Sound translation from the Italian name of the musical genre. Music terms

You have come to the musical terms section, where we will discuss all their concepts, meanings, definitions, show you translations from various languages into Russian, give a list of basic musical definitions, and so on. Below are also articles that cover certain terms in more detail. You can find them at the very end of this page.

Musical terms and their meaning

Before talking about musical terms and their meaning, first I want to give you one example. Let's imagine such a situation. You and your friend were treated to pies. He ate, but you didn't.

You ask him: “Well, how?” He says: "Delicious!" However, what can you understand from this one word? You don't even know if the pie was sweet or salty. With apples or cabbage. That is, nothing is clear.

It's clear that it's delicious. After all, each confectioner makes up his own bun or pie from various little things.

Likewise in music. The melody itself is very beautiful. However, her beauty is in small details. Here we will talk about them.

Techniques for changing the sound, which contribute to the greatest expressiveness in the melody, are called nuances in music.

For example, let's take such a nuance as loudness. Loudness can change a lot in a melody. You can just play right. Or you can first start with a quiet sound with gradually increasing volume. In general, the second option is more expressive than the first.

The quietest sound in music is called pianissimo(pianissimo) from the Italian word piano (quietly). Just a little louder piano(piano) - just quiet. It will get even louder forte(forte) - loudly. If it's too loud, then fortissimo(fortissimo) - very loudly.

The transition from one sound to another is also important. For example, you can play very abruptly. Such a technique in Italian will be called staccato(staccato) - abruptly or abruptly.

And you can play smoothly. This approach is called legato(legato) - smoothly. That is, the sound smoothly passes from one to another while, as it were, complementing each other.

Below is a musical staff. It has 10 notes written on it.

All steps in the scale have their own Latin names:

l is prima
ll - second
lll - third
lV - quart
V - fifth
Vl - sixth
Vll - seventh
Vll - octave
lX - nona
X - decima

intervals in music

Let's talk about intervals in music. The interval itself denotes distance. Well, the musical interval denotes the distance between musical sounds in height.

In each scale there are such already planned intervals. Above, these 10 intervals are given in Latin. I recommend remembering them.

What are the intervals from note to (tonic) to all other steps of the scale?

There is a rather symbolic interval. There is practically no difference between notes in such an interval. Before - before is the interval between the first and the first step. But he still exists. There are even songs that start with two identical notes.

So, this interval before-to has a name prima. There is already some difference in height between the do and re of the second step. Such an interval will be called secondo th.

Between the first and third steps of the scale (between do and mi) there is an interval called third. Next comes the quart, and so on in ascending order, as in the above list.

Probably, many will ask from what language all musical terms were borrowed. It is worth saying that the main base of terminology is in Italian. In principle, this is not surprising. After all, the music itself originated in Italy. Therefore, many dictionaries and textbooks give you terms in Italian.

In general, as you understand, special musical terms were invented for a more accurate definition of music. There are even special dictionaries of musical terms. With the development of music, new terms come.

It is worth saying that all these terms were not written from the bulldozer. All of them were approved at the level of committees of European countries. After that, according to this standard, various reference books and dictionaries began to be produced.

Be sure to learn all this terminology! After all, normal is impossible without it.

The most famous musical term

Probably the most famous musical term that was heard even by those who are not close to music is the treble clef. I think a lot of people have heard of it.

This clef helps musicians to understand notation. This is the main element on the stave.

Many musicians often call it the clef sol, since it is on the same line of the note sol. People agreed to write the treble clef exactly on one ruler so that the musician could then easily navigate the notes.

Here we will consider musical notations for notes. You will learn how notes are called and written. And also where which note should be on the stave.

Here is the list:

to (C) - written on an additional ruler
re (D) - under the first line
mi (E) - on the first line
fa (F) - between the first and second ruler
salt (G) - on the second ruler
la (A) - between the second and third ruler
si (H or B) - on the third line
up to the second octave repeats the entire scale again

Italian musical terms

Below you will find a list where the main Italian musical terms for piano are located.

Adagio - adagio - slowly, calmly
Ad libitum - hell libitum - at the discretion, at will, freely
Agitato - ajitato - excited, excited
Alla marcia - alla marchia - marchingly
Allegro - allegro - fun, fast
Allegretto - allegretto, an indication of a tempo that is slower than allegro
Animato - animato - inspired, animated
Andante - andante - going, current; average speed pace corresponding to a calm step
Andantino - Andantino is a more lively tempo than Andante.
Appassionato - appasionatto - passionately
Assai - assai - enough, enough
A capriccio - and capriccio - the same as hell libitum
A tempo - and tempo - in tempo (that is, in the main tempo indicated earlier)
Accelerando - accelerando - accelerating
Calando - kalyando - reducing strength and speed
Cantabile - cantabile - melodious
Cantando - cantando - melodious
Cappricciozo - capricciozo - capriciously
Con affetto - con affetto - with feeling, with passion
Con anima - con anima - with enthusiasm, with animation
Con brio - con brio - with heat
Con dolcezza - con dolcezza - gently, softly
Con dolcherezza - con dolcherezza - gently, softly
Con espressione - con espressione - with an expression
Con forza - con forza - with force
Con moto - con moto - mobile
Con passion - con passionone - with passion
Con spirit - con spirit - the same as Con anima (con anime)
Crescendo - crescendo - increasing the power of the sound
Da capo al fine - yes capo al fine - from the beginning to the word "end"
Decrescendo - decrescendo - reducing the strength of the sound
Diminuendo - diminuendo - reducing the power of sound
Dolce - dolce - softly, gently
Doloroso - doloroso - sad, plaintive
Energico - energetically - vigorously
Espressivo - espressively - expressively
Forte (in musical notation often f) - forte - loud, strong (more)
Fortissimo - fortissimo - very loud, very strong
grazioso - gracefully - gracefully
Grave - grave - important, heavy
Largo - largo - wide; very slow pace
Legato - legato - smoothly, coherently (more)
Lento - lento - slowly
Leggiero - leggiero - easy
Lugubre - lugubre - gloomy
Maestoso - maestoso - solemnly, majestically
Marcato - marcato - emphasizing
Marciale - marciale - marchingly
Mezza voze - mezza voche - in an undertone
Mezzo piano (often mp in music notation) - mezzo piano - not very quiet (more info)
Mezzo forte (often mf in musical notation) - mezzo forte - not very loud (more info)
Misteriozo - mysteriozo - mysteriously
Moderato - moderato - moderately
Molto - molto - very, very much
Non - non - not
Non troppo - non tropo - not too much
Piano (often p in musical notation) - quietly (more info)
pianissimo - pianissimo - very quiet (more info)
Poco a poco - poco a poco - little by little, gradually
Presto - presto - quickly
Ritenuto - ritenuto - slowing down
Rizoluto - risolyuto - resolutely
Rubato - rubato - at a free pace (more)
Semplice - semplice - simple
Semper - sempre - always, constantly
Simile - Simile - similar to (previous)
Shcerzando - scherzando - playfully
Scherzoso - scherzoso - playfully
Smorzando - smortsando - fading
Sostenuto - sostenuto - restrainedly, slowly
Sotto voce - sotto voche - in an undertone
Spirituozo - spirituoso - spiritually
Staccato - staccato - jerky performance of sounds; the opposite of legato (more info)
Tranquillo - Tranquillo - calmly
Tranquillamente - Tranquillamente - calmly
Vivace - vivache - soon, lively
Vivo - vivo - pace, faster than allegro (allegro), but slower than presto (presto)

Now you know what musical terms are and what they are for. We have considered only a small base or list of definitions. Of course, we will not reveal everything here. But nevertheless, I recommend that you pay attention to the articles that go below. They cover certain terms in more detail. Therefore, I recommend that you also pay attention to them.

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26.04.2012

You will learn everything about such a musical direction as a cover version of songs. We will analyze the features, listen to examples of the best compositions, and touch on many other important issues.

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BRIEF GLOSSARY OF MUSICAL TERMS

Accompaniment(French accompagnement - accompaniment) - musical background to the main melodies, which is of secondary importance in the work.

Chord(it. accordo, fr. accord - agreement) - consonance, the sound of several (at least three) musical tones, taken, as a rule, simultaneously. A. are divided into consonant and dissonant (see. consonance And dissonance).

Act(lat. actus - action) - a relatively completed part of the theatrical performance ( operas, ballet etc.), separated from another of the same part by a break - intermission. Sometimes A. is divided into paintings.

Ensemble(fr. ensemble - together) - 1. The name of a relatively independent musical episodes V opera, representing the simultaneous singing of two or more singers, vocal parts which are not identical; according to the number of participants A. are divided into duets, trio or tercetes, quartets, quintets, sextets etc. 2. Play, intended for joint performance by several musicians, most often instrumentalists. 3. The quality of joint performance, the degree of coherence, unity of the overall sound.

Intermission(French entr'acte - letters, interaction) - 1. Break between acts theatrical performance or branches concert. 2. Orchestral introduction to one of the acts, except for the first (cf. overture)

Arietta(it. arietta) - small aria.

Arioso(it. arioso - like an aria) - a variety arias, characterized by a freer construction, more closely connected with the previous and subsequent musical episodes.

Aria(it. aria - song) - developed vocal episode in opera, oratorios or cantata sung by one singer accompanied by orchestra, which has a wide range melody and completeness of the musical forms. Sometimes A. consists of several contrasting(see) sections. Varieties A. - arietta, arioso, cavatina, cabaletta, canzone, monologue etc.

Ballet(fr. ballet from it. ballo - dance, dance) - a major musical choreographic(cm.) genre, in which the main artistic means is dance, as well as pantomime, presented on the theater stage in a picturesque decorative design, accompanied by orchestral music. B. in the form of independent dance scenes is sometimes part of operas.

Ballad(French ballade, Italian ballare - to dance) - originally the name of the Provencal (France) dance songs; then - literary and poetic genre connected with folk legends or telling about the events of the past. From the beginning of the XIX century. - designation vocal and instrumental plays narrative warehouse.

Baritone(Greek barytono - heavy-sounding) - male voice of the middle between bass And register tenor; another name is high bass.

Barcarolle(from it. barca - boat, barcaruola - song of the boatman) - genus songs, common in Venice, and also the name vocal and instrumental plays contemplative melodious character with a smooth, swaying accompaniment; size 6/8. Another name for B. is a gondolier (from the Italian gondola, a Venetian boat).

Bass(it. basso - low, Greek basis - basis) - 1. The lowest male voice. 2. Common name for low register of orchestral instruments (cello, double bass, bassoon, etc.).

Bolero(Spanish bolero) - Spanish dance, known since the end of the 18th century, moderately fast movement, accompanied by castanets; size 3/4.

Bylina- a work of Russian folk epic, a story about the old days, about the exploits of folk heroes-bogatyrs. B. has the character of a leisurely smooth recitative like a sung speech; sometimes accompanied by playing the harp and other musical instruments.

Waltz(French valse, German Walzer) is a dance that originated from Austrian, German and Czech folk dances. V. is danced in pairs in a smooth circular motion; size 3/4 or 3/8, pace varying from very slow to very fast. Thanks to its special figurative and expressive possibilities, dance became widespread from the middle of the 19th century not only as a dance and concert(cm.) genre but also as an important component of music operas, ballet, symphonies and even chamber — solo And ensemble(see) works.

Variations(lat. variatio - change) - a piece of music based on a gradual change set out at the beginning Topics, during which the original image is developed and enriched without losing its essential features.

Virtuoso(it. virtuoso - lit. valiant, courageous) - a performing musician who is fluent in his instrument or voice, easily, brilliantly overcoming any technical difficulties. Virtuosity is the skill and technical perfection of musical performance. Virtuoso music is music replete with technical difficulties, requiring brilliant, spectacular performance.

