Paintings by American artists of the 20th century. US Artists - United States of America American paintings

If you think that all great artists are in the past, then you have no idea how wrong you are. In this article, you will learn about the most famous and talented artists of our time. And, believe me, their works will sit in your memory no less deeply than the works of the maestro from past eras.

Wojciech Babski

Wojciech Babski is a contemporary Polish artist. He graduated from the Silesian Polytechnic Institute, but connected himself with. Lately he has been painting mostly women. Focuses on the manifestation of emotions, seeks to obtain the greatest possible effect by simple means.

Loves color, but often uses shades of black and gray to achieve the best impression. Not afraid to experiment with new techniques. Recently, he has been gaining more and more popularity abroad, mainly in the UK, where he successfully sells his works, which can already be found in many private collections. In addition to art, he is interested in cosmology and philosophy. Listens to jazz. Currently lives and works in Katowice.

Warren Chang

Warren Chang is a contemporary American artist. Born in 1957 and raised in Monterey, California, he graduated magna cum laude from Art Center College of Design in Pasadena in 1981 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Fine Arts. For the next two decades, he worked as an illustrator for various companies in California and New York before starting his career as a professional artist in 2009.

His realistic paintings can be divided into two main categories: biographical interior paintings and paintings depicting working people. His interest in this style of painting is rooted in the work of the 16th-century painter Jan Vermeer, and extends to objects, self-portraits, portraits of family members, friends, students, studio, classroom and home interiors. His goal is to create mood and emotion in his realistic paintings through the manipulation of light and the use of muted colors.

Chang became famous after the transition to traditional visual arts. Over the past 12 years, he has earned numerous awards and honors, the most prestigious being the Master Signature from the Oil Painters of America, the largest oil painting community in the United States. Only one person out of 50 is honored with the opportunity to receive this award. Currently, Warren lives in Monterey and works in his studio, he also teaches (known as a talented teacher) at the San Francisco Academy of the Arts.

Aurelio Bruni

Aurelio Bruni is an Italian artist. Born in Blair, October 15, 1955. Graduated with a degree in scenography from the Art Institute in Spoleto. As an artist, he is self-taught, as he independently “built the house of knowledge” on the foundation laid back in school. He began painting in oils at the age of 19. Currently lives and works in Umbria.

Bruni's early painting is rooted in surrealism, but over time he begins to focus on the closeness of lyrical romanticism and symbolism, reinforcing this combination with the exquisite sophistication and purity of his characters. Animate and inanimate objects acquire equal dignity and look almost hyper-realistic, but at the same time, they do not hide behind a curtain, but allow you to see the essence of your soul. Versatility and sophistication, sensuality and loneliness, thoughtfulness and fruitfulness are the spirit of Aurelio Bruni, nourished by the splendor of art and the harmony of music.

Aleksander Balos

Alkasandr Balos is a contemporary Polish artist specializing in oil painting. Born in 1970 in Gliwice, Poland, but since 1989 he has been living and working in the USA, in the city of Shasta, California.

As a child, he studied art under the guidance of his father Jan, a self-taught artist and sculptor, so from an early age, artistic activity received full support from both parents. In 1989, at the age of eighteen, Balos left Poland for the United States, where his schoolteacher and part-time artist Cathy Gaggliardi encouraged Alcasander to enroll in art school. Balos then received a full scholarship to the University of Milwaukee Wisconsin, where he studied painting with philosophy professor Harry Rosin.

After completing his studies in 1995 with a bachelor's degree, Balos moved to Chicago to study at the School of Fine Arts, whose methods are based on the work of Jacques-Louis David. Figurative realism and portraiture made up the bulk of Balos' work in the 90s and early 2000s. Today, Balos uses the human figure to highlight the features and shortcomings of human existence, without offering any solutions.

The plot compositions of his paintings are intended to be independently interpreted by the viewer, only then the canvases will acquire their true temporal and subjective meaning. In 2005, the artist moved to Northern California, since then the scope of his work has expanded significantly and now includes freer methods of painting, including abstraction and various multimedia styles that help express the ideas and ideals of being through painting.

Alyssa Monks

Alyssa Monks is a contemporary American artist. She was born in 1977 in Ridgewood, New Jersey. She became interested in painting when she was still a child. She attended The New School in New York and Montclair State University, and graduated from Boston College in 1999 with a bachelor's degree. At the same time, she studied painting at the Lorenzo Medici Academy in Florence.

Then she continued her studies under the program for a master's degree at the New York Academy of Art, in the Department of Figurative Art, graduating in 2001. She graduated from Fullerton College in 2006. She briefly lectured at universities and educational institutions across the country, and taught painting at the New York Academy of Art, as well as Montclair State University and Lyme Academy College of Art.

“Using filters such as glass, vinyl, water and steam, I distort the human body. These filters allow you to create large areas of abstract design, with islands of color peeking through them - parts of the human body.

My paintings change the modern look at the already established, traditional poses and gestures of bathing women. They could tell an attentive viewer a lot about such seemingly self-evident things as the benefits of swimming, dancing, and so on. My characters are pressed against the glass of the shower cabin window, distorting their own body, realizing that they thereby influence the notorious male look at a naked woman. Thick layers of paint are mixed together to mimic glass, steam, water and flesh from afar. Up close, however, the amazing physical properties of oil paint become apparent. By experimenting with layers of paint and color, I find the moment when abstract strokes become something else.

When I first started painting the human body, I was immediately fascinated and even obsessed with it and felt that I had to make my paintings as realistic as possible. I "professed" realism until it began to unravel and deconstruct itself. Now I am exploring the possibilities and potential of a style of painting where representational painting and abstraction meet – if both styles can coexist at the same moment in time, I will do it.”

Antonio Finelli

Italian artist - time watcher” – Antonio Finelli was born on February 23, 1985. Currently lives and works in Italy between Rome and Campobasso. His works have been exhibited in several galleries in Italy and abroad: Rome, Florence, Novara, Genoa, Palermo, Istanbul, Ankara, New York, and they can also be found in private and public collections.

Pencil drawings " Watcher of time” Antonio Finelli send us on an eternal journey through the inner world of human temporality and the rigorous analysis of this world associated with it, the main element of which is the passage through time and the traces it inflicts on the skin.

Finelli paints portraits of people of any age, gender and nationality, whose facial expressions indicate the passage through time, and the artist also hopes to find evidence of the ruthlessness of time on the bodies of his characters. Antonio defines his works with one general title: “Self-portrait”, because in his pencil drawings he not only depicts a person, but allows the viewer to contemplate the real results of the passage of time inside a person.

Flaminia Carloni

Flaminia Carloni is a 37-year-old Italian artist, the daughter of a diplomat. She has three children. Twelve years she lived in Rome, three years in England and France. Received a degree in art history from the BD School of Art. Then she received a diploma in the specialty restorer of works of art. Before finding her calling and devoting herself entirely to painting, she worked as a journalist, colorist, designer, and actress.

Flaminia's passion for painting arose as a child. Her main medium is oil because she loves “coiffer la pate” and also plays with the material. She learned a similar technique in the works of the artist Pascal Torua. Flaminia is inspired by the great masters of painting such as Balthus, Hopper, and François Legrand, as well as various art movements: street art, Chinese realism, surrealism and renaissance realism. Her favorite artist is Caravaggio. Her dream is to discover the therapeutic power of art.

Denis Chernov

Denis Chernov is a talented Ukrainian artist, born in 1978 in Sambir, Lviv region, Ukraine. After graduating from the Kharkov Art College in 1998, he stayed in Kharkov, where he currently lives and works. He also studied at the Kharkov State Academy of Design and Arts, Department of Graphics, graduated in 2004.

He regularly participates in art exhibitions, at the moment there have been more than sixty of them, both in Ukraine and abroad. Most of Denis Chernov's works are kept in private collections in Ukraine, Russia, Italy, England, Spain, Greece, France, USA, Canada and Japan. Some of the works were sold at Christie's.

Denis works in a wide range of graphic and painting techniques. Pencil drawings are one of his favorite painting methods, the list of topics of his pencil drawings is also very diverse, he paints landscapes, portraits, nudes, genre compositions, book illustrations, literary and historical reconstructions and fantasies.

American artists are very diverse. Someone was a clear cosmopolitan, like Sargent. He is an American by origin, but has lived in London and Paris for almost his entire adult life.

There are also authentic Americans among them, who portrayed the life of only their compatriots, like Rockwell.

And there are artists out of this world, like Pollock. Or those whose art has become a product of the consumer society. This, of course, is about Warhol.

However, they are all Americans. Freedom-loving, bold, bright. Read about seven of them below.

1. James Whistler (1834-1903)

James Whistler. Self-portrait. 1872 Art Institute in Detroit, USA.

Whistler can hardly be called a real American. Growing up, he lived in Europe. And he spent his childhood at all ... in Russia. His father built a railway in St. Petersburg.

It was there that the boy James fell in love with art, visiting the Hermitage and Peterhof thanks to his father's connections (then they were still palaces closed to the public).

Why is Whistler famous? In whatever style he paints, from realism to tonalism*, he can almost immediately be recognized by two features. Unusual colors and musical names.

Some of his portraits are imitations of old masters. Like, for example, his famous portrait "The Artist's Mother".

James Whistler. The artist's mother. Arranged in gray and black. 1871

The artist has created amazing work using colors ranging from light gray to dark grey. And some yellow.

But this does not mean that Whistler liked such colors. He was an extraordinary person. He could easily appear in society in yellow socks and with a bright umbrella. And this is when men dressed exclusively in black and gray.

He also has much lighter works than "Mother". For example, Symphony in White. So the picture was called by one of the journalists at the exhibition. Whistler liked the idea. Since then, he called almost all his works in a musical way.

James Whistler. Symphony in White #1. 1862 National Gallery of Washington, USA

But then, in 1862, the public did not like the Symphony. Again, because of Whistler's idiosyncratic color schemes. It seemed strange to people to write a woman in white on a white background.

In the picture we see Whistler's red-haired mistress. Quite in the spirit of the Pre-Raphaelites. After all, then the artist was friends with one of the main initiators of Pre-Raphaelism, Gabriel Rossetti. Beauty, lilies, unusual elements (wolf skin). Everything is as it should be.

But Whistler quickly moved away from Pre-Raphaelism. Since it was not external beauty that was important to him, but mood and emotions. And he created a new direction - tonalism.

His nocturne landscapes in the style of tonalism really look like music. Monochrome, viscous.

Whistler himself said that musical names help to focus on the painting itself, lines and color. At the same time, without thinking about the place and the people who are depicted.

James Whistler. Nocturne in blue and silver: Chelsea. 1871 Tate Gallery, London
Mary Cassat. Sleeping baby. Pastel, paper. 1910 Dallas Museum of Art, USA

But she remained true to her style to the end. Impressionism. Soft pastel. Mothers with children.

For the sake of painting, Cassatt abandoned motherhood. But her femininity was increasingly manifested precisely in such delicate works as Sleeping Child. It is a pity that a conservative society once put her before such a choice.

3. John Sargent (1856-1925)

John Sargent. Self-portrait. 1892 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

John Sargent was sure that he would be a portrait painter all his life. Career was going well. Aristocrats lined up to order him.

But once the artist crossed the line in the opinion of society. It is now difficult for us to understand what is so unacceptable in the film "Madame X".

True, in the original version, the heroine had one of the bralettes omitted. Sargent "raised" her, but this did not help the case. Orders have come to nothing.

John Sargent. Madame H. 1878 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

What obscene saw the public? And the fact that Sargent portrayed the model in an overconfident pose. Moreover, translucent skin and a pink ear are very eloquent.

The picture, as it were, says that this woman with increased sexuality is not averse to accepting the courtship of other men. Moreover, being married.

Unfortunately, behind this scandal, contemporaries did not see the masterpiece. Dark dress, light skin, dynamic pose - a simple combination that can only be found by the most talented masters.

But there is no evil without good. Sargent received freedom in return. He began to experiment more with impressionism. Write children in immediate situations. This is how the work “Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose” appeared.

Sargent wanted to capture a specific moment of twilight. So I only worked 2 minutes a day when the lighting was right. Worked in summer and autumn. And when the flowers withered, he replaced them with artificial ones.

John Sargent. Carnation, lily, lily, rose. 1885-1886 Tate Gallery, London

In recent decades, Sargent got so into the taste of freedom that he began to abandon portraits altogether. Although his reputation has already been restored. He even rudely dismissed one client, saying that he would paint her gate with great pleasure than her face.

John Sargent. White ships. 1908 Brooklyn Museum, USA

Contemporaries treated Sargent with irony. Considering it obsolete in the age of modernism. But time put everything in its place.

Now his work is worth no less than the work of the most famous modernists. Well, let alone the love of the public and say nothing. Exhibitions with his work are always sold out.

4. Norman Rockwell (1894-1978)

Norman Rockwell. Self-portrait. Illustration for the February 13, 1960 issue of The Saturday Evening Post.

It is difficult to imagine a more popular artist during his lifetime than Norman Rockwell. Several generations of Americans grew up on his illustrations. Loving them with all my heart.

After all, Rockwell portrayed ordinary Americans. But at the same time showing their lives from the most positive side. Rockwell did not want to show either evil fathers or indifferent mothers. And you will not meet unhappy children with him.

Norman Rockwell. The whole family to rest and from rest. Illustration in the Evening Saturday Post, August 30, 1947. Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, USA

His works are full of humour, juicy colors and very skilfully captured expressions from life.

But it is an illusion that the work was given to Rockwell easily. To create one painting, he would first take up to a hundred photographs with his models to capture the right gestures.

Rockwell's work has had a tremendous impact on the minds of millions of Americans. After all, he often spoke with the help of his paintings.

During the Second World War, he decided to show what the soldiers of his country were fighting for. Having created, among other things, the painting "Freedom from Want". In the form of Thanksgiving, on which all family members, well-fed and satisfied, enjoy the family holiday.

