The most famous inventors Great Soviet inventions that changed the world What invention is this man famous for?
May 27th, 2013
The child again puzzled with a sudden question: "Dad, what inventions did the Russians make?" And to me, as luck would have it, apart from the radio and electric welding, I didn’t immediately remember anything. Well, he also gave out about the satellite. And climbed into the tyrnets. Fumbled here for a whole list - look under the cut. There were a lot of things I didn't know about:
incandescent lamp
The device in its current form is known as the "Edison light bulb". Meanwhile, Edison only improved it. The first creator of the lamp was a Russian scientist, a member of the Russian Technical Society Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin. This happened in 1870. Lodygin was the first to suggest using tungsten filaments in lamps and twisting the filament in the form of a spiral. Edison patented the incandescent lamp in 1879.
diving apparatus
In 1871 A.N. Lodygin created a project for an autonomous diving suit using a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen had to be produced from water by electrolysis.
Caterpillar
The first caterpillar mover was proposed in 1837 by staff captain D. Zagryazhsky. Its caterpillar mover was built on two wheels surrounded by an iron chain. And in 1879, the Russian inventor F. Blinov received a patent for the “caterpillar track” he created for a tractor. He called it "a locomotive for dirt roads."
Electric welding
The method of electric welding of metals was invented and first applied in 1882 by the Russian inventor Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos (1842-1905). "Stitching" of metal with an electric seam he called "electrohephaestus".
Airplane
In 1881 A.F. Mozhaisky received the first patent (“privilege”) in Russia for an aircraft (airplane), and in 1883 he completed the assembly of the first full-scale aircraft. Since the time of the Mozhaisky aircraft project, not a single designer of mankind has proposed a fundamentally different aircraft scheme.
Radio
On May 7, 1895, Alexander Stepanovich Popov for the first time publicly demonstrated the reception and transmission of radio signals at a distance. In 1896 A.S. Popov transmitted the world's first radiotelegram. In 1897 A.S. Popov established the possibility of radar using a wireless telegraph. And in Europe and America, it is believed that the Italian Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio in the same 1895.
A television
Boris Lvovich Rosing July 25, 1907, he applied for the invention of the "Method of electrical transmission of images over distances." A real breakthrough in the clarity of the image of electronic television was the “iconoscope”, invented in 1923 by Vladimir Zworykin, a scientist, an emigrant from Russia. For the first time in history, a moving image was transmitted over a distance in 1928 by inventors Boris Grabovsky and I.F. Belyansky. The first devices were called not a TV, but a telephoto.
Parachute
The first project of a backpack parachute in 1911 was proposed by the Russian military G.E. Kotelnikov. Its dome was made of silk, the lines were divided into 2 groups. The dome and slings fit into the knapsack. Later, in 1923, Kotelnikov proposed a satchel-envelope for packing a parachute.
Video recorder
The world's first video recorder was developed by a Russian scientist, an emigrant from Russia, Alexander Matveevich Ponyatov, and implemented by Ampex on April 14, 1956.
artificial earth satellite
The world's first artificial satellite of the Earth is considered the beginning of the space age of mankind. Launched in the USSR on October 4, 1957 (Sputnik-1). Over the creation of an artificial satellite of the Earth, led by the founder of practical astronautics S.P. Korolev, scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov, N.S. Lidorenko, V.I. Lapko, B.S. Chekunov, A.V. Bukhtiyarov and many others.
Nuclear power plant
The world's first nuclear power plant for pilot purposes was launched in the USSR on June 27, 1954 in the city of Obninsk. Prior to this, the energy of the atomic nucleus was used mainly for military purposes. The concept of "atomic energy" appeared.
nuclear icebreaker
All existing nuclear icebreakers in the world were designed, built and launched in the USSR and Russia.
Tetris
The most famous computer game invented by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985.
Laser
The first laser, it was called a maser, was made in 1953-1954. N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov. In 1964, Basov and Prokhorov received the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Computer
The world's first personal computer was invented not by the American company Apple Computers and not in 1975, but in the USSR in 1968 by a Soviet designer from Omsk Arseniy Anatolyevich Gorokhov. Copyright certificate No. 383005.
electric motor
Jacobi Boris Semenovich invented the electric motor in 1834.
electric car
A passenger two-seater electric car was developed in 1899 by Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov. The electric car changed the speed of movement - from 1.6 km / h to a maximum of 37.4 km / h. Romanov also implemented a project to create a 24-seat omnibus.
