Substitution of spiritual values with material goods. Ordinary consciousness

There is a lot of talk in society about such a phenomenon in society as the substitution of values. Some are outraged and blame the media and entertainment industry for the depravity of youth and the decay of society, some are happy to spread “new” values and live by them, while others simply do their job well, help those in need as best they can, take care of their own family, and bears HIMSELF responsibility for his actions.

Content:

What is value substitution?

Usually, the concept of “substitution of values” is understood as the dissemination of information about the benefits of a hedonistic lifestyle and consumer attitudes towards the environment, the people around us, the state, and the family.

Where do values come from?

We are told that the sources are the media, television, and the Internet. This is told by people who simply do not want to take responsibility. A lot of things in a person are genetic, and in the process of life, the environment creates its own work of art from this genetic material. And it all starts with parents, they lay the foundation with their upbringing. On a strong foundation, a house can turn out to be strong, but if the foundation is weak, then the house will fall apart in any case.

Throughout history, society has been divided into groups. Each group had its own values, its own way of life, traditions, and worldviews. In India we can still observe caste divisions. If we compare the values and worldviews of representatives of different castes, we come to the understanding that each caste is a separate world.

In our society there is no obvious division into castes, however, society is divided: there are intelligentsia, there is the working class, there are criminals, there are drunkards and drug addicts. And each class raises its own kind. There are exceptions, but overall the trend is noticeable.

Each class has its own values in all respects. For example, in the marginal classes of drunkards and drug addicts and in the working class, it is not customary to live and love a wife or husband. It is considered normal to cheat, have fun, for a husband to go out and scold his wife, for a wife to work for four people and scold her husband. As for children, the norm is to give birth to a child, send him to kindergarten, to school, feed him, put him on shoes, and dress him. It is also normal to have abortions, because sex and irresponsibility are an integral part of their values. They don’t seriously think about any education of the moral and ethical qualities of a child - they put a tablet or phone in their hands and finally there is silence. But the child really wants to be played with, answered many, many questions, hugged, kissed. Regarding work, such families do not think about how to gain more knowledge and bring more benefit to society and the family. The main thing is that there is at least some work. At the same time, they tirelessly complain that someone did not give them a prestigious position, and they cannot earn money like lazy directors. These are the values that are imposed on young children. They don't see others.

If we talk about the intelligentsia class, here parents pay more attention to the mental development of their children and their education. And children themselves, from childhood, are in an environment where intelligence dominates. Here they are more attentive not to the physiological needs of children for food and clothing, but to their spiritual education. Here the words love, kindness, help, knowledge are heard more often. The relationship between parents is more respectful and not consumerist.

A separate class are businessmen. The class is characterized by the fact that children are told from childhood that they need to be purposeful, strive to earn a lot, and study. At the same time, family values, concepts of friendship and mutual assistance may be absent.

You can also highlight the military, which has its own values.

Anyone can move from one class to another, although only from the point of view of social status. Many representatives of the working class, for example, remain hedonists and consumers, even after achieving a position in society.

Substitution of values is not a new phenomenon.

The problem of hedonism and consumerism has always existed. It’s just that now, thanks to the media and popular culture, there is a lot of talk about this. Examples of the decline of morals are described in the Bible: remember the story of Sodom and Gomorrah. Among the world classics, Dante Alighieri’s “The Divine Comedy” was written in 1307-1321, Johann Goethe spoke about this in his “Faust” in 1790, and Oscar Wilde spoke about it in “The Picture of Dorian Gray” in 1890. In fact, in literature the topic of substitution of values has been widely raised at all times; this is just a small list of the most high-profile works.

If we talk about historical figures, we all know Napoleon and Peter 1, Suleiman, who gave their thoughts to their lovers. But we also heard about Henry VIII Tudor, the image of which the writers of the series The Tudors made almost an ideal and role model. Although he was a bloody, greedy, selfish man, whose actions were condemned even by the church, sacrificing its unity and influence. Because of his lust, he killed two of his wives and brutally dealt with the peasants.