Norman Rockwell. Freedom from want. 1943 Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, USA

After 50 years at the Saturday Evening Post, Rockwell moved to the more democratic Look magazine, where he was able to express his views on social issues.

The brightest work of those years is “The Problem We Live With”.

Norman Rockwell. The problem we are living with. 1964 Norman Rockwell Museum, Stockbridge, USA

This is the true story of a black girl who went to a white school. Since a law was passed that people (and hence educational institutions) should no longer be divided along racial lines.

But the anger of the inhabitants knew no bounds. On the way to school, the girl was guarded by the police. Here is such a "routine" moment and showed Rockwell.

If you want to know the life of Americans in a slightly embellished light (as they themselves wanted to see it), be sure to look at Rockwell's paintings.

Perhaps, of all the painters presented in this article, Rockwell is the most American artist.

5. Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009)

Andrew Wyeth. Self-portrait. 1945 National Academy of Design, New York

Unlike Rockwell, Wyeth was not as positive. A recluse by nature, he did not seek to embellish anything. On the contrary, he depicted the most ordinary landscapes and unremarkable things. Just a wheat field, just a wooden house. But he even managed to peep something magical in them.

His most famous work is Christina's World. Wyeth showed the fate of one woman, his neighbor. Having been paralyzed since childhood, she crawled around the area around her farm.

So there is nothing romantic in this picture, as it might seem at first. If you look closely, then the woman has painful thinness. And knowing that the heroine's legs are paralyzed, you understand with sadness how far she is still far from home.

At first glance, Wyeth wrote the most mundane. Here is the old window of the old house. A shabby curtain that has already begun to turn into shreds. Outside the window darkens the forest.

But there is some mystery in all this. Some other look.

Andrew Wyeth. Wind from the sea. 1947 National Gallery of Washington, USA

So children are able to look at the world with an unblinkered look. So does Wyatt. And we are with him.

All Wyeth's affairs were handled by his wife. She was a good organizer. It was she who contacted museums and collectors.

There was little romance in their relationship. The music had to appear. And she became a simple, but with an extraordinary appearance Helga. This is what we see in many works.

Andrew Wyeth. Braids (from the Helga series). 1979 Private collection

It would seem that we see only a photographic image of a woman. But for some reason, it's hard to break away from it. Her eyes are too complex, her shoulders tense. We, as it were, are straining internally with her. Struggling to find an explanation for this tension.

Depicting reality in every detail, Wyeth magically endowed her with emotions that cannot leave indifferent.

The artist was not recognized for a long time. With his realism, albeit magical, he did not fit into the modernist trends of the 20th century.

When museum workers bought his works, they tried to do it quietly, without attracting attention. Exhibitions were rarely organized. But to the envy of the modernists, they have always been a resounding success. People came in droves. And they still come.

6. Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)

Jackson Pollock. 1950 Photo by Hans Namuth

Jackson Pollock is impossible to ignore. He crossed a certain line in art, after which painting could not be the same. He showed that in art, in general, you can do without boundaries. When I laid the canvas on the floor and spattered it with paint.

And this American artist began with abstractionism, in which the figurative can still be traced. In his work of the 1940s "Shorthand Figure" we see the outlines of both the face and the hands. And even understandable to us symbols in the form of crosses and zeros.

Jackson Pollock. Shorthand figure. 1942 Museum of Modern Art in New York (MOMA)

His work was praised, but they were in no hurry to buy. He was as poor as a church mouse. And he drank shamelessly. Despite a happy marriage. His wife admired his talent and did everything for her husband's success.

But Pollock was originally a broken personality. From his youth, it was clear from his actions that early death was his lot.

This brokenness as a result will lead him to death at the age of 44. But he will have time to make a revolution in art and become famous.

Jackson Pollock. Autumn rhythm (number 30). 1950 Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA

And he did it in a period of two years of sobriety. He was able to work fruitfully in 1950-1952. He experimented for a long time until he came to the drip technique.

Laying out a huge canvas on the floor of his shed, he walked around it, being, as it were, in the picture itself. And sprayed or just poured paint.

These unusual paintings began to be bought from him willingly for their incredible originality and novelty.

Jackson Pollock. Blue pillars. 1952 National Gallery of Australia, Canberra

Pollock was stunned by fame and fell into a depression, not understanding where to go next. The deadly mixture of alcohol and depression left him no chance of survival. Once he got behind the wheel very drunk. Last time.

7. Andy Warhol (1928-1987)

Andy Warhole. 1979 Photo by Arthur Tress

Only in a country with such a cult of consumption, as in America, could pop art be born. And its main initiator was, of course, Andy Warhol.

He became famous for taking the most ordinary things and turning them into a work of art. That's what happened to Campbell's soup can.

The choice was not accidental. Warhol's mother fed her son this soup every day for over 20 years. Even when he moved to New York and took his mother with him.

Andy Warhole. Cans of Campbell's Soup. Polymer, hand-printed. 32 paintings 50x40 each. 1962 Museum of Modern Art in New York (MOMA)

After this experiment, Warhol became interested in screen printing. Since then, he has taken images of pop stars and painted them in different colors.

This is how his famous painted Marilyn Monroe appeared.

A myriad of such Marilyn acid colors were produced. Art Warhol put on stream. As expected in a consumer society.

Andy Warhole. Marilyn Monroe. Silkscreen, paper. 1967 Museum of Modern Art in New York (MOMA)

Painted faces were invented by Warhol for a reason. And again, not without the influence of the mother. As a child, during a protracted illness of her son, she dragged him packs of coloring books.

This childhood hobby grew into something that became his calling card and made him fabulously rich.

He painted not only pop stars, but also the masterpieces of his predecessors. Got it and.

Venus, like Marilyn, has done a lot. The exclusivity of a work of art is "erased" by Warhol to powder. Why did the artist do this?

To popularize old masterpieces? Or, conversely, try to devalue them? To immortalize pop stars? Or spice up death with irony?

Andy Warhole. Venus Botticelli. Silkscreen, acrylic, canvas. 122x183 cm. 1982 E. Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, USA

His painted works of Madonna, Elvis Presley or Lenin are sometimes more recognizable than the original photos.

But the masterpieces are unlikely to be overshadowed. All the same, the primordial "Venus" remains priceless.

Warhol was an avid party-goer, attracting a lot of outcasts. Drug addicts, failed actors or just unbalanced personalities. One of which once shot him.

Warhol survived. But 20 years later, due to the consequences of a wound he had once suffered, he died alone in his apartment.

US melting pot

Despite the short history of American art, the range is wide. Among American artists there are Impressionists (Sargent), and magical realists (Wyeth), and abstract expressionists (Pollock), and pioneers of pop art (Warhol).

Well, Americans love freedom of choice in everything. Hundreds of denominations. Hundreds of nations. Hundreds of art directions. That's why he is the melting pot of the United States of America.

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United States of America (USA) History USA Culture USA Artists USA
United States of America, USA (English United States of America, USA, Spanish Estados Unidos de Amrica).
The United States of America, USA is a country located in North America.
The United States of America, USA is a big country. The United States ranks fourth in the world in terms of territory (9,518,900 km², 9,522,057 km².
The United States of America, the USA is the third state in the world in terms of population (more than 309 million people according to 2010).
United States of America, USA the capital of this North American state is the city of Washington.
The United States of America, the USA border on Canada in the north, Mexico in the south, and also have a maritime border with Russia. They are washed by the Pacific Ocean from the west and the Atlantic Ocean from the east. Administratively, the country is divided into 50 states and the Federal District of Columbia, and a number of island territories are also subordinate to the United States. Residents of the United States are called Americans, and the general name America is applied to the United States itself. In Russian, until the middle of the 20th century, the name of the North American United States (USAS) was also common.
United States of America, USA At present, the United States of America has the world's largest economy ($14.2 trillion), powerful armed forces, including the largest navy, and has a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
The United States of America, the USA is the founding state of the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO). The United States of America (USA) has a huge nuclear potential in terms of total capacity.

America History of America America History of the Americas
America History of America It is believed that the first people appeared in America 10-15 thousand years ago, having got to Alaska through the frozen or shallowed Bering Strait. The tribes of the mainland of North America were divided and periodically feuded with each other.
America History of America Five centuries before Columbus, the famous Icelandic Viking Leif Eriksson sailed to America and named it Vinland.
America History of America Leif Eriksson the Happy (c. 970 - c. 1020) - Scandinavian navigator and ruler of Greenland. The son of the Viking Eric the Red, the discoverer of Greenland, and the grandson of Thorvald Asvaldsson. Possibly, Leif Eriksson can be considered the first European who visited North America.
America History of America Leif Eriksson's campaigns are known from such manuscripts as "The Saga of Erik the Red" and "The Saga of the Greenlanders". Their authenticity was confirmed by the archaeological discoveries of the 20th century.
America History of America On the eve of his trip to America, Leif Eriksson made a trading expedition to Norway. Here Leif Eriksson was baptized by Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway and former pupil of Prince Vladimir. Following the example of Olaf Tryggvason, Leif Eriksson brought a Christian bishop to Greenland and baptized its population. His mother and many Greenlanders converted to Christianity, but his father, Eric the Red, remained a pagan. On the way back, Leif Eriksson rescued the wrecked Icelander Thorir, for which he received the nickname "Leif the Lucky".
America History of America Upon his return from Norway, Leif Eriksson met a Norwegian named Bjarni Herjulfsson in Greenland, who said that while sailing he saw the outlines of land in the west far out to sea. Leif Ericsson became interested in this story and decided to explore these new lands.
America History of America Around the year 1000, Leif Eriksson sailed west with a crew of 35 on a ship bought from Bjarni Herjulfsson. They discovered three regions of the American coast: Helluland (presumably the Labrador Peninsula), Markland (probably Baffin Island) and Vinland, which got its name from the large number of vines growing there (perhaps it was the coast of Newfoundland near the modern town of L "Ans- Leif Eriksson also set up several settlements there, where the Vikings settled down for the winter.
America History of America Upon his return to Greenland, Leif Eriksson handed over the ship to his brother Thorvald. Thorvald went on to explore Vinland discovered by Leif. Thorvald's expedition was unsuccessful: the Scandinavians encountered the "skralings" - North American Indians, and Torvald died in a skirmish with them.
America History of America According to Icelandic legends, Erik and Leif made their campaigns not blindly, but based on the stories of eyewitnesses such as Bjarni, who saw unknown lands on the horizon. Thus, in a sense, America was discovered even before the year 1000. However, it was Leif who first made a full-fledged expedition along the coast of Vinland, gave him a name, landed on the coast and even tried to colonize. According to the stories of Leif Eriksson and his people, which formed the basis of the Scandinavian epics: "The Saga of Eric the Red" and "The Saga of the Greenlanders", the first maps of Vinland were compiled.
America History of America However, these first visits to America by Europeans did not have an impact on the life of its indigenous population, and they became widely known much later than the discoveries of Columbus.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of America Discovery of America by Columbus
America History of America After the Vikings, the first Europeans in the New World were the Spaniards. In October 1492, a Spanish expedition led by Admiral Christopher Columbus arrived on the island of San Salvador.
America History of America In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Europeans made several expeditions to the regions of the Western Hemisphere.
America History of America The Italian Giovanni Cabot, who was in the service of the English King Henry VII, reached the coast of Canada (1497-1498).
America History of America The Portuguese Pedro Alvares Cabral discovered Brazil (1500-1501).
America History of America The Spaniard Vasco Nunez de Balboa founded the first city on the American mainland and went to the Pacific Ocean (1500-1513).
America History of America Ferdinand Magellan, who was in the service of the Spanish king, circled America from the south in 1519-1521.
America History of America In 1507, the Lorraine geographer Martin Waldseemüller proposed to name the New World America in honor of the Florentine navigator Amerigo Vespucci. At the same time, extensive exploration and development of the new continent began.
America History of America In 1513, the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon discovered the Florida peninsula, where in 1565 the first permanent European colony arose and the city of St. Augustine was founded. In the late 1530s, Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi and reached the Arkansas River valley.
America History of America By the time the British and French colonized America, the Spaniards were well established in Florida and the American Southwest. The power and influence of the Spaniards in the New World began to decline after the defeat of the Spanish Invincible Armada in 1588. During the 16th century, information was collected about new lands, documentary sources were translated into many European languages.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of America The beginning of the colonization of America by the British (1607-1775)
History of America History of the development of North America The first English settlement in America arose in 1607 in Virginia and was named Jamestown. The trading post, founded by members of the crews of three English ships under the command of Captain Newport, served at the same time as an outpost on the path of the Spanish advance deep into the continent. In just a few years, Jamestown turned into a prosperous village thanks to the tobacco plantations laid there in 1609. Already by 1620 the population of the village was about 1000 people. European immigrants were attracted to America by the rich natural resources of a distant continent, and its remoteness from European religious dogmas and political predilections. The exodus to the New World was financed primarily by private companies and individuals who received income from the transportation of goods and people. In 1606, the London and Plymouth Companies were formed in England, which took up the development of the northeast coast of America. Many immigrants moved to the New World with entire families and communities at their own expense. Despite the attractiveness of the new lands, the colonies experienced a constant shortage of human resources.
History of America History of the development of North America At the end of August 1619, a Dutch ship arrived in Virginia, delivering black Africans to America, twenty of whom were immediately bought by the colonists as slaves. In December 1620, the Mayflower arrived on the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts with 102 Calvinist Puritans. This event is considered the beginning of the purposeful colonization of the continent by the British. They entered into an agreement between themselves, called the Mayflower. It reflected in the most general form the ideas of the first American colonists about democracy, self-government and civil liberties. Similar agreements were later made between the colonists of Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. After 1630, at least a dozen small towns arose in Plymouth Colony, the first colony of New England, which later became the colony of Massachusetts Bay, in which the newly arrived English Puritans settled. The immigration wave of 1630-1643 delivered about 20 thousand people to New England, at least 45 thousand more settled in the colonies of the American south or on the islands of Central America.
History of America History of the development of North America Colonization of America by the British Over the course of 75 years after the appearance of the first English colony "Virginia" in 1607, the British founded 12 more colonies - New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey , Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
History of America The history of the development of North America The first colonists of North America were not distinguished by either common religious beliefs or equal social status. For example, shortly before 1775, at least a third of the population of Pennsylvania was already made up of Germans (Lutherans), Mennonites and representatives of other religious beliefs and sects. English Catholics settled in Maryland, French Huguenots settled in South Carolina. The Swedes settled in Delaware, the Polish, German and Italian artisans preferred Virginia. Wage laborers were recruited from among them. The colonists often found themselves defenseless against Indian raids, one of which served in 1676 as the impetus for an uprising in Virginia, known as "Bacon's rebellion." The uprising ended inconclusively after the unexpected death of Bacon from malaria and the execution of 14 of his most active associates.
History of the Americas History of North America Beginning in the mid-17th century, Great Britain tried to maintain complete control over the economic operations of the American colonies, implementing a scheme in which all manufactured goods (from metal buttons to fishing boats) were imported to the colonies from the mother country in exchange for raw materials and agricultural goods. Under this scheme, English entrepreneurs, as well as the English government, were extremely uninterested in the development of industry in the colonies, as well as in the trade of the colonies with anyone but the English metropolis itself.
History of America History of the development of North America Despite such a policy of Great Britain, American industry (mainly in the northern colonies) has achieved significant success. Especially American industrialists succeeded in building ships, which made it possible to quickly establish trade with the West Indies and thereby find a market for domestic manufactory.
History of America History of the exploration of North America The English Parliament considered these successes so threatening that in 1750 it passed a law forbidding the construction of rolling mills and iron-cutting workshops in the colonies. Foreign trade of the colonies was also subjected to harassment. In 1763, the shipping laws were passed, according to which goods were allowed to be imported and exported from the American colonies only on British ships. In addition, all goods destined for the colonies had to be loaded in the UK, regardless of where they were taken from. Thus, the metropolis tried to put all the foreign trade of the colonies under its control. And that's not counting the many duties and taxes on goods that the colonists brought home with their own hands.

