Natural resources of the Russian plain map. The impact of human activity on the nature of the East European Plain
The natural resources of the Russian Plain are extremely diverse. Their main value lies in the fact that they are located in the most densely populated territory of the Russian Federation, which means that they are available for widespread use by people.
Water resources
The hydrogeographic network of the Russian Plain is represented by numerous lakes and rivers, including the largest river in Russia - the Volga. This river is of great economic importance, as it connects different economic regions of the Russian Federation with its waters. The Volga basin irrigates over 2.5 million hectares of land. The depth of the river and the volume of the basin allows navigation to function here.
Another major river of the Russian Plain, the Don, is currently experiencing an ecological crisis: the delta of the reservoir has significantly decreased, sea salt water flows into the river in large quantities, which annually reduces fish stocks. On the coasts of the Don and Volga, agriculture is very well developed, since there is no lack of moisture here.
The Russian Plain is also washed by the seas: Baltic, Barents, Caspian, White and Black.
The Baltic Sea is unusually rich in seafood, the production of which is actively seen in the Kaliningrad region. In addition, quite large oil reserves are located in the sea, but their production is currently problematic due to the threat to the environmental safety of the reservoir.
On the Russian coast of the Baltic Sea there are resorts - Pionersky, Svetlogorsk, Sestroretsk, and Zelenogorsk. The Black Sea is of great transport importance for the Russian Federation. On the Black Sea coast there are the main sea transport hubs, as well as fishing centers.
The source of natural gas and oil is the Caspian Sea. These resources are being actively mined here, which adversely affects the ecology of the sea. The smallest sea of the Russian Plain is the White Sea. Its total area, taking into account small islands, is approximately 90 thousand square meters. km. At the bottom of this sea, geologists recently discovered ferromanganese reserves, today they see the development of a project for their extraction.
Minerals
Mineral resources are represented mainly by iron ores, the springs of which are located on the lands of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. The balance reserves of iron ore in the Russian Plain become more than 50% of the entire country. The Belgorod region is rich in bauxite reserves with a high content of alumina.
On the territory of the Russian Plain there are chemical raw materials - phosphorites (Moscow and Bryansk regions), potash and rock salts (Verkhnekamsk basin). In the Tula, Moscow, Bryansk and Belgorod regions, stocks of building raw materials are widespread: marls, chalk, fine-grained and quartz sands, kaolin clays.
Fuel raw materials - oil, gas and peat, are extracted in the Kostroma, Ivanovo regions, and in the Middle Volga region.
Flora and fauna
The Russian Plain is rich in vegetation, which is feed for cattle. Steppes and semi-deserts are a pasture for sheep, the breeding of which is very common in the southern regions. Moss tundras are a food base for reindeer herding.
Of the industrial species of animals of the forest-tundra and tundra, ermine, scribe and upland game are of great value, of fish - whitefish, pike, salmon, and char. To preserve endangered species of plants and animals in 1931, the Central Forest Reserve was organized on the territory of the Russian Plain, which functions to this day.
Subject: "Natural resources of the Russian Plain and
problems of their rational use”.
Goals and objectives: Deepen and expand students' knowledge of natural
resources of the Russian Plain (types and their location).
Consider the problems of rational use
natural resources.
Determine the environmental problems of the Russian plain and
ways to solve them.
Equipment: Maps - physical, tectonic, natural zones,
map of the East European Plain, atlases.
During the classes
I organizational moment.
II Repetition. Checking homework.
1. Work with contour maps -3 students.
2. Work with textbook questions.
3. Characteristics of natural complexes.
4. Characteristics of natural monuments
a) Karelia;
b) Valdai;
The Russian Plain has favorable natural conditions. Do you remember what these conditions are?
· Plain relief;
· Moderately cold winter;
· Warm summer;
· Fertile soils;
Due to favorable conditions, the plain has been developed for a long time, most of the cities of Russia are located here, 60% of the population lives, railways have been laid, forming a dense transport network. The industry is highly developed, which uses a huge amount of natural resources.
Lesson topic: Natural resources of the Russian Plain (in a notebook).
What is a natural resource?
· Resources that are in the bowels of the earth and on the ground and are used by man in the economy.
What types of natural resources do you know?
Minerals (mineral);
Minerals are mineral formations of the earth's crust that a person uses in the economy.
First geography teacher
qualifying
P. g. t. Kamskoye Ustye 2007
The final test task in the geography of Russia in the 8th grade.
Test texts are taken from the collection of tests “Geography. Tests. Authors, . Kazan, Magarif Publishing House, 2003.
I option 2 option
1.p.3 #2 1.p.4 #2
2.p.7 #1 2.p.8 #1
3.p.11 #2;3 3.p.12 #2
4.str.12 No.7 4.str.13 No.3,7
5. p.18 No. 2;4 5. p. 20 No. 2,4
6. p.19 No. 9 6. p. 21 No. 10
7.p.25 No.2;3 7.p.27 No.2,3
8.p.26 #7 8.p.28.#8
9.p.33 #2 9.p.34 #2
10.p.37. №2 10.p.38 №2
11.p.41 #1 11.p.41 #2
12.p. 45 #1 12.p.45. #2
13.p. 49 #3 13.p.50 #4
14.p.53 #2 14.p.54 #2
3 option 4 option
1. p.5 #2 1. p.6 #2
2. p.9 No. 1 2. p. 10 No. 1
3. p.14 No. 2,3 3. p. 16 No. 3
4. p.15 No. 9 4. p. 17 No. 7.9
5. p.21 No. 2 5. p. 23 No. 1,2
6. p.22 No. 3,4 6. p. 24 No. 10
7. p.29 No. 2,3 7. p. 30 No. 2
8. p.30 No. 8 8. p. 31 No. 7,8
9. p.35 No. 5 9. p. 36 No. 3
10. p.39 #2 10.p.40 #4
11. p.42 No. 1 11. p. 43 No. 1
12. p.47 No. 1 12. p. 48 No. 1
13. p.51 No. 1 13. p. 51 No. 2
14. p.55 #2 14.p.56 #2
Geography. Beginner course in geography.
Profile level
Grade 11. 102 hours
Compiled
I approve:
deputy directors
Kamskoye Ustye
Kamskoustinskaya secondary school
Basics of economic theory.
Profile level
Grade 10. 102 hours
Calendar-thematic planning
Compiled
I approve:
deputy directors
Kamskoye Ustye
Kamskoustinskaya secondary school
Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan
Geography exam tickets for the basic school course
9th grade
Compiled
I approve
Director
Kamskoye Ustye 2008
Geography Tickets
1. The role of geographical science in solving important problems of the country's development. The need for a comprehensive geographical study of the country.
2. The national composition of the country's population. The main language families and groups, their placement.
3. Determination on the climatic map and explanation of climate differences in the areas of the cities of Sochi and Vladivostok.
1. Methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographical information.
Geographical differences in the economic activity of the population of Russia (give specific examples) Determination of the factors that influenced the location of ferrous metallurgy enterprises on the map (at the choice of the teacher)
1. Russia on the world map. Geographical position, size of the territory, borders, neighboring states.
2. Cultural and historical features of the peoples of Russia. The main religions prevalent in the country.
3. Characteristics according to maps of the geographical location of one of the regions of Russia (at the choice of the teacher)
1. The concept of geographical location. Features of nature, population and economy of individual territories of Russia. (give examples)
2. Fuel and energy complex: composition, importance in the economy, development problems. Fuel and Energy Complex and Problems of Environmental Protection.
3. Determination of directions and distances from a topographic map.
1. Time zones in Russia. Local and standard time.
2. Fuel industry: composition, location of the main areas of fuel production, development problems. Fuel industry and problems of environmental protection.
