What is a metaphor? Oh, brothers and sisters in spirit, we are the creators of transformation in the sacred moments we spend with each other. Oh, let us tell our stories to carry ourselves forward. Let us feel our hearts open

2.8. Metaphor What is our life? Comedy of passions, and our joys are intermission in it. V. Shakespeare Metaphor as a device of wit is a product of speech and material culture. At the same time, metaphor is a means of its formation, since its genesis goes back to cognitive

Lesson plan on native language in 7th grade

on the topic “Metaphor. Metaphorical riddles. Personification"

Prepared by Tatyana Timofeevna Pronina

teacher of Russian language and literature

MBOU "Nagoryevskaya secondary

secondary school»

Subject: Metaphor. Metaphorical riddles. Personification

Lesson type: speech development lesson

Purpose of the lesson.

Educational: form an idea of ​​metaphor and personification as visual media language; teach how to compose metaphors and find them in the text; teach to reveal the semantic diversity of poetic metaphor (comparison, personification), introduce students to the concept of “metaphorical riddles”;

Developmental: develop writing and oral speech students, productive thinking, creative imagination, artistic taste,communication and speech skills, deepen students’ understanding of artistic, visual and expressive means poetic language;

Educational: bring upsensitive attitude to the artistic word Lesson equipment: Computer, multimedia equipment, presentation

Planned results:

Cognitive- develop the ability to analyze text and find and highlight the necessary information in readable text;
– gain new knowledge, find answers to questions using additional material;
– through a lyrical work, its reading and analysis, see the means of artistic expression: metaphor, personification, epithet, comparison, hear, feel with your own inner vision, hearing the image of winter.

Regulatory - determine the goals of the activity, the sequence of actions--the ability to plan one’s activities (set goals, objectives and their implementation) and choose types of activities;
– the ability to control and evaluate your work and the results obtained.

Communication- carry out communicatively expedient interaction with people around in the process of verbal communication, joint performance of any task, participation in joint activities, discussions.

Lesson progress

I . Organizational moment. - Hello, guys. Sit down. I am glad to welcome you to our lesson.

II .Formulation of the lesson topic.

It's winter outside, We close the windows more tightly to make the house warm and cozy. And outside the window amazing world– magical winter world, and I propose to start our lesson by reading a poem by F.I. Tyutchev "The Enchantress in Winter."

1) Reading by a prepared student of F. Tyutchev’s poem “The Enchantress in Winter.” (Slide)

Enchantress in Winter

Bewitched, the forest stands.

And under the snow fringe,

motionless, mute,

He shines with a wonderful life.

And he stands, bewitched,

Not dead and not alive,

Enchanted by a magical dream,

All entangled, all shackled

Light down chain.

Is the winter sun shining

Squint your ray at him -

Nothing in him will tremble.

It will all flare up and sparkle

Dazzling beauty.

- Did you like the poem by F.I. Tyutchev?

- Why are poets and writers called artists of words?

(They paint with words pictures of life, images, natural phenomena, which, under the poet’s pen, acquire pictorial power, convey the author’s feelings, varied moods)

- What picture did you imagine after listening to the poem?

(We found ourselves in a winter forest, bewitched by winter. Snow covered the ground with a soft fluffy carpet. The trees are dressed in white fur coats and hats. The Enchantress Winter plunges the forest into a magical sleep)

- What feelings did you experience?

(The poems fascinate with music, witchcraft, we experience a feeling of both delight and sadness at the same time)

- How did the poet manage to “do” the usual picture magical forest?

(Nature for Tyutchev is a living, intelligent being. The poet helps us feel the winter miracle with the help of special words and expressions - means of artistic expression.)

It was no coincidence that I started our lesson in an unusual way, with reading a poem, so that you could once again feel how magically it affects a person. poetic word, allows you to experience aesthetic pleasure and empathy. And create memorable images, draw bright ones, colorful paintings figurative and expressive means of language help.

-What figurative and expressive means of language do you know?

-Try to formulate the topic of our lesson? (Metaphor. Metaphorical riddles. Personification) - open your notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson (slide)

III .Formulation of lesson objectives

State the objectives of our lesson

Guys, since the 5th grade we have been talking about various figurative and expressive means of language in our Russian language and literature lessons. We find them in works of art, we discuss for what purpose the author uses them, what role they play in the text.