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History of America Growing tensions between the colonies and the mother country
History of America By the second half of the 18th century, the population of the North American colonies more and more clearly acted as a community of people who were in confrontation with the mother country. The development of the colonial press played a significant role in this. The first American newspaper appeared in April 1704, and by 1765 there were already 25. Fuel was added to the fire by the Stamp Act, which hit American publishers hard. Dissatisfaction was also shown by American industrialists and merchants, who were extremely dissatisfied with the colonial policy of the mother country. The presence of British troops (remaining there after the seven-year war) in the territory of the colonies also caused discontent among the colonists. Demands for independence were increasingly heard.
History of America Feeling the seriousness of the situation, both Great Britain and the American bourgeoisie looked for a solution that would satisfy the interests of both the mother country and the colonies. History of America In 1754, on the initiative of Benjamin Franklin, a project was put forward to create an alliance of the North American colonies with their own government, but headed by a president appointed by the British king. Although the project did not provide for the complete independence of the colonies, it caused an extremely negative reaction in London.
American History Before dawn on June 10, 1772, the first blood in the history of the American Revolution was shed. This case was called the "Gaspée Affair" incident. On the night of June 9-10, a group of 50 men, led by Abraham Wipe, captured the English warship Gaspi, pursuing smugglers, when the ship ran aground. The invaders removed all weapons from the ship, robbed and burned it. During the attack, the commander of the ship Gaspi, Lieutenant Dudingston (eng. William Dudingston), was wounded. He was shot by Joseph Bucklin.
American History In 1773, a group of conspirators from the Sons of Liberty cell, disguised as Indians, boarded three boats in Boston Harbor and threw 342 crates of tea into the water. This event became known as the Boston Tea Party. The British government responded with repressions against Massachusetts: maritime trade was prohibited in Boston, the Massachusetts party was abolished, and its legislative assembly was dissolved. But the whole of America stood behind Massachusetts: other legislative assemblies had to be dissolved. Meanwhile, the British stubbornly did not want to notice the breadth of the emerging rebellion, believing it to be the work of a small group of radical fanatics.
History of America The punitive action of Great Britain against Boston not only did not pacify the rebels, but also served as a call to all American colonies to rally together for the struggle for independence.

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American History American Revolution
History The American Revolution of America On September 5, 1774, the First Continental Congress began its work in Philadelphia with the participation of 55 representatives from all the colonies, with the exception of Georgia. One of the seven Virginia delegates was George Washington. During the congress, which continued until October 26, requirements for the metropolis were formulated. The "Declaration of Rights" drafted by Congress contained a statement of the rights of the American colonies to "life, liberty and property," and the Continental Association, drafted at the same Congress, authorized the renewal of the boycott of English goods in the event of the British crown refusing to make concessions in its financial and economic policy. The declaration also expressed the intention of a new convocation of the Continental Congress on May 10, 1775, if London remained adamant in its intransigence.
History of America The American Revolution The reciprocal steps of the metropolis were not long in coming - the king put forward a demand for the complete subordination of the colonies to the power of the British crown, and the English fleet began to blockade the northeast coast of the American continent. General Gage was ordered to put down the "open rebellion" and enforce the Repressive Laws by the colonies, resorting to the use of force if necessary. The First Continental Congress, and especially the reaction of London to its decisions, convincingly demonstrated to the Americans that their strength lies in unity and that one should not count on the favor of the British crown and its condescending attitude towards their demands for independence. Approximately six months remained before the start of active open hostilities of the "War of Independence".
History of America The American Revolution The American Revolutionary War, American War of Independence, in American literature it is often called the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) - a war between Great Britain and loyalists (loyal to the legitimate government of the British crown) with one side and the revolutionaries of 13 English colonies (patriots) on the other, who declared their independence from Great Britain, as an independent union state, in 1776. Significant political and social changes in the life of the inhabitants of North America, caused by the war and the victory in it of supporters of independence, are referred to in American literature as the "American Revolution".

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of America American Revolution Timeline of the American Revolution (1775-1783)
- On April 19, 1775, the first armed clash between British troops and American separatists took place. A British detachment (700 soldiers) under the command of Smith was sent to Concord (a suburb of Boston) to seize weapons from a cache belonging to the American separatists. However, the detachment was ambushed and retreated. A similar incident occurred in Lexington. British troops locked themselves in Boston. On June 17, they launched a sortie against the separatists on Bunker Hill, where a bloody battle took place. The separatists retreated, but the British garrison of Boston suffered heavy losses and refrained from further active action.
- On May 10, the Second Continental Congress of 13 colonies gathered in Philadelphia, which, on the one hand, submitted a petition to King George III of England for protection from the arbitrariness of the colonial administration, and on the other, began the mobilization of an armed militia, headed by George Washington. The king described the situation in the North American colonies as an uprising of rebels
- Encouraged by the inaction of the British troops, the American separatists launched an invasion of Canada in the fall, hoping for help from the anti-British French population of Quebec. However, British troops repulsed the invasion.
- In the spring of 1776, the King sent a fleet with a landing party of Hessian mercenaries to suppress the uprising. British troops went on the offensive. In 1776, the British occupied New York, and in 1777, as a result of the Battle of Brandywine, Philadelphia.
- Amid escalating violence, on July 4, 1776, deputies of the colonies adopted a declaration of independence and the formation of the United States.
- In the battle of Saratoga, the American separatists defeated the royal forces for the first time. France, hoping to weaken its long-time rival, supported the American separatists and entered into a Franco-American alliance on February 6, 1778. French volunteers were sent to America. In response, Great Britain declared war on France in 1778, but France and, accordingly, the American separatists, were supported by Spain.
- In 1778-1779, the British General Clinton successfully fought against the separatists in Georgia and South Carolina, and established complete control over them. However, after the landing of 6,000 French troops (Marquis of Rochambeau) on June 17, 1780 on Rhode Island, General Clinton hurried to New York to release it. In early June, Lord Gordon's riot breaks out in London in protest against the improvement of the legal status of Catholics drafted into the army at the height of the war with France.
- 1779 - the American-French squadron of Commodore John Paul Jones successfully operates off the coast of England.
- 1780-1781, the new British General Cornwallis successfully operated in North Carolina, but his troops were exhausted by guerrilla warfare. Therefore, he was forced to retreat to Virginia.
- 1781 - The 20,000th American-French army (Lafayette, Marquis of Rochambeau, George Washington) forced the 9,000th army of the British General Cornwallis to surrender on October 19 at Yorktown in Virginia, after the French fleet of Admiral de Grasse (28 ships) cut off British troops from the mother country on 5 September. The defeat at Yorktown was the heaviest blow for England, which predetermined the outcome of the war. The Battle of Yorktown was the last major battle on land, although the British army of 30,000 still held New York and a number of other cities (Savannah, Charleston).
- The end of 1781-1782 - there were several naval battles and a number of minor clashes on land.
- June 20, 1783 - The Battle of Cuddalore - the last battle of the US War of Independence (it happened between the British and French fleets after the armistice, but before information about this reached the East Indies).

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History of America American Revolution Outcomes of the American Revolution (1775-1783)
History of America History of the USA When the main British troops in North America were lost, the war lost support in Great Britain itself. On March 20, 1782, Prime Minister Frederick North resigned after a vote of no confidence was passed against him. In April 1782, the House of Commons voted to end the war.
History of America History of the USA Great Britain was forced to start peace negotiations. On November 30, 1782, an armistice was concluded in Paris, and on September 3, 1783, Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States. On November 25 of that year, the last British troops left New York.
History of America History of the USA The independent American government transferred Florida to Spain, renounced the rights to the west bank of the Mississippi in favor of France, and recognized British rights to Canada. The support of the American Republican separatists turned into a revolution of its own for France, in which veterans who took part in the "American War" took an active part.

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History of the United States of America The Formation of the American State (1783-1861)
American History US History "Manifest Destiny" is a catchphrase used to justify American expansionism.
History of America History of the USA "Manifest Destiny" the term was first used by Democrat John O "Sullivan in 1845 in an article Annexation with a hint that the United States of America should stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. During the Mexican-American War and later, the term was used to justify the annexation of the western territories of the United States (Oregon, Texas, California, etc.) On the eve of the Spanish-American War, the term was revived by the Republicans to give a theoretical justification for US overseas expansion.
American History US History The term "Manifest Destiny" has fallen out of common use in politics since the early 20th century, but it continues to be widely used in nonfiction literature to refer to America's "mission" to promote democracy around the world. Understood in this sense, the “manifest purpose” of American statehood continues to influence the ideology of the US ruling circles.