Vocal music(from it. vocale - voice) - music for singing - solo, ensemble or choral(see) with accompaniment or without it.

Introduction- the initial section, directly introducing into any vocal or an instrumental piece, painting or Act musical and theatrical performance.

Gavotte(fr. gavotte) - an old French dance of folk origin; subsequently, from the 17th century, it entered into court use, in the 18th century it took its place in the dance suite. G.'s music is energetic, moderately fast movement, meter 4/4 with a characteristic two-quarter upbeat.

Harmony(Greek harmonia - proportionality, consistency) - 1. One of the expressive means of musical art, associated with chordal(see) combinations of tones and their sequences accompanying the main melody. 2. The science of chords, their movement and connections. 3. The name of individual chord sound combinations when characterizing their expressiveness (“hard harmony”, “light harmony”, etc.). 4. The general designation of the range of chordal means characteristic of a particular work, composer, musical style(“Mussorgsky's harmony”, “romantic harmony”, etc.).

Hymn(Greek hymnos) - a solemn laudatory chant.

Grotesque(French grotesque - bizarre, ugly, strange) - an artistic device associated with a deliberate exaggeration or distortion of the real features of the image, which gives it a bizarre, fantastic, often caricature-humorous, sometimes frightening character.

Gusli(from Old Russian gusel - string) - an old Russian folk instrument, which is a hollow flat box on which metal strings are stretched. Playing the G. was usually accompanied by the performance of epics. The performer in G. is a harpist.

Declamation- artistic reading of poetry or prose in an emotionally elevated manner. D. musical - correct reproduction in recitative characteristic intonations - rises, falls, accents, etc. - expressive human speech.

woodwind instruments- the general name of a group of instruments that includes a flute (with varieties of flute-piccolo and alto flute), oboe (with varieties of alto oboe, or English horn), clarinet (with varieties of clarinet-piccolo and bass clarinet), bassoon (with variety of contrabassoon). D. d. i. are also used in brass bands, various chamber ensembles And How soloists(see) tools. In the orchestral score group D. d. and. occupies the top lines, placed in the above order.

Decimet(from lat. decimus - tenth) - operatic or chamber ensemble ten participants.

Dialogue(Greek dialogos - a conversation between two) - scene- a conversation between two characters operas; roll call of alternating short musical phrases as if responding to each other.

Divertissement(French divertissement - entertainment, entertainment) - a piece of music built like suites, consisting of several diverse, mainly dance, rooms. D. is also called a separate instrumental play entertaining character.

Dynamics(from the Greek dynamikos - power) - 1. Strength, loudness of sound. 2. Designation of the degree of tension, the effective aspiration of the musical narrative (“the dynamics of development”).

Dramaturgy- Literature that involves the stage incarnation; the science of the laws of the construction of a dramatic play. In the 20th century, the term D. began to be applied also to the musical and theatrical art, and then to large instrumental and symphonic works that were not connected with the stage. D. musical - a set of principles for the construction and development of music operas, ballet, symphonies etc. with the aim of the most logical, consistent and effective embodiment of the chosen plot, ideological concept.

Thought, thought— narrative Ukrainian folk song free recitative-improvisational warehouse with tool support. Usually D. is devoted to a story about historical events, but sometimes it acquires the features of a sincere, sad song of a purely lyrical content.

Brass band— orchestra, consisting of copper And woodwinds And percussion tools. Before. has a powerful, bright sonority.

Wind instruments- instruments, different in shape, size and material, which are a tube or a set of tubes that sound due to the vibrations of the air column enclosed in them. According to the material and method of sound extraction D. and. divided into copper And wooden. Among D. and. belongs also organ.

Duet(from lat. duo - two) - operatic or chamber ensemble two participants.

duetino(it. duettino) - small duet.

Genre(French genre - type, manner) - 1. The type of musical work, determined by various criteria: by the nature of the subject (for example, J. epic, comic), the nature of the plot (for example, J. historical, mythological), the composition of the performers (e.g., F - operatic, ballet, symphonic, vocal(see), instrumental), the circumstances of the performance (for example, J. concert, chamber(see), household), features of the form (for example, Zh. romance, songs, instrumental or orchestral miniatures), etc. 2. Genre (in music) - associated with the characteristic features of folk everyday musical genres. 3. Genre scene - everyday scene.

Chorus- Start choral song, performed by one singer - the lead singer.

Singspiel(German Singspiel from singen - to sing and Spiel - game) - kind comic opera, which combined colloquial dialogues with singing and dancing; Z. received the greatest development in Germany and Austria in the 2nd half of the 18th and early. XIX centuries.

Improvisation(from lat. improvisus - unforeseen, unexpected) - creativity in the process of execution, without prior preparation, by inspiration; also a characteristic of a certain kind of musical works or their individual episodes, characterized by whimsical freedom of presentation.

Instrumentation- the same as orchestration.

Sideshow(lat. intermedia - located in the middle) - 1. A small musical play, placed between the more important parts of a large work. 2. Plug-in episode or scene in a major theatrical work, suspending the development of the action and not directly related to it. 3. Binder episode between two Topics V fugue, a passing episode in an instrumental piece in general.

Intermezzo(it. intermezzo - pause, intermission) - play linking more important sections; also the name of separate, mainly instrumental, pieces of various nature and content.

Introduction(lat. introductio - introduction) - 1. Small size opera overture, directly put into action. 2. The initial section of any plays, which has its own pace and the nature of the music.

cabaletta(from it. cabalare - fantasize) - a small opera aria, often of a heroically upbeat nature.

Cavatina(it. cavatina) - a kind of opera arias, characterized by a freer construction, lyrical melody, lack of tempo(see) contrasts.

Chamber music(from it. camera - room) - music for soloists(see solo) instruments or voices, small ensembles designed for performance in small concert halls.

Canon(Greek kanon - rule, pattern) - a kind of polyphonic music based on the alternate entry of voices from the same melody.

Kant(from lat. cantus - singing) - in Russian, Ukrainian and Polish music of the 17th-18th centuries, lyrical songs for a three-part choir without accompaniment; in the era of Peter I, greetings to K. vigorous marching(cm. march) character, performed on the occasion of official celebrations.

Cantata(from it. cantare - to sing) - a great work for singers - soloists, chora And orchestra, consisting of a number of numbers - aria, recitatives, ensembles, choirs. K. differs from the oratorio in the absence of a detailed and consistently embodied plot.

Cantilena(lat. cantilena - chanting) - wide melodious melody.

Canzona(it. canzone - song) - the old name of the Italian lyric songs with instrumental accompaniment; later - the name of the instrumental plays melodious lyric.

canzonetta(it. canzonetta - song) - small canzone, melodious vocal or instrumental play small size.

Painting- 1. In a musical and theatrical work, a part act, separable not intermission, but a brief pause during which the curtain falls briefly. 2. The designation of instrumental-symphonic works, which are characterized by a special concreteness, visualization of musical images; sometimes such works belong to genre of program music.

Quartet(from lat. quartus - fourth) - opera-vocal or instrumental (most often string) ensemble four participants.

Quintet(from lat. quintus - fifth) - opera-vocal or instrumental ensemble five participants.

Clavier(abbr. German Klavierauszug - piano extract) - processing, arrangement for piano work written for orchestra or ensemble, and operas, cantatas or oratorios(with preservation vocal parties).

Koda(it. coda - tail, end) - the final section of a musical work, usually of an energetic, impetuous nature, asserting its main idea, the dominant image.

Coloratura(it. coloratura - coloring, decoration) - coloring, variation vocal melodies in a variety of flexible, moving passages, virtuosic decorations.

Coloring(from lat. color - color) in music - the predominant emotional coloring of an episode, achieved using various registers, timbres, harmonic(see) and other expressive means.

Carol- the general name of the Slavic folk ritual songs pagan origin associated with the celebration of Christmas (new year's eve).

Composer(Latin compositor - composer, compiler, creator) - the author of a musical work.

Composition(lat. compositio - composition, arrangement) - 1. Musical creativity, the process of creating a musical work. 2. The internal structure of a musical work, the same as a musical form. 3. A separate piece of music.

Contralto(it. contralto) - the lowest female voice, the same as in choir viola.

Counterpoint(from Latin punctumcontrapunctum - point against point, that is, note against note) - 1. The simultaneous combination of two or more melodically independent voices. 2. The science of the laws of the combination of simultaneously sounding melodies, the same as polyphony.

Contrast(fr. contraste - opposite) - a bright expressive means of music, which consists in the rapprochement and direct opposition of dissimilar, sharply differing in character musical episodes. Musical figurative-emotional K. is carried out with the help of tempo, dynamic, tonal, register, timbre(see) and other oppositions.

Concert(from lat. concertare - to compete, it. concerto - consent) - 1. Public performance of musical works. 2. A large, usually three-part, work for soloist(see) tool with orchestra, brilliant, spectacular, with developed elements virtuosity, in some cases approaching in richness and significance of the ideological and artistic content to symphonies.

climax(from lat. culmen - top, top) - the moment of highest tension in the musical development.

couplet(fr. couplet - stanza) - repeated part songs.

banknote(fr. coupure - clipping, reduction) - reduction of a piece of music by removing, skipping any episode, V opera — scenes, paintings or act.

Lezginka- a dance common among the peoples of the Caucasus, temperamental, impetuous; size 2/4 or 6/8.

Leitmotif(German Leitmotiv - leading motive) - musical thought, melody associated in opera with a certain character, memory, experience, phenomenon or abstract concept that arises in music when it appears or is mentioned in the course of a stage action.

Landler(German: Ländler) is a German and Austrian dance of folk origin, the predecessor of waltz, lively, but not fast movement; size 3/4.

Libretto(it. libretto - notebook, little book) - full literary text operas, operettas; verbal presentation of content ballet. The author L. is a librettist.

Madrigal(it. madrigale) - a European polyphonic secular song of the 16th century, of an exquisite nature, usually of love content.

Mazurka(from Polish mazur - a resident of Mazovia) - a Polish dance of folk origin, lively, with a sharp, sometimes syncopated(cm.) rhythm; size 3/4.

March(fr. marche - walking, procession) - genre, Related to rhythm walking, characterized by a clear, measured, energetic movement. M. is marching, solemn, mourning; size 2/4 or 4/4.

Brass instruments— wind instruments, made of copper and other metals, forming a special group in the symphony orchestra, which includes horns, trumpets (sometimes partially replaced by cornets), trombones and tuba. M. d. and. are the basis brass band. In the symphony score group M. d. and. written under the group woodwind instruments, placed in the above order.

Meistersingers(German Meistersinger - master of singing) - in medieval Germany (XIV-XVII centuries) shop musicians.

Melodeclamation(from Greek melos - song and Latin declamatio - recitation) - expressive reading (most often poetry), accompanied by music.

Melody(Greek melodia - singing a song from melos - song and ode - singing) - the main idea of a musical work, expressed in a monophonic melody, the most important means of musical expression.

Melodrama(from the Greek melos - song and drama - action) - 1. Part of a dramatic work, accompanied by music. 2. A negative characterization of works or episodes, characterized by exaggerated sensitivity, sentimentality, bad taste.

Minuet(fr. menuet) - an old French dance, originally of folk origin, in the 17th century - a court dance, at the end of the 18th century it was introduced into the symphony cycle(cm. symphony). M. is distinguished by smooth and graceful movements; size 3/4.

Mass(fr. messe, lat. missa) - a large multi-part work for chora with instrumental accompaniment, sometimes with the participation of singers- soloists written in religious latin text. M. - the same as the Catholic mass, liturgy.

mezzo-soprano(from it. mezzo - median and soprano) - a female voice, in register occupying an intermediate position between soprano And contralto. mezzo soprano in chore- the same as alt.

