What artistic technique is used in this example. What are literary devices called?

TROPE

Trope is a word or expression used figuratively to create artistic image and achieve greater expressiveness. Pathways include techniques such as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes referred to as hyperbolas and litotes. No work of art is complete without tropes. The artistic word is polysemantic; the writer creates images, playing with the meanings and combinations of words, using the environment of the word in the text and its sound - all this makes up the artistic possibilities of the word, which is the only tool of the writer or poet.
Note! When creating a trail, the word is always used in a figurative sense.

Consider the different types of trails:

EPITHET(Greek Epitheton, attached) - this is one of the tropes, which is an artistic, figurative definition. An epithet can be:
adjectives: gentle face (S. Yesenin); these poor villages, this meager nature ... (F. Tyutchev); transparent maiden (A. Blok);
participles: edge abandoned(S. Yesenin); frantic dragon (A. Blok); takeoff radiant(M. Tsvetaeva);
nouns, sometimes together with their surrounding context: Here he is, leader without squad(M. Tsvetaeva); My youth! My dove is swarthy!(M. Tsvetaeva).

Each epithet reflects the uniqueness of the author's perception of the world, therefore it necessarily expresses some kind of assessment and has a subjective meaning: a wooden shelf is not an epithet, so there is no artistic definition, a wooden face is an epithet that expresses the impression of the interlocutor speaking about the facial expression, that is, creating an image.
There are stable (permanent) folklore epithets: remote burly kind Well done, It's clear the sun, as well as tautological, that is, epithets-repetitions that have the same root with the word being defined: Oh you, grief is bitter, boredom is boring, mortal! (A. Blok).

In a work of art An epithet can perform various functions:

• characterize the subject: shining eyes, eyes diamonds;
• create atmosphere, mood: gloomy morning;
• convey the attitude of the author (narrator, lyrical hero) to the subject being characterized: "Where will our prankster"(A. Pushkin);
• combine all previous functions in equal proportions (in most cases, the use of the epithet).

Note! All color terms in a literary text are epithets.

COMPARISON- this is an artistic technique (tropes), in which an image is created by comparing one object with another. Comparison differs from other artistic comparisons, for example, similes, in that it always has a strict formal feature: a comparative construction or a turnover with comparative conjunctions. as, as if, as if, exactly, as if and the like. Type expressions he looked like... cannot be considered a comparison as a trope.

Comparison examples:

Comparison also plays certain roles in the text: sometimes authors use the so-called extended comparison, revealing various signs of a phenomenon or conveying one's attitude to several phenomena. Often the work is entirely based on comparison, as, for example, V. Bryusov's poem "Sonnet to Form":

PERSONALIZATION- an artistic technique (tropes), in which an inanimate object, phenomenon or concept is given human properties (do not confuse, it is human!). Personification can be used narrowly, in one line, in a small fragment, but it can be a technique on which the whole work is built (“You are my abandoned land” by S. Yesenin, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Violin and a little nervously” by V. Mayakovsky and others). Personification is considered one of the types of metaphor (see below).

Impersonation task- correlate the depicted object with a person, make it closer to the reader, figuratively comprehend the inner essence of the object, hidden from everyday life. Personification is one of the oldest figurative means of art.

HYPERBOLA(Greek Hyperbole, exaggeration) is a technique in which an image is created through artistic exaggeration. Hyperbole is not always included in the set of tropes, but by the nature of the use of the word in a figurative sense to create an image, hyperbole is very close to tropes. A technique opposite to hyperbole in content is LITOTES(Greek Litotes, simplicity) is an artistic understatement.

Hyperbole allows the author to show the reader in an exaggerated form the most characteristic features of the depicted object. Often, hyperbole and litotes are used by the author in an ironic vein, revealing not just characteristic, but negative, from the author's point of view, sides of the subject.

METAPHOR(Greek Metaphora, transfer) - a type of so-called complex trope, speech turnover, in which the properties of one phenomenon (object, concept) are transferred to another. Metaphor contains a hidden comparison, a figurative likening of phenomena using the figurative meaning of words, what the object is compared with is only implied by the author. No wonder Aristotle said that "to compose good metaphors means to notice similarities."

Metaphor examples:

METONYMY(Greek Metonomadzo, rename) - type of trail: a figurative designation of an object according to one of its signs.