Spaceship
Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, who worked at OKB-1, began work on building a manned spacecraft in the spring of 1957. By April 1960, a draft design of the Vostok-1 satellite ship was developed. On April 12, 1961, the USSR pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin made the world's first space flight on the Vostok spacecraft.
S.P. Korolev (the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, the first satellite of the Earth)
A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov (the world's first quantum generator - maser)
CM. Prokudin-Gorsky (the world's first color photograph)
A. A. Alekseev (creator of the needle screen)
F. Pirotsky (the world's first electric tram)
V.A. Starevich (3D animated film)
O.V. Losev (the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device)
V.P. Mutilin (the world's first construction harvester)
A. R. Vlasenko (the world's first grain harvester)
V.P. Demikhov (the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart)
A.D. Sakharov (the world's first hydrogen bomb)
A.P. Vinogradov (created a new direction in science - isotope geochemistry)
I.I. Polzunov (the world's first heat engine)
G. E. Kotelnikov (the first backpack rescue parachute)
M. O. Dolivo - Dobrovolsky (invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer)
V. P. Vologdin (the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry)
S.O. Kostovich (created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879)
V.P. Glushko (the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine)
I. F. Aleksandrovsky (invented a stereo camera)
D.P. GRIGOROVICH (CREATOR OF THE SEA-PLANE)
V. G. Fedorov (the world's first automatic machine)
A.K. Nartov (built the world's first lathe with a movable caliper)
M.V. Lomonosov (for the first time in science he formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world he began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time he discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus)
I.P. Kulibin (Mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge)
V.V. Petrov (Physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; discovered the electric arc)
P.I. Prokopovich (for the first time in the world he invented a frame hive, in which he used a store with frames)
N.I. Lobachevsky (Mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry")
D.A. Zagryazhsky (invented the caterpillar)
B.O. Jacobi (invented electroforming and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft)
P.P. Anosov (Metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel)
D.I. Zhuravsky (for the first time he developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used all over the world)
N.I. Pirogov (for the first time in the world he compiled the atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, gypsum and much more)
I.R. Hermann (for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals)
A.M. Butlerov (for the first time formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds)
I.M. Sechenov (creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the brain”)
D.I. Mendeleev (discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name)
M.A.Novinsky (Veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology)
G.G. Ignatiev (for the first time in the world he developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable)
K.S. Dzhevetsky (built the world's first submarine with an electric motor)
N.I. Kibalchich (for the first time in the world he developed a scheme of a rocket aircraft)
V.V. Dokuchaev (laid the foundations of genetic soil science)
V.I. Sreznevsky (Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera)
A.G. Stoletov (Physicist, for the first time in the world created a photocell based on the external photoelectric effect)
P.D. Kuzminsky (built the world's first radial gas turbine)
I.V. Boldyrev (The first flexible light-sensitive non-combustible film, formed the basis for the creation of cinema)
I.A. Timchenko (developed the world's first movie camera)
S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freidenberg (created the world's first automatic telephone exchange)
N.D. Pilchikov (Physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system)
V.A. Gassiev (Engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine)
K.E. Tsiolkovsky (the founder of astronautics)
P.N. Lebedev (physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids)
I.P. Pavlov (creator of the science of higher nervous activity)
V.I. Vernadsky (naturalist, founder of many scientific schools)
A.N.Scriabin (Composer, for the first time in the world used lighting effects in the symphonic poem “Prometheus”)
N.E. Zhukovsky (creator of aerodynamics)
S.V. Lebedev (first received artificial rubber)
G.A. Tikhov (Astronomer, for the first time in the world established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when shooting our planet from space)
N.D. Zelinsky (developed the world's first carbon highly effective gas mask)
N.P. Dubinin (geneticist, discovered gene divisibility)
M.A. Kapelyushnikov (invented the turbodrill)
E.K. Zavoisky (discovered electric paramagnetic resonance)
N.I. Lunin (proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings)
N.P. Wagner (discovered insect pedogenesis)
Svyatoslav N. Fedorov - (the first in the world performed an operation to treat glaucoma)
The world's first musical synthesizer was invented by Colonel of the Soviet Army Yevgeny Murzin. It was back in 1958, even before the appearance of foreign "Sinti-100", "Supermoogs" and long before the invention of all kinds of "Pits"
The history of the discovery of penicillin is well known. Ernst Duchen was the first modern scientist to draw attention to the amazing properties of mold in 1897. He carried out the necessary research and reported encouraging results to the Pasteur Institute in Paris. But the venerable scientists simply brushed aside the "fantasies" of the young physician. The second, more successful, discoverer of the revolutionary drug was the American Alexander Fleming in 1929.