Miniature(it. miniatura) - small orchestral, vocal(see) or an instrumental piece.

Monologue(from the Greek monos - one, speech uttered by one person) in music - one of the most effective solo vocal forms V opera, which usually captures the process of intense experience or reflection, leading to a decision. M., as a rule, is built from several non-identical, contrasting episodes.

Motive(from it. motivo - reason, motivation, and lat. motus - movement) - 1. Part melodies, which has an independent expressive meaning; a group of sounds is a melody united around one accent - stress. 2. In the common sense - a melody, a melody.

musical drama- originally the same as opera. In common sense, one of genres opera, which is characterized by the leading role of intense dramatic action that unfolds on the stage and determines the principles of musical embodiment.

Musical comedy- cm. operetta.

Nocturne(fr. nocturne - night) - the name of relatively small instrumental instruments that spread in the 19th century (rarely - vocal) plays lyrical-contemplative character with expressive melodious melody.

Number- the smallest, relatively complete, allowing separate, independent execution opera episode, ballet or operettas.

But no(from lat. nonus - ninth) - a relatively rare type of opera or chamber ensemble for nine participants.

Oh yeah(Greek ode) - the name of a piece of music borrowed from literature (more often - vocal) solemn laudatory character.

Octet(from lat. octo - eight) - ensemble eight participants.

Opera(it. opera - action, work, from lat. opus - labor, creation) - synthetic genre musical art, including dramatic action, singing and dancing, accompanied by orchestral music, as well as pictorial and decorative design. The opera is made up of solo episodes — aria, recitatives, and ensembles, choirs, ballet scenes, independent orchestral numbers (see overture, intermission, introduction). O. is divided into acts and paintings. O. as an independent genre spread in Europe in the 17th century, and in Russia from the middle of the 18th century. Further development led to the formation of various national styles and ideological and artistic types of opera (see. O. big french, O.-buffa, O. comic, O. lyrical-dramatic, O. lyrical French, O. beggars, O.-series, O. epic, singspiel, musical drama, operetta). As a result of its diverse historical development, music became the most democratic genre among the complex monumental genres of musical art.

Grand Opera French(French grandopéra) - a variety that became widespread in the middle of the 19th century, which is characterized by the embodiment of historical themes in a monumental, colorful performance rich in effective moments.

opera buffa(it. opera-buffa) - Italian comic opera that emerged in the first half of the 18th century. About. based on everyday stories, often acquiring a satirical coloring. Developed from the Italian folk "comedy of masks" (comediadelarte), O.-b. reflected the progressive democratic tendencies of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries.

Opera comic- the general specific name of the opera genre that arose in Europe from the middle of the 18th century under the influence of democratic ideas as opposed to courtly aristocratic art. O. to. in different countries had different names: in Italy - opera buffa, in Germany and Austria singspiel, in Spain - tonadilla, in England - beggar's opera, or ballad song opera. O. c. is the generally accepted name for the proper French variety of this genre, which is characterized by the inclusion of colloquial dialogues.

Opera lyrical-dramatic- a variety that developed in the operatic art of the second half of the 19th century. For O. l.-d. characteristic is the foreground of dramatic, often tragic personal destinies and human relationships, shown against a realistically truthful life background, in-depth attention composer to the spiritual life of the characters, their feelings, psychological contradictions and conflicts.

French lyric opera- own name French lyric-dramatic opera.

Beggar's Opera(English beggarsopera) - English variety comic opera, in which folk songs were widely used - ballads.

Opera series(Italian operaseria - serious opera, as opposed to comic) - Italian opera of the 18th century, associated with the court-aristocratic environment. Based, as a rule, on mythological and historical-legendary subjects, O.-s. distinguished by the splendor of the production, masterly glitter vocal parts, but in its development was constrained by the conventions of plots, situations and characters.

Opera epic- a kind of classical opera, predominantly developed in Russia, characterized by the use of plots from the folk epos - legends, legends and examples of folk songwriting. Stage action and music of O. e. maintained in the spirit of a majestic, unhurried narrative. TO genre O. e. adjoins also an opera-fairy tale.

Operetta(it. operetta - small opera) - a theatrical performance that combines singing and dancing, accompanied by orchestra with conversational scenes, deriving from comic opera XVIII century. European O. of the 19th century is characterized by an abundance of comedic situations of a satirical or purely entertaining nature. In Soviet musical and theatrical art, O. is more often referred to as musical comedy.

Oratorio(from lat. oratoria - eloquence) - a large vocal and symphonic genre musical art, the works of which are intended to be performed chorus, soloists-singers and orchestra. O. is based on a certain plot that generally tells about the historical or legendary events of folk life, usually with a sublime, heroic coloring. The plot of O. is embodied in a number of completed solo, choral And orchestral(see) numbers sometimes shared recitatives.

Organ(from the Greek organon - instrument, instrument) - the largest of modern musical instruments that has existed and improved over many centuries. O, is a system of pipes that sound due to the blowing of a jet of air into them, produced mechanically. The presence of pipes of different sizes and shapes allows you to extract sounds of different heights and timbre. O. control is carried out using keyboards, manual (up to three manuals) and foot (pedal), as well as numerous switches registers. In terms of power and colorful richness of sound, the O. competes with the symphonic orchestra.

Orchestra(from the Greek. orchestra - in the ancient Greek theater, the place in front of the stage, which housed the choir) - a large group of musicians-performers, intended for the joint performance of musical works. Unlike ensemble, some parties in O. are performed simultaneously by several musicians like a monophonic chora. According to the composition of instruments, orchestras are divided into symphonic, brass, folk instruments, pop, jazz, etc. Opera opera, as well as symphony, consists of four main groups of instruments - groups woodwinds, brass, percussion, strings bowed, and also includes some single instruments that are not included in any of the groups (harp, occasionally piano, guitar, etc.).

Orchestration- creating an orchestral scores, the embodiment of musical thought by means of orchestral expressiveness. O. - the same as instrumentation.

Parody(Greek parodià, from para - against and ode - song, singing, letters, singing vice versa) - imitation for the purpose of distortion, ridicule.

Score(it. partitura - division, distribution) - musical notation ensemble, orchestral, operatic, oratorio-cantata(see) and other music that requires many performers. The number of P. lines is determined by the number of parties included in it - instrumental, solo vocal And choral, which are in a certain order.

The consignment(from lat. pars - part) - part of the music ensemble, operas etc. performed by one or a group of musicians or singers.

Pastoral(from lat. pastoralis - shepherd) - music, musical play or theatrical scene, expressed in gentle, lyrically soft contemplative tones, painting calm pictures of nature and an idealized serene rural life (cf. idyll).

Song- basic vocal genre folk musical creativity and related genre of vocal music in general. P. is characterized by the presence of a clear, convex, expressive and slender melodies, which has a generalized figurative and emotional content, embodying the feelings and thoughts of not an individual, but a people. The combination of these features is included in the concept of songwriting as a special means of musical expression, a special warehouse of musical thinking. Folk music, reflecting the most diverse aspects of the life of the people in an innumerable variety of varieties and genres, is the main source of musical art. In the development of folk poetry and the highly artistic refraction of its national characteristics, the greatest merit belongs to the Russians. classical composers. In their works, poetry is widely represented as a genre of everyday life; at the same time, song, the song principle was the leading artistic device for them. In the narrow sense, P. is a small vocal piece with or without accompaniment, distinguished by its simplicity and melodically expressive melodiousness, usually in couplet form, as well as an instrumental piece of similar size and character.

subvoice- more or less independent melody accompanying the main tune in polyphonic music. The presence of developed P. is a characteristic feature of the Russian folk choral(see) music.

Polyphony(from Greek poly - many and phone - voice, letters, polyphony) - 1. Simultaneous combination of two or more independent melodies having independent expressive meaning. 2. The science of polyphonic music, the same as counterpoint.

prelude, prelude(from lat. prae - before and ludus - game) - 1. Introduction, introduction to the play or completed musical episode, opera stage, ballet etc. 2. A common name for small instrumental pieces of various content, character and structure.

Premiere- first show operas, ballet, operettas at the theater stage; the first public performance of a musical work (applies to major works only).

Chorus- Part songs, invariably, together with the same verbal text, repeated after each of its couplet.

Lamentations, lamentations— song- crying, one of the most common in pre-revolutionary Russia genres folk songs; usually has the character of a mournfully agitated recitative.

Prologue(from lat. prae - before and Greek. logos - word, speech) - an introductory part in a drama, novel, opera etc., introducing into the story; sometimes P. introduces the events that preceded the depicted.

musical development- the movement of musical images, their changes, collisions, mutual transitions, reflecting the processes that take place in the mental life of a person or the hero of a musical and theatrical performance, as well as in the surrounding reality. R. m. is an important factor in the musical dramaturgy, directing the listener's attention to the most significant parts of the story. R. m. is carried out using a variety of compositional and expressive techniques; all means of musical expression are involved in it.

Requiem(from lat. requiem - peace) - a monumental work for chora, soloists-singers and orchestra. Initially, R. is a mourning Catholic mass. Subsequently, in the works of Mozart, Berlioz, Verdi, R. lost its ritual and religious character, turning into a dramatic, philosophically significant musical genre animated by deep universal human feelings and great thoughts.

Recitative(from lat. recitare - read, recite) - musical speech, the most flexible solo form singing in opera, characterized by a large rhythmic(see) diversity and freedom of construction. Usually R. introduces into aria, emphasizing its melodious melody. R. often reproduces the characteristic intonations of living human speech, making it an indispensable tool in creating a musical portrait of the character. The main varieties of R. - R.-secco ("dry", accompanied by rare jerky orchestra chords or chembalo), R.-accompagnato ("accompanied", sounding against the background of a coherent chord accompaniment) and R.-obligato ("mandatory", which indicates the need for an independent melodic thought in the orchestral accompaniment).

Rigaudon(fr. rigodon, rigaudon) - an old Provencal (France) dance of the 17th-18th centuries, a lively, vigorous movement; time signature 4/4 or 2/3 with one-quarter advance.

Rhythm(from the Greek rythmos - dimensional flow) - the organization of musical movement in time, periodic alternation and the ratio of strong and weak parts. A periodically repeating group of strong and weak beats is called a measure. The number of beats in a measure is called the time signature. R. is an important expressive means of musical art, reaching a special richness and variety in dance music associated with the plasticity of the movement of the human body.

Romance(fr. romance) - solo lyrical song with instrumental accompaniment, characterized by an intimate structure of feelings, individualized content, special subtlety and expressive variety accompaniment. Vocal melody R. often includes elements recitative.

Rondo(French rondeau from ronde - round, the name of an old French choral song) - form building a musical plays, consisting of several (at least three) contrasting episodes, separated by a periodically returning first episode (refrain).

Sarabande(Spanish zarabanda) - an old Spanish dance in the nature of a slow majestic procession; size 3/4. Genre S. was often used to create images of deep mournful reflection, a funeral procession.

Seguidilla(Spanish seguidilla) - fast Spanish dance, accompanied by whimsical rhythm castanets; size 3/4 or 3/8.

Sextet(from lat. sextus - sixth) - operatic-vocal or instrumental ensemble seven participants.

Serenade(from Italian sera - evening, letters, "evening song") - originally in Spain and Italy, a love song sung with accompaniment guitars or mandolins under the sweetheart's window. Then - works of a welcoming nature for instrumental ensembles And orchestra. Subsequently, S. is the name of lyrical solo songs with instrumental accompaniment, stylized in the spirit of a guitar accompaniment, as well as the name of the lyrical instrumental or orchestral cycle.

