Traditional household items of the people of Bashkiria. Wooden architecture of mountain Bashkiria
And common sense tells us that there are factors that make year-round living in a nomadic yurt problematic, to put it mildly. One of these factors is the long, snowy and cold Bashkir winter. Reaches - 40 degrees. Let's consider the points:
1. Heating. The yurt is heated by an open hearth, the smoke (and most of the heat) from which escapes through a hole in the roof. It is necessary to make a six-month supply of dry firewood, because. drowning with dried horse waste (as, for example, they do in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan or Tibet) is a certain cold death. So, you can not move away from the forest.
2. Nutrition. The only animal available for nomadic breeding in this climate zone is the horse. Only she can survive in the cold under open sky on scarce pasture. Question: where will you look for your herd (to taste fresh meat) in an open field knee-deep in snow? So you must create a supply of food for your family for the whole winter. And for this, it is necessary to dig a reliable glacier next to the yurt for storing mushrooms, berries, fish, dried and frozen meat, otherwise your stocks will become easy prey for rodents, foxes, wolves and connecting rod bears. And it is not an easy job to do it every year in a new place. A source of drinking water should be within walking distance: a stream or a river. Because melted snow is distilled water, unsuitable for food.
3. Design. In conditions of heavy snowfall, there is a high probability that the arch will be crushed by a mass of snow - after all, snow does not tend to roll off a rough surface. Residents should clean it regularly. regardless of the cold, wind and time of day.
Agree, all this bears little resemblance to a free and carefree nomadic life.
By the way: in an open hearth, in a few months, all your clothes and belongings will be smoked beyond recognition. In this respect, the yurt is not much different from the Chukchi tent. That is why the colorful decoration of the exhibition Bashkir yurts has little in common with life.
From all of the above, we can draw the only conclusion: the yurt, in the conditions of the Bashkir climate, is a purely summer dwelling, i.e. mobile summer house. And the Bashkir winter is more comfortable and safer to spend in a wooden frame. And the official historical science supports us in this conclusion. We read everywhere: the Bashkirs switched from a nomadic way of life to a semi-nomadic one. Those. they spent the winter in stationary warm dwellings that met all the requirements listed above, and in the summer they roamed after their herds, carrying a yurt with them. Yes, that's right, most readers will say. No, it's not like that, I say. Why? Because all these nomadic and semi-nomadic terms were invented by people who wrote such historical tales in warm offices and never lived in subsistence farming. There is not and cannot be in the conditions of the Bashkir climate either a nomadic or semi-nomadic way of life, but only a sedentary one. BASHKIRS HAVE NEVER BEEN NOMADERS! Let me explain:
In the summer you graze your herd, count the offspring - everything is fine. Autumn is coming, you need to return to winter apartments and stock up for the winter. Question: WHAT TO DO WITH A TABOON?! The answer is unexpected and the only possible one: DROP IN THE OPEN FIELD! No options! Alone with wolves, winter cold and starvation, horses are not geese and do not fly south. Paradox? But you are a nomad and do not prepare forage for the winter. Yes, and with all the desire to do this is impossible: you have neither a tractor, nor even a scythe ... And you don’t know metal either. And if they knew, then we are talking about a herd and not about one horse, and this is a completely incommensurable scale. And where do you look for your herd in the spring, or rather, what is left of it? And will it remain ... After all, it is impossible to reduce the number of wolves with the help of a bow and arrow, and horse stealing has always been an easy and profitable criminal business. In addition, a horse is not a domestic animal and it can easily do without a person in nature, and in the spring it will not return to you. And Bashkiria is not an African Serengeti park, where, at the end of winter, you will go and catch a new herd.