3. Determination on the map of the factors that influenced the location of the chemical enterprise (at the choice of the teacher)
Theme: Glaciers.
Purpose: 1. To give an idea about glaciers, about its types.
2. Show the conditions for the formation of glaciers.
3. Talk about the practical significance of glaciers.
4. Teach to identify on the map, using conventional signs,
location of mountain and sheet glaciers.
Equipment: physical map of the hemispheres, atlases, paintings "Mountain glaciers", "Continental ice and the formation of icebergs", "Profile of the ice sheet of Antarctica", video clip "Glaciers".
During the classes
IActualization.
1. What shells of the Earth do we know?
2. Which of them have we already studied?
3. What is the hydrosphere?
4. What parts does the hydrosphere consist of?
5. What applies to the waters of the land?
6. In what states does water occur in nature?
7. Which water is more fresh or salty?
II Learning new material.
We continue to study the hydrosphere. Today we will talk about another type of land water, which occurs in nature in a solid state and is fresh - these are glaciers. ( on the board the topic of the lesson)
Glaciers are not the same ice that forms on rivers and lakes in winter. The ice on them is frozen water. Glaciers are formed as a result of the accumulation of ice. The snow does not have time to melt, accumulates, is pressed and thus, glaciers are formed.
Why don't glaciers always form?
What are the conditions for this?
Glaciers exist. (diagram on the board)
DIV_ADBLOCK128">
Mountain glaciers form high in the mountains, where the air temperature is low and the snow does not have time to melt. The line above which the fallen snow does not have time to melt is called snow line. It changes as you move from the equator to the poles.
For example, on vl. Kilimanjaro in Africa, the snow line is at an altitude of 5000 m. ( find this volcano in atlases). In the Caucasus Mountains above 3000m ( found in atlases).
Demonstration of pictures of mountain glaciers.
Mountain glaciers can be compared to a river; they have a feeding area. They are flexible and move. When moving, a large amount of destroyed rocks, which are called moraine, are transferred.
Types of moraines:
terminal moraine;
· Lateral moraine.
Types of mountain glaciers:
Like caps on tops
In depressions, on slopes
In mountain valleys
An example of the Fedchenko glacier in the Pamirs ( we find this glacier on atlases) and look at the drawing in the textbook. This is a mountain-valley glacier, 71 km long, 1700 to 3100 m wide, there is a meteorological station on this glacier.
Another large glacier in Alaska is the Sard Malaspina, up to 100 km long and 25 km wide. All mountain glaciers make up only 1.5% of all glaciers, but they are of great importance. Which we will find out later.
Sheet glaciers
Covering means covering something. Let's remember if there are territories on Earth that are completely covered with ice. Of course, this is the mainland of Antarctica and the largest island on Earth, Greenland. ( work with maps and atlases).
In Antarctica, the volume of ice reaches 24 million km2, and only the coast is free of ice (0.2-0.3%). The glacier on the mainland is dome-shaped. Its average thickness reaches 1720 m, the largest is 4300 m.
Demonstration of the painting "Ice cover of Antarctica".
The temperature on the mainland is average, the lowest is -89.20. There are no permanent residents, only research stations.
In Greenland, the volume of ice reaches 2.6 million km2, the average ice thickness is 2300 m, and the maximum is 3400 m. There is a permanent population. The climate is milder and the flora is richer and more diverse.
When ice sheets flow from the center to the periphery, they break off. Huge ice mountains up to 45 km wide and 100 km long fall into the water with a roar, icebergs are formed. 90% of the mass of icebergs is under water.
Demonstration of the painting "Continental ice and the formation of icebergs."
Excerpt: “The golden rays of the sun broke through the clouds and sparkled with blue, green and yellow sparkles on the furrowed walls of the icebergs. Waves poured over their underwater spurs, taking off with multi-colored foamy splashes. In the bizarre outlines of the icy mountains, we distinguish fairy-tale castles, then high jagged towers, formidable and impregnable. It seemed we were transported into a world of fantasy and rare beauty.
Indeed, icebergs are very beautiful, but at the same time they pose a great danger to ships.
So in 1912, the passenger steamer Titanic collided with an iceberg. A huge hole formed and the steamer, breaking in half, immediately went to the bottom, only a small part of the passengers managed to escape. (you can give a message to the student). Now icebergs are easily detected even in fog using instruments on the ship.
All sheet glaciers on Earth make up 98.5% of all glaciers. They contain up to 90% of fresh water. Although they have such a large percentage of all glaciers, their importance is small.
But mountain glaciers, as we have already said, are of great practical importance. They feed rivers that start in the mountains and carry their waters to those areas where there is very little moisture. For example, the Syrdarya and Amurdarya rivers (we find them in atlases) begin in the mountains, their waters are completely taken for irrigation.
Glaciers are now being transported, such as Saudi Arabia. One large iceberg contains as much water as the annual flow of one river.
Demonstration of a fragment of the video film "Glaciers".
IIIAnchoring
1. What are glaciers, how do they form?
2. What are they, give examples.
3. What is the practical significance of glaciers?
Lesson Conclusions
· Glaciers are components of land waters, an integral part of the hydrosphere.
· Mountain glaciers feed the rivers of arid regions, carrying moisture to the fields.
IVHomework read the paragraph "Glaciers", write out new terms in a notebook and explain them.
Economy of Russia" href="/text/category/yekonomika_rossii/" rel="bookmark">Economy of Russia .
2. To study the composition of the complex, finding out its significance in the country's economy.
3. Consider the main types of enterprises of the metallurgical complex, their characteristics and features.
4. To acquaint students with the features of the location of enterprises of the metallurgical complex.
5. To form in students an idea of the most important problems of the complex: economic, environmental, social.
Equipment: maps of Russia: economic maps, mineral maps, atlases, textbooks, collections of minerals and metals, various construction materials: brick, glass, wood, chipboard, metal-plastic.
During the classes
IOrganizing time.
IIActualization.
1. What is an intersectoral complex?
2. What intersectoral complexes have we already studied?
3. What complex is called fuel and energy?
4. What is included in the fuel and energy complex?
5. What types of energy resources does the fuel and energy complex use?
Without electricity, coking coal, the complex that we will begin to study today cannot exist.
III Learning new material.
Lesson topic. (slide number 1)
Complexes producing structural materials and chemicals.
Structural materials are materials intended for the manufacture of finished products or structures.
· https://pandia.ru/text/78/638/images/image006_10.gif" width="18" height="98 src=">Different alloys
· Plastics
fiberglass
Metal plastic
The value of the complex:
1. The products of the complex are used in all sectors of the economy.
2. As a result of the production of new types of structural materials, products become cheaper, lighter, stronger.
The composition of the complex (structure) (slide number 2)
Complexes producing structural materials
Metallurgical complex Chemical-timber complex
What complex is called metallurgical? Paragraph 25, p. 32, we find and read the definition.
The totality of industries producing a variety of metals is called the metallurgical complex.
(slide number 3)
Metallurgical complex
Ferrous metallurgy Non-ferrous metallurgy
They are characterized by common features: (slide number 4)
High monopolization of production
High level of combination
A) in ferrous metallurgy, the basis of combination is a consistent
Processing of raw materials: iron ore steel rolled
1. Geotechnology
2. Biotechnology
90% of the metal produced is ferrous metal - steel
Raw material base of metallurgy: (slide number 6)
A) iron ore products (magnetic iron ore, brown iron ore, red iron ore) demonstration of rocks. (slide number 7)
Iron ore deposits:
1. KMA - 50%
2. European North and Karelia - 25% (Olenegorsk, Kovdar, Kostomuksha)
3. Ural - about 20% (Kachkanarskoye, Novo-Bakalskoye, Magnitnaya)
4. The rest falls on Siberian - (Korshunovskoye, Angara, Mountain Shoria)
Russia is one of the largest producers of iron ore, the country's reserves amount to 100 billion tons. tons.