Symphony(from the Greek symphonia - consonance) - a monumental work for the orchestra, genre which took shape in the second half of the 18th century. S., as a rule, consists of four large diverse, contrasting parts, in which a wide range of life phenomena is reflected, a wealth of moods and conflicts is embodied. The first part of S. usually has a conflict-dramatic character and is sustained in fast movement; sometimes it is preceded by a slow introduction. The second is a lyrical chant, imbued with moods of reflection. Third - minuet, scherzo or waltz— in a lively dance move. Fourth - the final, the fastest, often festive, upbeat character. However, there are other principles of construction. The set of parts, united by a common poetic idea, forms a symphonic cycle.

Scherzo(it. scherzo - joke) - a small instrumental or orchestral work of a lively, perky character, which has a sharp, clear rhythm, sometimes acquiring a dramatic coloring. From the beginning of the 19th century, S. entered the symphony cycle, taking place in it minuet.

buffoons- carriers of Russian folk art in the XI-XVII centuries, itinerant actors, musicians and dancers.

Solo(it. solo - one, only) - an independent performance of one performer with a whole play or in a separate episode if the play is written for ensemble or orchestra. Performer S. - soloist.

Sonata(from it. sonare - to sound) - 1. In the 17th century - the name of any instrumental work, in contrast to the vocal one. 2. Since the 18th century - the name of a work for one or two instruments, consisting of three or four parts of a certain nature, which form a sonata cycle, in general terms similar to the symphonic one (cf. symphony).

Sonata Allegro- the form in which the first parts are written sonatas And symphonies, - sustained in fast (allegro) tempe. S.'s form and. consists of three large sections: exposition, development and reprise. The exposition is a presentation of two central, contrasting musical images created in the main and secondary parties; development - development topics the main and side parties, the clash and struggle of their images; reprise - a repetition of the exposition with a new ratio of images of the main and secondary parties, achieved as a result of their struggle in development. S.'s form and. the most effective, dynamic, it creates ample opportunities for a realistic reflection of the phenomena of objective reality and the spiritual life of a person in their internal inconsistency and ongoing development. S.'s form and. developed by the middle of the 18th century and soon became widespread not only in the first parts symphonies, sonatas, quartets, instrumental concerts, but also in one-part symphonic poems, concert and opera overtures, and in some cases in extended opera arias (for example, Ruslan's aria in Glinka's opera Ruslan and Lyudmila).

Soprano(from it. sopra - above, above) - the highest female voice. S. is subdivided into coloratura, lyrical and dramatic.

Style(in music) - a set of features that characterize the work of composers of a certain country, historical period, individual composer.

Stringed instruments- instruments in which sound occurs as a result of vibration (vibration) of stretched strings. According to the method of sound extraction S. and. are divided into bowed (violin, viola, cello, double bass), keyboard ( piano and his predecessors, cf. chembalo) and plucked (harp, mandolin, guitar, balalaika, etc.).

Scene(Latin scena from Greek skene - tent, tent). - 1. Theatrical stage on which the performance takes place. 2. Part of theatrical performance, separate episode act or paintings.

Scenario(it. scenario) - a more or less detailed presentation of the course of action unfolding on stage in opera, ballet And operetta, a schematic retelling of their plot. On the basis of S. is created libretto operas.

Suite(French suite - series, sequence) - the name of a multi-part cyclic work in which parts are compared according to the principle contrast and have a less close internal ideological and artistic connection than in the symphonic cycle (cf. symphony). Usually S. is a series of dances or descriptive and illustrative pieces of a program nature, and sometimes an extract from a major musical and dramatic work ( operas, ballet, operettas, motion picture).

Tarantella(it. tarantella) - very fast, temperamental Italian folk dance; size 6/8.

The theme is musical(Greek thema - the subject of the story) - the main, subject development a musical thought expressed in a relatively small, complete, embossed, vividly expressive and memorable melody (see also keynote).

Timbre(fr. timbre) - a specific quality, characteristic coloring of the sound of a voice or instrument.

Pace(from it. tempo - time) - the speed of performance and the nature of the movement in a piece of music. T. is indicated by the words: very slowly - largo (largo), slowly - adagio (adagio), calmly, smoothly - andante (andante), moderately fast - moderato (moderato), quickly - allegro (allegro), very quickly - presto (presto ). Sometimes T. is determined by reference to the well-known nature of the movement: “at the pace waltz"," at the pace march". From the middle of the 19th century, t. was also designated by the metronome, where the number corresponds to the number of indicated durations per minute. The verbal designation T. often serves as the name of a play or its individual parts that do not have a title (for example, the names of parts in a sonata cycle- allegro, andante, etc., ballet adagio, etc.).

Tenor(from lat. tenere - to hold, direct) - a high male voice. T is subdivided into lyrical and dramatic.

Tercet(from lat. tertius - third) - operatic and vocal ensemble three participants. Another name for T. - trio, also used to denote instrumental ensembles with the same number of performers.

Trio(it. trio from tre - three) - 1. In vocal music, the same as tercet. 2. Instrumental ensemble of three performers. 3. Middle section in march, waltz, minuet, scherzo smoother and more melodious character; this meaning of the term originated in early instrumental music, in which the middle section was performed by three instruments.

Troubadours, trouvers- knights-poets and singers in medieval France.

Overture(French ouverture - opening, beginning) - 1. Orchestral piece performed before the start operas or ballet, usually based on the themes of the work to which it precedes, and concisely embodying its main idea. 2. The name of an independent single-movement orchestral work, often related to program music.

Percussion instruments- musical instruments from which sound is extracted by striking. U. and. there are: 1) with a certain pitch - timpani, bells and bells, celesta, xylophone and 2) with a sound of indefinite pitch - tam-tom, big and snare drums, tambourine, cymbals, triangle, castanets, etc.

Texture(lat. factura - lit. division, processing) - the structure of the sound fabric of a musical work, including melody accompanying her echoes or polyphonic vote, accompaniment etc.

Fandango(Spanish fandango - Spanish folk dance of moderate movement, accompanied by playing the castanets; size 3/4.

Fantasy(Greek phantasia - imagination, fiction in general, fiction) - masterly free forms. 1. In the 17th century improvisational nature of the introduction to fugue or sonata. 2. Virtuoso composition on Topics any operas, the same as transcription (Latin transcriptio - rewriting) or paraphrase (from Greek paraphrasis - description, retelling, paraphrase). 3. An instrumental piece with a whimsical, fantastic character of music.

Fanfare(it. fanfara) - a trumpet signal, usually of a festive solemn nature.

The final(it. finale - final) - the final part of a multi-part work, operas or ballet.

Folklore(from English folk - people and lore - teaching, science) - a collection of works of oral literary and musical folk art.

Musical form(lat. forma - appearance, shape) - 1. Means of embodying the ideological and figurative content, including melody, harmony, polyphony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, invoice, as well as compositional principles of construction or F. in a narrow sense. 2. F. in the narrow sense - the historically established and developed patterns of the structure of musical works, the layout and relationships of parts and sections that determine the general contours of a musical work. The most common are F. tripartite, couplet, variational, rondo, sonata, as well as F. construction suite, sonata And symphonic(cm.) cycles.

piano(from it. forte-piano - loud-quietly) - the general name of the keyboard string instrument (piano, piano), which allows, unlike its predecessors - the harpsichord, chembalo, clavichord, receive sounds of various strengths. sound range and speakers, expressiveness and colorful variety of sound, great virtuoso and technical capabilities made F. predominantly solo and concert performers (cf. concert) an instrument, as well as a participant in many chamber-instrumental ensembles.

Fragment(from lat. fragmentum - fragment, piece) - a fragment of something.

Phrase(Greek phrasis - turn of speech, expression) - in music, a short relatively complete passage, part melodies, framed by pauses (caesuras).

Fugue(it. and lat. fuga - running) - a one-part work, which is polyphonic(see) exposition and subsequent development one melodies, Topics.

Fugato(from fuga) - polyphonic episode in an instrumental or vocal play, built like fugues, but not finished and turning into music of the usual, non-polyphonic warehouse.

fugetta(it. fugetta - small fugue) - fugue small sizes, with a reduced development section.

Furiant(Czech, lit. - proud, arrogant) - impetuous temperamental Czech folk dance; variable size - 2/4, 3/4.

Habanera(Spanish habanera - letters, Havana, from Havana) - Spanish folk song-dance, characterized by a restrained clear rhythm; size 2/4.

choir(from Greek choros) - 1. A large singing group, consisting of several groups, each of which performs its own party. 2. Compositions for the choir, independent or included in an operatic work, in which they are one of the most important forms often used in the creation of mass folk scenes.

Chorale(from Greek choros) - 1. Church choral singing to a religious text, common in the Middle Ages. 2. A choral or other work or episode based on a uniform, unhurried movement chords, characterized by a sublimely contemplative character.

Hota(Spanish jota) - Spanish folk dance of temperamental live movement, accompanied by a song; size 3/4.

Music cycle(from the Greek. kyklos - circle, circuit) - a set of parts of a multi-part work, following one after another in a certain order. C. is based on the principle of contrast. The main varieties are the sonata-symphony ts., suite ts. (see. symphony, suite); cyclic also include the forms masses And requiem.

Chembalo(it. cembalo, claviecembalo) is the Italian name for the harpsichord, the forerunner of the modern piano. In the 17th and 18th centuries Ch. was part of operatic or oratorio orchestra accompanying the performance recitatives.

Ecossaise(fr. écossaise - "Scottish") - Scottish folk dance of fast movement; size 2/4.

Expression(from lat. expressio - expression) in music - increased expressiveness.

Elegy(Greek elegia from elegos - complaint) - play sad, thoughtful character.

Epigraph(Greek epigraphe - letters. inscription on the monument) - a figurative name of the initial musical phrase borrowed from literature, Topics or a passage that defines the predominant character, the leading thought of the entire work.

Episode(Greek epeisodion - incident, event) - a small part of the musical and theatrical action; sometimes a section introduced into a piece of music that has the character of a digression.

Epilogue(Greek epilogos from epi - after and logos - word, speech) - the final part of the work, summing up the events, sometimes talking about events that occurred after some time.

Epitaph(Greek epitaphios) - grave word.

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AVANT-GARDISM(fr. avant-gard- forward detachment) - a code name for various trends in contemporary art, which is characterized by a rejection of the traditions of the art of the past.

ALEATORICA(lat. alea- accident) - a trend in modern music that arose in the 50s. 20th century in Germany and in France; is based solely on the application of the principle of chance both in the process of creating a work and in its performance.

ALLEMAND(fr. allemande- German) - an old dance of German origin (known since the 16th century). Sounds at a moderate tempo, with a smooth rounded melody in two beats. A. entered the dance suite as the first play.

ARIA(it. aria- air) – a genre of vocal music, a completed episode in an opera, oratorio or cantata with a melody of a predominantly song type. Performed by a soloist accompanied by an orchestra.

BALLET(lat. ballo- dancing) – a kind of stage art, the content of which is embodied in musical and choreographic images. It combines music, choreography, literary basis, visual arts (decorations, costumes, lighting). It originated in Italy at the end of the 15th century, but as an independent genre was formed by the 70s. 18th century

BALLAD(lat. ballo- I dance) - originally among the Romanesque peoples, a monophonic dance song, originating from folk choral songs. One of the most important musical and poetic genres of the art of troubadours and trouveurs. In the 19th century vocal ballet is associated with Austrian and German poetry, with the work of the composer F. Schubert, and Russian ballet is associated with the work of A. Verstovsky and M. Glinka. In the 19th century B. also appears as an instrumental piece.

BELYAEVSKY CIRCLE- a group of composers who gathered at musical evenings on Fridays in the house of M. Belyaev in St. Petersburg in the 80-90s. 19th century (N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, N. Cherepnin and others).