And what to do? And you, dear nomad, need to moderate your appetites from a herd to a couple of pigs, a couple of cows, a dozen hens or geese, a dozen sheep (it’s only unclear where to get them - after all, they don’t occur in nature, neither domestic pigs, nor cows, nor sheep, no chicken or geese?) and one horse. Settle in a society of your own kind (so that it is not so scary) in a wooden frame (unless, of course, you have an ax, even a stone one, and the strength to build it), since life in a dugout is contraindicated for human health, and in a yurt it is cold, damp, smoky, dark and unsafe, on the banks of the river, so that there was a place to catch fish, near the forest, so that there was where to go for mushrooms, berries and firewood, and all summer not to sunbathe in the sun, looking at the grazing flocks, but to water the land abundantly - mother with her own sweat, preparing fodder for the cattle for the long winter (although I have little idea how this can be done without a metal scythe). Plant a garden for yourself and your family (with a wooden shovel you can). Prepare firewood and wild plants. And if, God forbid, you already know the cereals, then write wasted: you are no longer a man, but a working animal and will end your life in a furrow. Because such physical loads that cheerful men from historical science have prescribed for you in their textbooks, not a single human body is able to withstand.
Imagine, your humble servant lived a similar (with a big stretch, of course) life in a remote Trans-Baikal village in the 70s of the last century. In order to feed 5 cattle, 2 pigs and a dozen chickens in winter, my father and I waved scythes all summer. And there was also a vegetable garden, and an endless potato field. Daily care of all this cattle - I remember how one winter night (-42) they helped a first-calf heifer to give birth, pulling the calf by its front legs .... And my parents still worked at the state farm. And the cows must be milked at 5 in the morning, and drinking water should be brought in a two-hundred-liter barrel on a cart (on a sleigh) from the river several kilometers away ... And a car of firewood should be brought for the winter 120 kilometers away, sawed and chopped. Etc. Continuous physical work that cannot be postponed until tomorrow. And this is in the presence of electricity, technology and civilization - at first it even worked public bath! And they didn’t bake bread, but bought it in a store - it was brought from the regional center 50 kilometers away.
1. The Bashkirs have never been either nomads or semi-nomads, because such a way of life is impossible in the climatic conditions of Bashkortostan.
2. The yurt is not the national dwelling of the Bashkirs, since there was no need for it. People simply did not have time to go out into the countryside with a yurt and smell the flowers - in the summer hard labor on the ground awaited them.
3. Why do Bashkirs consider themselves nomads? I think that SOMEONE (or SOMETHING) HAVING POWER OVER US just put this thought into their (and our) minds.
Anyone who does not agree with my conclusions, let him explain: why did the Bashkirs suddenly change their free, well-fed and carefree nomadic life to a sedentary life full of hardships, hard labor and poverty? WHAT DID THEY EXCHANGE THEIR HERDS FOR?!
Bashkirs, like many nomadic peoples Eurasians spent about half of their lives in temporary dwellings, the most ancient and most versatile type of which was a lattice yurt (tirme), warm in the cold, cool in the heat.
The yurt is certainly an outstanding invention of the ancient pastoralists - nomads. Due to its ease of transportation, resistance to steppe winds and hurricanes, the ability to keep warm in cold weather, coolness in hot weather, the ability to quickly disassemble and assemble, etc. - it was the perfect home.
The traditional yurt as a dwelling among the Bashkirs has not been preserved today. It can be seen at the spring festival "Sabantuy", as well as in major museums Bashkortostan. However, she did not disappear without a trace. admiring the famous gothic cathedrals Western Europe with their lancet vaults on the ribs (ribs), one involuntarily wonders if the yurt is their prototype, since there is a lot in common in their design.
The yurt for the steppe nomads was the center of the universe. Their life began in it, and it ended in it. It was a microcosm in the macrocosm, a model of the world, which ancient people first saw as flat, single-tiered, then two-tiered: at the bottom - the earth, at the top - the sky with stars. The tribes moved across vast pastures, overcoming vast expanses of the steppe and began to notice the roundness of the horizon, the bulge earth's surface, which was reflected in their microcosm: they began to give the appearance of hipped segments to the graves of their relatives, pouring a barrow as a model visible world, outlined by the ring of horizons. In the image and likeness of the visible world, not only graves were built, but also dwellings. The world as a circle first embodied in a round yurt, later - on a stationary dwelling - a hut. The yurt, as well as space vertically, had three levels: the floor (personified the earth), the inner space (air) and the dome (the firmament). The floor of a yurt for a nomad was something more than an earthen or wooden floor for a settled farmer: they slept, ate, rested, received guests on the floor of the yurt, holidays, weddings, commemorations took place here, births and deaths took place. Therefore, he was the subject of special care, special attention of nomads, which cannot be said about those who lived in the hut. The floor of the yurt was covered with patterned felt mats, woolen rugs, carpets, thus creating an artistic interior of the yurt.
