved only with great talent and great work”;

Ø in the middle of a quote if the part inside it is omitted:

In one of the articles on Belinsky wrote: “Even before ... there were good verses in Russian, but when Pushkin’s works appeared, everyone saw that they still had no idea how beautiful Russian verses could be”;

Ø after quote (before closing quotes), if the quoted sentence is not completed , for example:

In the article "The General Importance of Literature" pointed out : "Knowledge of the exact meaning of words and their differences among themselves, even the easiest, is a necessary condition for any true thinking ..."

WORKSHOP

EXERCISE 1. Enter the quotes below into self-composed texts in two ways:

Ø as direct speech;

Ø as part of an offer .

Sample : « His winter is bathed in the splendor of sumptuous poetry». (.)

1 way: Speaking about Pushkin's poems dedicated to nature, V. G. Belinsky wrote about the skill of the poet: "His winter is bathed in the splendor of sumptuous poetry."

2 way: Winter in Pushkin's poems, according to , "drenched in the splendor of luxurious poetry."

1. Pushkin's poetry is surprisingly faithful to Russian reality, whether it depicts Russian nature or characters. (.) 2. The time will come when posterity will erect an eternal monument to him (Pushkin). (.) 3. "The Captain's Daughter" - something like "Onegin" in prose. The poet depicts in it the customs of Russian society in the reign of Catherine. Many paintings, in their fidelity, truth of content, and mastery of presentation, are a miracle of perfection. (.)

TASK 2. Divide citations into two topics (“The beauty of language” and “Work on the word”). Arrange the quotes so that they reflect the sequence of development of thought. Prepare an oral or written report on one of the topics using selected quotes.

Throughout his life, the writer does not stop working on the word, and the greatest joy in this life is the right word found. (.)

You need a lot of soiling, the more the better. It is impossible to write without blots ... A person should be tormented if he does not find a single place on the page to cross out and forward. (.)

The true beauty of language, acting like a force, is created by the precision, clarity, sonority of the words that shape the pictures, characters, ideas of books. (M. Gorky.)

In order to say well what he wants to say (by the word "say" I mean any artistic expression of thought), the artist must master the skill. (L.N. Tolstoy.)

You marvel at the treasures of our language: every sound is a gift; everything is grainy, large, like pearls themselves ... (.)

The technique of literary work comes down, first of all, to the study of language, the main material of any book.... (M. Gorky.)

To deal with the language somehow means to think somehow: inaccurately, approximately, incorrectly. (.)

TASK 3. Group the quotations below according to the points in the plan.

Plan

2. Persuasiveness, evidence of speech.

3. Colorfulness, emotionality of speech.

4. You need to prepare for oral presentations (messages, reports, reports).

Don't be ashamed to be silent when you have nothing to say. (Proverb.).

The word is not a sparrow: fly out - you will not catch . (Proverb.)

If the speech is not clear, it will not reach the goal. (Aristotle.)

It's not about the word, it's about the tone in which the word is pronounced. . (ski.)

Never speak without being prepared for the topic. Look for materials on this issue in a newspaper, brochure, book. Always present with a summary in hand. (E. Yaroslavsky.)

Speak ... only about what you yourself understand well and what you are convinced of. Only then will they believe you . (E. Yaroslavsky.)

The worthy task of the speaker is to avoid the worn and boring words, but to use the chosen and bright ones. (Cicero.)

Knowing in advance what you want to say, you need to speak freely ... and not try to pronounce a text written and memorized at home. (I. Andronikov.)

TASK 4. Enter quotes, proverbs, sayings that are suitable in meaning into the text of your speech. How has your performance changed as a result?

??? Control questions

1. What is a quotation?

2. When are quotations needed?

3. For what purpose are quotes used?

4. What ways of quoting do you know?

Topic 11. Drawing up a monologue

for oral presentation

Practical work No. 2

Purpose: to learn how to compose a monologue for oral presentation.

Equipment: cards with a scheme for preparing for a performance.