BYLINA- the genre of the Russian heroic epic - a tale, sustained in the nature of an improvisational narrative. The epics tell about the feats of arms of heroes, outstanding events in the life of the people. The epic tunes are in many ways reminiscent of smooth sing-song speech; the basis of its musical structure is made up of short, repeatedly repeated melodies.

WALTZ(fr. valse) is one of the most common ballroom dances of moderate or fast movement in triple meter, with a characteristic smooth whirling of dancing couples.

VARIATIONS(lat. variatio- change, variety) - a musical form in which the theme is re-stated with changes in texture, fret, tone, harmony, the ratio of contrapuntal voices, timbre, etc.

VIRGINAL- a kind of small harpsichord, common in England in the 17th century.

VIRTUOSO(lat. virtus- strength, valor, talent) - a performing musician who is fluent in the technique of his profession.

VOCALYSIS(lat. vocalis- vowel) – a piece without words, performed on any vowel (more often on "a"). Written primarily for educational purposes.

GALLIARD(it. gagliarda, fr. gaillarde- cheerful, cheerful) - an old Italian cheerful dance in a moderately fast movement with characteristic jumps of the dancers. It was distributed in the XVII-VII centuries. in Italy and France. Used in instrumental suites, more often after pavans.

HARMONY(gr. harmony- connection, order, proportion) - the area of expressive means of music, based on the combination of tones into consonances and their coherent sequence in terms of harmony. The most important value of harmony is to accompany and decorate the melody, to create the brilliance of the overall sound.

HOMOPHONY(gr. homos– identical + phōnē- sound) - a type of polyphony, characterized by the division of voices into main and accompanying.

GREGORIAN CHORAL- the general name of cult tunes in Catholic church music, strictly legalized (canonized) by Pope Gregory I at the turn of the 6th-7th centuries.

G. x. - strictly diatonic chant, narrow range, executable in unison male choir.

BEEP- Russian stringed bowed instrument. It consists of an oval or pear-shaped wooden body and a short neck without frets. It has 3 (4) strings along which the bow-shaped bow moves. In this case, the melody is performed only on the first string; the rest, tuned to a fourth or a fifth, pull the same sound (bourdon). When playing, G. is held vertically.

GUSLI – ancient Russian stringed instrument. Known since the 6th century. Early examples were a trapezoid flat wooden box with several strings. New guitars are rectangular in shape with 13-14 strings. Keyboards are also used.

RANGE(gr. diapason (chordon) - through everything (strings)) - the sound volume of a singing voice, musical instrument, melody. Determined by the distance from the lowest to the highest sound.

DIVERTISSEMENT(fr. divertissement- entertainment) – a musical work of an entertaining nature, as well as a collection of such works. As a musical genre, it combines the features sonatas And suites, closer to the sonata.

DYNAMICS(gr. dynamikos- strong) - different degrees of sound (loudness), has only a relative value. Denoted by Italian terms: "piano" ('quietly'), "forte"

(‘loud’), etc.

DODECAPHONIA(gr. dōdeka– twelve + Phōne- sound) - serial-dodecaphonic system - a method of musical composition, in which modal connections (gravitation) between sounds are denied and each of the 12 tones of the chromatic scale is considered equal, without distinguishing between stable and unstable tones.

DUET(lat. duo- two) – ensemble of 2 performers (vocalists or instrumentalists).

GENRE(fr. genre- genus, species) – a multi-valued concept that characterizes the historically established genera and types of musical works in connection with their origin and life purpose, the method and conditions of performance and perception, as well as with the features of content and form.

ZHIGA(fr. gigue, English jig, German Gigue) – fast old folk dance of English origin, in a fast pace and triplet movement. Zh. entered the dance suite 17th century as the final piece.

SINGSHPIEL(German singen– sing + Spiel- game) is a national German and Austrian variety of comic opera, with conversational dialogues between musical numbers.

BANNERS – signs in the old Russian non-linear notation. Znamenny chant is a set of ancient Orthodox cult chants based on the ancient Russian system of modes - voices (octoglas).

IMITATION(lat. imitation- imitation, mimicry, copy) – exact or inaccurate repetition in any voice of a melody immediately before that sounded in another voice.

IMPROVISATION(lat. inprovisus- unexpected, unexpected – a special type of artistic creativity found in a number of arts, in which a work is created directly in the process of performance. Musicians who improvise on any instrument are called improvisers.

INTERMEZZO(it. intermezzo- intermediate, medium) - 1) a small instrumental, mainly piano piece; 2) in an opera and an instrumental cyclic work - a section of a linking meaning.

CANON(gr. kanōn- rule, prescription, pattern) - a genre of polyphonic music based on continuous imitations votes. Moreover, not only the theme itself is consistently repeated in all voices, but also its counterposition.

KANT(gr. cantus- singing, song – a kind of everyday polyphonic song common in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus in the 17th - 18th centuries. Initially, they were created on religious themes and were used by the clergy. In the XVIII century. their themes are expanding, patriotic, domestic and love cantes appear.

CANTATA(ital. сantare- to sing) - a work for singer-soloists, choir and orchestra, solemn or lyrical-epic character. Structurally close to oratorios And opera, from which it differs in smaller size, monotonous content and

the absence of a dramatic plot. They are divided into spiritual and secular.

CANTOR(lat. cantor- singer) – originally a church chorister who takes part in Catholic worship. The Protestants have a teacher and conductor of the church choir, an organist.

CAPELLA(lat. capella- chapel) - a professional choir performing choral works with and without accompaniment (a capella). K. is also the designation of an orchestra of a special composition (military K., jazz K., etc.), as well as the name of some large symphony orchestras.

CHAPELMEISTER(German Kapelle– choir, orchestra + meister- master, leader) originally, in the XVI-XVIII centuries, - the head of the choir or instrumental chapels. In the 19th century - conductor of a symphony orchestra or choir.

CAPRICCIO, CAPRICCIO(it. capriccio – whim, caprice) – a free-form instrumental piece in a brilliant virtuoso performance. For him, a bizarre change of episodes and moods is typical.

QUARTET(lat. guardus- fourth) - a work for 4 performers (instruments or voices), the leading genre of chamber music. Common quartets of homogeneous instruments (2 violins, viola, cello) and mixed (strings with wind or piano). It was first used by Czech composers in the first half of the 18th century.

QUINTET(lat. guintus- fifth) – work for 5 performers (similarly quartet with the addition of a piano part).

HARVESCOIN, CHEMBALO(lat. clavis- key, cymbalum- string.-pluck. cymbal tool) – plucked keyboard musical instrument. Known since the 16th century.

CLAVICHORD(lat. clavis– key + chorde- string) – string keyboard percussion musical instrument with tangent mechanics. At the end of the key at the clavichord, a metal pin with a flat head is fixed - a tangent, which, when the key is pressed, touches the string and remains pressed against it, dividing the string into two parts.

CLAVIERE(German clavier) – general name for stringed keyboard musical instruments in the 17th–18th centuries.

COMIC OPERA(lat. comicus– comic + opera) – comedic opera. In addition to the French, K.o. had other names: in Italy - opera buffa, in England - a ballad opera, in Germany and Austria - singspiel, in Spain - tonadoglia.

SPECIFIC MUSIC – direction in the musical art of the XX century. , the technique of composing which consists in combining various physical sounds recorded on a tape recorder, for example, nature (the cries of animals, birds, the sound of the sea), the voices of people or the sounds made by machines or some objects. Sounds can be mixed and combined in recordings, and playback does not require performers. The name and techniques of specific music were developed in the middle of the 20th century. P. Schaeffer (France) based on the ideas of noise music by the Italian futurist Russolo.

CONCERTO GROSSO(it. concerto grosso - Grand Concerto) is a multi-part composition for the orchestra, based on the opposition (competition) of a group of solo instruments to the entire composition of the orchestra. Form K.g. arose and developed in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. and was the forerunner of the modern concert for solo instrument with orchestra.

CONCERT(from lat. concertare- compete ) – a large-scale work of a virtuoso nature for one or more soloists, accompanied by an orchestra. It first began to be used in the work of Italian composers of the 17th century. In the 2nd half of the XVIII century. a classical type of concerto was formed, consisting of 3 parts (in the work of Haydn and Mozart).

CONCERTMEASTER(German Konzertmeister) - the first violinist of the orchestra, sometimes replaces the conductor, checks the tuning of all musical instruments of the orchestra. K. is also a musician who leads each of the string groups of an opera or symphony orchestra, or a pianist who helps performers learn parts and accompanies them at concerts .

COURANT(fr. courtante- running) - French court salon dance of the 15th - 17th centuries. Initially, it had a size of 2/4 (movement, jump), later, a size of 3/4 (gliding movements). French k. (moderate pace, solemn, smooth movements) and Italian k. (fast pace, motority) are known. K. was part of suite, following allemande.

LAD– a system of interconnection of musical sounds, due to the attraction of unstable sounds to stable (reference) ones. Each of the scale steps has a specific function. The main foundation is the tonic, which determines the tonality of the mode. In European music, diatonic modes of 7 steps are common, especially major and minor. There are also frets with fewer steps, such as the pentatonic scale.

LIBRETTO(it. libretto- little book) - a verbal text of a musical and dramatic work. In the 17th century issued for theater goers in the form of small books. L. is a literary scenario of the play, a summary of the content operas, operettas, ballet.

LYRICAL TRAGEDY(gr. lyrikos musical, sung and tragōdia) – the term adopted in France to refer to the created in the XVII century. composer J.B. Lully's sublime operas on historical and mythological subjects, which met the requirements of courtly aristocratic aesthetics.

LUTE(floor. lutnia) is an ancient stringed plucked instrument, especially common in the 15th-16th centuries. In some countries of the East, L. was known as early as two millennia BC. e. In the XVI century. L. was known with 5–7 paired strings and one single. The European L. has 6 strings tuned like the strings of a guitar.

MAGNIFICAT(lat. Magnificat- the first word of the hymn in lat. lang.) – a laudatory song based on the text of the words of the Virgin Mary from the Gospel. In the Catholic Church, the climax of Vespers.

MADRIGAL(lat. mater- mother) – song in their native, "mother" language. Secular musical and poetic genre of the Renaissance, mostly love content. A compositional feature is the absence of strict structural canons.

MAZURKA(floor. mazurek) is a dance of the Masurians who lived in Polish Mazovia. Later M. became a favorite Polish national dance. M. is a fast-paced, dynamic dance in triple meter with accents on weak beats. In the 19th century M. has become a popular ballroom dance in many European countries.

MELODY(gr. melōdia- singing, song) is a monophonic musical thought, the main element of music. M. is a series of sounds organized in terms of intonation and rhythm, forming a certain structure.

MASS(fr. messe- Catholic service) - a musical genre, a cyclic vocal-instrumental work on the text of certain sections of the main worship of the Catholic Church. Done in Latin. The mass consists of 5 main parts, corresponding to the initial words of the prayers: “Lord, have mercy”, “Glory”, “I believe”, “Holy. Blessed", "Lamb of God".

METER(gr. metron- measure) - the order of alternation of strong and weak beats, the rhythm organization system. Meters are simple (2- and 3-beat); complex, consisting of several groups of simple ones (4-, 6-, 9- and 12-lobed); mixed (eg, 5-beat) and variable.

MISERERE(lat. Miserere- the first word of execution in lat. lang.) – church catholic chant.

MOTET(fr. mot- word) – genre of polyphonic vocal music. Until the 16th century - the most important genre of spiritual and secular polyphonic music in Western Europe. 20th century spiritual motets are created, in which the traditions of ancient church music are combined with the use of new expressive means.