For a long time, the antibiotic remained an experimental drug, only in 1939 penicillin began to be produced on an industrial scale. And it was very useful to the Allies in the Second World War. By the way, the British explained the postponement of the opening of the second front, among other things, by the fact that before the start of active battles they needed to accumulate a sufficient amount of antibiotic.
Commendable care for their wounded warriors, you can’t say anything. But the sad thing is that Soviet doctors never received a prescription for a miraculous medicine from the Americans. Even though they asked for it a lot. Front-line medicine needed penicillin, like air. And Soviet scientists invented the drug again.
In 1943, Zinaida Ermolyeva received penicillin using her own technology. Interestingly, the drug turned out to be stronger than the overseas counterpart. American scientists were invited to get acquainted with the new discovery. They were convinced of the benefits of Yermolyeva's drug and asked for a sample to be carefully studied in their laboratories. Permission came from the very top, the sample went to America.
But colleagues from the United States, studying the Russian drug, were perplexed. It was no different from the American. It was only years later that it became known that intelligence officers had changed the samples and sent overseas the penicillin that the Americans themselves had brought for comparison. Apparently it was a small but pleasant revenge for the previous delays.
Today there is an opinion that there is no prophet in his own country, and all modern electronic devices were invented somewhere in the West. But in fact, in the USSR there were many interesting developments of gadgets. Some of them entered the life of Soviet people and were very popular, while others, for various reasons, were available only to a certain circle of people or even remained at the level of projects, because they were ahead of their time.
In 1984 on the Soviet water supply "Electronics" began to produce pocket game consoles. The games "Well, you wait!", where the wolf catches eggs in the basket, had a rectangular LCD screen. The Japanese toys of the Nintendo company were taken as the basis for their release, only there, as a rule, characters from Disney cartoons acted as the main characters.
Until the end of the 80s, the most used by the Soviet people were babin tape recorders (for example, Mayak-202, etc.). But the production of domestic audio players began in the USSR in the 70s. These devices could play compact audio cassettes MK-90 and MK-60 (the numbers in the designation indicated the duration of the recording). It should be noted that at the beginning of the 90s such players were not found by the mass consumer, since they had a rather high price (about 130 rubles).
3. Tablet computer
Back in the 80s of the last century, prototypes of modern tablets began to appear in the West and in the USSR. In 1988 the Elektronika plant produced a limited batch of Elektronika MK-90 microcomputers. Such devices did not have touch screens, so you had to type on a regular mini-keyboard built next to the screen. The device had the following parameters: RAM 16 kB, and permanent memory - 32 kB.
Users then were not ready for such devices, and handheld computers did not gain much popularity then. In addition, "Electronics MK-90" was fabulously expensive: 3,500 rubles, which was the annual salary of a Soviet engineer.
4. Electronic clock
"Electronics-5" can be considered as a "smart" watch of its time. In terms of functionality, they, of course, cannot even compare closely with modern models, but at one time they were able to capture the imagination of users. The electronic clock had a stopwatch, showed the time, date, day of the week, and could also play a few simple melodies.
The price of such an amazing watch at that time was 150 rubles.
5. Mobile phone
The first Soviet mobile phone was manufactured by the Soviet radio engineer L. Kupriyanovich in April 1957. The radiotelephone had a weight of about 3kg. It could safely function within a radius of 20-30 km from the base station. The dialing of the desired number was carried out through the disk mechanism.
6. Mobile communication system
In 1963 in the capital, an experimental mobile communication system "Altai" was launched, which was later introduced in 114 cities of the Soviet Union. The devices of this system could make and receive analog calls. They supplied the cars of the party leadership, as well as special vehicles (for example, ambulances, firefighters, etc.).