Briefing:

1. Your monologue can be informational, problematic or propaganda in nature;

2. Determine the topic, purpose, title, evaluate the audience;

3. Draw up a preliminary (working) plan;

4. Select theoretical and factual material;

5. Draw up a final plan;

6. Work on the text of the speech;

7. Submit a draft text to the teacher for consultation and correction.

Topic 12. Completion of work

over oral presentation

The end is the crown

Literature:

Secondly, at the end of the speech, its main theses can be briefly repeated, the main idea and importance for the listeners of the topic discussed can be emphasized once again.

Thirdly, at the end of the speech, the speaker can outline the topic of the next or the development of the ideas expressed by him. So, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov completed his lecture from the cycle "Physiology of Digestion" with the words:

“So, you see that under the influence of ptyalin, starch passed from an insoluble state to a soluble one. Next time you will see that the changes have gone much deeper.

Fourthly, the speaker can set some tasks, invite him to express his opinion, argue.

The conclusion may be short or absent altogether. The nature of the end of the speech depends on the purpose of the speech: to influence the intellectual or emotional sphere of the listeners. These spheres can intersect, which is due to the peculiarities of human perception. , analyzing a speech about the life path of Lomonosov, wrote: “The end of the speech should round it off, that is, connect it with the beginning. For example, in a speech about Lomonosov, you can say:

“So, we saw Lomonosov as a fisherman boy and an academician. Where is the reason for such a wonderful fate? The reason is only in the thirst for knowledge, in the heroic labor and the multiplied talent allotted to him by nature. All this exalted the poor son of the fisherman and glorified his name.

The conclusion should be short and concise. This part of the speech should not be made too lengthy - this makes it difficult to perceive it. Remember that the conclusion is prepared by the entire previous presentation. In its parts there should be no contradictions with the main part. Unsuccessful closing words can spoil the good impression of the whole speech. Therefore, they should be carefully considered.

WORKSHOP

EXERCISE 1 . Analyze examples of speech conclusions. What attention-getting techniques do they use? What goals (impact on the intellectual, emotional spheres of listeners) do speakers set for themselves?

My friends, I have given you one of the views on the problem, I have shown you the direction of my searches, the way of thinking. But I did not come here to teach, but to argue on issues that concern everyone, I came to learn. I remember too well and share the testament of the great Greek statesman and poet Solon, who literally said the following: “I grow old, always learning!” How wonderful! That is why I want to feel the beating of thought in our scientific dialogue, to hear other opinions and points of view. Yes, yes, I came here to argue, to learn to think!

I think, gracious sirs, that no matter how mildly a society treats its members, it must remember that justice is the same mathematics. No mathematician will say 3x3 = 9, but for my girlfriend = 10: he 3x3 = 9 for everyone.

Also, the fact of a criminal act remains criminal - it doesn't matter if people who you have never seen are sitting in the dock, or people close to you, even brothers, friends. If you have come to judge a fact, then you must call him white if he is white; if the fact is not pure, then they must say that it is not pure, and let the defendants know that they have to wash and wash ...

I will finish my speech with one anecdote from Eastern life - sometimes it does not hurt to look back at the East, which has beautiful sayings and beautiful anecdotes. One Turkish narrator says that there was a judge in Turkey who had to judge the deeds of his father; he sentenced his father to 90 blows with a stick and, mixing tears with ink, signed the verdict. During the execution of the sentence, when the father was being beaten, the son stood right there and cried, and when the blows were stopped, he was the first to rush to hug and kiss his father.

Imitate in the good East: when you see that an act is criminal, say that it is criminal, and then, remaining human, squeeze in your arms people who deserve punishment through their own fault...

TASK 2 . Do you think the following ways of concluding a speech are successful?

1. “To live life, not to cross the field”; “Without labor, you can’t even pull a fish out of a pond”; "If you like to ride, love to carry sleds."

2. "I am aware that I did not manage to explain everything as it should, but still ..."; “I hate to bore you with some more details, but, finishing the speech, I would also like to add that ...”.

3. "As you can see, nothing can be changed (corrected), .."; "We can only wait and hope for a successful combination of circumstances ...".