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History of the United States of America Formation of a new empire
History of America History of the USA Gaining strength, the United States began to actively pursue a policy of expansion (1803-1853)
History of the USA The main milestones in the history of the USA during the period of expansion (1803-1853):
1. Louisiana Purchase (1803-1804)
In 1803, thanks to the successful actions of American diplomats, a deal was concluded between the United States of North America and France, called the Louisiana Purchase, which allowed the States to almost double its territory.
2. Anglo-American War (1812-1815)
This war was called by the Americans the name of the Second War of Independence, which confirmed the status of the United States as a sovereign power.
The events of the war (the Siege of Baltimore) inspired Francis Key's song "The Stars and Stripes Banner", which became the US anthem.
3. Anglo-American Convention of 1818
The Anglo-American Convention (London, October 20, 1818) is an agreement between the United States and the British Empire that defined the border between the independent United States and the central part of British Canada.
This convention was concluded following the agreement on the mutual demilitarization of the Great Lakes in 1817. In April 1818, an agreement was also concluded on the rights of countries to fishing grounds.
For simplicity, the state border between the two countries was straightened and ran strictly along the 49th parallel from Lake Erie to the Rocky Mountains. Part of the American territory in the Milk River basin, (Milk River), was given to Canada and became part of the province of Southern Alberta.
It is noteworthy that in October the UK also reaffirmed its commitment to runaway slaves from the US, whose owners the British administration agreed to either pay compensation or deport the slaves back to their rightful owners.
The more western territories of Oregon remained in the American-British co-ownership, which continued to cause mutual claims. Only the Treaty of Oregon, concluded on June 15, 1846, ended the territorial disputes between the two countries, as the US-Canadian border ran from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
4. Treaty of Adams-Onis (1819)
5. Texas Revolution (1836-1846)
The Texas War of Independence or the Texas Revolution of 1835-1836 (English Texas Revolution) is a war between Mexico and Texas (which until 1836 was part of the Mexican state of Coahuila and Texas).
The result of the Texas Revolution was the transformation of Texas into an independent republic (though not recognized by Mexico).
6. Anti-Rent War (1839-1846)
Farmers in upstate New York resented the old semi-feudal leasing laws that had been stopped by the former Dutch landowners. In 1839, the tenants of Albany County refused to pay what they considered extortionate rent. The impetus for this was the death on January 26, 1839 of the largest landowner and lieutenant governor of New York, Stephen van Rensselaer.
Tenants at first organized protest rallies of many thousands, however, they very quickly turned into real pogroms. The governor of the state was forced to turn to the security forces to put an end to the violence stemming from this discontent. Large-scale opposition to the collection of taxes and rent quickly spread throughout the state, and in 1845, the governor declared martial law in the region.
American farmers (unlike, for example, Russian peasants) were well-armed and had excellent weapons skills, and the fighting was carried out on territory they knew very well, where they enjoyed the full support of almost all local residents. In addition, the soldiers of the US Army also did not show much enthusiasm in this armed conflict. Therefore, the US government in 1846 made concessions and abolished enslaving rent laws.
7. Treaty of Webster - Ashburton (1842)
Treaty between the United States and Great Britain, which was signed in Washington on August 9, 1842 by US Secretary of State Daniel Webster (D. Webster) and the English special envoy Lord Alexander Ashburton (A. Ashburton). The treaty settled a number of contentious issues regarding the border between the US and British possessions in Canada, and also provided for the cooperation of the parties in maritime control over the observance of the ban on the export of slaves from Africa.
8. American-Mexican War (1846-1848)
The Mexican-American War is the name of the military conflict between the United States and Mexico in 1846-1848. In Mexico, the war is called the North American Intervention (and also the War of '47). In the US, the war is known as the Mexican War.
The Mexican–American War was the result of territorial disputes between Mexico and the United States following the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845. Although Texas declared its independence from Mexico back in 1836 (and the Texans defended it with arms in hand), the Mexican government consistently refused to recognize the independence of Texas, considering it as its rebellious territory. Mexico agreed to recognize the independence of Texas only after the entry of Texas into the United States became a fait accompli, but at the same time insisted that Texas should develop as an independent state, and not be part of the United States. The immediate cause for the start of the war was the dispute between Mexico and Texas over the territory between the rivers Nueces and Rio Grande. The United States (USA) insisted that the said territory became part of them along with Texas, while Mexico claimed that these lands were never part of Texas and, accordingly, always remained and will remain part of Mexico.
The annexation of Texas and the beginning of the war with Mexico caused a mixed reaction in American society. In the United States, the war was supported by a majority of Democrats and rejected by a majority of Whigs. In Mexico, war was considered a matter of national pride.
The most important consequences of the war were extensive territorial cessions to Mexico, as a result of which the United States was given Upper California and New Mexico - the lands of the modern states of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah. American politicians spent several years tensely discussing slavery in the new territories, and finally decided on the Compromise of 1850 (only California was recognized as a state free from slavery). In Mexico, the loss of a vast territory stimulated the government to define a policy of colonization of the northern territories as a means of preventing further losses.
9. Oregon Treaty (1846-1848)
The treaty was signed on June 15, 1846 in Washington, with the terms:
- the border between the British and American possessions was drawn along the 49th parallel, while Vancouver Island remained entirely with Great Britain.
- navigation through channels and straits south of 49 ° N left open to both parties.
- The property of the Hudson's Bay Company, located on American territory, remains inviolable.
Due to inaccuracies in the text of the treaty, the section of the border passing through the San Juan Islands was ambiguously defined. This ambiguity led in 1859 to a territorial conflict, also known as the Pig War.
The continental border between the United States and Canada, established by the Oregon Treaty, did not subsequently change. Today, the territory of Oregon includes the Canadian province of British Columbia, the US states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and partially the states of Wyoming and Montana.
10. Purchase of Gadsden (1853)
The Gadsden Purchase is a U.S. purchase of land in Mexico. As a result of this deal, in 1853 the United States acquired an area of ​​77,700 km² from Mexico. The cost of the transaction is 10 million US dollars. The acquired land is located south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande. They are now part of the states of Arizona and New Mexico. This is the latest major expansion of the mainland of the United States, finally forming its border with Mexico.
The main reason for justifying the acquisition of land was the developed project of the transoceanic railway, which was supposed to pass in these places. In addition, strained relations remained with the leadership of Mexico, dissatisfied with the amount received from the United States under the agreement in Guadalupe-Hidalgo. James Gadsden, who had financial interests in the railroad project, on behalf of US President Franklin Pierce, entered into this deal with representatives of Mexico.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA

History of America History of the USA In the first half of the 19th century, two systems developed in the USA - slavery in the south of the country and capitalism in the north. These were two completely different socio-economic systems that coexisted in one state. The situation was aggravated by the fact that, despite the stable population growth and the growth of economic development, the United States was a federal country. Each state lived its own political and economic life, integration processes proceeded slowly. Therefore, the South, where slavery and the agrarian economic system were widespread, and the industrial North became two separate economic regions.
History of America History of the USA Entrepreneurs and the majority of emigrants aspired to the North of the USA. Machine-building, metalworking, and light industry enterprises were concentrated in this region. Here, the main labor force was numerous emigrants from other countries who worked in factories, plants and other enterprises. There were enough workers in the North, the demographic situation here was stable and the standard of living was sufficient. The situation is quite the opposite in the South. The United States during the Mexican-American War received vast territories in the south, where there was a large amount of free land. Planters settled on these lands, having received huge land plots. That is why, unlike the North, the South became an agrarian region. However, there was one big problem in the South: there were not enough workers. Most of the emigrants went to the North, so from Africa, starting from the 17th century, Negro slaves were imported. By the beginning of the secession, 1/4 of the white population of the South were slave owners.
History of America History of the USA Despite all the differences between the regions, the same social changes were carried out in the South as in the North. In the North, a flexible tax policy was pursued, money from the state budgets was allocated to charity, the government to a certain extent tried to improve the living conditions of the black population. However, in the conservative and closed South, no measures were taken to emancipate women and equalize the rights of blacks with whites. An important role in the outlook of the southerners was played by the so-called "top" - wealthy slave owners who privately owned large land plots. This "top" played a certain role in the politics of the southern states, as it was interested in maintaining its dominant position.
History of America History of the USA The South of the USA was an agrarian "appendage" of the United States, crops such as tobacco, sugar cane, cotton and rice were grown here. The North needed raw materials from the South, especially cotton, and the South needed the machines of the North. Therefore, for a long time, two different economic regions coexisted in one country. Gradually, however, contradictions grew between them. Among the most acute conflict issues are the following:
- tax on imported goods (the North wanted to make them as high as possible to protect its industry, the South wanted to trade freely with the whole world).
- problems around slavery (whether to consider runaway slaves free in free states, whether to punish those who provide them with asylum, whether southern states can prohibit free blacks on their territory, etc.).
- the situation was not static: the USA seized new territories, and disputes arose regarding the constitution of each of the future states, first of all - whether the new state would be free or slave. The coming to power of Lincoln, who announced that all new states would be free, meant for the southern states the prospect of remaining in the minority and in the future losing in Congress on all conflict issues to the North.

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History of the United States of America American Civil War (1861-1865)
Division of the United States into Union and Confederation
History of America History of the USA Political and public organizations opposed to slavery formed the Republican Party in 1854. The victory in the 1860 presidential election of the candidate of this party, Abraham Lincoln, became a signal of danger for the slave owners and led to secession, secession from the Union. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina set the example, followed by:
Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861).
History of America History of the USA The legal justification for such actions was the absence in the US Constitution of a direct ban on the exit of individual states from the United States (although there was also no permission for this). These 6 states in February 1861 formed a new state - the Confederation of the States of America. On March 1, Texas declared independence, which joined the Confederation the very next day, and in April-May, its example was followed by:
Virginia (independence - April 17, 1861, accession to the CSA - May 7, 1861),
Arkansas (independence - May 6, 1861, accession to the KSA - May 18, 1861),
Tennessee (independence - May 7, 1861, accession to the CSA - July 2, 1861),
North Carolina (independence - May 20, 1861, accession to the KSA - May 21, 1861).
American History US History These 11 states adopted a constitution and elected former Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis as their president, who, along with other leaders of the country, declared that slavery would exist on their territory "forever". The Alabama city of Montgomery became the capital of the Confederation, and after the annexation of Virginia - Richmond. These states occupied 40% of the entire US territory with a population of 9.1 million people, including over 3.6 million blacks. On October 7, the Indian Territory became part of the Confederation, the population of which was not loyal either to the Confederation (most of the Indians were expelled from the territories where slave states were formed), or to the US government, which actually authorized the deportation of Indians from Georgia and other southern states. However, the Indians did not want to give up slavery and became part of the Confederation. The CSA Senate was formed by two representatives from each state, as well as one representative from each Indian republic (there were 5 republics in the Indian Territory according to the number of Indian tribes: the Cherokee - the most slaves - Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw and Seminole). Indian representatives in the Senate did not have the right to vote.
History of America History of the USA 23 states remained in the Union, including the slave-owning Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri and Maryland, which, not without a struggle, chose to remain loyal to the federal Union. Residents of a number of western districts of Virginia refused to abide by the decision to secede from the Union, formed their own authorities and in June 1863 were admitted to the United States as a new state. The population of the Union exceeded 22 million people, almost the entire industry of the country, 70% of railways, 81% of bank deposits, etc. were located on its territory.

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History of the United States of America American Civil War (1861-1865)
War between the Union and the Confederacy First period of the war (April 1861 - April 1863)
1861
American History US History Fighting between the Union and the Confederacy began on April 12, 1861, with the Battle of Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay, which was forced to surrender after a 34-hour bombardment. In response, Lincoln declared the southern states in a state of rebellion, proclaimed a naval blockade of their coasts, drafted volunteers into the army, and later introduced conscription. At first, the advantage was on the side of the South. Even before the inauguration of Lincoln, a lot of weapons and ammunition were brought here, seizures of federal arsenals and warehouses were organized. The most combat-ready units were located here, which were replenished by hundreds of officers who left the federal army, including T. J. Jackson, J. I. Johnston, R. E. Lee and others. The main goal of the northerners in the war was proclaimed the preservation of the Union and the integrity of the country, the southerners - the recognition of the independence and sovereignty of the Confederation. The strategic plans of the parties were similar: an attack on the capital of the enemy and the dismemberment of his territory.
History of America History of the USA The first serious battle took place in Virginia at the Manassas railroad station on July 21, 1861, when poorly trained troops of the northerners, crossing the Bull Run, attacked the southerners, but were forced to start a retreat that turned into a rout. By autumn, in the eastern theater of operations, the Union had a well-armed army under the command of General J. B. McClellan, who became commander-in-chief of all armies on November 1. McClellan turned out to be a mediocre military leader, often avoiding active action. On October 21, its units were defeated at Balls Bluff near the American capital. The blockade of the sea coast of the Confederation was carried out much more successfully. One of its consequences was the capture of the British steamship Trent on November 8, 1861, on board of which there were emissaries of the southerners, which brought the United States to the brink of war with Great Britain.
1862
History of America History of the USA In 1862, the northerners achieved their greatest success in the western theater of operations. In February-April, the army of General W.S. Grant, having captured a number of forts, drove the southerners out of Kentucky, and after a hard-won victory at Shilo, cleared Tennessee of them. By the summer, Missouri was liberated, and Grant's troops entered the northern regions of Mississippi and Alabama.
American History The history of the United States on April 12, 1862 entered the history of the war thanks to the famous episode with the hijacking of the locomotive "General" by a group of northern volunteers, known as the Great Locomotive Race.
History of America History of the USA The capture of New Orleans, an important commercial and strategic center, on April 25, 1862 (during a joint landing operation of General B. F. Butler and Captain D. Farragut's ships) was of great importance. In the east, McClellan, nicknamed by Lincoln "slower", was removed from his post as commander in chief and sent at the head of one of the armies to attack Richmond. The so-called "Peninsula Campaign" began.
American History US History While McClellan was planning to advance on Richmond from the east, other elements of the Union Army were to advance on Richmond from the north. These units were about 60 thousand, however, General Jackson with a detachment of 17 thousand people managed to detain them in the Campaign in the Valley, defeat them in several battles and prevent them from reaching Richmond.
American History Meanwhile, in early April, more than 100,000 federal soldiers landed on the Virginian coast, but instead of a frontal attack, McClellan preferred a gradual advance in order to hit the flanks and rear of the enemy. The southerners were slowly retreating, Richmond was preparing to evacuate. After the wounding of General Johnston, Robert Lee took command of the southerners.
History of America History of the USA General Lee managed to stop the army of northerners in a series of clashes of the Seven Days Battle, and then completely oust it from the peninsula.
History of America History of the USA McClellan was removed and General Pope was appointed in his place. However, the new commander was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run (August 29-30). General Lee entered Maryland with the intention of cutting off federal communications and isolating Washington in the course of the Maryland campaign. On September 15, Confederate troops under T. J. Jackson occupied Harper's Ferry, capturing its 11,000-strong garrison and substantial supplies of equipment. On September 17, at Sharpsburg, Lee's army of 40,000 was attacked by McClellan's army of 70,000. During this "bloodiest day" of the war (known as the Battle of Antietam), both sides lost 4,808 killed and 18,578 wounded. The battle ended in a draw, but Lee chose to retreat. The indecision of McClellan, who refused to pursue the enemy, saved the southerners from defeat. McClellan was removed and replaced by Ambrose Burnside.
History of America History of the USA The end of the year was unfortunate for northerners. Burnside launched a new offensive against Richmond, but was stopped by General Lee's army at the Battle of Fredericksburg on 13 December. The superior forces of the federal army were utterly defeated, losing twice as many as the enemy in killed and wounded. Burnside performed another botched maneuver, known as the "Mud March", after which he was removed from command.
Emancipation Proclamation
American History US History On December 30, 1862, Lincoln signed the "Emancipation Proclamation" of slaves effective January 1 of the following year. Slaves were declared free in states hostile to the Union under the rule of the Confederation. The way to slavery on the "free lands" of the West was closed even earlier by an act adopted in May 1862, which provided every American family with the opportunity to receive a land plot of 160 acres (64 hectares).