MUSICAL COMEDY(gr. music- art, music and kōmōdia) – musical performance , based on comedy. As an independent genre of musical theater arose in the late XIX - early XX centuries. Unlike the operetta, the music of M.k. not so closely connected with the development of the action, it rarely has detailed musical scenes with interweaving of ensembles, arias, choirs.

MUSICAL(English musical, musical comedy - musical comedy) - synthetic musical and dramatic performance

(variety operettas), often based on plots related to literary classics or social issues. Formed in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century.

NOCTURNE ( fr . nocturne- nocturnal) - originally - in Italy divertissement, close to instrumental serenade(for outdoor performance at night). Later - a melodious lyrical piece of a dreamy nature.

OPERA(it. opera- action, work – type of musical drama. Based on the synthesis of vocal and instrumental music, poetry, dramatic, choreographic and visual arts. In opera, music is the carrier and driving force of the action. It requires a holistic, consistently developing musical and dramatic concept. The most important integral element of opera is singing. Through a different system of vocal intonations, the individual psychological warehouse of each character is revealed in the opera. Consists of actions and pictures. Basic opera forms - aria, duet, ensemble, choir.

OPERA BUFFA(it. opera buffa- jester's opera) – Italian variety comic opera, which developed in Naples in the 30s. 18th century in connection with the growth of national democratic elements in Italian culture. Vivid images of the buffa opera include a wide-ranging intrigue, elements of satire, everyday and fairy-tale-fantastic scenes. Its origins are in the comedy operas of the Roman school of the 17th century, in the comedies dell'arte.

OPERA-SERIA(it. opera series Serious opera) is a genre of Italian grand opera that developed in the 17th century. in the work of composers of the Neapolitan opera school (A. Scarlatti). The dominance of heroic-mythological, legendary-historical and pastoral plots is characteristic, as well as the predominance of the “numbered” structure, i.e. the alternation of solo arias connected by recitatives in the absence or minimal use of the choir and ballet.

OPERETTA(it. operetta) – one of the types of musical drama. Musical stage performance, in which musical-vocal and musical-choreographic

physical numbers are interspersed with conversational scenes, and the basis of musical dramaturgy is formed by forms of mass-consumer and pop music. O. was born in France in the middle of the XIX century. in the work of J. Offenbach and F. Herve.

ORATORIO(it. oratore- orator) - a major piece of music for the choir, singer-soloists and symphony orchestra. Formed in the 17th century. Oratorios were written on dramatic (biblical, heroic-epic) plots and intended for concert performance.

ORGAN(lat. organism- instrument) - keyboard-wind musical instrument, consists of numerous rows of wooden and metal pipes different shapes and size of the complex device.

PAVANA(lat. pavo- peacock) - a dance common in Europe in the 16th century. The name is associated with the solemn and proud nature of the dance. Musical features: slow tempo, chord presentation, 4-meter (4/4, 4/2).

PARTY CONCERT(lat. partes- voices and concert) - a genre of Russian polyphonic choral art of the 17th - 18th centuries, based on a homophonic-harmonic warehouse. The number of voices varied from 3 to 5 (sometimes up to 24 and even up to 48), there was no instrumental accompaniment. The texts were borrowed mainly from church services.

PARTY(it. partita- divided into parts) – from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th centuries. in Italy and Germany - the designation of a variation in the cycle of variations. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. P. was equivalent suite.

PASSACAGLIA(Spanish) passer- pass + calle- Street) – originally Spanish song with guitar accompaniment. Later - dance at a slow pace and 3 beats. It was popular in 18th century France. and entered into opera And ballet. On the basis of the passacaglia, an instrumental piece developed in polyphonic variational form for sustained bass.

PASSIONS, PASSIONS(it. passion- passion) – vocal-dramatic works for choir, soloists and orchestra based on the gospel text (about the betrayal of Judas, the captivity and crucifixion of Christ). The most famous passions belong to I.S. Bahu.

POLYPHONY(gr. poly– many + Phōne- sound) – a type of polyphony based on the combination and simultaneous development of several independent meanings of melodic voices (melodies).

POLONAISE(fr. polonaise- Polish) - an old Polish ballroom dance-procession of a solemn nature in 3-beat size. From the 16th century spread in many European countries. Since the 17th century P. is known both as an instrumental piece as part of suites and as an independent piece.

PRELUDE(lat. praeludere - play before, in advance) – a kind of instrumental piece, most often for one instrument. Initially, it was a small introduction to the play, that is, it served as a sample instrument. In the 19th century preludes began to be created as independent plays.

COUNTERADDITION – a melody formed "against" the voice setting out the theme.

POINTILLISM(fr. point- dot) – the principle of constructing a musical fabric from separate sound "points" separated by pauses and scattered over different registers. The term is used in music by analogy with painting.

RHAPSODY(gr. rhapsōdia) is a kind of instrumental fantasy, mainly on folk themes of a song and dance warehouse with a characteristic juxtaposition of slow and fast sections.

REALISM(from lat. realis- material) - an artistic method based on a truthful, objective reflection of reality. A direction in art, whose representatives reflect life in authentic images.

REGENT(lat. regentis- ruling) – choir leader in the Russian Orthodox Church.

REQUIEM(lat. requies- peace, rest – mourning mortuary mass dedicated to the memory of the deceased.

RECITATIVE(it. recitare- recite) – declamatory form of singing, based on the desire to get closer to the intonations of natural speech. Widely used in operas, preceding arias.

RHYTHM(gr. rhythmos) is the temporal organization of musical sounds and their combinations. Since the 17th century in the art of music, the clock, accented rhythm, based on the alternation of strong and weak stresses, was established. The rhythm organization system is meter.

ROMANCE(fr. roman- Romanesque) – a vocal work for voice with instrumental accompaniment, mostly of a lyrical nature. R. is the main genre of chamber vocal music, revealing both the general nature of the poetic text and its individual specific images. R. became widespread in the 18th–19th centuries. by foreign and Russian composers.

RONDO(fr. rond- circle) – one of the most common musical forms. It is based on the principle of alternating the main, unchanging theme-refrain (refrain) and constantly updated episodes.

SARABANDA(Spanish) zarabanda) – an old Spanish dance known since the 16th century. At the beginning of the XVII century. became a court dance and acquired a majestic and solemn character, and from the middle of the 17th century it became part of the instrumental and dance suites, in which it takes place before the final jig.

SERENADE(Spanish) sera- evening, evening song) – originally - a song-appeal to the beloved. The source is the evening song of the troubadours. S. is also a solo instrumental piece, reproducing the characteristic features of a vocal serenade, and a cyclic ensemble instrumental piece, akin to cassation, divertissement And nocturne.

SERIES TECHNOLOGY(lat. series- row and gr. technike- skillful) - a way to create a piece of music using a series, which is a series of 12 (sometimes fewer) sounds of different heights. In a broader sense, rhythmic t. can be realized in rhythmic structures, texture, building a harmonic vertical, timbre structures, composition, etc.

SYMBOLISM(gr. symbolon- sign, symbol) - a literary and philosophical and aesthetic trend in European art of the late XIX - early XX centuries.

SYMPHONY POEM(gr. symphonos- consonant creation) – a one-movement program symphonic work created in the era of romanticism by F. Liszt. Indicates the close connection of music with the plot of the literary source.

SYMPHONY(gr. symphonia- consonance) – a major piece of music for orchestra, mainly symphony. It arose in the 2nd half of the 18th century (the era of Viennese classicism). It is written, as a rule, in sonata-cyclic form, which consists of 4 parts, contrasting in character and tempo, but united by a common artistic concept.

SCHERZO(it. scherzo- a joke) - an instrumental piece of a cheerful nature, with a sharp, clear rhythm, based on bright contrasting juxtapositions.

SONATA(it. sonar- sound) – one of the main genres of solo or chamber-ensemble instrumental music. By the 2nd half of the XVIII century. (the era of Viennese classicism) has developed as a cyclic form, consisting of 3 parts.

SONORIC(lat. sonorus- sonorous, sonorous, noisy) - a type of modern composing technique, built on the use of colorful harmonies, in which the height of the sounds does not matter. The brilliance of sound is the main element in the construction of a musical work.

SOPEL- Russian longitudinal whistle wooden flute. The sound is hoarse, in the upper register - sharp, whistling. Known since the 11th century. As a military instrument, it was used by buffoons, later by shepherds.

STYLE(gr. stylos- a core for writing) - a system of thinking, ideological and artistic concepts, images and means of musical expression that arises on a certain socio-historical soil and is associated with a certain worldview.

PASSION - cm. passions.

SUITE(fr. suite- row, sequence) is one of the main varieties of multi-part cyclic forms of instrumental music. Originated in Italy in the 16th century. Ancient S. - a sequence of dances. Symphonic S. XIX century. based on the alternation of contrasting pieces of various genres.

TIMBRE(fr. timbre) - the quality of sound, its color, which allows you to distinguish sounds of the same height, performed on different instruments and in different voices. T. depends on what overtones accompany the main tone.

PACE(lat. tempus- time) - the speed of metric counting units. Basic tempos (in ascending order): largo, lento, adagio (slow tempos); andante, moderato (moderate pace); allegro, vivo, presto (fast pace). A metronome has been created to accurately measure the tempo.

TEMPERATION(lat. temperatio – correct ratio, proportionality) - alignment of the interval ratios between the steps of the pitch system in the musical system.

TOCCATA(it. toccare- touch, touch – in the Renaissance - festive fanfares for brass bands and timpani (wind ink). T. is also a virtuoso piece of music for keyboard instruments.

TRIO(it. trio- three) - a work for 3 instruments. One of the types of chamber ensemble. The composition can include both homogeneous instruments (violin, viola, cello) and instruments belonging to different groups (clarinet, cello, piano). The most widespread was the pianoforte, which consisted of the violin, cello, and piano (the pianoforte).

OVERTURE(fr. ouvrir- open) – instrumental introduction to a theatrical performance with music ( opera, operetta, ballet), to a vocal-instrumental work ( oratorio, cantata) for the movie.

UNISON(lat. unus- one and sonus- sound) - 1) monotony, formed by two or more voices; 2) simultaneous (synchronous) performance of the same musical text by two or more musicians.

FANTASY(gr. phantasia- imagination) – a genre of instrumental music, expressed in a deviation from the norms of construction usual for its time. F. is also an auxiliary definition, indicating some freedom in the interpretation of various genres (waltz-F., overture-F., etc.).

FOLKLORE(English) folk- folk) - oral folk art. Musical F. includes song and instrumental

tal creativity of the people. Passed down through the centuries by word of mouth, folk melodies were constantly enriched and modified. The main area of musical folklore is folk song (ritual, satirical, labor, play, lyrical, etc.). Folk songs from different countries have specific features.

FUGA(it. fuga- running, fast singing) – a genre and form of polyphonic music based on an imitation presentation of the main theme with its further implementation in different voices, with imitation and contrapuntal processing, as well as tonal-harmonic development and completion.

CHORAL(lat. choralis- choral) – the general name of the traditional monophonic chants of the Western Christian Church (also their polyphonic adaptations). Performed in the church, is an important part of worship.

Chaconne(Spanish) chacona) – originally a folk dance known in Spain since the 16th century. close to passacaglia.

IMPROMPTU(lat. expromptus- ready, available at hand) - an instrumental, mainly piano piece of an improvisational nature. The impromptu genre was formed in the piano art of the 19th century.

ETUDE(fr. study- study, study – a piece of music designed to improve the technical skills of playing various instruments. E. is close to exercises, but differs in completeness of form, melodic-harmonic development and expressive character.

ECOSEZ(fr. ecassaise- Scottish) – an old Scottish bagpipe dance, originally of a serious nature at a moderate pace. In the XVI century. - court couple-group dance in England.