4. "That's all"; "I've already said everything"; "This is the end of my speech."

Control questions:

1. What role does the conclusion play in the oratorical monologue?

2. What can the end of oratory contain?

3. Why should the conclusion be short?

Task for extracurricular independent work

Briefing: finish the oral monologue. Write a monologue on a clean copy, prepare for a speech.

Topic 13. Oral presentation

Practical work No. 3

Purpose: to present your oratorical monologue; evaluate the monologues of comrades.

Briefing: listen to the speeches of your classmates and analyze them according to the plan.

Oratory analysis plan

1. Disclosure of the topic. The topic is open if:

important material is given in the text, questions are disclosed;

important aspects of the problem are touched upon;

The culture of the speaker's speech: the correctness of words and expressions, their stylistic relevance, the correctness of stress and pronunciation, etc.

4. Plastic speaker: eye contact, posture, facial expressions, gestures ...

5. Is there contact with the audience?

5. General impressions of the performance.

1. Theme and purpose

Interested? Appropriate? Relevant?

2. Introduction

Is it interesting? Have you used an attention grabbing technique? Isn't it too long?

3. Main part

Is the plan well thought out? Is all material relevant? Are there enough examples? Is the content specific? Has the goal been achieved?

4. Conclusion

Clear? Is there a generalization of what has been said?

5. Pronunciation Is the speaker confident? Is the posture correct? Gestures?

Is the pace of speech good? Monotone? Is there contact with the audience? Are there any speech errors?

6. Tips for the presenter

SECTION 3

JUNIOR EDITOR

Topic 14. Types of texts

Plan:

1. The concept of the text

2. Types of texts

Literature:

1. Antonov's speech. Rhetoric lessons. - Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, 1997. - P.133-150.

2. Babaitsev language. 10-11 grades. - M.: Drofa, 2004. - S.51-63

3. Kokhtev. Textbook for students in grades 8-9 general. inst. –M.: Enlightenment, 1996. – P.147-151

4. Speech. Speech. Speech: A book for teachers / Ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya. - M.: Pedagogy, 1990. - S.260-333.

1. The concept of the text

Text- the largest unit of the syntactic system, the result of complex mental and speech activity. Knowledge of the language and proficiency in speech involves the ability to build a text and perceive it (understand when listening, reading).

Text- a combination of sentences that are related semantically and grammatically. The sentences in the text are arranged in a logically coherent sequence. The most important qualities of the text - wholeness and connection. Integrity is the semantic internal unity of the text, and coherence is the presence of formal (grammatical) and semantic connections of sentences in the text1.

Theme of the text- this is what (about whom) it says. The topic of the text determines all its characteristics: ways of expressing the topic, types of speech, syntax of the text, ways and means of linking parts of the text, etc.

When creating a text, you need to comprehend its topic well.. The text must be informative, i.e. contain a relevant message that is of interest to the addressee. Destination is the person(s) for whom the text is intended. The creator of the text must take into account the situation of communication, the nature of the addressee of the speech and a number of other factors.

2. Types of texts

2.1. Narration

Narration- This is a type of speech that usually reports on actions and events that follow each other in time.

The story is dynamic. It has movement. The text-narrative is built according to the following scheme: → → → →…

chain.

The first sentence contains a topic: an indication of an agent, a natural phenomenon, etc. At the beginning of a sentence there may be words somehowpah, once etc., indicating the time and place of the event. The main indicator of the text-narrative is the form of perfective verbs. The following sentences (2nd, 3rd, etc.) show how one action (event, etc.) is replaced by another, one picture - another. The number of such offers is unlimited.