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of the United States of America American Civil War (1861-1865)
War between the Union and the Confederacy Second period of the war (May 1863 - April 1865)
1863
History of America History of the USA The campaign of 1863 became a turning point in the course of the war, although its beginning was unsuccessful for the northerners. In January 1863, Joseph Hooker was appointed commander of the federal army. He resumed his advance on Richmond, this time adopting maneuvering tactics. The beginning of May 1863 was marked by the Battle of Chancellorsville, during which the 130,000-strong army of northerners was defeated by the 60,000-strong army of General Lee. In this battle, the southerners successfully used the tactics of attack in loose formation for the first time. The losses of the parties amounted to: among the northerners 17,275, and among the southerners 12,821 people were killed and wounded. In this battle, General T. J. Jackson, one of the best commanders of the Confederacy, was mortally wounded, who received the nickname "Stonewall" for his steadfastness in battle. After this defeat, the northerners again retreated to Pennsylvania.
History of America History of the USA Having won another brilliant victory, General Lee decided to launch a decisive offensive to the north, defeat the Union army in a decisive battle and offer the enemy a peace treaty. In June, after careful preparation, an 80,000-strong Confederate army crossed the Potomac and invaded Pennsylvania, launching the Gettysburg Campaign. General Lee circled Washington from the north, planning to lure out the northern army and defeat it. For the Union army, the situation was aggravated by the fact that in late June, President Lincoln replaced the commander of the Army of the Potomac, Joseph Hooker, with George Meade, who had no experience in managing large forces.
History of America History of the USA The decisive battle between northerners and southerners took place on July 1-3, 1863 at the small town of Gettysburg. The battle was exceptionally stubborn and bloody. The southerners sought to achieve decisive success, but the northerners, who defended their native land for the first time, showed exceptional courage and steadfastness. On the first day of the battle, the southerners managed to push the enemy back and inflict heavy losses on the Union armies, but their attacks on the second and third days were inconclusive. The Southerners, having lost about 27,000 men, retreated to Virginia. The losses of the northerners were slightly less and amounted to approximately 23,000 people, so General Meade did not dare to pursue the retreating enemy.
History of America History of the USA July 3, the same day that the southerners were defeated at Gettysburg, the Confederacy was hit by a second terrible blow. In the Western theater of operations, the army of General Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, after a many-day siege and two unsuccessful assaults, captured the fortress of Vicksburg. About 25,000 southerners surrendered. On July 8, General Nathaniel Banks' soldiers took Port Hudson in Louisiana. Thus, control was established over the Mississippi River Valley, and the Confederacy was divided into two parts.
History of America History of the USA Despite two terrible defeats, the morale of the southerners was far from broken, on the contrary, they were eager to take revenge for the defeats suffered. In September, in the Western Theater of Operations, General Braxton Bragg's army defeated General Rosecrans's Ohio Army at the Battle of Chickamauga and surrounded its remnants in the city of Chattanooga. In the event of the surrender of northerners in Chattanooga, the consequences could be unpredictable. However, on November 23-25, General Ulysses Grant, in the battle of Chattanooga, managed to release the city, and then defeat Bragg's army.
History of America History of the USA After the hardest defeats of the 1863 campaign, the Confederacy lost its chances of victory, as its human and economic reserves were exhausted. From now on, the only question was how long the southerners would be able to hold out against the immeasurably superior forces of the Union.
1864
History of America History of the USA During the war there was a strategic turning point. The plan for the 1864 campaign was drawn up by Grant, who led the Union armed forces. The 100,000-strong army of General W. T. Sherman, who launched the invasion of Georgia in May, dealt the main blow. Grant himself led the army against Lee's formations in the Eastern theater. On May 4, 1864, Grant's 118,000-strong army entered the Wilderness forest, met the 60,000-strong army of the southerners, and the bloody Battle of the Wilderness began. Grant lost 18,000 men in the battle, and the southerners 8,000, but Grant continued his advance and made an attempt to occupy Spotsylvane to cut off the Army of North Virginia from Richmond. On May 8-19, the Battle of Spotsylvania followed, in which Grant lost 18,000 men but failed to break the Confederate defenses. Two weeks later, the Battle of Cold Harbor followed, which turned into a kind of trench warfare. Unable to take the fortified positions of the southerners, Grant made a detour and went to Pittersburg, starting his siege, which took almost a year.
History of America History of the USA General Sherman, having regrouped his units, on November 15 began the famous "march to the sea", which led him to Savannah, which was taken on December 22, 1864. Military successes affected the outcome of the 1864 presidential election. Lincoln, who advocated peace on the terms of the restoration of the Union and the abolition of slavery, was re-elected to a second term.
History of America History of the USA Meanwhile, the battle for Atlanta began in the west. General Sherman's troops, taking advantage of the weakness of the Tennessee Army after Chattanooga, began to advance on Atlanta. After 4 months of advance, on September 2, the federal army entered Atlanta. General Hood marched behind Sherman, hoping to divert his army to the northwest, but Sherman at some point stopped the pursuit and turned east, starting his famous "march to the sea." Then General Hood decided to strike at the army of General Thomas and break it in parts. At the Battle of Franklin, the Southerners suffered heavy losses, failing to destroy General Schofield's army. Having met the main enemy forces at Nashville, Hood decided on a cautious defensive tactic, but as a result of a series of command miscalculations, the Battle of Nashville on December 16 led to the defeat of the Tennessee Army, which practically ceased to exist.
1865
American History US History General Sherman's army marched north from Savannah on February 1 to join Grant's main force. The advance through South Carolina, which was accompanied by the infliction of significant damage to it, ended with the capture of Charleston on February 18. A month later, the Union armies met in North Carolina. By the spring of 1865, Grant had an army of 115,000 men. Lee had only 54,000 men left, and after the unsuccessful Battle of Five Fox (April 1), he decided to abandon Pittersburg and evacuate Richmond on April 2. On April 9, 1865, the remnants of the Confederate army surrendered to Grant at Appomattox. After the arrest on May 10 of J. Davis and members of his government, the Confederation ceased to exist.
History of America History of the USA The surrender of the remaining parts of the Confederate army continued until the end of June. The last of the CSA generals to capitulate was Stand Waity and his Indian units. It happened on June 23rd.
History of America History of the USA President Lincoln, who made a huge contribution to the victory of the northerners, was one of the last victims of the civil war. On April 14, 1865, he was assassinated. President Lincoln was mortally wounded and, without regaining consciousness, died the next morning.

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History of the United States of America American Civil War (1861-1865)
History of America History of the USA Outcomes of the American Civil War:
- the civil war in the United States remained the bloodiest in US history (on all fronts of World War II, despite its global scale and the destructiveness of weapons of the 20th century, American losses were less).
- the losses of the northerners amounted to almost 360 thousand people killed and died from wounds and more than 275 thousand wounded. The Confederates lost, respectively, 258,000 killed and about 137,000 wounded.
- Only the military spending of the US government reached 3 billion dollars. The war demonstrated new possibilities of military equipment and influenced the development of military art. It ended with the victory of the Union and made the United States a united and strong country.
- the prohibition of slavery was enshrined in the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution, which entered into force on December 18, 1865 (slavery in the rebellious states was abolished back in 1863 by a presidential decree proclaiming emancipation).
- conditions were created in the country for the accelerated development of industrial and agricultural production, the development of western lands, and the strengthening of the domestic market. Power in the country passed to the bourgeoisie of the northeastern states. The war did not solve all the problems facing the country. Some of them found a solution during the Reconstruction of the South, which lasted until 1877. Others, including giving blacks equal rights with whites, remained unresolved for decades.

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History of America History of the USA Reconstruction and industrialization (1865-1890)
History of America History of the USA Reconstruction took place almost a decade after the Civil War. During this era, the "Reconstruction Amendments" were introduced to expand civil rights for black Americans. These amendments include the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlaws slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees citizenship to all those born or naturalized in the United States, and the Fifteenth Amendment, which guarantees the right to vote for men of all races. In response to Reconstruction, in the late 1860s in America (USA), the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) appeared - an organization of white supremacy and terror against blacks.
American History US History Increased violence from organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) affected both the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870, which classified the KKK as a terrorist organization, and the Supreme Court decision in 1883, which struck down the Civil Rights Act 1875; however, in the U.S. Supreme Court v. Cruikshank case, the Fifteenth Amendment declared civil rights to be a concern of the states themselves.
History of America History of the USA The end of the 19th century was a time of powerful industrial development of the United States. The "Golden Age" is how the classic of American literature Mark Twain dubbed this era. The development of the American industrial industry led to the fact that, by the end of the 19th century, per capita income in the United States was the highest in the world, leaving behind only Great Britain. Later, an unprecedented wave of immigrants brought not only the labor force for American industry, but also created a diversity of national communities that inhabited the sparsely populated western territories. Inhumane industrial practices played a major role in the rise of the labor movement in the United States.

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History of America History of the USA USA at the turn of the 20th century (1890-1914)
History of America History of the USA After the "Gilded Era", came the "Era of Progress", whose followers called for reform against industrial corruption. Progressive demands included federal regulation of anti-trust laws and control of the meatpacking, pharmaceutical, and railroad industries. Four new constitutional amendments - from the 16th to the 19th - are the result of the activities of the progressives. The era lasted from 1900 to 1918, the year of the end of the First World War.
History of America History of the USA Beginning with the administration of James Monroe, the US federal government moved indigenous peoples away from white settlements on Indian reservations. The tribes were mostly relocated to small reservations, so their land went to white farmers.
History of America History of the USA During this period, the United States began its rise as an international power with a large population and industrial growth. The US began to play a prominent role in world politics, and in numerous military adventures around the world, including the Spanish-American War, which began when the US blamed Spain for the sinking of the USS Maine. The United States had an interest in freeing Cuba, an island nation fighting for freedom from Spain, as well as Puerto Rico and the Philippines, also Spanish colonies, seeking liberation. In December 1898, representatives from Spain and the United States signed the Paris Peace Treaty to end the war, according to which Cuba gained independence, and Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines became US territories.
American History US History President Woodrow Wilson announced the US entry into World War I in April 1917, after a long policy of neutrality. Previously, the United States showed interest in the world on the planet by participating in the Hague conferences. American participation in the war confirmed the importance of the victory of the Allies (the United States was not part of the Entente, they were only an ally).

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History of America History of the USA USA in World War I (1914-1918)
History of America History of the USA First World War Period of neutrality (1914-1917). At the beginning of the war, the United States generally sympathized with Western European countries, but the desire to maintain neutrality dominated. Wilson, shocked by the destructive nature of the conflict and concerned about its possible adverse consequences for the US if the hostilities dragged on, tried to mediate. His ultimate goal was to achieve a "peace without victory". Peacekeeping efforts were unsuccessful, mainly due to the fact that both sides did not lose hope of winning the decisive battle. In the meantime, the US has become mired in a dispute over the rights of neutral countries at sea. Great Britain controlled the situation on the oceans, allowing neutral countries to carry out trade and at the same time blocking German ports. Germany tried to break through the blockade, using a new weapon - submarines.
History of America History of the USA In 1915, a German submarine sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, killing more than 100 American citizens. Wilson immediately told Germany that unprovoked submarine attacks on the ships of neutral countries were a violation of generally accepted norms of international law and should be stopped. Germany eventually agreed to end unrestricted submarine warfare, but only after Wilson threatened to take the most drastic measures. Germany took this step at the beginning of 1917, believing that it could win the war while the United States was deprived of the opportunity to influence its outcome. However, the sinking of several American ships in February and March 1917 and Zimmermann's telegram to the Mexican government proposing an alliance against the United States forced Wilson to seek Congressional approval for the country's entry into the war. A group of Midwestern progressives opposed this decision, but on April 6, 1917, Congress nevertheless declared war on Germany.
History of America History of the USA US involvement in World War I, 1917-1918. Having failed as a peacemaker in trying to achieve peace on terms acceptable to the United States, Wilson hoped to achieve this goal by contributing to the victory over Germany. Its two main goals, outlined even before the US entered the war and gradually clarified during 1917-1918, were to restore stability in Europe and create a League of Nations that could ensure peace and serve as an effective instrument of international development.
History of America History of the USA From the moment the USA entered the war, the scope of its economic and naval assistance to the allies was immediately expanded. At the same time, the preparation of the expeditionary corps for entry into hostilities on the Western Front was carried out. According to the law on limited military service adopted on May 18, 1917, 1 million men aged 21 to 31 were drafted into the army. General John Pershing was appointed commander-in-chief and energetically set about preparing the US military for war.
History of America History of the USA From the beginning of March 1918, the Allies held back the powerful offensive of the Germans. By the summer, with the support of American reinforcements, they managed to launch a counteroffensive. The US Army played a significant role in the defeat of Germany and the German army, successfully operating against the enemy's wedged Saint-Miyel grouping and taking part in the general offensive of the allied forces.
History of America History of the USA To effectively organize the rear, Wilson took unprecedented measures of state control over the economy. The Federal Control Act, passed on March 21, 1918, placed all of the nation's railroads under William McAdoo's command, and a specially created military railroad administration was to end competition and ensure strict coordination of their activities. The military-industrial administration was given expanded powers of control over enterprises in order to stimulate production and prevent unnecessary duplication. Guided by the Food and Fuel Control Act (August 1917), Herbert Hoover, head of the federal food control agency, fixed the price of wheat at a high level and, in order to increase food supplies to the army, introduced the so-called "meat-free" and "wheat-free » days. Harry Garfield, head of the fuel control agency, has also cracked down on the production and distribution of fuel resources. In addition to solving military problems, these measures have brought considerable benefits to the poor social strata, in particular farmers and industrial workers.
History of America History of the USA In addition to large expenditures on the development of its own military industry, the United States provided such large loans to the allies that between December 1916 and June 1919 the total debt of the latter (including interest) rose to 24,262 million dollars. Large expenditures were only made possible by the issuance of Liberty Loan bonds. A serious flaw in Wilson's domestic policy was his failure to reliably protect civil liberties: war hysteria at home resulted in the persecution of German Americans, members of anti-war groups, and other dissidents.
History of America History of the USA In January 1918, President Wilson presented to Congress his "14 Points" - a general declaration of US goals in the war. The declaration outlined a program to restore international stability and called for the creation of a League of Nations. This program was largely at odds with the military goals previously approved by the Entente countries and included in a number of secret treaties.
History of America History of the USA In October 1918, the Central European countries made an offer of peace directly to Wilson, over the heads of their European opponents. After Germany agreed to make peace on the terms of the Wilson program, the president sent Colonel E. M. House to Europe to secure the consent of the allies. House successfully fulfilled its mission. On November 11, 1918, Germany signed an armistice agreement. Despite a preliminary agreement on its terms, the differences in the positions of Europe and America indicated that serious contradictions would arise in the course of post-war negotiations. Another problem was the actual disintegration of old Europe, which did not promise a quick and easy restoration of economic life.
1919-1920 USA and League of Nations
History of America History of the USA In the course of the peace negotiations, Wilson subordinated all other tasks to the formation of the League of Nations. To achieve this goal, he made a number of compromises, in particular on indemnities and territorial issues, hoping to subsequently adjust them within the framework of the future League. At the negotiating table with the other members of the "Big Four" - Lloyd George, representing Great Britain, Clemenceau, representing France, and Orlando, representing Italy - Wilson proved to be a very skillful diplomat. The Treaty of June 28, 1919 was the culmination of his political career.
History of America History of the USA After the victory of the Republicans in the elections of 1918, internal political tensions intensified. Senator Lodge led the movement against the League of Nations, and he and his supporters succeeded in blocking a swift Senate review of the treaty, which threatened to derail its ratification. The opposition senators were supported, first, by the Republicans, who feared the adverse political consequences of Wilson's diplomatic triumph, secondly, by representatives of those ethnic groups whose countries suffered from the Versailles accords, and, finally, by those US commitments will hinder the further development of American democracy.
History of America History of the USA The League camp was unexpectedly weakened when Wilson, who undertook an exhausting propaganda tour of the country in support of a peace treaty, fell seriously ill in the midst of the debate. The "Red Scare", born of fear of the Communists, added to the disillusionment that gripped the country after the war. It was clear that the Senate would not pass the treaty without amending it, but Wilson refused to compromise, and the Senate rejected it twice (in November 1919 and in March 1920). Therefore, formally, the United States remained at war until July 2, 1921, when Congress (already under the Harding administration) finally adopted a joint resolution of both chambers, officially announcing the end of hostilities. The League of Nations began its work without the participation of the United States.