7. Personal computer
Back in the 1940s, work began on electronic computers in the USSR. The first working machine was created in Kyiv by a group of Soviet engineers led by Lebedev. For quite a long time, computers were used mainly in production, in specialized educational institutions and in research institutes. Only in the early 80s, some Soviet citizens began to have personal computers. However, most often these were not domestic machines, but Apple or IBM.
Many Soviet research institutes were engaged in the development of personal computers. "Electronics MS-1504" became the first domestic laptop that went into serial production in the early 90s. About this machine, weighing 3.5 kg, we can say that it had a 16-bit processor and 640 kb of RAM. Screen resolution - 640x200.
9. Microwave
An interesting fact: the first prototype of a modern microwave oven appeared in the USSR back in 1941, but the outbreak of war prevented both further development of this direction and the introduction of this device into mass production. Only in 1978, Soviet microwave ovens began to be produced off the assembly line, but they did not find wide popularity among users due to the high price (350 rubles).
And if electronic devices were something out of the ordinary for the Soviet people, then it was.
Unfortunately, we will never be able to find out who the greatest inventor was. Wheel, fire, house, bread, hammer, knife - now these "inventions" seem to us infinitely primitive and obvious, but without them there would be nothing else.
But we know the names of many other inventors, without whom the modern world would look very different. Within the framework of one article, we will not be able to remember even half of them, but we will try to focus on at least the most interesting and amazing ones.
Archimedes
With a minimal base, this most famous inventor was able to come up with a propeller, parabolic mirrors that burn enemy ships and the law. For this, all mechanics idolize him and schoolchildren hate him.
Leonardo da Vinci
A biologist, an artist, a physicist, a mechanic, an inventor… It seems that everything he started to do, he did brilliantly. So, along with breathtaking canvases, he gave the world drawings and ideas of a parachute, helicopter, tank, submarine, camera, military vehicles and much more. Most of his developments remained on paper for purely technical reasons, but modern calculations and experiments have shown that they are quite efficient.
Yes, Leonardo obviously saved on paper ...
Thomas Edison
This man set a kind of record by patenting more than a thousand inventions. True, along with the electric light bulb there was also an electric chair, but still, it largely determined the appearance of the modern world.
But, without belittling his merits, it is worth noting that this scientist was distinguished by a rare business acumen. He formed a company that employed various inventors. And he patented the results of their work in his own name.
Unlike Edison, Tesla worked alone, but he alone managed to create a legacy that has been used for more than a century. Alternating current, Tesla turbine, Tesla transformer, multi-phase machine, as well as numerous ideas, inventions and developments with which mobile phones, computers, modern robots were invented.
But even more interesting is the almost mythological heritage that remains of this outstanding person.
Alexander Fleming
Just think, if neat and pedantic people worked in his laboratory, who always washed test tubes after work, then the invention of penicillin could be greatly delayed. But on the other hand, this monstrous, harmful and dangerous antibiotic, which has a bunch of side effects, saved millions of lives and laid the foundation for a new branch of medicine.
George Franklin
The man on the hundred dollar bill, one of the greatest presidents of the United States, was a fairly successful inventor. Among his clear successes are a lightning rod that has protected thousands of homes from lightning strikes, and a flexible urinary catheter, which is still in use today.
His inventions cost more
But it is more interesting that he fundamentally did not patent his inventions, believing that they should serve the world.
Alexander Bell
The man who gave the world the first phone, in fact, was not even going to do something like that. His goal was deeper - to make life easier for the hard of hearing people. And the first telephone was just a nice bonus of his research. But he also came up with other useful things, such as a metal detector and a hydrofoil.
Not everyone knows that Nobel was an ideological pacifist, but in the memory of his descendants he remained the inventor of dynamite and even more dangerous explosive jelly. For this, he received from his contemporaries a lot of impartial nicknames like "blood millionaire".
To justify himself, he founded the famous Nobel Prize, which has been encouraging other scientists for more than a century.
Mikhail Kalashnikov
In the list of the world's greatest inventions, his brainchild, the AK-47 builds an honorable third place. Therefore, we cannot but mention it in our rating. Like many other most famous inventors, he both loved and was embarrassed by his invention, which brought him worldwide honor and fame, but at the same time - a lot of pain and suffering to other people.