Consider thunderstorm description at 1:

... Levin fell silent and drew the attention of the guests to the fact that the clouds had gathered and that it was better to go home from the rain.<...>

But the cloud, now turning white, now turning black, was advancing so quickly that it was necessary to add a step more in order to be in time for home before the rain. Leading it, low and black as smoke with soot, the clouds ran across the sky with unusual speed. There were still two hundred paces to the house, and already the wind had picked up, and one could expect a downpour at any second.<...>

In this short period of time, the cloud had already moved its center so far into the sun that it became dark, as in an eclipse. The wind stubbornly, as if insisting on its own, stopped Levin and, tearing off the leaves and blossoms from the lindens and ugly and strangely exposing the white branches of birches, bent everything in one direction: acacias, flowers, burdocks, grass and tops of trees. The girls working in the garden ran screaming under the roof of the people's room. The white curtain of heavy rain had already captured the entire distant forest and half of the near field and was rapidly moving towards Kolk. The dampness of the rain, breaking into small drops, was heard in the air.

Bending his head forward and struggling with the wind, which was tearing his handkerchiefs from him, Levin was already running up to Kolk and already saw something whitening behind the oak, when suddenly everything flared up, the whole earth caught fire and it was as if the vault of heaven cracked overhead. Opening his blinded eyes, through the thick veil of rain now separating him from Kolk, Levin saw with horror, first of all, the green top of a familiar oak tree in the middle of the forest had strangely changed its position. "Did it break?" - Levin had hardly time to think, when, speeding up and speeding up his movement, the top of the oak disappeared behind other trees, and he heard the crack of a large tree that had fallen on other trees.

The light of lightning, the sound of thunder, and the sensation of a body instantly drenched in cold merged for Levin into one impression of horror.(....)

(L. Tolstoy . Anna Karenina)

The characteristic features of a narrative text are perfective verbs, denoting actions that replace each other in time. Imperfective singular verbs denote the duration or repetition of actions. Yes, Tolstoy "clouds with extraordinary speed ran across the sky", "the dampness of the rain ... was heard in the air."

Descriptions of an approaching and bursting thunderstorm are wonderful examples of narrative text in fiction (cf. also the description of a thunderstorm y, "Steppe").

How means of communication of proposals words used in narrative text first of all, first of all, in the first place etc., indicating the beginning of the text; then, then, after that etc., denoting the course of events; finally, in the end, finally etc., often concluding the text. The sequence of actions, change of events, etc. can be expressed by the lexical meaning of verb forms:

Day and night pass. A cloudy and dry morning comes.(A. Kuprin)

The narrative can be represented by a series of denominative (nominative) sentences. The story develops rapidly in the following examples:

The house was hidden behind a hillock.

The sled runs straight ahead.

Turn, estate Gorki,

Garden, backyard, white house .

(A. Tvardovsky)

2.2. Description

Description -This is a type of speech in which, with varying degrees of completeness, the signs and properties of various objects are indicated.

The subject of the description can be representatives of the living and plant world (human, animal, bird, etc.), nature, settlement, premises, etc. The text description is usually built according to the scheme:

https://pandia.ru/text/78/331/images/image009_18.gif" width="31" height="42">

This type of communication is called parallel

First the offer contains topic. Next after it, sentences denote some feature, property of the subject of speech, characterize some detail of the overall picture. The number of characterizing sentences is unlimited. Sentences concretizing the overall picture are connected by a non-union or coordinative connection.

The description is mostly static. The described subject can be presented in one frame of a film, a transparencies, in one photograph, etc. When narrating, several frames of a film are needed, etc.

The most frequent descriptions of the portrait and nature.

wonderful portrait characteristics Russian women gives

There are women in Russian villages

With calm gravity of faces,

With beautiful strength in movements,

With a gait, with the eyes of queens.<...>

Stop a galloping horse

He will enter the burning hut.

("Jack Frost")

Let's give an example descriptions nature1(keywords highlighted):

Especially good sunrise sun over ocean! Being a sailor, standing on watch, I observed many times how ascending the sun changes its color: sometimes it swells up with a flaming ball, sometimes it is covered with fog or distant clouds. And everything around suddenly changes.

Distant shores, crests of oncoming waves seem different. The color of the sky is changing golden blue a tent covering the boundless sea. Foam on the crests of the waves seems gold. Golden seagulls seem to be flying behind the stern. Scarlet gold the masts shine, the painted side of the ship shines ...