B) non-metallic materials (refractories)
B) coking coal
D) scrap and waste of ferrous metals.
The following types of enterprises are distinguished in the ferrous metallurgy: (slide No. 8)
1. Metallurgical plants of a full cycle or combines
The technological chain of ferrous metallurgy production is as follows:
Iron ore mining (quarries)
Ore beneficiation (mining and processing plants)
Cast iron smelting (in blast furnaces)
Steel melting (in open-hearth and oxygen-converter furnaces)
Production of rolled products (in the rolling shop, rolling mills)
Rental types:
Crimping (blooms and slabs - blanks)
Sectional (rails, beams, channels, wire)
Sheet (metal sheet of different thicknesses)
· Pipe
Special (rolled wheel, rolled ring, rolled ball)
2. Convertible metallurgy - steelmaking and steel-rolling plants.
3. Production of ferroalloys - iron alloys (in Latin iron - ferrum) with
alloying metals - manganese, chromium, tungsten, titanium, silicon.
4.Small metallurgy - the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants.
5. Domain-free metallurgy - the production of iron by direct reduction from enriched ore in electric arc furnaces with continuous casting of metal. Analysis of Fig.45 on page 134.
The only electrometallurgical plant in Russia, Oskolsky, is located in the city of Oskol, Belgorod Region.
Factors of placement of enterprises of the metallurgical complex.
Geography is influenced by:
1. Raw material quality
2. Kind of energy
3. Geography of sources of raw materials and energy
Profitable to build:
1. In ore mining areas (Ural, KMA)
2. In the areas of extraction of coking coal (Kuzbass), cheap energy (Eastern Siberia)
3. At the intersection of ore and coal flows (Cherepovets)
Take into account:
· Provision of water
・ Transport routes
Under the influence of these factors, metallurgical enterprises are not distributed evenly, they form clusters, which are called metallurgical bases.
Textbook definition on page 137.
Three metallurgical bases are distinguished on the territory of Russia: (slide No. 9)
Ural
· Central
Siberian
Placement of metallurgical bases of Russia. (working with a map and atlas, from Fig. 46 on page 137)
IVHomework paragraph 24-26, fill in the table.
Characteristics of the metallurgical bases of Russia (slide No. 10)
Base name | Steel and rolled products | Iron ore reserves |
birth of ore | Where does it come from additional ore | Where does the fuel come from | Metallur logical |
Ural |
42% rental | 15 billion t 22% | Kachkanarskoye Alapaevskoe Magnetic | Sokolovo- Sarbaevo Kola |
Kazakhstan | Lower Tagil Chelyabinsk Novotroitsk |
Central |
44% rental |
Kola Peninsula Kostomuksha Kovdar | Scrap metal | Pechorsky | Cherepovets Art. Oskol |
|
Siberian |
13% rental | Angara region Korshunskoe Mountain Shoria | Novokuznetsk |
VAnchoring
1. What intersectoral complex have we begun to study?
2. What does this complex include, its composition?
3. What is a metallurgical complex?
4. What factors influence the placement of enterprises in the metallurgical industry?
5. What does ferrous metallurgy produce?
6. What metallurgical bases were formed in Russia, show on the map.
VI Lesson Conclusions
In the Russian economy, the metallurgical complex plays an important role, since the modern economy cannot do without metal. Its products are used by many sectors of the national economy: in engineering (heavy engineering, automotive, shipbuilding), construction.
Topic: Land resources. Soil formation and composition.
Goals and objectives: 1. To form knowledge about the soil. Show contribution
creation of soil science.
2. Expand knowledge about soil-forming factors.
III Learning new material.
The topic of the lesson on the board and in the students' notebooks:
Land resources. Soil formation and composition.
Our country is unusually rich in land, territory, or, as they say, land resources.
Land resources are a territory with a certain quality of soils, climate, topography, vegetation, the basis for the placement economic objects, resettlement of the population.
Working with the textbook p. 116, fig. 80
Buildings - 1%
Landfills - 1%
Surface water - 4%
Swamps - 6%
Other lands - 11%
Agricultural land - 13%
Reindeer pastures - 19%
Forests - 45%
The part of land resources used in agriculture and forestry is called agricultural land or soil resources.
From the structure of the land fund, we can see that there are few soil (agricultural land) resources - only 13% of the country's territory.
Even less from 6-8% is plowed up, this is the soil that has fertility.
“The soil is not a rock and not an arable layer, but a special natural-historical body, the result of the interaction of the organic and inorganic worlds” - these are the words of the great Russian scientist, the founder of a new science - soil science. We will prove the authenticity of his words by working
in groups. Each group has its own tasks, they are in the instruction card.
Soil, soil-forming factors
Instruction card No. 1
1. Define soil?
2. Basic properties of the soil.
3. What determines soil fertility?
4. Who is this, what do you know about him?
5. How are soils formed?
6. Draw a diagram in your notebooks and complete it.
7. What are soil-forming factors? List them.
8. How long does it take for soil to form?
microorganisms
https://pandia.ru/text/78/638/images/image014_5.gif" width="66" height="66"> flora animal world
https://pandia.ru/text/78/638/images/image016_3.gif" width="75" height="12"> climate soil human activity
https://pandia.ru/text/78/638/images/image018_4.gif" width="672" height="96">
What is soil?
The soil is a loose surface layer of land with fertility, it is a special natural body, the result of the interaction of natural components. Fertility- This is one of the most important and distinctive properties of the soil.
Organic matter - humus - humus.
Work with the textbook p.117. first paragraph:
“According to the definition of the outstanding Russian scientist V. V. Dokuchaev……”
Demonstration of a portrait.
Student's report about Dokuchaev.
Let's see how soil is formed.
Factors influencing the process of soil formation are called soil-forming factors.
Soil formation is very slow, in 100 years a soil layer is formed from only 0.5 cm (in the tundra) to 2 cm (in the steppes)
Thus, we see that the soil consists of: solid, liquid, gaseous parts and living organisms.
The mechanical composition of the soil
Instruction card number 2
1. What is the mechanical composition of the soil?
2. What are the soil textures?
3. Characteristics of soils by mechanical composition:
sand to clay ratio
their features
relation to moisture
4. How practically, in your garden, you can determine the mechanical
soil composition
5. What is the mechanical composition of soils containing 37% sand, 9%
The solid part is mineral and humic substances. The mineral part of the soil consists of: sand
Clays 90% of soil volume
Collection demonstration.
Depending on the rutting rock on which soil formation took place, soils are divided according to their mechanical composition into:
1..gif" width="14 height=38" height="38">loamy soils are poorly washed
3. heavy clay soils are easily waterlogged
more clay
How to determine what is the mechanical composition of the soil in your garden?
Roll up a tourniquet from moistened soil and make a ring out of it.
The ring fell apart - sandy
Deep cracks in the ring - sandy loam
There are shallow cracks in the ring - loamy
No cracks - clayey
We learned about the mechanical composition of soils, and now we will give the floor to group 3. They will tell us about the structure of soils.
Soil structure
Instruction card number 3
1. What is soil structure?
2. What structure can soils have?
3. What is the best soil structure?
4. What soils are called structureless?
5. What properties are characteristic of structural and structureless soil
DIV_ADBLOCK139">
Basic forms of structures: (demonstration of the table)
1. grainy
2. tiled
3. scaly
4. dusty
5. nutty
6. lumpy
7. prismatic
The structure determines the features of the water and air regimes of soils, therefore it is one of the main properties of the soil.