His two most famous inventions are vodka and the Periodic Table of the Elements. It is difficult to say how they relate to each other and whether one influenced the other.
I wonder what invention he is working on now? ..
But not everyone knows that his activities did not end there. One of the most interesting inventions is the pintometer, a device designed to measure the density of a substance.
You can continue in the same spirit for a very, very long time. And you can also talk in more detail about each invention, because often even the simplest subject has an interesting story behind it. But then the volume of this article will exceed all reasonable limits.
Three millennia of physics in 40 minutes.
Radio, television, the first artificial satellite, color photography and much more are inscribed in the history of Russian inventions. These discoveries marked the beginning of the phenomenal development of various fields in the field of science and technology. Of course, everyone knows some of these stories, because sometimes they become almost more famous than the inventions themselves, while others remain in the shadow of their loud neighbors.
1. Electric car
The modern world is hard to imagine without cars. Of course, more than one mind had a hand in the invention of this transport, but in improving the machine and bringing it to its current state, the number of participants is increasing many times, geographically gathering together the whole world. But separately we will note Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov, since he owns the invention of the world's first electric car. In 1899, in St. Petersburg, an engineer presented a four-wheeled carriage designed to carry two passengers. Among the features of this invention, it can be noted that the diameter of the front wheels significantly exceeded the diameter of the rear ones. The maximum speed was 39 km / h, but a very complex recharging system made it possible to travel only 60 km at this speed. This electric car became the forefather of the trolleybus known to us.
2. Monorail
And today, monorails make a futuristic impression, so you can imagine how incredible by the standards of 1820 was the “road on poles”, invented by Elmanov Ivan Kirillovich. A horse-drawn trolley moved along a bar, which was mounted on small supports. To Elmanov's great regret, there was no philanthropist who was interested in the invention, because of which he had to abandon the idea. And only 70 years later the monorail was built in Gatchina, St. Petersburg province.
3. Electric motor
Boris Semenovich Jacobi, an architect by education, at the age of 33, while in Koenigsberg, became interested in the physics of charged particles, and in 1834 he made a discovery - an electric motor operating on the principle of rotation of the working shaft. Instantly, Jacobi becomes famous in scientific circles, and among many invitations for further education and development, he chooses St. Petersburg University. So, together with Academician Emil Khristianovich Lenz, he continued to work on the electric motor, creating two more options. The first was designed for a boat and rotated the paddle wheels. With the help of this engine, the ship easily kept afloat, moving even against the current of the Neva River. And the second electric motor was the prototype of a modern tram and rolled a man in a cart along the rails. Among Jacobi's inventions, electroplating can also be noted - a process that allows you to create perfect copies of the original object. This discovery was widely used to decorate interiors, houses and much more. Among the merits of the scientist is also the creation of underground and underwater cables. Boris Jacobi became the author of about a dozen designs of telegraph devices, and in 1850 he invented the world's first direct-printing telegraph device, which worked on the principle of synchronous movement. This device was recognized as one of the greatest achievements of electrical engineering in the middle of the 19th century.
4. Color photography
If earlier everything that happened tried to get on paper, now all life is aimed at obtaining a photograph. Therefore, without this invention, which has become part of the small but rich history of photography, we would not have seen such a “reality”. Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky developed a special camera and introduced his brainchild to the world in 1902. This camera was capable of taking three shots of the same image, each shot through three completely different light filters: red, green, and blue. And the patent received by the inventor in 1905 can be considered, without exaggeration, the beginning of the era of color photography in Russia. This invention is becoming much better than the achievements of foreign chemists, which is an important fact in view of the massive interest in photography around the world.
5. Bicycle
It is generally accepted that all information about the invention of the bicycle before 1817 is doubtful. The history of Efim Mikheevich Artamonov also enters this period. The Ural serf inventor made the first bike ride around 1800 from the Ural worker of the Tagil factory settlement to Moscow, the distance was about two thousand miles. For his invention, Efim was granted freedom from serfdom. But this story remains a legend, while the patent of the German professor Baron Karl von Dres from 1818 is a historical fact.