A new day is born! How many meetings and adventures does he promise a young happy sailor?

(I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

Keywords in the descriptive text are varied in meaning. They can denote external and internal features and properties of an object, usually with an estimated value: the state of a person, natural phenomena, etc. When describing, they are mainly used adjectives and nouns with evaluative meaning, imperfective verbs, state names and etc.

When describing, more often than in narration and reasoning, artistic and visual means. In descriptive texts, as a rule, nominal predicates are used (in narrative texts - verbs). Nominal predicates and provide static, lack of movement in time.

Description can be provided series nominal suggestions:

Moscow of our childhood: trams as a curiosity; peaceful, slow trams; blue wadded dressing gowns of cabbies, cabs, then still without rubber tyres. The slowness of traffic. Pedestrians between horse heads. Houses of quiet, cozy streets. Signboards, pretzels, rolls. Peddlers. Kerosene lanterns...

(A. Tsvetaeva)

In this passage, everything froze, everything seemed to stop, as in a fairy tale about a sleeping princess who was awakened by a kiss by a prince. Peace, immobility of the presented picture does not violate, but emphasizes, strengthens the proposal The slowness of traffic.

2.3. reasoning

reasoning- This is a type of speech in which a causal relationship of events and phenomena is established. Reasoning requires a logically coherent system of evidence, since the purpose of reasoning is to convince the addressee of something, to strengthen or even change his opinion.

A typical (complete) reasoning is built according to a scheme in which three parts are distinguished:

1) thesis (position to be proved);

Humor and satire are two varieties of the comic. We encounter funny things both in life and in art, including literature.

Why is laughter necessary? What role does it play in people's lives? The question may be confusing. After all, laughter is when it's just funny and no one thinks about what role it plays in this case. But laughter is different from laughter, and the writer knows in advance what kind of laughter his reader will laugh with.

There is a cheerful, kind laugh. They call it humor. With such laughter, we laugh at funny words, the way they are pronounced.

Recall "Alice in Wonderland" by L. Carroll. The funny situations that the characters find themselves in also cause laughter. The characters are also funny. For example, all types of eccentrics cause a smile, which include Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. Understanding the versatility and complexity of life is a hallmark of humor.

In addition to cheerful, good-natured laughter, there is angry, angry laughter. It's called satire. Satire has been known since ancient times. This word is of Latin origin and literally means “all sorts of things”, “mixture”. Satire is a merciless denunciation. No wonder there is an expression "scourge of satire."

Satire in literature sticks out and exaggerates human vices to such an extent that they become ridiculous. For example, Gogol makes fun of the mayor's dream of becoming a general. “After all, why do you want to be a general? Because, if it happens, you go somewhere - courier and adjutants will jump forward everywhere: “Horses!” ... ”The mayor’s dream comes down, against his will, to humiliation of himself. Because the mayor is himself. The dream is bizarre and funny, but this laughter is bitter. It reveals some deep flaw in a person.

The same gloomy and revealing laughter evokes Khlestakov’s boastful and invented from the first to the last word story about how he entered the department “I only go in for two minutes ... with the only thing to say: it’s like that, it’s like that, and there is already an official for writing, a kind of rat, with only a pen: tr, tr ... went to write. He tells with taste, but after all, the “rat” is himself, Khlestakov. To what degree of self-humiliation did you have to reach in order to see yourself in such a capacity? Funny? More bitter.

It is also funny when the ugly, at all costs, wants to present himself as beautiful, insignificant, petty - tall, weak - strong, stupid - smart.

Satire is characterized by an open expression of hostility, rude and sometimes offensive vocabulary, and deliberate sharpness of assessments. Is satire necessary? Certainly. By ridiculing the negative in a person and in society, she helps to get rid of it. So sometimes it is useful to offend a person, as the great writers J. Swift offended him. Molière, E. Raspe, N. Gogol, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin.