Why do young people like to watch mind-numbing shows like “House 2”, “Comedy Club”, and mass-market films? Yes, many people are influenced by the crowd. But, if a person has a healthy lifestyle, high responsibility, and the desire to gain knowledge since childhood, then no mass culture will drag him down. There are plenty of such examples. In fact, we all grew up in the same society, but we all grew up different because we grew up in different families and were children of different parents.

Therefore, dear parents, let’s criticize mass culture less and pay more attention to teaching children to adhere to their own values and positive values.

Assignment: Write an essay based on the text you read.

(1) The old village with its thousand-year history is disappearing into oblivion today. (2) And this means that centuries-old foundations are crumbling, the centuries-old soil on which our entire national culture has grown is disappearing: its ethics and aesthetics, its folklore and literature, its miracle language. (3) The village is our origins, our roots. (4) The village is the material womb where our national character was born and developed. (5) And today, when the old village is living out its last days, we look with new, special, heightened attention at the type of person that was created by it, we look at our mothers and fathers, grandfathers and grandmothers. (6) Oh, they had a few kind words! (7) But it is on them, on the shoulders of these nameless workers and warriors, that the building of our entire life today stands firmly! (8) Let us recall, for example, only one feat of a Russian woman in the last war. (9) After all, it was she, the Russian woman, who, with her superhuman work, opened the second front back in forty-one, the front that the Soviet Army had been waiting for. (10) And how, by what measure to measure the feat of the same Russian woman in the post-war period, in those times when she, often hungry, naked and barefoot, fed and clothed the country, with the true patience and resignation of a Russian peasant woman she bore her heavy cross as a widow -soldiers, mothers of sons killed in the war! (11) So is it surprising that the old peasant woman in our literature has temporarily pushed aside, and sometimes even overshadowed, other characters? (12) Let us remember “Matrenin’s Dvor” by A. Solzhenitsyn, “The Last Term of V. Rasputin, the heroines of V. Shukshin, A. Astafiev and V. Belov. (13) No, this is not an idealization of village life and not a longing for the fading hut-like Rus', as some critics and writers broadcast with thoughtless ease and arrogance, but our filial, albeit belated, gratitude. (14) This is the desire to comprehend and retain the spiritual experience of people of the older generation, that moral potential, those moral forces that did not allow Russia to collapse during the years of the most difficult trials. (15) Yes, these heroines are dark and illiterate, yes, naive and overly trusting, but what spiritual treasures, what spiritual light! (16) Endless dedication, a heightened Russian conscience and sense of duty, the ability for self-restraint and compassion, love for work, for the land and for all living things - you can’t list everything. (17) Unfortunately, a modern young man, raised in other, more favorable conditions, does not always inherit these vital qualities. (18) And one of the most important tasks of modern literature is to warn young people against the danger of spiritual hardening, to help them assimilate and enrich the spiritual baggage accumulated by previous generations. (19) Lately we have been talking a lot about the preservation of the natural environment and monuments of material culture. (20) Isn’t it time to raise the question of the preservation and protection of the enduring values of spiritual culture, accumulated by centuries of folk experience, with the same energy and pressure... (According to F.A. Abramov)

Answer:

The text by F.A. Abramov proposed for analysis is devoted to the problem of mental hardening. Modern man has recently inherited far from those values that are, in fact, vitally important. But previous generations had them: endless dedication, a heightened Russian conscience, a sense of duty, the ability for self-restraint and compassion, love for work, for the land and for all living things.

The author believes that it is time to raise the question of the preservation and protection of the enduring values of spiritual culture accumulated by centuries of folk experience. F. Abramov suggests remembering the nameless workers, on whose shoulders the building of “our entire life today” rests! Fyodor Aleksandrovich is sure that one of the most important tasks of literature is to warn people against spiritual hardening and help them enrich their spiritual baggage.

But, in my opinion, the modern generation is becoming hardened mentally. Young people now are angry and do not give kindness to the people around them. People began to forget about real spiritual values. How can you have a heart-to-heart talk with a person if there is no soul, but only selfish calculations? Only with kind, gentle and fair people can you truly make friends.