6. Telegraph
Mankind has always been looking for ways to transfer information as quickly as possible from one source to another. Fire, smoke from a campfire, various combinations of sound signals helped people transmit distress signals and other emergency messages. The development of this process is undoubtedly one of the most important tasks facing the world. The first electromagnetic telegraph was created by the Russian scientist Pavel Lvovich Schilling in 1832, presenting it in his apartment. He came up with a certain combination of symbols, each of which corresponded to a letter of the alphabet. This combination appeared on the apparatus as black or white circles.
7. Incandescent lamp
If you pronounce "incandescent lamp", then the name of Edison immediately sounds in your head. Yes, this invention is no less famous than the name of its inventor. However, a relatively small number of people know that Edison did not invent the lamp, but only improved it. Whereas Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin, being a member of the Russian Technical Society, in 1870 proposed the use of tungsten filaments in lamps, twisting them into a spiral. Of course, the history of the invention of the lamp is not the result of the work of one scientist - rather, it is a series of successive discoveries that were in the air and were needed by the world, but it was Alexander Lodygin's contribution that became especially great.
8. Radio receiver
The question of who is the inventor of the radio is debatable. Almost every country has its own scientist, who is credited with the creation of this device. So, in Russia, this scientist is Alexander Stepanovich Popov, in whose favor many weighty arguments are given. On May 7, 1895, the reception and transmission of radio signals at a distance were demonstrated for the first time. And the author of this demonstration was Popov. He was not only the first to put the receiver into practice, but also the first to send a radiogram. Both events occurred before the patent of Marconi, who is considered the inventor of the radio.
9. Television
The discovery and widespread use of television broadcasting has radically changed the way information is disseminated in society. Boris Lvovich Rosing was also involved in this powerful achievement, who in July 1907 filed an application for the invention of the "Method of electrical transmission of images over distances." Boris Lvovich managed to successfully transmit and receive an accurate image on the screen of the still simplest device, which was the prototype of the kinescope of a modern television, which the scientist called the "electric telescope". Among those who helped Rosing with experience was Vladimir Zworykin, then a student of the St. 1911.
10. Parachute
Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov was an actor in the troupe of the People's House on the Petersburg Side. Then, impressed by the death of the pilot, Kotelnikov began to develop a parachute. Before Kotelnikov, the pilots escaped with the help of long folded "umbrellas" fixed on the plane. Their design was very unreliable, besides, they greatly increased the weight of the aircraft. Therefore, they were rarely used. Gleb Evgenievich proposed his completed project of a backpack parachute in 1911. But, despite successful tests, the inventor did not receive a patent in Russia. The second attempt was more successful, and in 1912 in France, his discovery received legal force. But even this fact did not help the parachute to start wide production in Russia because of the fears of the head of the Russian air forces, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, that at the slightest malfunction the aviators would leave the airplane. And only in 1924 he finally receives a domestic patent, and later transfers all rights to use his invention to the government.
11. Movie camera
In 1893, working together with the physicist Lyubimov, Iosif Andreevich Timchenko created the so-called "snail" - a special mechanism with which it was possible to intermittently change the order of frames in a stroboscope. This mechanism later formed the basis of the kinetoscope, which Timchenko is developing together with the engineer Freidenberg. The kinetoscope was demonstrated the following year at a congress of Russian doctors and natural scientists. Two tapes were shown: "The Spear Thrower" and "The Galloping Horseman", which were filmed at the Odessa Hippodrome. This event is even documented. So, in the minutes of the section meeting it says: “Representatives of the meeting got acquainted with the invention of Mr. Timchenko with interest. And, in accordance with the proposals of two professors, we decided to express our gratitude to Mr. Timchenko.”
12. Automatic
Since 1913, the inventor Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov began work, consisting in testing an automatic rifle (firing in bursts) chambered for 6.5 mm, which was the fruit of his development. Three years later, soldiers of the 189th Izmail regiment are already armed with such rifles. But the serial production of machine guns was launched only after the end of the revolution. The weapons of the designer were in service with the domestic army until 1928. But, according to some reports, during the Winter War with Finland, the troops still used some copies of the Fedorov assault rifle.