The inner walls of the yurt (air) were covered with large patterned fabrics, homespun carpets, hung in expanded form on a lattice frame; woven and embroidered towels, festive clothes, jewelry, hunting accessories, horse harness, weapons hung against their background, which, together with the ornamented floor, created a peculiar ensemble.
The dome of the yurt personified the sky, the hole in it, through which light penetrated, was associated with the sun. The round top of the yurt (sagyrak), forming a domed opening, wore sacred meaning, was sacred, passed from father to son, from old dwelling to new. An axial line passes through it, in relation to which the entire internal space of the yurt is organized.
When carrying out a creative project, our task was not only to study the life, life of the Bashkirs, their homes. We tried to recreate the culture of the people, national dwelling in the layout - a yurt.
1.2. Goals and objectives:
Continue to acquaint children with the customs and traditions of the Bashkir family;
To give children an idea of the dwelling of the Bashkirs - the yurt;
Show characteristics yurt decorations;
The yurt fully satisfies the needs of the nomad due to its convenience and practicality. It is quickly assembled and easily disassembled by the forces of one family within one hour. It is easily transported by camel, horse or car, its felt covering does not let rain, wind and cold through. The hole at the top of the dome serves for daylight and makes it easy to use the hearth. The yurt is still used in many cases by livestock breeders in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia.
Most general meaning The common Turkic word "jurt" is "people", "motherland", and also - pasture, ancestral land. In the Kyrgyz and Kazakh languages, the word "Ata-Jurt" means "Fatherland", literally: "Father's house". In modern Mongolian, the word yurt (ger) is synonymous with "home".
HISTORY OF THE YURTA
IX centuries Andronov Huns of Katon-Karagai region
Acquisition of practical skills in sewing national costumes;
Practical reconstruction of the Bashkir yurt and its interior decoration;
Introduce Bashkir words.
INTERIOR OF THE BASHKIR YURTA
The entrance to the yurt was located on the south side. The opposite side of the entrance was considered the main, honorable and intended for guests. There was a hearth in the center of the dwelling. Above it, at the highest point of the dome, there was a smoke hole. If the hearth was taken out into the street, then in the center, on felt mats, a tablecloth was spread, pillows, soft bedding, and saddlecloths were scattered around.
The interior of the yurt is made up of items, products created by home crafts in various regions of Bashkiria. The circular shape of the yurt, the lack of internal division into sections, the limited area led to the placement household items along the kerege or on its heads, as well as on the uyks. But, despite the absence of sections inside the yurt, each part of the interior has its own traditional purpose.
Particular attention was paid to the floor, which had to be warm, soft and cozy (guests were offered extra rugs and pillows).
With the help of a curtain (sharshau), the yurt was divided into male (western) and female (eastern) halves. In the male part, near the wall opposite the entrance, there were chests on low wooden stands. The chests were covered with rugs, felt mats, quilted blankets, mattresses, pillows, tied with a special elegantly embroidered ribbon (tyshek tartma). Festive clothes were hung on the walls of the yurt. Carved saddles, inlaid harness, a bow in a leather case and arrows in a quiver, a saber and other military weapons were placed in a conspicuous place. Various kitchen utensils were concentrated on the female part.
In the center of the yurt, which according to the beliefs of the Bashkirs is the “umbilical cord” of the dwelling, there is a hearth where food was cooked, and in the cold season a fire was lit here, heating the yurt.
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