If the soil contains little humus and clay particles, such soils are called structureless.
DIV_ADBLOCK140">
https://pandia.ru/text/78/638/images/image025_3.gif" height="290"> There are three main horizons. Soil horizons are indicated by alphabetic characters: A B C.
A0 - dead parts of plants and animals are collected
A1 - humus or humus accumulation horizon
Leading: What do you think these positive changes are connected with?
Sociologist:
Leading: Our conference is coming to an end. And the last question to all participants of the conference. What do you think should be done in our district and village to solve this problem?
Development of small and medium-sized businesses, which will lead to the emergence of new jobs
There will be jobs, young people will stay in the village, which means that young families will appear
· Our region is very beautiful, there are opportunities to create tourist routes, campsites, beaches. These are additional jobs.
In order to attract young people, it is necessary to create conditions for their spiritual development and leisure
Build affordable housing
1. AiF correspondent: According to statistics, in 1993 the Russian Federation was inferior in terms of the number of inhabitants to China, India, the USA, Indonesia, Brazil (the population of Russia was 148.7 million people) and ranked 6th in the world. At present, Russia is already in 7th place in terms of numbers, having lost its 6th place to Pakistan. The population in our country is 144 million people.
According to statistics, a depopulation process is underway in the country, that is, the population is declining. There are many reasons for this.
Demographer: I think there are several reasons. Firstly, this is the collapse of the USSR, secondly, the economic recession in the 90s, which led to the deterioration of the environmental situation, and thirdly, the associated decline in living standards and average life expectancy of the population.
Demographer: A tragic and catastrophic situation is taking shape in the social sphere. Since the beginning of the 1950s, the UN began to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI), which is composed of indicators of GDP, longevity and educational level.
Russia in terms of education level - 62nd place
longevity - 91st place
in health care - 127th place
There is something to think about.
Correspondent of the newspaper "Vechernyaya Kazan": I am convinced that the population can change due to migrations.
Migration Specialist: There was an outflow of the population from the Far North region, from the CIS countries. An intensive outflow of especially young people from the village to the city continues. At the same time, the flow of external migration outside of Russia does not stop, primarily to the USA, Canada, Israel, Germany and a number of other European countries.
"Correspondent of the regional newspaper" Volzhskiye Zori "
Question to the head of the municipality p.g.t. Kamskoye Mouth. Please tell us about the demographic situation in our village.
"Correspondent of the regional newspaper" Volzhskiye Zori ": An interesting situation is developing in the labor market. Many industrial enterprises, institutions and organizations were closed in the village. This led to an increase in the number of unemployed. Question to the head of the municipality: How is the problem of employment in our village solved?
At the beginning of 2000, the population of the village was Today this figure is 4443 people, of which 2525 are men and 2318 are women. There are 2712 able-bodied people, 784 pensioners and 874 children under 16 years of age.
Over the past decade, the village has experienced a decline in population as a result of negative natural growth. The number of people younger than working age has especially sharply decreased.
Head of the municipality: The Employment Service provides information about vacancies at enterprises and organizations and employs the unemployed. At present, the number of registered unemployed is only 54 people.
Head teacher: Yes, this can be seen in our school. 10 years ago, the contingent of the Kamskoy Ustyinsky secondary school was about 800 people, and today only 541 students study at the school.
Sociologist: The demographic situation in Russia is catastrophic. According to forecasts, the population in Russia in the near future, by 2015, will decrease to
134.4 million people. The number of people of retirement age will exceed the number of children and adolescents, and in terms of life expectancy, Russia will lag behind many countries of the world.
Sociologist: The increase in the birth rate in recent years is primarily due to the improvement of the socio-economic situation in the country. People today begin to believe in their future. The course of the president and government is aimed at improving the quality of life and economic stability in the country.
Pediatrician: Life is a struggle, survival of the fittest. Health depends on:
50% off lifestyle
20% off social factors and the environment
20% off genetics
And only 10% of medicine
Recently, there has been a decline in the living standards of the population. The lack of caloric nutrition in many families is reflected in the younger generation. Only 16% of healthy children study in schools.
Pediatrician: (an excerpt from an article from the regional newspaper No. 92 of November 16, 2007)
Kamskoustinskaya secondary school
First geography teacher
Kamskoye Ustye 2007
Kamskoustinskaya secondary school
Kamsko-Ustyinsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan
Geography. Nature of Russia Grade 8
First geography teacher
Kamskoye Ustye 2007
Kamskoustinskaya secondary school
Kamsko-Ustyinsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan
Geography. Population and economy of Russia
First geography teacher
Otherwise, the East European is the second longest plain in the world, not much inferior in terms of the territory of the Amazon. From west to east, it stretches for more than 2,500 kilometers, and from north to south - about 1,000. Its western borders border on such states as Ukraine and Belarus, and then its territory stretches all the way to the Urals. The basis of the plain is an ancient platform, mainly covered with a cover of sedimentary rocks. Only in two places, in Karelia and on the Kola Peninsula, does this prehistoric platform come to the surface, forming the so-called
The climate of the Russian plain is mostly temperate, and only closer to the extreme north does it become subarctic. The continental climate line extends to the east and southeast. Precipitation is year-round, usually associated with blowing from the Atlantic. Here they fall more than in other flat areas of the Russian Federation. The sources of the largest rivers - the Northern Dvina and the Volga can be considered the most humid. And in the north-west of the plain, these are the areas of Ladoga, Onega, Chudskoye, Ilmenskoye lakes with smaller reservoirs adjacent to them, most of which are glacial in origin.
If we consider the climate of the Russian plain of the southern outskirts, then the amount of precipitation is much less there, the summer is dry and dry winds are not uncommon, causing significant damage to the national economy.
The Russian Plain is replenished due to snow and rainfall, melting of snow and ice cover, spring floods. Naturally, groundwater also plays an important role in this process. But this does not apply to the southern rivers, which are not so abundant, and their supply from groundwater is limited.
The climatic and relief peculiarity led to a clear division of the entire territory of the plain into natural zones. Moreover, it is here that about 40 percent of all grassland in the country and 12 percent of pastures are located. As for the population, it is on the territory of the East European Plain that almost fifty percent of the inhabitants of the Russian Federation live.
The Russian Plain is generously endowed with natural resources. A big plus in their development and use is the dense population of this territory by people.
Resource types:
- aquatic
As already noted, a large number of large and small rivers flow through the territory of the Russian plain.
The largest water artery is the Volga. Its economic importance can hardly be overestimated, since the river connects various economic regions of the country, irrigates more than two and a half million hectares of land, and is an important shipping center. In terms of fish production, the Volga also plays an important role.
Following the Volga is the Don, also the largest. Fishing, shipping, and other economic needs met thanks to the Don, speak of the great importance of this river.
The Russian Plain is washed by the White and Black, Baltic and Caspian Seas. The extraction of seafood, oil and gas, sea resorts with recreation centers, boarding houses and sanatoriums, ports of international and regional importance - all this makes each marine resource unique in its own way and extremely important for the country.
- minerals and natural resources of the Russian plain
These include, for example, in the Kursk region, unique deposits contain up to 50% of all their reserves in the country. Belgorod region is famous for bauxites with alumina. Phosphorites, potash and rock salts are supplied to the country by the Moscow and Bryansk regions. These chemicals are actively mined and find the widest range of applications. In the same regions, as well as in the Tula and Belgorod regions, deposits of building materials - chalk, kaolin clay, etc. - have been found and have been actively developed for many years.
The Russian plain provides itself and neighboring regions with energy resources - gas, oil, peat, coal. Their deposits are located in the Middle Volga region, Ivanovo, Kostroma regions.