13. Laser
The history of the invention of the laser began with the name of Einstein, who created the theory of the interaction of radiation with matter. At the same time, Alexei Tolstoy, in his famous novel The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin, wrote about the same thing. Until 1955, attempts to create a laser were not successful. And only thanks to two Russian physicists - N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov, who developed a quantum generator, the laser began its history in practice. In 1964, Basov and Prokhorov received the Nobel Prize in Physics.
14. Artificial heart
The name of Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov is associated with more than one operation, which was performed for the first time. Surprisingly, Demikhov was not a doctor - he was a biologist. In 1937, as a third-year student of the biological faculty of Moscow State University, he created a mechanical heart and put it in a dog instead of a real one. The dog lived with the prosthesis for about three hours. After the war, Demikhov got a job at the Institute of Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and created a small experimental laboratory there, in which he began to engage in research on organ transplantation. Already in 1946, he was the first in the world to perform a heart transplant from one dog to another. In the same year, he also performed the first transplant of a heart and lung into a dog at the same time. And most importantly, Demikhov's dogs lived with transplanted hearts for several days. It was a real breakthrough in cardiovascular surgery.
15. Anesthesia
Since ancient times, mankind has dreamed of getting rid of pain. This was especially true of treatment, which was sometimes more painful than the disease itself. Herbs, strong drinks only dulled the symptoms, but did not allow serious actions accompanied by serious pain. This significantly hindered the development of medicine. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, the great Russian surgeon, to whom the world owes many important discoveries, made a huge contribution to anesthesiology. In 1847 he summarized his experiments in a monograph on anesthesia, which was published throughout the world. Three years later, for the first time in the history of medicine, he began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia. Also, Nikolai Ivanovich is the author of topographic anatomy, which has no analogues in the world.
16. Plane Mozhaisky
Many minds around the world worked to solve the most difficult problems in the development of the aircraft. Numerous drawings, theories and even test designs did not give a practical result - the plane did not lift a person into the air. The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky was the first in the world to create a full-size aircraft. Having studied the works of his predecessors, he developed and supplemented them using his theoretical knowledge and practical experience. His results fully resolved the issues of his time and, despite the very unfavorable situation, namely the lack of actual opportunities in material and technical terms, Mozhaisky was able to find the strength to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. But the surviving documentary materials, unfortunately, do not allow us to give a description of the aircraft of A.F. Mozhaisky and its tests in the necessary detail.
17. Aerodynamics
Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky developed the theoretical foundations of aviation and methods for calculating aircraft - and this was at a time when the builders of the first aircraft claimed that “an aircraft is not a machine, it cannot be calculated”, and most of all they hoped for experience, practice and their intuition. In 1904, Zhukovsky discovered the law that determines the lift force of an aircraft wing, determined the main profiles of the wings and propeller blades of an aircraft; developed the vortex theory of the propeller.
18. Atomic and hydrogen bomb
Academician Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov occupies a special place in the science of the twentieth century and in the history of our country. He, an outstanding physicist, plays an exceptional role in the development of scientific and scientific-technical problems of mastering nuclear energy in the Soviet Union. The solution of this most difficult task, the creation of a nuclear shield of the Motherland in a short time in one of the most dramatic periods in the history of our country, the development of problems of the peaceful use of nuclear energy was the main business of his life. It was under his leadership that the most terrible weapon of the post-war period was created and successfully tested in 1949. Without the right to make a mistake, otherwise - execution ... And already in 1961, a group of nuclear physicists from the Kurchatov laboratory created the most powerful explosive device in the history of mankind - the AN 602 hydrogen bomb, which was immediately assigned a quite appropriate historical name - “Tsar Bomba ". When this bomb was tested, the seismic wave resulting from the explosion circled the globe three times.
19. Rocket and space technology and practical astronautics
The name of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev characterizes one of the brightest pages in the history of our state - the era of space exploration. The first artificial satellite of the Earth, the first manned flight into space, the first spacewalk by an astronaut, the long-term work of the orbital station and much more is directly related to the name of Academician Korolev, the first Chief Designer of Rocket and Space Systems. From 1953 to 1961, every day Korolev was scheduled by the minute: at the same time he worked on projects for a manned spacecraft, an artificial satellite and an intercontinental rocket. October 4, 1957 was a great day for world cosmonautics: after that, the satellite flew through Soviet pop culture for another 30 years and even registered in the Oxford Dictionary as “sputnik”. Well, about what happened on April 12, 1961, it’s enough to say “man in space”, because almost every one of our compatriots knows what it is about.