Accompaniment- instrumental or vocal accompaniment of one or more solo voices.
Chord- a consonance consisting of at least three sounds that are located or can be located in thirds.
Accent- power selection of a separate sound. In musical notation, the accent is marked with special signs.
Alto-1. Low female voice (in the choir). 2. A bowed string instrument, outwardly similar to a violin, but somewhat larger and lower in sound.
Alto Key- one of the types of keys to. It is placed on the third line of the staff and indicates that there is a note up to the first octave on this line. The notes for the bowed viola are written in the alto clef.
Ensemble- playing or singing together (for example, duet, tercet or trio, quartet, quintet, etc.). The orchestra is also one of the types of ensemble.
Fingering- the most convenient choice of fingers when playing musical instruments. Indicated by a number above or below the note.
Aria- a piece of music for voice with orchestral accompaniment, which is part of an opera, oratorio or cantata.
Arpeggio- performance of chord sounds not simultaneously, but sequentially one sound after another. It is indicated by a special sign placed before the chord.
Baritone-1. Medium male voice. For the baritone, for example, the parts of Ruslan in the opera Ruslan and Lyudmila by M. Glinka, Igor in the opera Prince Igor by A. Borodin, Onegin in the opera Eugene Onegin by P. Tchaikovsky were written. 2. Brass instrument, which is part of a brass band.
Bass-1. Low male voice. For the bass, for example, the parts of Susanin in the opera Ivan Susanin by MGlinka, Pimen in the opera Boris Godunov by M. Mussorgsky, Gremin in the opera Eugene Onegin by P. Tchaikovsky were written. 2. Low voice in a polyphonic piece of music.
Bass clef- a sign that indicates that the note F of a small octave is on the fourth line of the staff.
Natural- refusal - a sign that cancels the action of a sharp or flat.
Flat(b) - a sign that lowers the sound by half a tone.
Variations- an instrumental work, which is based on the theme of a song, dance character. This is followed by a series of repetitions of the theme with various changes and complications.
opening sounds- sounds surrounding the tonic of the mode (Vlhn II degree).
Introductory seventh chords- seventh chords built on the 7th degree of the mode (introductory tone). Depending on the seventh, the introductory seventh chords are small (if the seventh is small) and reduced (if the seventh is reduced).
Introductory tone- one of the sounds adjacent to the tonic mode; the upper introductory tone is stage II, the lower introductory tone is stage VII.
vocal music- music for singing. Vocal music includes songs, romances, arias, choral works. In opera, vocal music occupies a leading place.
Volta- a sign indicating the repetition of a part of a piece of music with a different ending. Designated by numbers1,2
Gamma- sounds of the mode, located in height up or down from the tonic to its octave repetition.
Harmonic Interval- an interval whose sounds are taken simultaneously.
Harmonic major- Major with a reduced VI step.
harmonic minor- Minor with raised VII level.
Harmony- 1. One of the expressive means of music. Sequences of chords or voices that accompany the main melody of a piece of music. 2. The science of chords and their connections.
Main scale steps- the first step (tonic), the fifth step (dominant) and the fourth step (subdominant).
Main triads- triads built on the main steps of the mode: tonic triad - on the 1st step, dominant triad - on the 5th step and subdominant triad - on the 4th step.
Gruppetto (melisma) melodic figure of four notes. Performed - the upper auxiliary (located a second above the main sound), the main sound, the lower auxiliary (located a second below the main sound) and again the main sound.
Grouping sound durations in measures- distribution of notes into groups depending on the time signature.
Decima- an interval that contains ten steps (third through an octave). Decima is called big if it consists of eight tones. Decima is called small if it consists of seven and a half tones. The major decima is denoted b. 10, small-m. 10.
Range- the sound volume of a given voice or musical instrument; determined by the interval between the lowest and highest notes of a given voice or instrument.
Diatonic scale- a gamma in which not a single step is repeated in a form modified by means of alteration.
diatonic intervals- intervals that are possible between the main steps of diatonic modes (pure, large, small and tritones).
Diatonic modes- modes without the use of alteration, that is, without a chromatic increase or decrease in steps (natural major and minor, as well as modes found in folk music: Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, five-step modes).
diatonic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of various names, for example, mi - fa, do - peb.
diatonic tone- tone formed by adjacent sounds of various names, for example, do - re, fa - sol.
Sharp (#) - a sign that raises the sound by half a tone.
dynamic shades (nuances)- changes in the volume of sound during the performance of a piece of music.
Conductor- leader of the orchestra, choir. The conductor conveys his artistic intentions, indications of tempo, shades of performance with hand movements.
Dissonant intervals- intervals that sound J more sharply, the sounds of which do not merge with each other.
Dominant- the fifth degree of the fret.
Dominant triad- a triad built on the 5th degree of the mode.
Dominant seventh chord- the seventh chord, built on the fifth degree of the fret, consists of a major triad and a minor seventh.
Dorian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from natural minor VI in an elevated step, which is called the Dorian sixth.
double flat (bb-double flat) - a sign that lowers the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
double sharp (X- double sharp) - a sign that raises the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Duet-1. Ensemble of two performers. 2. A piece of music intended to be performed by two singers or instrumentalists.
3attact- an incomplete measure from which a piece of music begins.
Sound- the result of vibrations of an elastic body (for example, a string, a column of air). Sounds are divided into musical and noise.
Scale- a series of sounds arranged in height. There are scales: individual frets, instruments, any musical works or their fragments.
Accidentals- signs that raise or lower individual sounds by a semitone or a whole tone. There are five accidental signs: sharp, flat, double-sharp, double-flat, bekar.
Note abbreviation signs- signs by means of which musical writing is simplified. Most often found: reprise sign, tremolo, melismatic signs and others.
Imitation- imitation; carrying out a melodic theme or a separate segment of a melody sequentially in two or more voices.
Instrumental music- music for performance on musical instruments.
Interval- a combination of two sounds, taken sequentially or simultaneously. The lower sound of an interval is called its base, the upper sound is its top.
Cadence- the conclusion of musical thought.
Cadence full perfect- the end of the construction on the tonic prime in the melody.
Cadence full imperfect- the end of the construction on the tonic third or fifth in the melody.
Cadence half- a stop in the middle of building on an unstable sound of a mode, most often on one of the sounds of a dominant triad.
Canon- a type of polyphonic music in which all voices perform the same melody, but do not enter simultaneously, but one after the other.
Cantata- a piece of music for choir, soloists, orchestra, performed in concerts. Consists of choral numbers, arias, ensembles.
Qualitative (or tone) value of intervals- the number of tones or semitones contained in the interval.
Quart- an interval that contains four steps. A fourth is called pure if it consists of two and a half tones. A clean quart is indicated by part 4.
Quartdecima- an interval that contains fourteen steps (septim through an octave). Designated - 14.
Quartet-1. An ensemble of four singers or musical instrument performers. 2. A piece of music for such an ensemble.
Quartsextachcord- the second inversion of the triad, with a fifth tone below, is indicated by 4/6.
Quint- an interval that contains five steps. A fifth is called pure if it consists of three and a half tones. A pure fifth is indicated by part 5.
Quintdecima- an interval that contains fifteen steps (an octave through an octave). Quintdecima is denoted by -15.
fifth circle- a system in which all keys of one fret are arranged in pure fifths.
Kvintol- a rhythmic figure of five notes, instead of the usual group of four notes; indicated by the number 5 above or below the notes.
Quintsextachord- the first inversion of a seventh chord with a tertian tone below, denoted by 5/6
Clavier- Arrangement of an opera or symphony score for piano performance (or for piano singing).
Key- a sign that determines the place of recording of any sound on the staff and, depending on it and all other sounds.
Key signs- accidental signs displayed next to the key.
coda- the final part of a piece of music (completing it as a whole).
Quantitative (or stepped) value of intervals- the number of steps covered by the interval. Depending on the quantitative value, the interval gets its name. For example, an interval containing three steps is a third.
Consonant intervals- intervals that sound softer, the sounds of which seem to merge with each other.
Perfect consonances- consonances in which there is a complete or significant fusion of sounds: pure prima (unison), pure octave, pure fifth and partly pure quart.
Consonances imperfect- consonances in which there is a slight merging of sounds: a major and minor third, a major and minor sixth.
Concert- a large work for any solo instrument with orchestra accompaniment.
Lad- the organization of musical sounds around a reference sound, which is called the tonic.
Fret resolution of intervals- the transition of unstable sounds of the interval into the nearest stable sounds of the mode.
Lydian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from natural major IV by an elevated step, which is called the Lydian quart.
major scale- a mode in which stable sounds, taken together, form a major triad.
Major triad- a triad, which consists of a major and minor thirds or a major third and a pure fifth.
Small introductory seventh chord- seventh chord, built-. on the 7th degree of the natural major scale. It consists of a diminished triad and a minor seventh, or two minor thirds and a major third.
melismas- melodic figures decorating individual sounds of a melody.
melodic interval- an interval whose sounds are taken sequentially (one after the other).
melodic minor- minor, in which the VI and VII steps rise.
Melody- a musical idea expressed in one voice, a monophonic melody.
Meter- uniform alternation of accents in music.
Metronome- a device for accurately determining the pace.
mezzo soprano- low female voice. For mezzo-soprano, the parts of Carmen in the opera Carmen by G. Bizet, Marfa in the opera Khovanshchina by M. Mussorgsky and others were written.
Mixolydian mode- a special mode that is found in folk music. It differs from the natural major VII by a lower step, which is called the Mixolydian seventh.
minor scale- a mode in which stable sounds, taken together, form a minor triad.
minor triad- a triad, which consists of a minor and a major third or a minor third and a pure fifth.
Modulation- transition from one tone to another.
Mordent (melisma)- melodic figure of three notes. Performed: the main sound, above which the mordent is set, the upper auxiliary (located above the main sound) and again the main sound.
natural major- major, in which the steps are not changed. The structure of the natural major scale: tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone-tone-semitone.
natural minor- minor, in which the steps are not changed. The natural minor has the same sound composition as the parallel natural major.
Non-key accidentals- see random accidentals.
Unstable intervals in tune- intervals in which both sounds (or one of the sounds) are unstable, that is, they are not included in the tonic triad.
Nona- an interval that contains nine steps (a second through an octave). Nona is called big if it consists of seven tones. Nona is called small if it consists of six and a half tones. The big nona is denoted b. 9, small - m. 9.
Note- a sign with which the pitch and duration of a sound are recorded.
Music staff - five horizontal parallel lines on which notes are placed. Lines are counted from bottom to top.
Staff- see musical staff.
Nuances- see dynamic shades. .
overtones overtones accompanying the main sound. All overtones when sounding form a natural scale, the sounds of which are arranged in the following order (from the main tone): a pure octave, a pure fifth, a pure quart, a major third, two minor thirds, three major seconds, etc. The first six overtones form a major ( large) triad and are of great importance in the formation of the major-minor system of modes.
Interval inversion- moving the bottom sound of the interval up an octave or the top sound an octave down. As a result, another interval is obtained, which, in total with the original one, makes up an octave.
Inversion of the seventh chord- a type of seventh chord in which the lower sound is a third, fifth or seventh of the main seventh chord.
Triad inversion- a type of triad in which the lower sound is the third or fifth of the main triad.
Keys of the same name- major and minor keys that have the same tonic (for example: C major and C minor, D major and D minor).
Octave-1. An interval that contains six tones. A pure octave is indicated by h. 8. 2. A group of sounds from before until each next before.
Octet- a piece of music written for eight performers.
Opera- one of the most important musical genres, combining music and drama, as well as other arts (ballet, painting).
Oratorio- a piece of music for choir, orchestra and singer-soloists (with a certain plot content), intended for concert performance.
Organ- a keyboard wind instrument, the largest in terms of body size and sound volume of all musical instruments.
Orchestra- a group of performers on musical instruments, organized for the joint performance of music.
Basic divisions of the duration of sounds- dividing the duration of sounds into equal parts, of which each larger duration is equal to the next two shorter ones (for example, a whole note is equal to two half notes, a half note is equal to two quarter notes, a quarter note is equal to two eighth notes, an eighth note is equal to two sixteenth notes, etc.).
Special types of rhythmic division- splitting durations into an arbitrary number of equal parts that do not coincide with the main division (for example, a quarter is divided into three parts, instead of dividing into two, a triplet is formed; from division into five parts, instead of dividing into four, a quintole is formed, etc.) .
Parallel Keys- major and minor keys, which have the same key signs. The parallel minor key is a minor third down from the major key.
Score- a musical notation of all voices of a musical work (for an orchestra, choir or ensemble), where a separate musical line is assigned for each voice or instrument.
The consignment- 1. Voice in the score, performed by one of the members of the ensemble (or several members in unison), 2. One of the main thematic sections of the sonata form.
Pause- a sign of silence.
Pentatonic- a scale consisting of five sounds. A characteristic feature of the pentatonic scale is the absence of semitones and sounds that form tritones (that is, without degrees IV and VII in natural major and without degrees II and VI in natural minor).
Variable fret A mode that has two tonics. Most often, the tonics of an alternating mode are the triads of a major and a minor parallel to it, or vice versa. There are also other types of variable mode.
Variable sizes- the dimensions in which the number of parts changes throughout the whole work or part of it. For example, in Russian folk songs - “Vanya was sitting”, “Oh yes, you, Kalinushka”.
Song- the most common musical genre that combines music and poetic text.
Polyphony-1. Polyphonic music with independent meaning of each voice. 2. The science of polyphonic forms.
Semitone- the smallest distance in height between two sounds in a twelve-tone tempered scale.
Prelude- an introductory piece before the main presentation of a piece of music. It occurs as an independent genre of small musical works.
Prima- an interval that contains one step; repetition of the same step. If the step is repeated without change, the prima is pure, indicated by part 1.
Simple intervals- intervals not exceeding an octave in size.
simple dimensions- two- and three-part sizes, having two or three parts with one accent (2/4.3/4.3/8)