The main features of satire:

• a kind of comic;
• angry, evil, destructive laughter;
• sharpness, sometimes fantastic, of life situations and characters;
• violation of proportions in the depicted phenomena;
• the presence of hyperbole, less often litotes;
• positive hero expressed implicitly;
• orientation against negative phenomena in society and the character of a person.

Gorodnichiy, Anna Andreevna and Marya Antonovna.

mayor. What, Anna Andreevna? A? Have you thought about it?

This rich prize, channel! Well, admit it frankly: you have never seen it in a dream - just from some mayor's wife and suddenly ... phew, you canal! .. with what a devil you have become related!

Anna Andreevna. Not at all; I have known this for a long time. This is a curiosity for you, because you are a simple person, you have never seen decent people.

mayor. I myself, mother, am a decent person. However, really, what do you think, Anna Andreevna, what birds we have become now! What about Anna Andreevna? Fly high, damn it! Wait, now I'm going to put all these hunters to file requests and denunciations to the pepper. Hey, who's there?

The quarterly is included.

Ah, it's you, Ivan Karpovich! Call here, brother, merchants! Here I am, canals! So complain about me? You see, you damned Jewish people! Wait, doves! Before, I only fed you to the mustache, but now I will feed you to the beard. Write down everyone who just went to beat me with their foreheads, and these are the most scribblers, scribblers who twisted them

requests. Yes, announce to everyone so that they know: what, they say, what an honor God sent to the mayor - that he gives his daughter out not just for some ordinary person, but for such that there has never been in the world, that he can do everything, everything, everything, everything! Let everyone know so everyone knows. Shout out to all the people, roll the bells, damn it! When there is a celebration, so a celebration!

The quarterly is leaving.

So, Anna Andreevna, huh? How are we now, where will we live? Here or in St. Petersburg?

Anna Andreevna Naturally, in St. Petersburg. How can you stay here!

Mayor. Well, in St. Petersburg so in St. Petersburg; and it would be good here too. What, after all, I think, then the township is already to hell, eh, Anna Andreevna?

Anna Andreevna. Naturally, what a township!

mayor. After all, what do you think, Anna Andreevna, now you can get a big rank, because he is a friend of all the ministers and goes to the palace, so

Anna Andreevna. Still (of course you can.

Anna Andreevna. You like everything so rough. You must remember that life needs to be completely changed, that

can do such a production that over time you will fit into the generals. What do you think, Anna Andreevna: is it possible to fit into the generals?

Anna Andreevna. Still, "of course you can.

mayor. And, damn it, it's nice to be a general! The cavalry will be hung over your shoulder. And which cavalry is better, Anna Andreevna: red or blue?

Anna Andreevna. Of course blue is better.

Mayor. Eh? see what you want! good and red. Why do you want to be a general? - because, if it happens, you go somewhere - courier and adjutants will jump forward everywhere: "Horses!" And there at the stations they won’t give it to anyone, everything is waiting: all these titular, captains, governors, and you don’t even blow your mustache. You dine somewhere with the governor, and there - stop, mayor! He, he, he! (Burns and dies with laughter.) That's what, kanalstvo, tempting!

Anna Andreevna. You like everything that is rough. You must remember that life needs to be completely changed, that your acquaintances will not be just some kind of dog judge with whom you go to hunt hares, or Strawberry; on the contrary, your acquaintances will be treated with the most subtle treatment: counts and all secular ... Only I, really, am afraid for you: sometimes you will utter such a word that you will never hear in good society.

mayor. Well? because the word does not hurt.

Anna Andreevna. Yes, it's good when you were a mayor. But life is completely different there.

mayor. Yes, there, they say, there are two fish: vendace and smelt, such that only saliva will flow as soon as you start eating.

Anna Andreevna. All he wants is fish! It’s not otherwise that I want our house to be the first in the capital and that I have such an ambiance in my room that it’s impossible to enter and all you have to do is shut your eyes like that. (Closes his eyes and sniffs.) Ah, how good!

2. Take five more pieces (classical or contemporary). Read them and choose

one scene from each play. Think about the motivations of the characters in terms of basic needs theory. Record the results in a diary.