- animal and plant resources
The territory of the Western European Plain has the most favorable conditions for the development of such branches of agriculture as plant growing and animal husbandry. Forest wealth in the form of wood and hunting resources is an important source of income in the Russian economy.
In order to better analyze the environmental problems of the Russian Plain, it is necessary to consider in detail what natural resources this geographical area has, what makes it remarkable.
Features of the Russian Plain
First of all, we will answer the question of where the Russian Plain is located. The East European Plain is located on the continent of Eurasia and ranks second in the world in terms of area after the Amazonian Plain. The second name of the East European Plain is Russian. This is due to the fact that a significant part of it is occupied by the state of Russia. It is on this territory that most of the population of the country is concentrated and the largest cities are located.
The length of the plain from north to south is almost 2.5 thousand km, and from east to west - about 3 thousand km. Almost the entire territory of the Russian Plain has a flat relief with a slight slope - no more than 5 degrees. This is mainly due to the fact that the plain almost completely coincides with the East European Platform. It is not felt here and, as a result, there are no destructive natural phenomena (earthquakes).
The average height of the plain is about 200 m above sea level. It reaches its maximum height on the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya upland - 479 m. The Russian plain can be conditionally divided into three bands: northern, central and southern. On its territory there are a number of uplands: the Central Russian Plain, the Smolensk-Moscow Upland - and lowlands: the Polesskaya, Oka-Donskaya Plain, etc.
The Russian Plain is rich in resources. There are all kinds of minerals here: ore, non-metallic, combustible. A special place is occupied by the extraction of iron ores, oil and gas.
1. Ore
Iron ore of the Kursk Deposits: Lebedinskoye, Mikhailovskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye. The ore of these developed deposits is distinguished by a high iron content - 41.5%.
2. Nonmetallic
- bauxites. Deposits: Vislovskoe. The content of alumina in the rock reaches 70%.
- Chalk, marl, fine-grained sand. Deposits: Volskoye, Tashlinskoye, Dyatkovskoye, etc.
- Brown coal. Pools: Donetsk, Podmoskovny, Pechora.
- Diamonds. Deposits of the Arkhangelsk region.
3. Combustible
- Oil and gas. Oil and gas bearing areas: Timan-Pechora and Volga-Ural.
- Burning shale. Deposits: Kashpirovskoe, Obschesyrtskoe.
Minerals of the Russian Plain are mined in various ways, which has a negative impact on the environment. Soil, water and atmosphere are polluted.
The impact of human activity on the nature of the East European Plain
The environmental problems of the Russian Plain are largely related to human activity: the development of mineral deposits, the construction of cities, roads, emissions from large enterprises, their use of huge volumes of water, the reserves of which do not have time to be replenished, and are also polluted.
Below we consider all the Russian plains. The table will show what problems exist, where they are localized. Possible ways of struggle are presented.
| Problem | Causes | Localization | What threatens | Solutions |
| Soil pollution | KMA development | Belgorod region Kursk region | Decreased yield of grain crops | Land reclamation by accumulation of chernozem and overburden |
| Industrial engineering | Regions: Belgorod, Kursk, Orenburg, Volgograd, Astrakhan | Proper waste disposal, reclamation of depleted lands | ||
| Construction of railways and highways | All areas | |||
| Development of deposits of chalk, phosphorites, rock salt, slates, bauxites | Regions: Moscow, Tula, Astrakhan, Bryansk, Saratov, etc. | |||
| Hydrosphere pollution | KMA development | Decreasing groundwater level | Water purification, raising the level of groundwater | |
| Groundwater pumping | Moscow region, Orenburg region and etc. | The emergence of karst landforms, deformation of the surface due to subsidence of rocks, landslides, funnels | ||
| Air pollution | KMA development | Kursk region, Belgorod region | Air pollution with harmful emissions, accumulation of heavy metals | Increase in the area of forests, green spaces |
| Large industrial enterprises | Regions: Moscow, Ivanovo, Orenburg, Astrakhan, etc. | Accumulation of greenhouse gases | Installation of high-quality filters on pipes of enterprises | |
| Big cities | All major centers | Reducing the number of transport, increasing green areas, parks | ||
| Decreased species diversity of flora and fauna | Hunting and population growth | All areas | The number of animals is decreasing, plant and animal species are disappearing | Creation of reserves and reserves |
The climate of the Russian Plain
The climate of the East European Plain is temperate continental. Continentality increases as you move inland. The average temperature of the plain in the coldest month (January) is -8 degrees in the west and -12 degrees in the east. In the warmest month (July), the average temperature in the northwest is +18 degrees, in the southeast +21 degrees.
The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the warm season - approximately 60-70% of the annual amount. More precipitation falls over the highlands than over the lowlands. The annual amount of precipitation in the western part is 800 mm per year, in the eastern part - 600 mm.
There are several natural zones on the Russian Plain: steppes and semi-deserts, forest-steppes, taiga, tundra (when moving from south to north).
The forest resources of the plain are represented mainly by coniferous species - these are pine and spruce. Previously, forests were actively cut down and used in the woodworking industry. Currently, forests are of recreational, water-regulating and water-protective importance.
Flora and fauna of the East European Plain
Due to small climatic differences on the territory of the Russian Plain, one can observe a pronounced soil-vegetation zonality. Northern soddy-podzolic soils are replaced to the south by more fertile chernozems, which affects the nature of vegetation.
Flora and fauna have been significantly affected by human activities. Many plant species have disappeared. Of the fauna, the greatest damage was done to fur-bearing animals, which have always been a desirable object of hunting. Endangered mink, muskrat, raccoon dog, beaver. Such large ungulates as the tarpan have been exterminated forever, the saiga and bison have almost disappeared.
To preserve certain species of animals and plants, reserves were created: Oksky, Galichya Gora, Central Black Earth named after. V. V. Alekhina, Forest on Vorskla and others.
Rivers and seas of the East European Plain
Where the Russian Plain is located, there are many rivers and lakes. The main rivers that play a major role in human economic activity are the Volga, Oka and Don.
The Volga is the largest river in Europe. The Volga-Kama hydro-industrial complex is located on it, which includes a dam, a hydroelectric power station and a reservoir. The length of the Volga is 3631 km. Many of its tributaries are used on the farm for irrigation.
Don also plays a significant role in industrial activities. Its length is 1870 km. The Volga-Don shipping canal and the Tsimlyansk reservoir are especially important.
In addition to these large rivers, the Khoper, Voronezh, Bityug, Northern Onega, Kem and others flow on the plain.
In addition to rivers, the Russian Plain includes the Barents, White, Black, Caspian.
The Nord Stream gas pipeline runs along the bottom of the Baltic Sea. This affects the ecological situation of the hydrological object. During the laying of the gas pipeline, clogging of waters occurred, many species of fish decreased their numbers.
In the Baltic, Barents, Caspian, some minerals are being mined, which, in turn, adversely affects the waters. Some of the industrial waste seeps into the seas.
In the Barents and Black Seas, some types of fish are caught on an industrial scale: cod, herring, flounder, haddock, halibut, catfish, anchovy, pike perch, mackerel, etc.
Fishing is carried out in the Caspian Sea, mainly sturgeons. Due to favorable natural conditions, there are many sanatoriums and tourist centers on the seashore. There are navigable routes along the Black Sea. Oil products are exported from Russian ports.