five step fret- see pentatonic.
Time signature- numbers in the form of a fraction, which are set at the beginning of the musical notation. The numerator of the fraction indicates the number of beats in a measure, and the denominator indicates the duration of these beats.
Register- part of the sounds, united by some feature, mainly timbre. In each voice or instrument, three registers are conditionally distinguished: high, medium and low.
reprise- 1. A sign of repetition of some part of a piece of music. 2. Restatement of topics with some modification.
Recitative- a musical recitation, representing something intermediate between colloquial speech and singing, as if speaking in a singsong voice.
Rhythm- an organized sequence of duration of sounds in a piece of music.
Related keys- tonalities that have nai more general sounds. Related keys include: parallel key, dominant key and its parallel, subdominant key and its parallel, as well as the key of the minor (harmonic) subdominant in major and the key of the major (harmonic) dominant in
minor.
Romance- a piece of music for voice with accompaniment. Romances are sometimes found as the names of instrumental pieces of a melodious, melodic nature.
Rondo- a play based on one main theme, repeated several times (refrain). Between repetitions of this main theme, other themes (episodes) are included.
Sequence- repetition of any melodic or harmonic revolution from different degrees of the mode or for a certain interval.
Sixth- an interval that contains six steps. A sexta is called big if it consists of four and a half tones. A sexta is called minor if it consists of four tones. The major sixth is designated 6.6, the minor sixth is m. 6.
Sextachord- the first inversion of a triad with a third tone below, is indicated by the number 6.
Sextet- a musical ensemble of six performers.
Second- an interval that contains two steps. A second is called a major second if it consists of one tone. A second is called a small second if it consists of a semitone. The major second is denoted by 6.2, the minor second by m.2.
Second chord- the third reversal of a seventh chord with a seventh at the bottom, indicated by the number 2.
Seventh chord-chord, of four sounds that are located or can be arranged in thirds.
Septet- a musical ensemble of seven performers.
Seventh- an interval that contains seven steps. A septima is called large if it consists of five and a half tones. A seventh is called a minor if it consists of five tones. The major seventh is denoted by 6.7, the minor seventh by m. 7.
Symphony- an orchestral piece of music consisting of several parts (usually four). The development of the symphony is based on the principles of sonata form.
Syncope- moving the bar accent from a strong beat to a weak one.
Scherzo- a piece of music, most often a lively, playful character. A scherzo can be a piece of music on its own or part of another major piece.
Treble clef- a conventional sign that indicates that the note G of the first octave is on the second line of the staff.
Complex dimensions- sizes formed from the merger of two or more identical simple sizes.
Random accidentals Accidentals are placed directly before the note.
mixed sizes- times (measures that are formed from the merger of two or more unequal simple sizes.
Solo- performance of a work (or part of it) by one singer or musician.
Solfeggio- special classes that contribute to the development of musical ear.
Sonata- a large instrumental work, consisting of several parts, one of which (usually the first) has a special, complex form, called sonata allegro (see sonata allegro).
sonata allegro- the form of a musical work, consisting of three main sections: 1) exposition, that is, a presentation of thematic material; 2) development, in which there is a further development of the topics outlined in the exposition; 3) reprise, that is, a re-exposition of the main topics with some changes.
Sonatina- a sonata of small size and relatively easy to perform.
Soprano- high female voice. The parts of Tatiana in the opera Eugene Onegin and Lisa in the opera The Queen of Spades by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the soprano.
Compound intervals- intervals wider than an octave, Staccato - jerky performance of sounds. Indicated by dots placed above or below notes.
step- the ordinal designation of the sounds of the fret. Marked with a Roman numeral.
Subdominant- the fourth degree of the fret.
Subdominant triad- a triad built on the fourth degree of the mode.
Suite- a multi-part work, consisting of several independent parts, diverse in content and built on the principle of contrast.
Tact- a segment of a piece of music from one strong beat to the next.
bar line- a vertical line separating bars from each other. The barline is placed before the downbeat of the bar.
Timbre- the nature of the sound characteristic of a given voice or instrument.
Tempered scale- a system in which each octava is divided into twelve equal parts - semitones.
Pace- speed of music performance.
T e n o r- high male voice. For the tenor, the parts of Lensky in the opera "Eugene Onegin", Herman in the opera "The Queen of Spades" by P. Tchaikovsky were written.
tenor clef- one of the types of keys to. It is placed on the fourth line of the staff and indicates that this line contains a note up to the first octave. Notes for cello, bassoon, trombone are written in the tenor clef.
tetrachord- a melodic sequence of four) sounds arranged by seconds in the volume of a quart. In scales I, II, III, IV, the steps form the first or lower tetrachord, and the V, VI, VII, VIII steps form the second or upper tetrachord.
Terzdecima- an interval that contains thirteen steps (a sixth through an octave). A terdecima is called large if it consists of ten and a half tones. A terdecima is called minor if it consists of ten tones. Large terdecima is indicated b.13, small terdecima - m. 13,
Tercet- a piece of music for three performers, usually vocal.
Third- an interval that contains three steps. A third is called a major if it consists of two tones. A third is called a minor if it has one and a half tones. The major third is denoted b. 3, minor third m. 3.
Terzkvartakkord - the second inversion of the seventh chord with a fifth tone below, denoted 3/4
Key- fret height. Each tonality is distinguished by its key accidentals, which determine the composition of sounds.
Tonic- the first step of the fret.
Tonic triad- a triad built on the first degree of the mode.
Transposition The transfer of a musical work or part of it from one key to another.
Triad- a chord of three sounds that are or can be arranged in thirds.
Trill (melisma)- uniform, fast alternation of the main and upper auxiliary sounds.
Tremolo- fast repetition of the same sound or study of several sounds.
Triol- a rhythmic figure of three notes, instead of the usual group of two notes, is indicated by the number 3 above or below the notes.
Triton- the name of intervals containing three tones. Tritons include an augmented fourth and a diminished fifth.
Augmented triad- triad, which consists of two large thirds, extreme sounds form an increased fifth. Occurs in the harmonic minor at the III degree and in the harmonic major at the VI degree.
Overture- an introduction (to an opera, drama or any other theatrical work), concisely setting out the main idea of the whole work as a whole. There are independent orchestral overtures, usually of a program nature, for example, the overture "1812", "Romeo and Juliet" by P. Tchaikovsky.
Diminished introductory seventh chord- a seventh chord built on the 7th degree of a harmonic major or a harmonic minor. Consists of a diminished triad and a diminished seventh or three minor thirds.
Diminished triad- triad, which consists of two small thirds, extreme sounds form a diminished fifth. It occurs in natural major at the 7th degree and in harmonic major or minor at the 2nd and 7th degrees.
Undecima- an interval that contains eleven steps (a quart through an octave). Undecima is called pure if it consists of eight and a half tones. Pure undecima is designated part 11.
Unison- exact match of two sounds in height.
Stable intervals in tune- intervals in which both sounds are stable, that is, they enter into a tonic triad.
Texture- a way of presenting the expressive means of music. The main types of texture: vocal, instrumental, choral, orchestral, piano, etc.
Fermata- a sign indicating an arbitrary increase in the duration of a sound or a pause, which depends on the nature of the work, the intentions and taste of the performer.
The final- the name of the last, final part of a piece of music.
piano- the general name of the instruments, the sound of which is extracted by hitting the hammers on the string when pressing the key.
The grace note is long- melisma, which consists of one sound, performed before the main sound (always at its expense). The duration of a long grace note is usually equal to half the duration of the main sound.
Grace note short- melisma, which consists of one or more very short sounds performed before the main sound.
Phrasing- a distinct selection of musical phrases in the performance of musical works.
Phrygian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor II by a lower degree, which is called the Phrygian second.
Characteristic intervals of harmonic major- increased and decreased intervals resulting from a decrease in VI
steps in harmonic major. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic major include: uv. 2 and its appeal is the mind. 7, SW. 5 and its appeal is the mind. 4.
Characteristic harmonic minor intervals- increased and decreased intervals resulting from the increase in VII
steps in harmonic minor. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor include: uv. 2 and its appeal is the mind. 7, SW. 5 and its appeal is the mind. 4.
choir-1. Large group of singers. There are children's, women's, men's and mixed choirs. 2. A piece of music for choral performance.
Chromatic signs- the same as accidentals.
Chromatic scale- gamma, consisting of semitones. The chromatic scale is formed by filling the major seconds with intermediate semitones.
Chromatic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, before # , mi-mi b .
Chromatic tone- the tone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, do-do X, mi-mi.
Caesura- the moment of dismemberment in music; a short, barely perceptible pause between phrases.
Whole tone scale- a six-step scale built on whole tones: do-re-mi-fa # -la b-cu b-before. In this mode, all triads, including the tonic, are augmented.
Elementary Music Theory- an academic discipline that studies musical notation and the basic elements of music: modes, scales, intervals, meter, rhythm, chords, etc.
Enharmonic equal sounds- sounds the same in height, but different in name (for example, do - si # )
Enharmonic equal intervals- intervals are the same in sound and in the number of tones contained in them, but different in name and in the number of steps they contain (for example, domi b=do - re # , do - fa # \u003d before - salt b) .
Enharmonic equal keys- keys are the same in sound, but different in name. Of the keys of up to seven characters found in musical practice in the key, there are three cases of enharmonic equality in major (B major = C to b major, F # major = G to b major, C # major = D to B major) and three cases in minor (G # minor=A b minor, D minor=mi b minor, A# minor=b minor).