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History of America History of the USA "Prosperity" (1921-1929)
History of America History of the USA "Prosperity" (eng. prosperity - prosperity): 1) Prosperity - a period of economic growth in the USA, in particular after the First World War; 2) Prosperity - economic recovery, temporary prosperity. The era of "prosperity" refers to the short period of economic recovery in the United States after the First World War. In literature, the era of "prosperity" most often means unhealthy, dubious prosperity.
History of America History of the USA In these post-war years, America became the absolute leader in terms of economic growth. Thanks to this, it has further strengthened its leading position in the world. By the end of the 1920s, America produced almost as much industrial output as the rest of the world. These were, indeed, years of growth. The average worker increased his salary by 25%. The unemployment rate did not exceed 5%, and in some periods 3%. Consumer credit flourished. In the 1920s, during the period of prosperity, the price level was absolutely stable. The pace of US economic development was the highest in the world.

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History of America History of the United States United States between the World Wars (1918-1941)
History of America History of the USA The first mass motorization of the population
History of America History of the USA In the 1920s, the United States became the first country to experience mass motorization. In 1929, 5.4 million cars were produced in the USA, in total about 25 million cars were produced in the 1920s (US population was 125 million people).

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History of America History of the United States United States between the World Wars (1918-1941)
History of America History of the USA The Great Depression (1929-1933)
History of America History of the USA In 1929, the most severe world economic crisis broke out, which lasted until the middle of 1933 and shook the entire system of capitalism to its foundations. Industrial production during this crisis decreased in the US by 46%, in the UK by 24%, in Germany by 41%, in France by 32%. Stock prices of industrial companies fell in the US by 87%, in the UK by 48%, in Germany by 64%, in France by 60%. Unemployment reached colossal proportions. According to official figures, in 1933 there were 30 million unemployed in 32 capitalist countries, including 14 million in the USA. The world economic crisis of 1929-1933 showed that the contradiction between the social nature of production and the private form of appropriation of the results of production has reached such a sharpness that the capitalist economy can no longer function more or less normally. This circumstance required state intervention in the economy, the use of methods of state influence on spontaneous processes in the capitalist economy in order to avoid shocks, which accelerated the development of monopoly capitalism into state-monopoly capitalism.
History of America History of the USA The Great Depression was a recession in the world economy that began in most places in 1929 and continued until 1939. However, until 1945 the world was emerging from the depression, so the 1930s are generally considered the period of the Great Depression. In Russian, the term world economic crisis is more common, and the term "Great Depression" is usually used only in relation to the crisis in the United States.
History of America History of the USA The world economic crisis has strongly affected the most developed countries, including the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany and France, but also touched other states. Industrial cities suffered the most, and construction almost ceased in a number of countries. Due to the reduction in effective demand, prices for agricultural products fell by 40-60%.

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History of America History of the USA World War II (1939-1945)
History of America History of the USA As in the First World War, the United States was certainly in no hurry to engage in direct hostilities during the Second World War. However, already in September 1940, the United States provided assistance with weapons to Great Britain, which fought alone with Nazi Germany, under the Lend-Lease program. The US also supported China, which was at war with Japan, and declared an oil embargo on Japan. After the German attack on the USSR in June 1941, the Lend-Lease program was extended to the USSR.
History of America History of the USA After the infamous December 7, 1941, when Japan unexpectedly attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor (justifying its actions with references to the American embargo), the United States declared war on Japan the very next day on December 8. In response, Germany declared war on the United States.
History of America History of the USA In the Pacific theater of operations, the situation for the United States at first was unfavorable. On December 10, 1941, the Japanese invaded the Philippines, and by April 1942, most of the American and Filipino troops were captured. But the Battle of Midway on June 4, 1942 was a turning point in the Pacific War.
History of America History of the USA On November 8, 1942, American troops under the command of General Dwight Eisenhower - three corps (western, central and eastern), supported by one British division, landed on the Atlantic coast of Morocco and on the Mediterranean coast - in Algeria, in territories controlled by the puppet government of Vichy. By May 1943, the German and Italian forces in North Africa were defeated.
American History US History On July 10, 1943, the American 7th Army and the British 8th Army successfully landed on the southern coast of Sicily. The Italians had long understood that the war into which the Duce dragged them was not in the interests of Italy. King Victor Emmanuel III decides to arrest Mussolini, and on July 25, 1943, Mussolini was arrested, and the new Italian government, headed by Marshal Badoglio, began to conduct secret negotiations with the American command for a truce. On September 8, Badoglio officially announced Italy's unconditional surrender. On September 9, 1943, the American 5th Army landed in the Salerno area.
History of America History of the USA According to the decision of the Tehran conference, where Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met, the second front of the war with Germany was opened on June 6, 1944, troops of the USA, Great Britain and Canada landed in Normandy. The operation ended on August 31 with the liberation of the entire northwestern part of France. Allied forces liberated Paris on 25 August, which had already been almost liberated by French partisan forces. On August 15, American-French troops landed in the South of France, where they liberated the cities of Toulon and Marseille. After a series of military setbacks in the fall of 1944-winter 1945 at the end of March 1945, the 6th, 12th and 21st Allied Army Groups crossed the Rhine, and in April surrounded and defeated the Ruhr group of German troops. On April 25, the 1st American Army met with Soviet troops on the Elbe River. On May 9, Nazi Germany capitulated.
American History US History In the Pacific theater of operations in October 1944, the largest naval battle in history took place in Leyte Gulf. The Japanese fleet suffered catastrophic losses, after which the American Navy gained absolute dominance at sea. Japanese aviation also suffered catastrophic losses from the superior US Air Force. On October 20, the Americans, under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, began landing on the island of Leyte (southern Philippines) and cleared it of Japanese troops by December 31. On January 9, 1945, the Americans landed on the main island of the Philippine archipelago - Luzon. During January-February, they defeated most of the Japanese troops in Luzon, and on March 3 they liberated Manila. By May 1945, most of the Philippines was liberated, only the remnants of Japanese troops in the mountains and jungle continued to resist until August.
History of America History of the USA On February 19, 1945, the US Marine Corps landed on the island of Iwo Jima, where the Japanese put up very strong resistance. The island was captured by March 26, 1945. On April 1, American troops landed on the island of Okinawa with the support of the US Navy and the British Navy, and captured it by June 22, 1945.
History of America History of the USA In July 1945, the Allies issued an ultimatum to Japan, but she refused to capitulate. On August 6, 1945, the American B-29 Superfortress bomber dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and on August 9 on Nagasaki, which led to huge destruction. This is the only example of the combat use of nuclear weapons in the history of mankind. On August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced the unconditional surrender of Japan. Japan's surrender was signed on September 2, 1945 aboard the USS Missouri.

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History of America History of the USA The beginning of the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement (1945-1964)
History of America History of the USA On December 4, 1945, the US Congress approved the country's accession to the United Nations (UN), thereby moving away from the traditional policy of isolationism towards greater involvement in international relations.
History of America History of the USA After World War II, the USA became, along with the USSR, one of the two world superpowers and the Cold War began - the United States and the Soviet Union tried to increase their influence in the world and pursued an arms race policy. This policy was fueled by various conflicts, such as the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold War and the politics of confrontation also led to the "space race" between the US and the USSR in the 1950s and 1960s.
History of America History of the USA In the post-war period, the United States has become a global influence in the economy, politics, military affairs, culture and technology. Since the beginning of the 1950s, the so-called "consumer society" has developed in the United States.
History of America History of the USA In 1960, John F. Kennedy, famous for his charisma, was elected President of the United States. During his time in power, the confrontation between the United States and the USSR reached its peak of tension during the Cuban Missile Crisis. President Kennedy was shot dead in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963, and his assassination came as a shock to US citizens.
History of America History of the USA Since the second half of the 1950s, in connection with the ongoing racial segregation in the southern states, the Black Civil Rights Movement arose and gained strength, led by Martin Luther King, who was later shot dead. Racial protests shook the United States.

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American History US History Countercultural Revolution and Détente (1964-1980)
History of America History of the USA President Lyndon Johnson, who came to power in 1964, proclaimed the "Great Society" policy, which meant measures to reduce social inequality. During the 1960s, a number of social programs were launched. Racial discrimination was legally prohibited.
American History US History In the mid-1960s, the United States became involved in the Vietnam War, whose unpopularity encouraged the emergence of anti-war social movements, including movements among women, minorities, and youth. Feminism and the environmental movement have also become political forces. The United States and much of the Western world was engulfed in a "countercultural revolution" in the late 1960s.
History of America History of the USA In 1969, Lyndon Johnson was succeeded as President of the United States by Richard Nixon. Under him, the Vietnam War continued, but in 1973, American troops were nevertheless withdrawn from South Vietnam after the conclusion of the Paris Agreement. The Americans lost 58,000 men during the war. Nixon took advantage of the conflict between the Soviet Union and the PRC, which was beneficial for the United States, by moving towards rapprochement with the PRC. A new era of the Cold War, known as détente, has begun. In 1973, the US economy was seriously affected by the oil crisis. Nixon was forced to resign due to the Watergate political scandal in August 1974.
History of America History of the USA In 1976, Jimmy Carter was elected President of the United States. The US suffered from an energy crisis, slow economic growth, high unemployment and high interest rates. On the world stage, Carter brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt. In 1979, Iranian students seized the American embassy in Tehran and took 52 American diplomats hostage. Carter lost the 1980 election to Republican Ronald Reagan, who promised to "bring morning to America."

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American History US History "Reaganomics" and the End of the Cold War (1981-1989)
History of America History of the USA Having come to power, Reagan began to implement the so-called "Reaganomics" policy, which meant cutting taxes while cutting social programs. In 1982, the US went through a recession, the unemployment rate and the number of bankruptcies were close to the levels of the Great Depression. But the next year the situation changed dramatically: inflation fell from 11% to 2%, unemployment to 7.5%, and economic growth increased from 4.5% to 7.2%.
History of America History of the USA Reagan pursued a course of tough confrontation with the USSR and called the USSR an "evil empire." However, Mikhail Gorbachev's coming to power in the USSR in 1985 and the policy of perestroika he initiated led to the end of the period of violent confrontation between the two superpowers in the late 1980s. The Cold War is over. A new era of world development has begun.

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History of America History of the USA USA the leader of the world economy and politics
History of America History of the USA After the collapse of the USSR, the USA strengthened its leadership positions on the world stage. Today, the United States is still a leader in many areas of science and industrial production. Nevertheless, the development of the world community is not always smooth, and economic and social crises are a common pattern for all. It does not bypass the United States either.

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American culture of the 20th century
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American culture US culture US visual arts
US Art US Paintings US Artists (American Artists)
Culture of America Culture of the USA The culture of America began to develop even before the USA became a country. Its early formation was influenced by British culture, due to colonial links with the British who spread the English language, the legal system and other cultural legacies. Other European countries also had a strong influence, from which a large number of immigrants came. These are Ireland, Germany, Poland, Italy.
Culture of America Culture of the USA A certain contribution to the development of the culture of the USA was made by peoples originally living in America (Indian tribes), as well as the ancestors of most African-Americans who arrived from Africa.
Culture of America Culture of the USA The United States of America has traditionally been known as a land of mixed cultures, but recent academic opinion tends towards cultural diversity rather than mixing. There are many adapted but unique subcultures within American culture. That is, American culture is a lot of different cultures.
Culture of America Culture of the USA A person's belonging to a particular culture depends on social class, political orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation.
Culture of America Culture of the USA At the same time, there are common symbols of American culture (US Culture): apple pie, baseball and the American flag.