Examples of metonymy:

When studying the topic "Means of artistic expression" and completing tasks, pay special attention to the definitions of the above concepts. You must not only understand their meaning, but also know the terminology by heart. This will protect you from practical mistakes: knowing for sure that the comparison technique has strict formal features (see theory on topic 1), you will not confuse this technique with a number of other artistic techniques that are also based on a comparison of several objects, but are not a comparison .

Please note that you must start your answer either with the suggested words (by rewriting them) or with your own version of the beginning of the full answer. This applies to all such assignments.

• Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
• Polyakov M. Rhetoric and Literature. Theoretical aspects. - In the book: Questions of Poetics and Artistic Semantics. - M.: Sov. writer, 1978.
• Dictionary of literary terms. - M., 1974.

As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important constituent element of it. The correct use of vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.

In the context, the word is a special world, a mirror of the author's perception and attitude to reality. It has its own, metaphorical, accuracy, its own special truths, called artistic revelations, the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.

The individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotional image of this or that. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring that creates a kind of world that we discover when reading the text.

Not only in literary, but also in oral, colloquial speech, we use, without hesitation, various methods of artistic expression to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, and imagery. Let's see what artistic techniques are in the Russian language.

The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.

Metaphor

Artistic devices in literature cannot be imagined without mentioning the most important of them - a way to create a linguistic picture of the world based on the meanings already existing in the language itself.

The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:

1. Fossilized, worn, dry or historical (bow of a boat, eye of a needle).
2. Phraseological units are stable figurative combinations of words that have emotionality, metaphor, reproducibility in the memory of many native speakers, expressiveness (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
3. A single metaphor (for example, a homeless heart).
4. Unfolded (heart - "porcelain bell in yellow China" - Nikolai Gumilyov).
5. Traditional poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
6. Individually-author's (hump of the sidewalk).

In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, paraphrase, meiosis, litote and other tropes.

The word "metaphor" itself means "transfer" in Greek. In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of the name from one subject to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some kind of similarity, they must be related in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects on some basis.

As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the absence of expressiveness of the work.

Metaphor can be both simple and detailed. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded in poetry is revived, and the nature of simple changes significantly.

Metonymy

Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means "renaming", that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word by another on the basis of the existing adjacency of two concepts, objects, etc. This is an imposition on the direct meaning of a figurative one. For example: "I ate two plates." The confusion of meanings, their transfer is possible because the objects are adjacent, and the adjacency can be in time, space, etc.

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means "correlation". Such a transfer of meaning takes place when a smaller one is called instead of a larger one, or vice versa - instead of a part - a whole, and vice versa. For example: "According to Moscow".

Epithet

Artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, cannot be imagined without an epithet. This is a figure, a trope, a figurative definition, a phrase or a word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action from the subjective author's position.

Translated from Greek, this term means "attached, application", that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.

An epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness.

Permanent epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those of them belong to paths, the function of which is played by words in a figurative sense, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed by words in a direct sense (red berry, beautiful flowers). Figurative are created by using words in a figurative sense. Such epithets are called metaphorical. The metonymic transfer of the name can also underlie this trope.

An oxymoron is a kind of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, which form combinations with definable nouns that are opposite in meaning to words (hating love, joyful sadness).

Comparison

Comparison - a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of various objects by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. Usually it is expressed using certain words: "exactly", "as if", "like", "as if". Comparisons can also take the instrumental form.

personification

Describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a kind of metaphor, which is the assignment of the properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often it is created by referring to similar natural phenomena as conscious living beings. The personification is also the transfer of human properties to animals.

Hyperbole and litote

Let us note such methods of artistic expressiveness in literature as hyperbole and litotes.

Hyperbole (in translation - "exaggeration") is one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggeration of what is being discussed.

Litota (in translation - "simplicity") - the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is at stake (a boy with a finger, a peasant with a fingernail).

Sarcasm, irony and humor

We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be supplemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.

• Sarcasm means "I tear meat" in Greek. This is an evil irony, a caustic mockery, a caustic remark. When using sarcasm, a comic effect is created, but at the same time, an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt.
• Irony in translation means "pretense", "mockery". It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is implied.
• Humor is one of the lexical means of expression, in translation meaning "mood", "temper". In a comical, allegorical manner, whole works can sometimes be written in which one feels a mockingly good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story "Chameleon" by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.

The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to you the following.

Grotesque

The most important artistic devices in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "fancy". This artistic technique is a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the work of, for example, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin ("Lord Golovlevs", "History of a City", fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of hyperbole.

Sarcasm, irony, humor, and the grotesque are popular artistic devices in literature. Examples of the first three - and N. N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, "Gulliver's Travels").