Groundwater of the Russian Plain
In addition to surface water, people use underground water, which, due to irrational use, adversely affects soils - subsidence is formed, etc. There are three large artesian basins on the plain: the Caspian, Central Russian and East Russian. They serve as a source of water supply for a vast territory.
forest resources
The forest resources of the part of the Russian Plain belonging to the Central Federal District of Russia are characterized by an insignificant total area of the land fund, which is 14,464 thousand hectares (1.3% of the Russian Federation). The forest cover here is more than twice as low as in the whole country - 20%. The Kostroma, Kirov and Tver regions are distinguished by the highest forest cover, where the forested area is more than 50% of the territory. The northern and northwestern regions are characterized by the predominance of conifers, mainly spruce, in the eastern regions - pines. To the south, the species composition is replaced by deciduous and broad-leaved. Forest resources on the Russian Plain are significantly depleted and now they are mainly of water protection, water regulation and recreational importance.
The forests of the Russian Plain were cut down to expand arable land and to harvest fuel and construction timber. Only in the XVIII-XIX centuries. the forest cover of the European part of Russia decreased significantly - from 52.7% in 1696 to 35.2% in 1914. In some provinces, the forest cover during this period decreased by 2.5 times (in Pskov) and even 3.5 times (in Tverskaya). The composition of forests has also changed significantly. Many tracts of dark coniferous taiga were replaced by secondary small-leaved forests of birch, aspen and gray alder. In places, spruce forests in clearings were replaced by pine forests. Forest plantations are becoming increasingly important.
In many cases, the forests did not recover and were replaced by upland meadows. The vast majority of meadows in the forest zones are postforest, i.e. secondary. Man not only cut down forests, but often, due to careless handling of fire, caused forest fires, which also led to a change in the vegetation cover. Among the forests of the Russian Plain, it is now practically impossible to find places where traces of a forest fire have not been preserved. Spruce and pine taiga forests have large reserves of industrial timber.
Today, a significant part of the harvested wood is exported to other regions of the country.
Flora and fauna
Anthropogenic changes have affected all components of nature without exception, but biogenic components - vegetation and wildlife - have been most affected. The impact on them is the longest and almost universal. And although they are capable of reproduction, but in many cases they could not withstand anthropogenic pressure.
Animals have been hunted since ancient times, so fur-bearing animals and ungulates, which were hunted for meat, suffered the most. The tarpan (wild horse) has been completely exterminated. The saiga is no longer found in the steppe zone, where it used to be a common animal. Bison, beaver, muskrat and some other species are on the verge of extinction. The range of wolverine, roe deer, elk, wild boar, and bear has significantly decreased. In the 20th century, a number of valuable animals were acclimatized and reacclimatized: muskrat, raccoon dog, mink, red deer, bison, beaver, etc. Significant changes in the species composition and abundance of animals also occurred as a result of indirect human impact - changes in the habitat conditions of animals as a result of influence on vegetation cover.
However, there are still biological resources on the plain.
The forage resources of the plain are great. Water meadows of river valleys, upland meadows of forest zones are valuable hayfields and pastures for cattle, steppes, semi-deserts and deserts are pastures for sheep, moss tundras contain large reserves of green fodder and serve as a valuable forage base for reindeer herding.
Of the game animals of the tundra and forest-tundra, arctic fox, ermine, upland game are of great importance, of fish - salmon, whitefish, pike, perch and char.
Reserves have been created to protect the most typical natural complexes and especially rare animals and plants. Among them is the Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve, which protects the natural complexes of the center of the zone, which played an important role in the restoration of bison brought from Belovezhskaya Pushcha and the Caucasus in dense coniferous-deciduous forests. In 1931, the Central Forest Reserve was created, which now has the status of a biosphere reserve. Its territory is covered with spruce and spruce-broad-leaved forests, typical for this province. A variety of landscapes are located in the south of Meshchera in the wide Oka valley and the strongly meandering valley of the Pra River, as well as in their interfluve. There, in 1935, the Oksky Reserve was created.
The remains of the former steppe vegetation have been preserved on the steep steep slopes of the valleys, in deep winding gullies and ravines. On these surviving sites, forest-steppe reserves were formed: the Central Chernozem named after V. V. Alekhina, Galichya mountain, Forest on Vorskla.
Recreational resources
The Astrakhan State Reserve is located in the Volga Delta. All around water, islands overgrown with reeds, cattails, willows.
Valdai National Park is a Russian pearl of natural and cultural heritage. Its territory surprisingly combines unique landscape complexes, historical, archaeological and cultural monuments. Landscapes of Valdai are of great aesthetic value. Currently, an application is being prepared for the inclusion of the Valdaisky National Park in the UNESCO list as a world natural and cultural heritage site. The park was created to preserve the unique lake-forest complex of the Valdai Upland and create conditions for the development of organized recreation in this area.
Seliger is a lake of glacial origin in the Tver and Novgorod regions of the Russian Federation. On the lake, on the island of Stolbny, there is the monastery of Nil's Hermitage, founded in honor of Nil Stolbensky.
Marcial Waters is a balneological and mud resort in the Kondopoga region of the Republic of Karelia. The proximity of healing ferruginous sulfate-hydrocarbonate springs, which are not inferior in their properties to the mineral waters of world-famous resorts, and sulphide mud, with their healing properties, create a kind of microclimate here. The ferruginous water of the springs was named "Marcial" in honor of the ancient Roman god Mars. The Kivach waterfall is the most famous waterfall in Karelia. Compressed by basalt rocks, the waters of the Suna River from an eleven-meter height fall down in heavy cast streams.
The Zhiguli Mountains - 75 km long, 6 km wide and up to 375 m high, which go around the Volga, forming the Samarskaya Luka, rising sharply above the plains of the Middle Volga region, seem to be a powerful mountain range. Unusual beauty corners of the nature of the Zhiguli Mountains can only be compared with the landscapes of the Crimea and the Caucasus. In the Zhiguli Mountains, on an area of about 20 thousand hectares, there is the Samarskaya Luka National Park, as well as the Zhiguli Nature Reserve.
Balneo-mud resort "Kashin" on the outskirts of the ancient Russian city of the Tver region. It is located on the picturesque banks of the Kashenka River, in a rich forest park. On the river - sandy beaches. In the vicinity of Kashin there are pine forests and lime forests. Very beautiful banks of the Kashinka River, many beaches. Places are environmentally friendly.
Water resources of the Russian Plain
The Russian Plain has a developed lake-river network, the density and regime of which change following climatic conditions from north to south. In the same direction, the degree of swampiness of the territory, as well as the depth of occurrence and the quality of groundwater, change.
Rivers of the Russian Plain. Depending on the characteristics of the orography, the rivers of the Russian Plain have two main directions - northern and southern. The rivers of the northern slope flow to the Barents, White and Baltic Seas, the rivers of the southern slope go to the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas.
The main watershed between the rivers of the northern and southern slopes stretches from the west-southwest to the east-northeast. It passes through the swamps of Polesye, the Lithuanian-Belarusian and Valdai uplands, the Northern Uvals. The most important watershed junction lies on the Valdai Upland. Here in the immediate vicinity lie the sources of the Western Dvina, Dnieper and Volga. Being located on lowlands or low flat elevations, the watershed has the character not of a narrow line, but of a wide, often swampy strip. Such a structure of the watershed is favorable for the construction of canals, of which there are so many on the Russian Plain.