Art of the USA Painting of America Artists of the USA Twentieth century in painting of the USA. At the beginning of the 20th century, imitations of French Impressionism were valued above all else in America (USA). Public taste was challenged by a group of eight artists: Robert Henry (1865-1929), W.J. Glackens (1870-1938), John Sloane (1871-1951), J.B. 1876-1953), A. B. Davis (1862-1928), Maurice Prendergast (1859-1924) and Ernest Lawson (1873-1939). They have been dubbed the "trash can" school by critics for their fondness for depicting slums and other prosaic subjects. In 1913 on the so-called. "Armory Show" exhibited works by masters belonging to various areas of post-impressionism. American artists were divided: some of them turned to the study of the possibilities of color and formal abstraction, others remained in the realist tradition. The second group included Charles Burchfield (1893-1967), Reginald Marsh (1898-1954), Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Fairfield Porter (1907-1975), Andrew Wyeth (b. 1917) and others. Paintings by Ivan Albright (1897-1983), George Tooker (b. 1920) and Peter Bloom (1906-1992) are written in the style of "magical realism" (the resemblance to nature in their works is exaggerated, and reality is more like a dream or a hallucination). Other artists, such as Charles Sheeler (1883-1965), Charles Demuth (1883-1935), Lionel Feininger (1871-1956) and Georgia O "Keeffe (1887-1986), combined elements of realism, cubism, expressionism in their works and other currents of European art.The marine views of John Marin (1870-1953) and Marsden Hartley (1877-1943) are close to expressionism.The images of birds and animals in the paintings of Maurice Graves (b. 1910) still retain a connection with the visible world, although the forms in his works are greatly distorted and brought to almost extreme symbolic designations.
Art of the USA Painting of America Painting of the USA Artists of the USA After the Second World War non-objective painting became the leading trend in American art. The main attention was now given to the picturesque surface itself. It was seen as an arena for the interaction of lines, masses and color spots. Abstract expressionism occupied the most significant place during these years. He became the first movement in painting that arose in the United States and had international significance. The leaders of this movement were American artists: Arshile Gorky (1904-1948), Willem de Kooning (Kooning) (1904-1997), Jackson Pollock (1912-1956), Mark Rothko (1903-1970) and Franz Kline (1910-1962) .
US Art Paintings of America Paintings of the USA Artists of the USA One of the most interesting discoveries of Abstract Expressionism was the artistic method of Jackson Pollock, who dripped paint onto canvas or threw them to create a complex labyrinth of dynamic linear forms. Other artists of this trend - Hans Hofmann (1880-1966), Clyford Still (1904-1980), Robert Motherwell (1915-1991) and Helen Frankenthaler (b. 1928) - practiced the canvas staining technique. Another variant of non-objective art is the painting of Josef Albers (1888-1976) and Ed Reinhart (1913-1967). Their paintings consist of cold, precisely calculated geometric shapes. Other American artists who have worked in this style include Ellsworth Kelly (b. 1923), Barnett Newman (1905-1970), Kenneth Noland (b. 1924), Frank Stella (b. 1936), and Al Held (b. 1928). Later they headed the direction of opt-art.
US Art American Painting US Painting US Artists In the late 1950s, non-objective art was opposed by Robert Rauschenberg (b. 1925), Jasper Johns (b. 1930) and Larry Rivers (b. 1923), who worked in mixed media, including in the technique of assembly. They included fragments of photographs, newspapers, posters and other items in their "paintings". In the early 1960s, the assemblage spawned a new movement, the so-called. pop art, whose representatives very carefully and accurately reproduced in their works a variety of objects and images of American pop culture: cans of Coca-Cola and canned food, packs of cigarettes, comics. The leading artists of this trend are Andy Warhol (1928-1987), James Rosenquist (b. 1933), Jim Dine (b. 1935) and Roy Lichtenstein (b. 1923). Following pop art, opt art appeared, based on the principles of optics and optical illusion. In the 1970s, different schools of expressionism continued to exist in America, geometric hard-edge, pop art, photorealism and other styles of fine art that were increasingly in vogue US painting US art is the most striking example of how controversial and scandalous art has become into the adoration of the entire world elite. If you buy the fine art of US artists (American artists), then this is more than a serious application for belonging to the powers that be.

America United States of America Artists of the USA (American artists) Artists of the USA are known in many countries of the world Artists of the USA paint wonderful diverse, different genres, original, beautiful paintings
US Artists Paintings by US Artists (paintings by American artists)

America United States of America Artists USA (American Artists) In our gallery you can get acquainted with the works of the best American artists and American sculptors.

Painting USA Artists USA (American artists and their paintings)

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AMERICAN PAINTING
The first works of American painting that have come down to us date back to the 16th century; these are sketches made by members of research expeditions. However, professional artists appeared in America only at the beginning of the 18th century; the only stable source of income for them was a portrait; this genre continued to occupy a leading position in American painting until the beginning of the 19th century.
colonial period. The first group of portraits, executed in the technique of oil painting, dates from the second half of the 17th century; at that time, the life of the settlers proceeded relatively calmly, life stabilized and there were opportunities for art. Of these works, the most famous portrait of Mrs. Frick with her daughter Mary (1671-1674, Massachusetts Museum of Art in Warster), painted by an unknown English artist. By the 1730s, there were already several artists in the east coast cities working in a more modern and realistic manner: Henrietta Johnston in Charleston (1705), Justus Englehardt Kuhn in Annapolis (1708), Gustav Hesselius in Philadelphia (1712), John Watson in Perth Emboy in New Jersey (1714), Peter Pelham (1726) and John Smybert (1728) in Boston. The painting of the latter two had a significant influence on the work of John Singleton Copley (1738-1815), who is considered the first major American artist. From the engravings from the Pelham collection, young Copley got an idea of ​​the English formal portrait and the painting of Godfrey Neller, the leading English master who worked in this genre in the early 18th century. In the painting Boy with a Squirrel (1765, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts), Copley created a wonderful realistic portrait, delicate and surprisingly accurate in the transfer of the texture of objects. When Copley sent this work to London in 1765, Joshua Reynolds advised him to continue his studies in England. However, Copley remained in America until 1774 and continued to paint portraits, carefully working through all the details and nuances in them. Then he undertook a journey to Europe and in 1775 settled in London; mannerism and features of idealization, characteristic of English painting of this time, appeared in his style. Among the finest works produced by Copley in England are large formal portraits reminiscent of the work of Benjamin West, including Brooke Watson and the Shark (1778, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts). Benjamin West (1738-1820) was born in Pennsylvania; having painted several portraits of Philadelphians, he moved to London in 1763. Here he gained fame as a history painter. An example of his work in this genre is the painting The Death of General Wolfe (1770, Ottawa, National Gallery of Canada). In 1792 West succeeded Reynolds as president of the British Royal Academy of Arts.
War of Independence and the beginning of the 19th century Unlike Copley and West, who remained forever in London, the portrait painter Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) returned to America in 1792, making a career in London and Dublin. He soon became the leading master of this genre in the young republic; Stuart painted portraits of almost every prominent political and public figure in America. His work is executed in a lively, free, sketchy manner, very different from the style of Copley's American work. Benjamin West welcomed young American artists into his London studio; his students included Charles Wilson Peel (1741-1827) and Samuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872). Peel became the founder of a dynasty of painters and a family art enterprise in Philadelphia. He painted portraits, engaged in scientific research and opened the Museum of Natural History and Painting in Philadelphia (1786). Of his seventeen children, many became artists and naturalists. Morse, better known as the inventor of the telegraph, painted some beautiful portraits and one of the most grandiose paintings in all of American painting, the Louvre Gallery. In this work, about 37 canvases are reproduced in miniature with amazing accuracy. This work, like all of Morse's work, was intended to acquaint the young nation with the great European culture. Washington Allston (1779-1843) was one of the first American artists to pay homage to Romanticism; during his long travels in Europe, he painted sea storms, poetic Italian scenes and sentimental portraits. At the beginning of the 19th century the first American art academies opened, providing students with professional training and taking a direct part in organizing exhibitions: the Pennsylvania Academy of Arts in Philadelphia (1805) and the National Academy of Drawing in New York (1825), whose first president was S. R. Morse. In the 1820s and 1830s, John Trumbull (1756-1843) and John Vanderlyn (1775-1852) painted huge compositions based on American history that adorned the walls of the Capitol rotunda in Washington. In the 1830s, landscape became the dominant genre in American painting. Thomas Cole (1801-1848) painted the wilderness of the north (New York State). He argued that weather-beaten mountains and bright autumn forests were more suitable subjects for American artists than picturesque European ruins. Cole also painted several landscapes imbued with ethical and religious meaning; among them are four large paintings The Way of Life (1842, Washington, National Gallery) - allegorical compositions depicting a boat descending the river, in which a boy sits, then a young man, then a man and finally an old man. Many landscape painters followed Cole's example and depicted views of American nature in their works; they are often lumped together under the name "Hudson River School" (which is not true, since they worked all over the country and wrote in different styles). Of the American genre painters, the most famous are William Sidney Mount (1807-1868), who painted scenes from the life of Long Island farmers, and George Caleb Bingham (1811-1879), whose paintings are devoted to the life of fishermen from the shores of the Missouri and elections in small provincial towns. Before the Civil War, the most popular artist was Frederick Edwin Church (1826-1900), a student of Cole. He painted mainly in large format and used sometimes too naturalistic motifs to attract and stun the audience. Church traveled to the most exotic and dangerous places, collecting material for the image of South American volcanoes and icebergs of the northern seas; one of his most famous works is the painting Niagara Falls (1857, Washington, Corcoran Gallery). In the 1860s, the huge canvases of Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902) aroused universal admiration for the beauty of the Rocky Mountains depicted on them, with their clear lakes, forests and towering peaks.

Post-war period and the turn of the century. After the Civil War, it became fashionable to study painting in Europe. In Düsseldorf, Munich, and especially in Paris, one could get a much more fundamental education than in America. James McNeil Whistler (1834-1903), Mary Cassatt (1845-1926) and John Singer Sargent (1856-1925) studied in Paris and lived and worked in France and England. Whistler was close to the French Impressionists; in his paintings, he paid special attention to color combinations and expressive, concise composition. Mary Cassatt, at the invitation of Edgar Degas, took part in exhibitions of the Impressionists from 1879 to 1886. Sargent painted portraits of the most prominent people of the Old and New Worlds in a bold, impulsive, sketchy manner. The opposite side of the stylistic spectrum to Impressionism in the art of the late 19th century. occupied by realist artists who painted illusionistic still lifes: William Michael Harnett (1848-1892), John Frederic Peto (1854-1907) and John Haberl (1856-1933). Two major artists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Winslow Homer (1836-1910) and Thomas Eakins (1844-1916), did not belong to any of the then fashionable artistic movements. Homer began his artistic career in the 1860s by illustrating New York magazines; already in the 1890s he had a reputation as a famous artist. His early paintings are scenes of rural life saturated with bright sunlight. Later, Homer turned to more complex and dramatic images and themes: the Gulf Stream (1899, Met) depicts the despair of a black sailor lying on the deck of a boat in a stormy, shark-infested sea. Thomas Eakins during his lifetime was subjected to severe criticism for excessive objectivism and directness. Now his works are highly valued for their strict and clear drawing; his brush belongs to the images of athletes and sincere, sympathetic portrait images.

The twentieth century. At the beginning of the century, imitations of French impressionism were valued above all. Public taste was challenged by a group of eight artists: Robert Henry (1865-1929), W.J. Glackens (1870-1938), John Sloane (1871-1951), J.B. 1876-1953), A. B. Davis (1862-1928), Maurice Prendergast (1859-1924) and Ernest Lawson (1873-1939). They have been dubbed the "trash can" school by critics for their fondness for depicting slums and other prosaic subjects. In 1913 on the so-called. "Armory Show" exhibited works by masters belonging to various areas of post-impressionism. American artists were divided: some of them turned to the study of the possibilities of color and formal abstraction, others remained in the realist tradition. The second group included Charles Burchfield (1893-1967), Reginald Marsh (1898-1954), Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Fairfield Porter (1907-1975), Andrew Wyeth (b. 1917) and others. Paintings by Ivan Albright (1897-1983), George Tooker (b. 1920) and Peter Bloom (1906-1992) are written in the style of "magical realism" (the resemblance to nature in their works is exaggerated, and reality is more like a dream or a hallucination). Other artists, such as Charles Sheeler (1883-1965), Charles Demuth (1883-1935), Lionel Feininger (1871-1956) and Georgia O "Keeffe (1887-1986), combined elements of realism, cubism, expressionism in their works and other currents of European art.The marine views of John Marin (1870-1953) and Marsden Hartley (1877-1943) are close to expressionism.The images of birds and animals in the paintings of Maurice Graves (b. 1910) still retain a connection with the visible world, although the forms in his work is heavily distorted and reduced to almost extreme symbolic designation. After the Second World War, non-objective painting became the leading trend in American art. The main attention was now paid to the pictorial surface itself, it was seen as an arena of the interaction of lines, masses and color spots. Abstract Expressionism took over during these years, becoming the first movement in painting to emerge in the United States and have international significance, led by Arsail Gorky (1904-1948), Willem de Kooning (Kooning) (1904-1997), Jackson Pollock (1912 -1956), Mark Rothko (1903-1970) and Franz Kline (1910-1962). One of the most interesting discoveries of abstract expressionism was the artistic method of Jackson Pollock, who dripped paint onto the canvas or threw them to create a complex labyrinth of dynamic linear forms. Other artists of this trend - Hans Hofmann (1880-1966), Clyford Still (1904-1980), Robert Motherwell (1915-1991) and Helen Frankenthaler (b. 1928) - practiced the canvas staining technique. Another variant of non-objective art is the painting of Josef Albers (1888-1976) and Ed Reinhart (1913-1967); their paintings consist of cold, accurately calculated geometric shapes. Other artists who have worked in this style include Ellsworth Kelly (b. 1923), Barnett Newman (1905-1970), Kenneth Noland (b. 1924), Frank Stella (b. 1936) and Al Held (b. 1928); later they led the direction of opt-art. In the late 1950s, non-objective art was opposed by Robert Rauschenberg (b. 1925), Jasper Johns (b. 1930) and Larry Rivers (b. 1923), who worked in mixed media, including the assemblage technique. They included in their "pictures" fragments of photographs, newspapers, posters and other items. In the early 1960s, the assemblage spawned a new movement, the so-called. pop art, whose representatives very carefully and accurately reproduced in their works a variety of objects and images of American pop culture: cans of Coca-Cola and canned food, packs of cigarettes, comics. Leading artists of this trend are Andy Warhol (1928-1987), James Rosenquist (b. 1933), Jim Dine (b. 1935) and Roy Lichtenstein (b. 1923). Following pop art, opt art appeared, based on the principles of optics and optical illusion. In the 1970s, different schools of expressionism continued to exist in America, geometric hard-edge, pop art, photorealism, which was increasingly becoming fashionable, and other styles of fine art.