What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel "Lord Golovlevs"? Of course, grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic devices in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.

Pun

A pun is a figure of speech that is an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that occurs when two or more meanings of a word are used in the context or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.

In puns, word play is based on homonymy and ambiguity. Anecdotes emerge from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A.P. Chekhov.

Figure of speech - what is it?

The word "figure" itself is translated from Latin as "appearance, outline, image." This word has many meanings. What does this term mean in relation to artistic speech? Syntactic means of expression related to figures: rhetorical exclamations, questions, appeals.

What is a "trope"?

"What is the name of the artistic technique that uses the word in a figurative sense?" - you ask. The term "trope" combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litote, hyperbole, personification and others. In translation, the word "trope" means "turn". Artistic speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special phrases that decorate speech and make it more expressive. Different styles use different means of expression. The most important thing in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a text, a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.

We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them evoke positive emotions in us, while others, on the contrary, excite, alert, cause anxiety, soothe or induce sleep. Different sounds evoke different images. With the help of their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading works of art of literature and Russian folk art, we especially acutely perceive their sound.

Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness

• Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
• Assonance is the intentional harmonic repetition of vowels.

Often alliteration and assonance are used in works at the same time. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.

Reception of sound writing in fiction

Sound writing is an artistic technique, which is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, the selection of words that imitate the sounds of the real world. This technique in fiction is used both in poetry and in prose.

Sound types:

1. Assonance means "consonance" in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It contributes to the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm, rhyme of poems.
2. Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in an artistic text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
3. Onomatopoeia - the transmission of special words, reminiscent of the sounds of the phenomena of the surrounding world, auditory impressions.

These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.

Poetic devices are an important component of a beautiful rich poem. Poetic techniques significantly help to ensure that the poem is interesting, diverse. It is very useful to know what poetic devices the author uses.

Poetic devices

Epithet

The epithet in poetry, as a rule, is used to emphasize one of the properties of the described object, process or action.

This term is of Greek origin and literally means "attached". At its core, an epithet is a definition of an object, action, process, event, etc., expressed in an artistic form. Grammatically, the epithet is most often an adjective, but other parts of speech, such as numerals, nouns, and even verbs, can also be used as an adjective. Depending on the location, epithets are divided into prepositional, postpositional and dislocation epithets.

Comparisons

Comparison is one of the expressive techniques, in the use of which certain properties that are most characteristic of an object or process are revealed through similar qualities of another object or process.

trails

Literally, the word "trope" means "turn" in Greek. However, the translation, although reflecting the essence of this term, cannot reveal its meaning even approximately. A trope is an expression or a word used by the author in a figurative, allegorical sense. Through the use of tropes, the author gives the described object or process a vivid characteristic that evokes certain associations in the reader and, as a result, a sharper emotional reaction.

Tropes are usually divided into several types depending on what kind of semantic shade the word or expression was used in a figurative sense: metaphor, allegory, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, irony.

Metaphor

Metaphor is an expressive means, one of the most common tropes, when, on the basis of the similarity of one or another attribute of two different objects, a property inherent in one object is assigned to another. Most often, when using a metaphor, the authors use words to highlight one or another property of an inanimate object, the direct meaning of which serves to describe the features of animate objects, and vice versa, revealing the properties of an animate object, they use words whose use is typical for describing inanimate objects.

personification

Personification is an expressive technique, when using which the author consistently transfers several signs of animate objects to an inanimate object. These signs are selected according to the same principle as when using a metaphor. Ultimately, the reader has a special perception of the described object, in which an inanimate object has the image of a living being or is endowed with qualities inherent in living beings.

Metonymy

When using metonymy, the author replaces one concept with another based on the similarity between them. Close in meaning in this case are cause and effect, material and the thing made from it, action and tool. Often, the name of its author or the name of the owner for property is used to refer to a work.

Synecdoche

A kind of trope, the use of which is associated with a change in the quantitative relationships between objects or objects. So, the plural is often used instead of the singular, or vice versa, a part instead of the whole. In addition, when using synecdoche, the genus can be designated by the name of the species. This expressive means in poetry is less common than, for example, a metaphor.

Antonomasia

Antonomasia is an expressive means, when using which the author uses a proper name instead of a common noun, for example, based on the presence of a particularly strong character trait in the cited character.

Irony

Irony is a strong expressive means that has a shade of mockery, sometimes a slight mockery. When using irony, the author uses words with an opposite meaning so that the reader himself guesses the true properties of the described object, object or action.