All rivers of the Russian Plain belong to the same climatic type - predominantly snow-fed with spring floods. Despite belonging to the same climatic type, the rivers of the northern slope differ significantly in their regime from the rivers of the southern slope. The former are located in the area of positive moisture balance, in which precipitation prevails over evaporation. Since the actual evaporation from the earth's surface is less than the evaporation rate, the flow of rivers in the north of the Russian Plain is large. With an annual precipitation of 400-600 mm, the actual evaporation from the earth's surface is: in the north of the Russian Plain in the tundra zone 100 mm or less; in the middle lane, where the evaporation ridge passes, 500 mm in the west and 300 mm in the east. As a result, the share of river flow here is from 150 to 350 mm per year, or from 5 to 15 l / s per square kilometer of area. The crest of the runoff passes through the interior regions of Karelia (the northern coast of Lake Onega), the middle reaches of the Northern Dvina and the upper reaches of the Pechora. To the north of it, the flow decreases due to a decrease in precipitation; to the south, the flow decreases due to increased evaporation. Thus, the band of maximum runoff on the Russian Plain is slightly shifted to the north compared to the band of maximum precipitation.
Due to the large flow, the rivers of the northern slope (basin of the Barents, White and Baltic Seas) are full of water. Occupying 37.5% of the area of the Russian Plain, they provide 58% of its total runoff. The abundance of water in these rivers is combined with a more or less uniform distribution of runoff over the seasons. Although snow nutrition is in the first place for them, causing spring floods, rain and ground types of nutrition also play a significant role. Therefore, the rivers of the northern slope do not become shallow in summer and winter as sharply as the rivers of the south of the Russian Plain. In addition, their spring flood is not stormy, since the snow in the forests of the north and the tundra melts slowly.
In other conditions, there are rivers flowing to the south (basins of the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas). Evaporation remains significant here too (500-300 mm in the north and 350-200 mm in the south), but the precipitation is already much less (600-500 mm in the north and 350-200 mm in the south), which leads to a reduction in runoff from 150 -200 mm in the north to 10-25 mm in the south. If we express the flow of rivers of the southern slope in liters per second per square kilometer of area, then in the north it will be only 4-6 liters, and in the southeast less than 0.5 liters.
The insignificant size of the runoff determines the low water content of the rivers of the southern slope. At the same time, in comparison with the rivers of the northern slope, the role of snow supply sharply increases in them, the share of which in the southeast rises to 80% or more. As a result, the runoff is very unevenly distributed over the seasons: the vast majority of it falls during a short period of spring floods, and in summer even large rivers have negligible water flow.
Rivers of the Russian Plain
Northern Dvina(length 730 km, basin area 360.3 thousand km 2) is formed from the confluence of the Sukhona and Yuga rivers. In the upper reaches to the confluence of the Vychegda, the river is called the Malaya Northern Dvina. The average annual flow (to the White Sea) is 111 km 3, of which 35 km 3 comes from the right tributary - the Vychegda River. At the confluence with the White Sea, the Northern Dvina, divided into five branches, forms a delta with an area of about 11,000 km2.
The Northern Dvina is characterized by a large proportion of rain and soil nutrition (up to 51% in the middle reaches near the village of Abramkovo). In spring, the river dumps about 60% of its annual flow.
The spring flood is high, the annual amplitude of the water level in the middle reaches is 10 m, and in some years it is 14 m.
The basin of the Northern Dvina is covered with taiga forests, which are intensively exploited. The river and its numerous tributaries are widely used for timber rafting. Navigation is developed along the entire length of the Northern Dvina - from the mouth to Veliky Ustyug, located at the confluence of the Sukhona and Yuga rivers.
Pechora(length 1790 km, basin area 326.9 thousand km 2) - the most abundant river in the Barents Sea. Its average annual flow is 129 km 3, and the flow rate is 4100 m 3 / s. The sources of the Pechora and its right tributaries (Ilych, Shchugor, etc.) lie in the Ural mountains. In the upper and middle reaches, the river crosses the lowland taiga, in the lower reaches - the forest-tundra and tundra. When it flows into the Pechora Bay, it forms a large delta and a bar, which makes navigation difficult.
The high water is extended for 2-2.5 months: the rise of water associated with the melting of snow on the plains is followed by the rise of water caused by the melting of snow in the mountains. Spring in the upper reaches accounts for 56% of the annual runoff. The river is navigable for over 1500 km; freeze-up lasts 6 months, and sometimes more.
Neva- one of the most peculiar rivers of the Russian Plain. Its length is only 74 km; It flows from Lake Ladoga and flows into the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea near Leningrad. Despite its insignificant length, the Neva belongs to the number of high-water rivers: its annual flow is 82 km 3, and the average flow per second is 2600 m 3. This is explained by the fact that the Neva carries water collected from a vast territory (282.3 thousand km 2), including the basins of Lake Ladoga and Onega and Lake Ilmen. In addition to this, the Neva basin, located in the south of the taiga and in the zone of mixed forests, is well moistened and has a surface runoff close to the maximum in the Russian Plain.
The lakes of the Neva basin create regulation of its flow. According to the seasons, it is distributed as follows: spring - 34%, summer - 20%, autumn - 27% and winter - 19% of the annual flow. A waterway runs along the Neva and its basin, connecting the Baltic Sea with the White (White Sea-Baltic Canal) and the Volga (Volga-Baltic, Vyshnevolotsk and Tikhvin water systems).
Volga- the largest and most abundant river of the Russian Plain and all of Europe. From the sources on the Valdai Upland to the mouth on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, the Volga passes a path of 3688 km. Together with tributaries, it irrigates a vast territory - 1380 thousand km 2. The Volga collects water from the inland and southeastern regions of the Russian Plain and gives it - in the amount of 255 km 3 per year - to the Caspian Sea. Every second, the Volga near Stalingrad carries 8100 m 3 of water. Below Stalingrad, the flow of water in the river decreases, since, without receiving tributaries in the semi-desert and desert, it loses a lot of water to evaporation. At the mouth of the Volga, it forms a delta with an area of 1400 km 2 and flows into the sea, breaking into 80 branches.
The Volga basin is extremely diverse in terms of physical and geographical conditions: taiga and mixed forests in the north, forest-steppe and steppe in the center, semi-desert and desert in the south. Therefore, the regime of the river in different sections, and even more so, the regime of its tributaries, remote from one another, differs significantly. From the northwest to the southeast, the proportion of snow supply and spring floods in the annual water flow increases more and more. The spring flood is high and long. The amplitude of fluctuations in the water level reaches its maximum size in the middle reaches - 16 m at the Kuibyshev and 17 m at the mouth of the Kama.
The Volga incorporates many tributaries, among which the Oka and Kama stand out. The Oka (length 1478 km), flowing along the border of the forest-steppe and mixed forests, is relatively shallow; Kama (length 2032 km), a significant part of the basin of which is located in the Cis-Urals and the Ural mountains, on the contrary, is a powerful abounding river. In terms of water consumption, it is not inferior to the Volga above the Kama mouth.
The transport significance of the Volga is exceptionally great. It connects the Industrial Center with the Volga region, the Urals and the Caspian. Its upper reaches are connected to the Baltic Sea by the Volga-Baltic Waterway, and the Volga-Don Shipping Canal named after V.I. V. I. Lenin connected it with the Black Sea basin. Bread, timber, machine tools, oil, salt are the main types of transportation on the Volga. On the picturesque banks of the river there are many ancient Russian cities - Kostroma, Gorky, Ulyanovsk, Kuibyshev, Stalingrad, etc.
In the Soviet years, a lot of work was done to transform the Volga. Dams and hydroelectric power stations have been erected on the Upper Volga, near Gorky and Kuibyshev, and the construction of the Stalingrad, Cheboksary and Saratov hydroelectric power stations is underway. Volga hydroelectric power stations provide cheap electricity, regulate runoff and improve navigation conditions.