LITERATURE
Chegodaev A.D. Art of the United States of America from the War of Independence to the Present Day. M., 1960 Chegodaev A.D. Art of the United States of America. 1675-1975. Painting, architecture, sculpture, graphics. M., 1975

Collier Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .

See what "AMERICAN PAINTING" is in other dictionaries:

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• English and American Paintings at the Washington National Gallery (paperback), EG Milyugina, The Washington National Gallery has the world's largest collections of English and American paintings of a high artistic standard. The collections reflect both the history of world painting,… Category:

AMERICAN PAINTING. REALISM AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when two commercially successful and respected trends dominated in US painting - impressionism and academic realism, the desire of some artists to reflect the real modern life of the city with its sometimes cruel moments, to depict the unadorned life of the city outskirts, street children, prostitutes, alcoholics, tenement life. They believed that painting could be akin to journalism, although many of these artists were apolitical and did not limit themselves to reflecting the plagues and poverty of urban life.

“... I loved cities very much, I loved the majestic, fast river,
All the women, all the men I knew were close to me...
... And I lived in the world, I loved Brooklyn - plentiful hills, he was mine,
And I wandered around Manhattan, and I bathed in the salty waters washing the island ... "
(Walt Whitman. Leaves of Grass. On the Brooklyn Ferry.)

The ideologist of this movement, Robert Henry, an admirer of the poetry of Walt Whitman, demanded from his students that their "colors be as real as dirt, like clods of horse shit and snow in the winter on Broadway." For the predilection for such plots, this direction received the nickname "trash can school" or "trash bin school", which stuck with it and is used in art history literature. This movement was met with hostility by many critics; after the first exhibition, one of them, under the pseudonym "Jeweler", wrote: "Vulgarity hits the eye at this exhibition ... Can art that shows our sores be beautiful?" Sometimes the "School of the Bin" is identified with the group "Eight", although not all (only 5) of its members were part of it, and three artists, Davis, Lawson and Prendergast performed in a completely different style.

Robert Henry(Cozad), (1865-1929), artist, educator, mastermind of the "Trash Can School" and organizer of the "Eight" group,

Born in Cincinnati to a real estate developer and gambler. In a skirmish over land ownership, the father shot his opponent and fled to Denver, where the whole family later moved, changing their names and surnames. After studying for two years at the Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, young Robert went to Paris to study at the Académie Julien to study with academic realists.

After a trip to Italy, he returns to Philadelphia and begins teaching at the School of Design for Women, he was considered a natural teacher. By the age of thirty, Henry comes to the idea of ​​the need to develop such a direction in painting, which would combine realism and elements of impressionism, and called it "new academicism."

His friends and followers did not consider themselves to be a single organized group, but an exhibition at the Macbeth Gallery in New York in 1908 drew attention to the artists of the new direction and brought them fame. In 1910, with the help of Sloan, Henry organized an exhibition of Independent Artists, where only a few paintings were sold, the artists of this direction were already being replaced by new modern art, the forerunner and "father" of which can be considered Robert Henry.

The following years brought Henry popularity, he spent a lot of time in Ireland and Santa Fe, taught at the Students' League in New York, had a great influence on the development of the modernist trend among his female art students. In 1929, he was named one of the top three living American artists by the New York Arts Council. The classical elements of his style in the portrait are the forceful manner of writing, intense color and light effects, a reflection of the individuality and spiritual qualities of a person.

John French Sloan(1871-1951), one of the founders of the "School of the trash can", member of the "Eight", artist and engraver.

His father was artistic and encouraged his children from early childhood to draw. He began working early due to his father's illness, and his job as a salesman in a bookstore left him plenty of free time to read, draw, and copy the works of Dürer and Rembrandt, which he admired. He also began making etchings and selling them in a shop, and his postcards and calendars were a success. Working later as an illustrator, he began taking evening classes at the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, where he met Robert Henry, who convinced him to turn to painting.

The difficult history of his family life (alcoholism and the mental instability of his wife, a former prostitute whom he met in a brothel), interfered with his work, and although he had painted almost 60 paintings by 1903, he still had no name in the art world and sold little their works. After moving to New York, he worked in magazines, drew political cartoons, illustrated books, participated in an exhibition at the Macbeth Gallery and organized a traveling exhibition after it, he finally came to success.

Throughout his subsequent life, Sloan was faithful to socialist ideas, which was certainly reflected in his work, but he categorically objected to the critics' statements about the conscious social orientation of his painting.

In the late 1920s, Sloane changed not only the technique but also the subjects of his paintings in favor of nudes and portraits, often using underpainting and shading, and never again achieved the popularity that his early work had.

William J. Glakkens(1870-1938), also one of the founders of the "Trash Can School", was born in Philadelphia, where his family lived for many generations. His brother and sister also became artists. William himself, having shown artistic abilities at school, worked after graduation as an artist in newspapers, attended an evening course at the Academy of Fine Arts, where he met young Sloane, who introduced him to Robert Henry.

In 1895, Glakkens travels with a group of artists around Europe, admires the paintings of the great "Dutch", and in Paris for the first time gets acquainted with the art of the Impressionists, then throughout his life he repeatedly leaves to paint in Paris and the South of France. After returning to the United States, Glakkens settled in New York, actively participating in the exhibition activities of the School of the Trash Can and the Group of Eight.

An impressionistic direction is increasingly manifesting in his work, he is even called the “American Renoir”, and unlike Sloan, he was not a “social chronicler”, but a “pure” artist, for whom art form, color and sensuality were of paramount importance. His palette brightens over the years, the subjects change their meaning, landscapes, beach scenes prevail, and at the end of his life - still lifes and portraits.

His art does not reflect the social problems of the day, the time of the Great Depression, rather the opposite - "his paintings are filled with the ghost of happiness, he is obsessed with the contemplation of joy" (Leslie Keith, William Glackens' Constancy, 1966).

George Benjamin Laks(1867-1933) was born in Williamsport to a pharmacist, his mother was an amateur artist and musician. After moving to a small town in southern Pennsylvania, located near the coal fields, George saw poverty early and received lessons in compassion from parents who helped families of miners.

He began his working life as a teenager, working with his brother in vaudeville, but very early realized that he wanted to be an artist. After a short study at the Academy of Fine Arts, he went to Europe, studied various art schools, became a fan of Spanish and Dutch painting (especially Velázquez and Frans Hals) and Manet's technique. Returning to Philadelphia, Lux works as an illustrator for a newspaper, meets Glakkens, Sloan and Shinn, participates in Robert Henry's intellectual meetings, and after moving to New York and working as an artist in Pulitzer's magazine, he begins to devote more time to painting.

He participates in the activities of the School of the Trash Can and the Group of Eight, contributes to the debate about New Realism, draws extensively, conveying the life of immigrants, their ethnic diversity, drawing material from the Lower East Side and Brooklyn. In addition to paintings about New York life, Lux paints landscapes and portraits, he was considered a master of strong color and light effects.

Lux was an original person, a born rebel, was proud that others considered him the "bad boy" of American art, created myths about himself, often got drunk to unconsciousness, was an alcoholic, and was eventually found killed in a domestic fight in the stairwell.

Everett Shinn(1876-1953), was born in Woodstown in a Quaker community to a family of farmers.

Early manifested abilities allowed him to start seriously studying the basics of drawing at the age of 15, take lessons at the Academy of Fine Arts a year later, and at the age of 17 start working as a full-time artist in newspapers. In 1897, after moving to New York, the young Shinn soon became known as one of the talented realists who depicted urban life, street violence, accidents and fires.

After traveling with his wife in Europe, Shinn had new subjects (theater, ballet) and impressionistic elements in painting. He is the only one from the "School of the Bin" and the group "Eight" who has a lot of pastel work, as well as murals not only in the apartments of the Manhattan elite, but also 18 murals for the famous Broadway Belasco Theater. Shinn believed that "he was an accidental member of the eight", without a political position and committed to social life, but reflecting a piece of American reality of the early twentieth century in a realistic and romantic spirit.

There is an assumption that Everett Shinn served as a prototype for the artist Eugene Whittle in T. Dreiser's novel "Genius".

Ernest Lawson(1873-1939), born in Halifax, came to the USA, lived first in Kansas City and then in New York, studied at the Art Students League with Touktman, who introduced him to impressionism.

In France, while studying at the Julien Academy, he became interested in plein air painting, met Sisley and Somerset Maugham. Back in the States, Lawson developed his own aesthetic style, bordering on impressionism and realism, and has been called "America's last impressionist".

He travels a lot around the country, paints deserted landscapes, converges with the artists of the "School of the trash can" and becomes a member of the group "Eight", but unlike them, he avoids drama in depicting urban life and after participating in the exhibition of modern art "Armory Show", not rejecting realistic and impressionistic tendencies, he is interested in post-impressionism, in particular Cezanne.

Lawson's work is not as well known as that of his other contemporaries, but Robert Henry considered him "the greatest landscape painter since Winslow Hommer". He drowned under mysterious circumstances while swimming in Miami Beach.

George Wesley Bellows(1882-1925), was a late and only child in the family of the daughter of a whaling ship captain. At the Ohio State University, he studied and successfully played baseball and basketball on the condition of illustrating the university yearbook, dreamed of becoming a professional baseball player, worked as an illustrator in magazines. In 1904, without graduating from university, Bellows moved to New York, entered the School of Art, joined the artists of the School of the Trash Can and the group of Eight, rented his own studio on Broadway.

Participation in exhibitions with students of Robert Henry and teaching at the Art Students League brought him fame, although many critics considered his work "crude" not only in plot but also in style.

Continuing the themes of urban life and sports in his work, Bellows also began to receive commissions for portraits from the wealthy elite, and during the summer he painted seascapes in Maine.

He was very politicized, adhered to socialist and even anarchist views, worked as an illustrator in a socialist magazine. In 1918 he created a series of prints and paintings depicting the atrocities committed by German soldiers during the invasion of Belgium.

Bellows also made a significant contribution to lithography, illustrated many books, including several editions of H. G. Wells. He died at the age of 42 from peritonitis after an unsuccessful operation, leaving behind a wife, two daughters, and a large number of paintings and prints that are today in many major American museums.

The following two artists cannot be fully attributed either to the "School of the trash can" or to the group of "Eight", they are already closer to the modernist direction, they are more open to experimentation, their work can rightly be considered a transitional stage to post-impressionism.

Arthur Bowen Davis(1853-1928), already at the age of 15 he took part in a traveling exhibition in his city, organized by members of the Hudson River School. After the family moved to Chicago, he studied at the Academy of Design, and after moving to New York, he studied at the Art Students League and worked as an illustrator for a magazine.

Difficult family circumstances (Davis's infidelity, the presence of a second illegitimate wife and an illegitimate child) left their mark on his behavior and secretive nature, but already in the first year after his marriage, Davis's paintings began to be successfully sold, and regular trips to Europe and the works of Corot and Millet helped him hone your sense of color and develop your own pictorial style.

In the twenties, he was recognized as one of the most respected and financially successful American artists. As a member of the Group of Eight, he was the chief organizer of the Armory Show, more knowledgeable of contemporary art than his comrades, acted as an advisor to many wealthy New Yorkers when shopping for their collections, helped many young artists with advice and money.

Arthur B. Davis is an anomalous phenomenon in American painting: his own lyrical style can be described as reservedly conservative, but his tastes and interests were completely avant-garde.

Maurice Brasil Prendergast(1858-1924) and his twin brother were born into the family of a trading post merchant in the British colony of North America. After moving to Boston, his father sent Maurice, who was able to draw, to study with a commercial artist, which explains the brightness and "flatness" of his work.

Studying in Paris at the Colarossi Academy, and then at the Julien Academy, acquaintance with the work of English and French avant-garde artists, studying the works of Van Gogh and Seurat led him in fact to post-impressionism. Prendergast was one of the first Americans to recognize Cezanne, understand his work and use his expressive methods of conveying form and color. Returning to Boston in 1895, he works mainly in watercolor.

And monotypes, and after a trip to Italy, he received fame and critical acclaim for his works dedicated to Venice.

He meets the artists of the group of "eight", participates with them in the famous exhibition at the Macbeth Gallery in 1908, and Glakkens becomes his lifelong friend. The seven works he presented at the Armory Show showed his stylistic maturity and ultimate commitment to post-impressionism, his style took shape and was aptly described by critics as "tapestry" or "mosaic".

Prendergast remained a bachelor all his life, possibly due to natural shyness, poor health, and severe deafness in his later years.
Interestingly, in subsequent years, the realistic trend in American painting did not lose its relevance and was reflected and developed in post-impressionism, "magic realism" and "regionalism". But more on that next time.
And, as always, a slideshow on the subject, featuring many more reproductions.