Gain or gradation

When using this expressive means, the author arranges theses, arguments, his thoughts, etc. as their importance or persuasiveness increases. Such a consistent presentation allows you to multiply the significance of the thought expressed by the poet.

opposition or antithesis

Contrasting is an expressive means that makes it possible to make a particularly strong impression on the reader, to convey to him the strong excitement of the author due to the rapid change of concepts that are opposite in meaning and are used in the text of the poem. Also, opposite emotions, feelings and experiences of the author or his hero can be used as an object of opposition.

Default

By default, the author intentionally or involuntarily omits some concepts, and sometimes entire phrases and sentences. In this case, the presentation of thoughts in the text turns out to be somewhat confused, less consistent, which only emphasizes the special emotionality of the text.

Exclamation

An exclamation can appear anywhere in a poetic work, but, as a rule, the authors use it, intonation highlighting especially emotional moments in the verse. At the same time, the author focuses the reader's attention on the moment that especially excited him, telling him his experiences and feelings.

Inversion

To make the language of a literary work more expressive, special means of poetic syntax are used, called figures of poetic speech. In addition to repetition, anaphora, epiphora, antithesis, rhetorical question and rhetorical address, inversion is quite common in prose and especially in versification (Latin inversio - permutation).

The use of this stylistic device is based on the unusual word order in the sentence, which gives the phrase a more expressive connotation. The traditional construction of a sentence requires the following sequence: the subject, the predicate and the definition standing before the denoted word: "The wind drives the gray clouds." However, this word order is typical, to a greater extent, for prose texts, and in poetic works there is often a need for intonational emphasis on a word.

Classical examples of inversion can be found in Lermontov's poetry: "A lone sail turns white / In the blue fog of the sea ...". Another great Russian poet Pushkin considered inversion to be one of the main figures of poetic speech, and often the poet used not only contact, but also remote inversion, when, when rearranging words, other words are wedged between them: “Old man obedient to Perun alone ...”.

Inversion in poetic texts performs an accent or semantic function, a rhythm-forming function for building a poetic text, as well as the function of creating a verbal-figurative picture. In prose works, inversion serves to place logical stresses, to express the author's attitude towards the characters and to convey their emotional state.

Alliteration

Alliteration is understood as a special literary device, which consists in the repetition of one or a series of sounds. In this case, the high frequency of these sounds in a relatively small speech area is of great importance. For example, "Where the grove neighs guns neighs." However, if whole words or word forms are repeated, as a rule, there is no talk of alliteration. Alliteration is characterized by an irregular repetition of sounds, and this is precisely the main feature of this literary device. Usually, alliteration is used in poetry, but in some cases alliteration can also be found in prose. So, for example, V. Nabokov very often uses the technique of alliteration in his works.

Alliteration differs from rhyme primarily in that repetitive sounds are not concentrated at the beginning and end of the line, but absolutely derivatively, albeit with high frequency. The second difference is the fact that, as a rule, consonant sounds are alliterated.

The main functions of the literary device of alliteration include onomatopoeia and the subordination of the semantics of words to associations that sounds cause in a person.

Assonance

Assonance is understood as a special literary device, which consists in the repetition of vowel sounds in a particular statement. This is the main difference between assonance and alliteration, where consonants are repeated. There are two slightly different applications of the assonance technique. Firstly, assonance is used as an original tool that gives a literary text, especially a poetic one, a special flavor.

For example,
"Our ears are on top,
A little morning lit up the guns
And the forests are blue tops -
The French are right there." (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Secondly, assonance is widely used to create inaccurate rhymes. For example, "city-hammer", "princess-incomparable."

In the Middle Ages, assonance was one of the most commonly used ways of rhyming poetry. However, both in modern poetry and in the poetry of the past century, one can quite easily find many examples of the use of the literary device of assonance. One of the textbook examples of the use of both rhyme and assonance in one quatrain is an excerpt from a poetic work by V. Mayakovsky:

“I will turn not into Tolstoy, so into a fat one -
Eat, write, from the heat of the bulldozer.
Who has not philosophized over the sea?
Water."

Anaphora

Anaphora is traditionally understood as such a literary device as monogamy. In this case, most often we are talking about repetition at the beginning of a sentence, line or paragraph of words and phrases. For example, "The winds did not blow in vain, the thunderstorm did not go in vain." In addition, with the help of anaphora, one can express the identity of certain objects or the presence of certain objects and different or identical properties. For example, "I'm going to a hotel, I hear a conversation there." Thus, we see that the anaphora in Russian is one of the main literary devices that serve to link the text. There are the following types of anaphora: sound anaphora, morphemic anaphora, lexical anaphora, syntactic anaphora, strophic anaphora, rhymic anaphora and strophic-syntactic anaphora. Quite often, anaphora, as a literary device, forms a symbiosis with such a literary device as gradation, that is, an increase in the emotional nature of the words in the text.