In the work of F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" in St. Petersburg, against the backdrop of dirt and stuffiness, events take place that depict the loss of human values. In the scene with the drowned woman, the author shows how the vast majority of onlookers curiously look at the drunk woman only for the purpose of having fun. This crowd has no compassion. Witnesses to Marmeladov’s death behave in the same way: some say that the drunk himself threw himself under the carriage, others claim that the coachman was flying quickly.

Kindness in a person must be cultivated from childhood. This feeling should be an integral part of the personality. For example, in L.N. Tolstoy’s work “War and Peace,” Natasha Rostova was kind from childhood, she was raised that way. She had natural charm, living life to the fullest, inner beauty. Natasha is very responsive to the point of self-forgetfulness, she is a loving daughter and caring sister. It is very difficult to characterize a person with such qualities in our time.

To summarize, I want to say that it is necessary to cultivate kindness, responsiveness, honesty, and selflessness in the younger generation. If all people eventually become kind and fair, then everyone’s life will become happy. Then there will be harmony in our world!

What are the main values of a person? Why do people sometimes make mistakes in their choices? The author of this text raises the problem of true and false values.

Yu. Nagibin gives a monologue of the hero, who speaks about the main values of a person. The author argues that the attitude towards the heroic should not be subject to fashion, since everything depends on the moral qualities of a person hiding under the outer “shell”. Sometimes people are mistaken in their choice, but they are still filled with a sense of striving for the best, because true values can never become outdated.

The author does not directly show his point of view, but gradually leads the reader to the idea that kindness, sincerity, activity, ability to work, determination, courage are the most important qualities a person should have.

I completely agree with the author’s opinion that vital activity and ability to work can “pull” a person out of a difficult situation. Suffice it to recall Leo Tolstoy’s novel “Anna Karenina”. Konstantin Levin, after receiving Katya Shcherbatskaya’s refusal to marry him, goes to live in the village. He went with the men to the fields to mow grass, despite the fact that he was a gentleman. Severely tired, Levin still received great satisfaction from this work.

This suggests that Konstantin Dmitrievich chose work instead of eking out a miserable existence.

The following literary example, it seems to me, is another argument. Let's remember L.N. Tolstoy's epic novel "War and Peace". For the Kuragin family, the main value in life was money, which is why both Anatole and Helen grew up selfish. In the Rostov house everything was the other way around: in their family everything was built on love and mutual understanding. Therefore, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya grew up kind and sympathetic. Thus, the Kuragins chose false values, and the Rostovs chose true ones.

Based on all of the above, I will emphasize once again: it is important to make your choice correctly and distinguish the false from the true.

Let's remember the works that our fathers and mothers, grandparents grew up with - these were the works of the classics: Turgenev, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Chekhov, Tolstoy and other wonderful poets and writers.

The sublime images and characters of the main characters encouraged us to imitate them in their fidelity, masculinity, culture of communication, subtle humor, developed in us the right concepts about duty and honor; exposed and ridiculed such character traits as hypocrisy, deceit, servility, sycophancy, infidelity, betrayal and much more.

If we now open almost any printed publication of fiction, any magazine or newspaper, turn on the TV or go to the cinema, what do we see?

Today, adherents of lack of culture loudly proclaim: “We must live in step with the times,” and they assert their category of values. And, unfortunately, the first place in this category is occupied by money, and for the sake of money, people today commit deception, all kinds of lies, and even more serious crimes.

One person said:

“Who caused the most people to die? Because of Hitler, Stalin? “No, meet Benjamin Franklin, pictured on the $100 bill.”

We, of course, understand the irony of this statement, but unfortunately, this category of a person’s value completely depersonalizes him, making him cruel, envious, deceitful, hypocritical, and so on. The Bible very accurately says that the root of all evil is the love of money.

You can often hear indignation at the new laws in the country and the activities of the government, but if you think about it, what constitutes my scale of values.

Maybe it’s better to start with myself and look at what books I read, what shows I watch, what movies I like, in the end, why I love my husband or wife and whether I love them at all.

There used to be a very common saying: “Tell me who your friends are, and I will tell you who you are.” It has not lost its relevance today. Someone said that a person has never been lonely as in the 21st century. But each of us seems to have mobile phones filled with a list of so-called friends. I say “so-called” because they are not, in fact, friends. We need them or they need us, we get some kind of mutually beneficial cooperation from each other and nothing more. If something happens to me, no one will remember why? Yes, because no one will need me.