What does the term “visual and expressive means of language” mean?

Depict;

They paint pictures of life with words;

Distinguish one object from another;

They convey the attitude and feelings of the author. (slide)

IV .Motivation for learning activities. Updating knowledge

1. The famous ancient philosopher Aristotle noted:“Making good metaphors means noticing similarities.” Explain why he said this about metaphor. (slide)

- What is a metaphor?

Metaphor is the use of words in figurative meaning to depict or characterize an object or phenomenon based on similarity, comparison (slide)

-What parts of speech can act as metaphors?

Examples of metaphors (slide)

noun:

morning of the year

forests clad in scarlet and gold

adjective

golden hands

heart of gold

verb

shine with erudition

the rowan tree lit up

-What is the expressive power of metaphors?

The expressive power of metaphor (slide)

Emphasizes the most significant feature

Creates an individual image

Produces an emotional effect

Requires spiritual effort, imagination, mental work

2.Task .-Metaphorization is based on the similarity of a variety of features. These are metaphors.The head and tail of the train, the ribbon of the road, the fire of the red rowan, the gold of the hair, the foot of the mountain, the mountain of books, the sea of ​​tears, the mirrors of autumn puddles, the snow is falling and the shawl is laying down, the dazzling blows of the sun's rays ignite whole masses of leaves.

Distribute them into groups based on similarities in the following characteristics:

Shape: (ribbon road)

Color: (fire red rowan, gold hair)

Size, quantity: (a mountain of books, a sea of ​​tears)

Location: (head and tail of the train, bottom of the mountain)

The impression made: (mirrors of autumn puddles, snow is falling and a shawl is spreading, the dazzling impacts of the sun's rays light up whole masses of leaves)

Exercise

Find metaphors in the examples and determine their role.

1. That year the weather was autumn

I stood in the yard for a long time,

I was waiting for winter nature was waiting.

Snow fell only in January.

2. The night is frosty, the whole sky is clear;

A wondrous choir of heavenly luminaries

Flowing , so quietly, so agreeably.

3. The conversations fell silent for a moment;

mouth chewing . From all sides

Plates and cutlery rattle

Yes, there is a clink of glasses.

3.Metaphorical riddles.

Metaphor is the main method of forming a riddle based on simile.

Most riddles are built on a metaphor. It strengthens the attribute of the riddle object, comparing it with others, making it more vivid and distinct. For example, a colored rocker hung over the forest

What is a riddle? ( small message student)

A riddle is a metaphorical expression in which one object is depicted through another that has some, even remote, similarity with it; Based on the above, a person must guess the intended object

You were given the task of finding riddles about winter,give examples of riddles.

On what basis are the objects and phenomena in your riddles similar? (by shape, etc.)

(For example, There is a piece of bread hanging above my grandmother’s hut)

4. Personification

Personification is artistic device when inanimate objects and phenomena are spoken of as living

A metaphor, as a rule, is a separate phrase, and personification is a whole image, consisting of individual verbal metaphors, which has an independent objective meaning in the work.

What are some examples of personifications from folk and literary fairy tales did you find the house? (Checking homework)

Chukovsky "Fedorino's grief"

The sieve gallops across the fields,
And a trough in the meadows.

There's a broom behind the shovel
She walked along the street.

And the knives rushed down the street:
"Hey, hold it, hold it, hold it, hold it, hold it!"

Russian folk tale“Geese-swans” (Stove, apple tree, river)

The girl rushed to catch up with them. She ran and ran and saw that there was a stove.

Stove, stove, tell me, where did the swan geese fly?  -

The stove answers her:

Eat my rye pie - I'll tell you.  -

I'm going to eat rye pie! My father doesn’t even eat wheat...  -

The stove didn't tell her.

A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of dead princess and seven heroes"

- “You are my light,”

The red sun answered, -

I haven't seen the princess.

She is no longer alive.

Is it a month, my neighbor,

I met her somewhere

Or a trace of her was noticed."

A.S. Pushkin “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”

The wind blows across the sea and propels the boat- Why do you think personification is used in fairy tales?