For example, "The cattle dies, the friend dies, the man himself dies."

Literary devices have been widely used at all times, not only by classics or authors, but also by marketers, poets and even ordinary people to more vividly recreate the story being told. Without them, it will not be possible to add liveliness to prose, poetry or an ordinary sentence, they decorate and allow you to feel as accurately as possible what the narrator wanted to convey to us.

Any work, regardless of its size or artistic direction, is based not only on the peculiarities of the language, but also directly on the poetic sound. This does not mean at all that certain information should be conveyed in rhymes. It is necessary that it be soft and beautiful, flow like poetry.

Of course, literary ones are quite different from those that people use in everyday life. An ordinary person, as a rule, will not choose words, he will give out such a comparison, metaphor or, for example, an epithet that will help him explain something faster. As for the authors, they do it more beautifully, sometimes even too pretentiously, but only when the work as a whole or its individual character in particular requires it.

Summing up

Thus, literary devices are so diverse that authors have a wide scope for their use. It should be noted that excessive passion for these elements will not make a beautiful work. It is necessary to be discreet in their use in order to make the reading smooth and soft.

It should be said about one more function that literary devices have. It lies in the fact that only with the help of them it is often possible to revive the character, create the necessary atmosphere, which is quite difficult without visual effects. However, in this case, you should not be zealous, because when the intrigue grows, but the denouement does not approach, the reader will certainly begin to look ahead with his eyes in order to calm himself. In order to learn how to skillfully use literary techniques, you need to familiarize yourself with the works of authors who already know how to do it.

1. Olympiad tasks of the school stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in 2013-2014
   Literature Grade 8
   Tasks.

   
   1.1. I walk on my hind legs.
   
   
   
   

   
   
   
   Walks smoothly like a swan;
   Looks sweet as a dove;
   The nightingale sings the word;
   Her cheeks are rosy,
   Like the dawn in God's heaven.

   
   

   2.5. Her eyes are like two clouds
   Half smile, half cry
   Her eyes are like two lies
   Covered in mist of failures.

   Combination of two mysteries
   Half delight, half fright
   A fit of insane tenderness,
   The anticipation of death torments.

   7, 5 points (0.5 points for the correct title of the work, 0.5 points for the correct title of the author of the work, 0.5 points for the correct name of the character)

   3. What places are associated with the life and creative path of poets and writers? Find matches.

   1.B. A. Zhukovsky. 1. Tarkhany.
   2.A. S. Pushkin. 2. Spasskoye Lutovinovo.
   3.N. A. Nekrasov. 3. Yasnaya Polyana.
   4.A. A. Blok. 4. Taganrog.
   5.N. V. Gogol. 5. Konstantinovo.
   6.M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. 6. Belev.
   7.M. Y. Lermontov. 7. Mikhailovskoye.
   8.I. S. Turgenev. 8. Sinful.
   9.L. N. Tolstoy. 9. Chess.
   10.A. P. Chekhov. 10. Vasilievka.
   11.C. A. Yesenin. 11. Saved the Corner.

   5.5 points (0.5 points for each correct answer)

   4.1. Oh memory of the heart! You are stronger
   Reason of sad memory
   And often with its sweetness
   You captivate me in a distant country.
   4.2. And the crows?
   Yes, they are to God!
   I'm in my own, not in someone else's forest.
   Let them scream, raise the alarm
   I won't die from croaking.
   4.3. I hear the songs of the lark,
   I hear the trill of the nightingale
   This is the Russian side
   This is my homeland!
   4.4. Hello, Russia is my homeland!
   How happy I am under your foliage!
   And there is no singing

2. 
   
   ALLEGORY
   

   3. ANALOGY
   

   4. ANOMASIA
   Replacing a person's name with an object.

   5. ANTITHESIS
   

   6. APPLICATION
   

   7. HYPERBOLE
   Exaggeration.

   8. Litota
   

   9. METAPHOR
   

   10. METONYMY
   

   11. OVERLAY
   

   12. OXYMORON
   Correlation by contrast

   13. NEGATIVE NEGATIVE
   Proof is to the contrary.

   14. REFRAIN
   

   15. SYNEGDOCHA
   

   16. CHIASM
   

   17. ELIPSIS
   

   18. EPHEMISM
   Replacing the rough with the graceful.

   ALL artistic techniques work equally in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author's style, taste and specific way of developing each specific thing. Olympiad tasks of the school stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in 2013-2014
   Literature Grade 8
   Tasks.