One man was in a car accident and became a wheelchair user; his wife left him; in another family a blind child was born, he was sent to an orphanage; In another family, the son became a drug addict and his parents abandoned him and kicked him out of the house.

And where is mercy, kindness, loyalty, revenue, mutual assistance, parental or filial duty?

One can cite dozens and hundreds of examples of similar human tragedies that fill the world today due to the fact that people choose the wrong values for themselves, which in fact are not such.

So, the future of our children depends on what we choose today.

And if our category of values is money, position in society, fame, greatness, etc., then do not be surprised if tomorrow your children consider you unnecessary and send you to a nursing home; or, even worse, they will visit you only for your funeral in order to inherit your home and property.

But if in your life you have adhered to the principles of honesty, decency, honor, kindness and mercy, even if this was sometimes to the detriment of your financial condition, then believe that your children will follow your example; and you will not be ashamed in front of your neighbors because your son or daughter, even if they are rich, famous and famous, for some reason does not come to you.

I hope you choose the right values in your life.

Vladimir State University named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletovs

Aleksandrova O.S., Candidate of Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, Vladimir State University named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletovs

Annotation:

The article examines the concepts of everyday consciousness, the concept of value and their interaction. The phenomenon of the influence of consciousness on the formation of human values has been analyzed.

The article discusses the concept of ordinary consciousness, the concept of value and their interaction. It analyzed the phenomenon of consciousness influence on the formation of human values.

Keywords:

consciousness; ordinary consciousness; values

consciousness; everyday consciousness; value

UDC 1 The interest of specialists in the issue of everyday consciousness never weakened, but on the contrary aroused more and more interest, especially when society approached a hopeless situation. In situations where society was on the verge of crisis, ordinary practical consciousness was saved thanks to its pragmatic attitude and direct connection with life. Also, the interest of philosophers in the topic of everyday consciousness is caused by the fact that philosophy is going through a stage of crisis in which a person cannot satisfy his ideological needs.

In everyday speech and in philosophical literature, the concept of worldview and its meaning is interpreted ambiguously. But nevertheless, the absence of a generally accepted definition does not mean that when used, its meaning will not be clear. Worldview is a set of views and beliefs of a person about the world as a whole and his place in it.

The following main characteristics of the worldview can be identified:

1) Worldview contains a certain set of a person’s general views on the world around him and his place in it;

2) these views are not just knowledge about reality, but those principles that have become beliefs;

3) worldview determines the orientation of the individual, his point of view, purpose and meaning of life; it manifests itself in the behavior of the individual.

The topic of everyday consciousness in the modern world is very broad and covers all aspects of our lives. In various aspects, this term is used in the works of such authors as: Baranov S.T., Vicheva D.V., Shtoff V.A., Hegel G.V., Gorelova V.N., Dubinin I.I., Karmin A.S., Kasavin I.T., Kozlova N.N., Marx K., Engels F., Momdzhyan K.Kh., Naydysh O.V., Pukshansky B.Ya., Segal A.P., Ulybina E.V., Huizinga J. and others. But most of all I was interested in the thoughts and statements of P.V. Chelyshev. in his report from the philosophical congress in Seoul. Reading his work, I really liked his words: “There is a substitution of values: a person seeks the meaning of life not in the spiritual, but in the material sphere of existence.” It is this aspect that I want to interpret in my work.

The purpose of my work is to understand how a person’s values are replaced through the influence of ordinary consciousness.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are formulated and studied:

1) consider the concept of ordinary consciousness in comparison with “professional” consciousness, i.e. extraordinary.

2) consider the concept of “value” from several points of view,

3) consider “Material values” and “Spiritual values”,

4) Illuminate the aspect: “There is a substitution of values: a person seeks the meaning of life not in the spiritual, but in the material sphere of existence.”

To write the work, a variety of sources were used: textbooks, philosophical literature, philosophical encyclopedia, articles and online dictionaries. These sources reveal the essence of the concepts presented in the problems, explain the relevance and aroused interest of the public, the authors of these works express their points of view on the created problems and offer different methods for solving them.