(The main task of impersonation is to create bright image the world that surrounds fairy tale hero. Another important task of personification is to emphasize some property of the hero or the hero’s actions. For example, infairy tale "Ivan" peasant son and Miracle Yudo" : “they came together - they caught up and hit so hard that the earth groaned all around”; “The birch tree twisted”)

Exercise

Find examples in the text where inanimate objects are presented as living.

1. That year the weather was autumn

I stood in the yard for a long time,

Winters I was waiting nature was waiting .

Snow fell only in January.

2. Driven by the spring rays,

From the surrounding mountains already snow

Escaped muddy streams

To the flooded meadows.

With a smile clear nature

Through a dream meets morning of the year;

The skies are shining blue.

5.Training exercises

Here is a poem by S. Yesenin. Read it. (Slide)

White birch

Below my window

Covered with snow

Exactly silver.

On fluffy branches

Snow border

The brushes have blossomed

White fringe.

And the birch tree stands in blue silence,

And the snowflakes are burning

In golden fire.

And the dawn, lazily walking around,

Sprinkles branches

New silver.

Get acquainted with a fragment of the analysis of Yesenin's poem. Instead of dots, insert the name of the means of artistic expression. Write the terms separated by commas in the order they appear in the text of the analysis.

Fragment of analysis of the verse: (Slide and on each student’s desk)

In the poem S. Yesenin creates the image of a winter birch tree. Her beauty is emphasized by numerous …….. (like silver, the tassels are fluffed with white fringe). The expressiveness of the image is also facilitated by …….. (snowflakes are burning, sprinkled with silver). Thanks to…….. we feel the author’s mood, his admiration for the beauty of winter nature (fluffy branches, a snowy border, golden fire). (3 minutes - completing the task)

Let's check what you got.

6. Test work

Today in the lesson we consolidated knowledge about the means of artistic expression. Now I will check how you have mastered this material.

Work in groups with puzzles from postcards.

(They contain a definition of the studied tropes with examples of each of them)

You need to assemble the puzzles correctly so that each trope corresponds to its exact definition and example from a work of fiction.

Metaphor is... the use of words in a figurative meaning to depict or characterize an object or phenomenon based on similarity, comparison

Forests dressed in scarlet and gold (A.S. Pushkin)

The green summer has thrown off the caftan,

The larks whistled to their heart's content.

(D. Kedrin)

Personification is... this is an artistic technique when inanimate objects and phenomena are spoken of as living

But the stream runs and splashes,

And rushing about in the sun, it shines

And he laughs at you.

(F.I. Tyutchev)

An epithet is... words that artistically define an object or action

You are a life-giving smile,

Fresh beauty of the face

You awaken to new feelings

Tired hearts.

(N.A. Vyazemsky)

Comparison is...expressions based on the comparison of two objects.

Shine everywhere, bright light everywhere,

Sand is like silk.

(I. Bunin)

VI .Results behavior. Conclusion:

What is a metaphor? What are most riddles based on? What is personification? Do you think we have achieved our goal?

VII . Grading.

VIII . Homework. Prepare a monologue about metaphor and personification. From literary texts write down examples of metaphors and personification.

IX . Reflection. - Finish the phrase: “Today in class I...”

Did you feel comfortable in the lesson?

What did you like? What tasks were difficult for you?

How do you evaluate the results of your work?

Metaphor of our life

In 2012, associative-metaphorical cards (hereinafter referred to as MAC) came into my life. They came, they stayed and, it seems, they are not going to leave)))

And, starting with this article, I will share with you my knowledge of working with this beautiful, magical, playful, and at the same time instrument that penetrates so deeply into the subconscious that it is impossible to overestimate its need and usefulness in working with people.

And I would like to start by clarifying some concepts related directly to metaphorical maps.

In this article I will talk about what metaphor is and what its role is in our lives.

Why is it important to understand what a metaphor is, why it is a very important element of our life and what is the meaning of metaphors?

If we learn to understand this, we will learn to see behind what we say or what others say to us, the state in which we or the person with whom we communicate are.

Often hidden behind familiar expressions are:

- "man's destiny"

- how he lives, what he “breathes”,

- how he interacts with the outside world,

- how he builds his relationships in the family, at work, with friends, etc.,

- and much more.