   1. Many fables contain expressions that have become proverbs and sayings. Indicate the name of the fables of I. A. Krylov according to the given lines.
   1.1. I walk on my hind legs.
   1.2. The Cuckoo praises the Rooster for praising the Cuckoo.
   1.3. When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go well.
   1.4. Deliver us, God, from such judges.
   1.5. A great man is only loud in business.

   5 points (1 point for each correct answer)

   2. Determine the works and their authors according to the given portrait characteristics. Indicate whose portrait this is.
   2.1. In holy Rus', our mother,
   Do not find, do not find such a beauty:
   Walks smoothly like a swan;
   Looks sweet as a dove;
   The nightingale sings the word;
   Her cheeks are rosy,
   Like the dawn in God's heaven.

   2.2. the official cannot be said to be very remarkable, short in stature, somewhat pockmarked, somewhat reddish, even somewhat blind-sighted, with a slight bald spot on his forehead, with wrinkles on both sides of his cheeks and a complexion, as they say, hemorrhoids

   2.3. (He) was a man of the most cheerful, most meek disposition, constantly sang in an undertone, looked carelessly in all directions, spoke a little through his nose, smiling, screwing up his light blue eyes, and often took his thin, wedge-shaped beard with his hand.

   2.4. All of him, from head to toe, was covered with hair, like the ancient Esau, and his nails became like iron. He has long ceased to blow his nose,
   he walked more and more on all fours and was even surprised that he had not noticed before that this way of walking was the most decent and most convenient.

   2.5. Her eyes are like two clouds
   Half smile, half cry
   Her eyes are like two lies
   Covered in mist of failures.

   Combination of two mysteries
   Half delight, half fright
   A fit of insane tenderness,
   The anticipation of death torments.

3. RECEPTION literary - includes all the means and moves that the poet uses in the "arrangement" (composition) of his work.
   For unfolding the material and creating an image, humanity has developed over the centuries certain generalized methods, techniques based on psychological patterns. They were discovered by ancient Greek rhetoricians and have since been successfully used in all arts. These techniques are called TROPES (from the Greek. Tropos - turn, direction).
   Paths are not recipes, but helpers, developed and tested over the centuries. Here they are:
   ALLEGORY
   Allegory, the expression of an abstract, abstract concept through specifics.

   3. ANALOGY
   Matching by similarity, establishing correspondences.

   4. ANOMASIA
   Replacing a person's name with an object.

   5. ANTITHESIS
   Contrasting opposites.

   6. APPLICATION
   Enumeration and piling up (homogeneous details, definitions, etc.).

   7. HYPERBOLE
   Exaggeration.

   8. Litota
   Understatement (reverse of hyperbole)

   9. METAPHOR
   Revelation of one phenomenon through another.

   10. METONYMY
   Establishing connections by adjacency, i.e., association by similar features.

   11. OVERLAY
   Direct and figurative meanings in one phenomenon.

   12. OXYMORON
   Correlation by contrast

   13. NEGATIVE NEGATIVE
   Proof is to the contrary.

   14. REFRAIN
   Repetition that enhances the expressiveness or power of impact.

   15. SYNEGDOCHA
   More instead of less and less instead of more.

   16. CHIASM
   Normal order in one and flip in the other (gag).

   17. ELIPSIS
   An artistically expressive omission (of some part or phase of an event, movement, etc.).

   18. EPHEMISM
   Replacing the rough with the graceful.

   ALL artistic techniques work equally in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author's style, taste and specific way of developing each specific thing.

4. personification
5. Literary primas are phenomena of a very different scale: they relate to various volumes of literature - from a line in a poem to a whole literary movement.
   Literary primas listed on Wikipedia:
   Allegory#8206; Metaphors#8206; Rhetorical figures#8206; Quote#8206; Euphemisms#8206; Auto-epigraph Alliteration Allusion Anagram Anachronism Antiphrasis Graphic verse Disposition
   Sound writing Yawning Allegory Contamination Lyrical digression Literary mask Logograph Macaronism Minus-prime Paronymy Stream of consciousness Reminiscence
   Figured poetry Black humor Aesopian language Epigraph.