Dnieper- the most significant river in the south-west of the Russian Plain (length 2295 km, basin area 503.3 thousand km 2). The sources of the Dnieper are on the Valdai Hills, in the zone of mixed forests; below Kyiv, the Dnieper flows through the forest-steppe and steppe zones. The mouth of the Dnieper, flooded by the Black Sea, has been turned into an estuary. The annual flow of the river is 53 km 3 and the average discharge is 1670 m 3 /sec. In the place where the river crosses the Ukrainian crystalline massif, there were rapids on it, which, after the construction of the Dnieper hydroelectric dam, disappeared under water. The second large hydroelectric power station, Kakhovskaya, was built below.
Don, despite its considerable size (length 1952 km, basin area 422.5 thousand km 2), it is a very shallow river, typical of the south of the Russian Plain. Its basin lies entirely within the forest-steppe and steppe zones, which have little surface runoff. In terms of basin area, the Don exceeds the Northern Dvina, and its annual flow (28 km 3) is four times less than the flow of the Northern Dvina. The average water flow of the Don is 900 m 3 / sec. The regime of the river is characterized by rapid spring floods and insignificant flows in summer. Near the city of Liski, the spring runoff is 77% of the annual. The construction of the Tsimlyansk reservoir dramatically improved the conditions for navigation on the Lower Don.
lakes
The lakes are located on the Russian Plain extremely unevenly. Most of them are in the well-moistened north-west, which is not sufficiently developed in terms of erosion, and therefore abounds in hollow relief forms. The southeastern part of the plain, on the contrary, is almost devoid of lakes. It receives little atmospheric precipitation and, moreover, has a mature erosional relief, devoid of closed basin forms. On the territory of the Russian Plain, four lake regions can be distinguished: the region of glacial-tectonic lakes, the region of moraine lakes, the region of floodplain and suffusion-karst lakes, and the region of estuary lakes.
Region of glacial-tectonic lakes covers the territory of Karelia and the Kola Peninsula, which is a real lake country, where lakes of various sizes are found literally at every step. Only on the territory of the Karelian-Finnish Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic there are almost 44.0 thousand lakes with an area from 1 hectare to several hundred and thousand square kilometers. Numerous lakes in this area, often large, are scattered in tectonic depressions, deepened and processed by the glacier. Their shores are rocky, composed of ancient crystalline rocks. In addition to similar glacial-tectonic lakes, moraine lakes are also known.
The meridional and northwestern direction of most lakes in Karelia and the Kola Peninsula is also determined by tectonics. Narrow, elongated outlines and a significant depth of lakes are also associated with it. The largest lakes on the Kola Peninsula are Imandra, Umbozero and Lovozero.
Lake Imandra, located to the west of the Khibiny, has an area of 880 km 2 and a complex, lobed shape. The lake consists of three parts connected by narrow straits. The northern meridional part of the lake is known as Bolshoy Imandra, near the eastern shore of which lies the maximum depth for the lake of 67 m. The Niva River flowing from the lake connects Imandra with the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea.
In Karelia, Pyaozero, Topozero, Lake Kuito, Segozero and Vygozero stand out for their size. The White Sea-Baltic Canal passes through Vygozero, after the construction of which the area of \u200b\u200bthe lake increased from 560 km 2 to 1159 km 2.
In the south of Karelia there are the largest lakes in Europe - Ladoga and Onega.
Ladoga lake(area 18,266 km2). The northern shores of the lake are rocky, composed of crystalline rocks, with a mass of small islands-skerries. Not far from this, the northern coast are the maximum depths of the lake, reaching 230 m. The southern coast is low and gently sloping, without outcrops of crystalline rocks. Depths in the south of the lake are insignificant, shallow water prevails. In the deep northern part, the lake freezes late, in January. The formation of bottom ice is characteristic. The lake is stormy, which is why bypass channels are arranged in the south for navigation. The Neva River connects the lake with the Baltic Sea, the Svir River - with Lake Onega.
Lake Onega(9890 km 2) is half the size of Ladoga, but in many ways resembles it. It is stretched from southeast to northwest for 245 km, with a maximum width of 90.6 km. The rocky northern shores are indented by narrow long bays - lips. Depths in the north reach 110 m. The shallow southern part of the lake, like on Ladoga, has low swampy shores composed of the latest sandy-clay deposits. There are up to 1369 islands on the lake.
Ladoga and Onega lakes have a complex origin. Their basins arose as a result of tectonic subsidence along the southern margin of the Baltic Shield and were later processed by a glacier. In the late glacial period, the lakes formed part of the sea basin that existed on the site of the Baltic Sea.
Moraine lake area coincides with the geomorphological area of accumulation of the Valdai glacier. Thousands of shallow, small lakes are scattered in the irregularities of the moraine relief. The shallowest of them are intensively overgrown with reeds, reeds, cattails, sedges, the deeper ones are covered with quagmire. Splavina - a green carpet formed by plant rhizomes, hypnum and sphagnum mosses - often covers the entire mirror of the lake, leaving only windows of clear water in places.
The largest lakes of the region - Pskovsko-Chudskoe (area 3650 km 2) and Ilmen - are the remains of larger near-glacial reservoirs in the past. Of which the lake Ilmen interesting in that from year to year it greatly changes its boundaries and area. In wet years, numerous rivers (Shelon, Pola, Polist, Lovat, Meta, etc.) bring a lot of water, and the lakes flood their low swampy shores, reaching an area of 2200 km 2, while at an average low water level it is approximately 1100 km 2. In dry years, the area of the lake is reduced to 620 km 2, and its maximum depth drops to 2.5 m. The bottom of the lake is lined with a layer of silt, the water has a yellowish color and slight transparency.
In addition to moraine lakes, other types of lakes are known in this area. So, along the shores of the Baltic Sea, lagoon-estuary lakes are scattered, and in places where karst rocks of the Devonian (in the southwest) and Carboniferous (in the northeast) develop, karst lakes. The latter are especially characteristic of the Onega-Dvina watershed. To the south of Lake Onega and in the vicinity of Lake Beloye there are periodically disappearing karst lakes. Area of floodplain and suffosion-karst lakes the most extensive on the Russian Plain, covering its inner central and southern regions. The region lies outside the boundaries of glaciation, with the exception of the northwest, which was covered by the Dnieper glacier. Due to the well-pronounced erosion relief, there are few lakes in the region. Usually only floodplain lakes along river valleys; occasionally there are small karst and suffusion lakes.
A relatively small number of lakes in this area are replenished by artificial reservoirs. Many thousands of ponds are arranged here along the tops of gullies and ravines. Their water is used for drinking purposes, irrigation of fields and fish breeding. Firth lake area located on the territory of two coastal lowlands - the Black Sea and the Caspian. At the same time, estuaries are understood here as lakes of various origins. The estuaries of the Black Sea Lowland are sea bays (in the past, river mouths), fenced off from the sea by sand spits. The estuaries, or ilmens, of the Caspian Lowland are poorly formed depressions, which in spring are filled with water from the rivers flowing into them, and in summer turn into swamps, salt marshes or hayfields. Large estuaries at the mouths of rivers are often called spills (Chizhinsky spills, Dyurin spills, etc.). Due to the exceptional flatness of the relief and poor drainage, the Caspian lowland is rich in lakes. The arid climate and salinity of soils and grounds of the lowlands lead to the fact that the lakes are shallow and most often salty and bitter-salty, often turning into salt marshes (sors) in summer. Lakes Elton and Baskunchak, which have huge reserves of self-planting table salt, are of tectonic origin. In many lakes-estuaries there are large deposits of healing mud. Groundwater and swamps. Groundwater and swamps on the Russian Plain, like most other elements of the landscape, exhibit latitudinal zonality due to changes in climatic conditions when moving from north to south. The overall good drainage of the Russian Plain contributes to the manifestation of groundwater zonality. In the absence of drainage, for example, in the West Siberian Lowland, the zonality of groundwater is weakly traced.