20. Mi series helicopters
During the Great Patriotic War, Academician Mil worked in the evacuation in the village of Bilimbay, mainly engaged in the improvement of combat aircraft, improving their stability and controllability. His work was marked by five government awards. In 1943, Mil defended his Ph.D. thesis "Criteria for the controllability and maneuverability of an aircraft"; in 1945 - a doctorate: "The dynamics of a rotor with hinged blades and its application to the problems of stability and controllability of an autogyro and a helicopter." In December 1947, M. L. Mil became the chief designer of an experimental design bureau for helicopter construction. After a series of tests at the beginning of 1950, a decision was issued to create an experimental series of 15 GM-1 helicopters under the designation Mi-1.
21. Aircraft of Andrey Tupolev
Andrei Tupolev's design bureau developed more than 100 types of aircraft, 70 of which were mass-produced in different years. With the participation of his aircraft, 78 world records were set, 28 unique flights were performed, including the rescue of the crew of the Chelyuskin steamer with the participation of the ANT-4 aircraft. Non-stop flights by the crews of Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov to the United States via the North Pole were carried out on ANT-25 aircraft. In the scientific expeditions "North Pole" by Ivan Papanin, ANT-25 aircraft were also used. A large number of bombers, torpedo bombers, reconnaissance aircraft designed by Tupolev (TV-1, TV-3, SB, TV-7, MTB-2, TU-2) and torpedo boats G-4, G-5 were used in combat operations in the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1945. In peacetime, among the military and civilian aircraft developed under the leadership of Tupolev were the Tu-4 strategic bomber, the first Soviet Tu-12 jet bomber, the Tu-95 turboprop strategic bomber, the Tu-16 long-range missile carrier bomber, and the Tu-22 supersonic bomber; the first Tu-104 jet passenger aircraft (built on the basis of the Tu-16 bomber), the first Tu-114 turboprop intercontinental passenger airliner, Tu-124, Tu-134, Tu-154 short- and medium-haul aircraft. Together with Alexei Tupolev, the Tu-144 supersonic passenger aircraft was developed. Tupolev's planes became the backbone of Aeroflot's fleet and were also operated in dozens of countries around the world.
22. Eye microsurgery
Millions of doctors, having received a diploma, are eager to help people, dream of future achievements. But most of them gradually lose their former fuse: no aspirations, the same thing from year to year. Fedorov's enthusiasm and interest in the profession only grew from year to year. Just six years after the institute, he defended his Ph.D. thesis, and in 1960 in Cheboksary, where he then worked, he performed a revolutionary operation to replace the lens of the eye with an artificial one. Similar operations were carried out abroad before, but in the USSR they were considered pure charlatanism, and Fedorov was fired from his job. After that, he became the head of the Department of Eye Diseases at the Arkhangelsk Medical Institute. It was here that Fedorov's "empire" began in his biography: a team of like-minded people gathered around the indefatigable surgeon, ready for revolutionary changes in eye microsurgery. People from all over the country flocked to Arkhangelsk with the hope of regaining their lost sight, and they really began to see clearly. The innovative surgeon was also appreciated "officially" - together with his team, he moved to Moscow. And he began to do absolutely fantastic things: to correct vision using keratotomy (special incisions on the cornea of the eye), to transplant a donor cornea, developed a new method for operating on glaucoma, and became a pioneer of laser eye microsurgery.
23. Tetris
Mid 80s. A time covered in legends. The idea of Tetris was born by Alexey Pajitnov in 1984 after getting acquainted with the American mathematician Solomon Golomb's Pentomino Puzzle. The essence of this puzzle was quite simple and painfully familiar to any contemporary: from several figures it was necessary to assemble one large one. Alexey decided to make a computer version of pentomino. Pajitnov not only took the idea, but also supplemented it: in his game, it was necessary to collect figures in a glass in real time, and the figures themselves consisted of five elements and could rotate around their own center of gravity during the fall. But the computers of the Computing Center turned out to be unable to do this - the electronic pentomino simply did not have enough resources. Then Aleksey decides to reduce the number of blocks that made up the falling figures to four. So from pentomino turned tetramino. Alexey names the new game “Tetris”.