Therefore, by understanding the meaning of the metaphorical language in which a person communicates with the world, we will understand his needs, his unspoken in ordinary words pain and joy. And having understood this, we will be able to speak to a person in his language, and then we will have the opportunity to reach his inner one and help him solve his vital issues.

And if you learn to listen to your loved one and comprehend the metaphors that you use in your language, believe me, you will learn a lot of new things about the world in which you live and which you thought you knew from A to Z.

So…

Metaphor(from other Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”) - “allegory” (Mikhelson, 1994) - “a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on a comparison of one object with another on the basis of their common feature"(Wikipedia)

In other words:

Metaphors are images with the help of which you can express thoughts more clearly and much more briefly. Instead of describing an object or phenomenon in detail, we can compare it with an already known object or phenomenon . And we do this all the time, regularly, mostly unconsciously.

For example, expressions to which we have long been accustomed, which have ceased to be something unusual for us:

icy hands, ice heart, silver hair,diamond eye, iron nerves,delicate question, spirited argument, curious question, wise decision,move mountains, soul strings, love has faded,the bank burst, the dollar circulated, the dollar fell.

Just read these words now and imagine what their explanation would sound like in “normal” language. It's hard to imagine how a dollar grows legs and begins to walk with them. Funny. But we absolutely understand what “the circulation of the dollar” is.

There are a lot of cliché metaphors in our language - generally accepted metaphors, figurative meaning which are no longer felt.

A chair leg, a headboard, a sheet of paper, a clock hand, a doctor's sausage, etc.

Everyone has long been accustomed to such expressions, which are also metaphors:

X-rays show, the device says, the air heals, something is stirring in the economy.

or

forest of hands, toe of a shoe, take root, make ends meet, go like clockwork.

Connections are metaphoricalanimal - humanand hence the names of people in a figurative sense:

ram, donkey, pig, fox, magpie, wolf, bear, rooster, ox.

When we apply the name of an animal to a person, we clearly understand what it is about))) That is. knowing what properties an animal has, we transfer them to a person, and everyone immediately understands what we mean when we call someone a magpie, and someone a donkey))))

We already quite unconsciously use complex everyday situations stories ancient greek myths, which have become firmly established in European languages:

Achilles heel(spot vulnerability symbol),

Procrustean bed(a symbol of exorbitant demands into which a person is artificially squeezed),

Trojan horse(a symbol of deception, a sneaky attack disguised as a gift),

apple of discord(reason for intense competition),

Sisyphean labor(work is monotonous, non-stop and meaningless),

tantalum flour(when what you need is at a distance arm's length, but I can’t take it).

Our lives are permeated with metaphors. They are an integral part of it. Without metaphor, it is practically impossible to imagine our speech. It will become meager, boring and prohibitively long. We get confused in definitions and descriptions.

And, if we are talking about the “Metaphor of Life”- then you can imagine that these are such archived, compressed folders where our ideas about the world are stored.

And, of course, it is very important what metaphors you use when describing some events in your life, your states, your relationships, your vision of what is happening inside you and in the outside world.

In other words: what is the figurative representation of our life that We have developed, what and in what form we have stored at the subconscious level - this is the “metaphor of Our life”. And it is she who is responsible for what kind of world we live in, what kind of reality we create for ourselves.

Our life is a metaphor that not only reflects life, but also creates it.

Often metaphors that had one meaning a hundred years ago have a completely different, often opposite, meaning today. And you need to know about this too. Today we use words and expressions that have radically changed their meaning compared to their original ones, and we build our current metaphor on this.

I’ll give you an example that I found on the Internet, and it really helps to understand what was said.

But sometimes it still makes sense to express your thoughts in ordinary language, because in some cases the use of metaphorical language can lead to undesirable consequences, as in the following example:

To understand what I was talking about today, I suggest you do three very simple exercises. I advise you to share your answers in the comments. Then you will clearly see how differently we see the world.

Exercise 1.

Come up with 5 words that would most accurately describe the state that these pictures evoke in YOU

Exercise 2.

Write 5 words that would most accurately describe the world in which the women depicted in the pictures live.