Firstly, in order to talk about ordinary consciousness, we need to understand what consciousness is. Consciousness is interpreted differently in different sources. For example, in the textbook on philosophy A.S. Carmina, Consciousness is the subject’s ability to reflect the surrounding reality and himself in ideal images, to create his own inner spiritual world and the language in which its content is expressed. In the psychology of consciousness, the following definition is given: Consciousness is the main point of human mental activity. Consciousness in a broad sense is interpreted as an independent substance called upon to create, judge and keep the world within the limits of what is permitted. Such an understanding of consciousness is characteristic of idealistic philosophy.

Consciousness strives to find those patterns that lie at the root of its essence. Consciousness is a certain force that allows a person to perceive and foresee more than is given to animals. Consciousness, based on information in any quantity, tries to guess how to act in order to achieve a set or desired goal. This is a much more effective strategy than trial-and-error decision making.

Consciousness contains two sides: the first is anticipation in the presentation of the result of the transformation of the object of labor, i.e. knowledge, and the second is anticipation in the presentation of people's relationships. The second side is consciousness, knowledge from the side of social existence.

In philosophical science, there are three main approaches to explaining the nature of human consciousness:

1. The consciousness of an individual is a modification or part of the universal consciousness - cosmic, planetary or divine. If the “secondary” consciousness in relation to any other consciousness is human, then the question arises of how and where the consciousness that became “primary” arose from. The typical idealist answer is that this other consciousness is seen as a substance that “needs nothing for its existence but itself” (Descartes).

2. Consciousness is an integral part of matter. It is characteristic of all matter and any individual object of this matter. Consequently, all bodies in the surrounding world have consciousness, perhaps to a different extent.

3. Human consciousness arises in the process of development of matter. It is a product of the biological and social development of an individual and of all humanity as a whole. This approach is most consistent with the spirit of rationalism and materialism.

Consciousness is mobile, changeable, dynamic, active, it never exists in a “pure form” - this concept is revealed by the term “subjectivity of consciousness”. Consciousness includes several basic constructs: cognitive processes, which include sensations, perceptions, ideas, thinking, memory, language and speech; emotional states - positive and negative, active and passive, etc.; volitional processes - making and executing decisions, volitional efforts.

Since we have looked at consciousness and studied its basic definitions, we can now talk about ordinary consciousness. In the philosophy of the twentieth century, the question of ordinary consciousness arose sharply. This was associated both with the loss by modern man of the primacy of spiritual values and the “material limitation of the individual” (K. Marx), and with the crisis of philosophy itself, which is no longer able to satisfy the worldview needs of man.. But nevertheless, dialectical logic has long proposed to consider concepts in mode of their comparison with opposites, if they exist. The opposite of “ordinary consciousness” is “unordinary”, which for clarity can be stated as “professional”.

Ordinary consciousness is a complex of attitudes, knowledge, ideas and stereotypes that are based on people’s everyday experience. A significant place in the study of ordinary consciousness, without any doubt, is given to the founder of the Scottish school of “common sense” T. Reid and his followers. T. Reed interprets ordinary consciousness from the point of view of natural philosophy and metaphysics as a set of primary and not refutable principles of common sense. The opposite of ordinary consciousness is professional consciousness, which is a set of basic requirements, ideals and ideas aimed at a specific professional field in order to regulate the professional relations of people and correlate narrow professional requirements with social attitudes.

But what is ordinary consciousness? On the one hand, ordinary consciousness is an indispensable source of life, a resource of energy that cannot be killed. Ordinary consciousness serves as a natural example of a person’s conscious attitude towards the world and himself. It is a form of consciousness that has long been excellent at coping with the difficulties of everyday life. On the other hand, everyday consciousness harbors a certain force that periodically “explodes” it from within and provokes specialized forms of social consciousness. In other words, it is the source and basis of life. Ordinary consciousness is a highly diverse sphere that combines all the features of consciousness.

As a result of spiritual “impoverishment,” the world appears before a person of ordinary consciousness only as a set of profitable things, effective techniques and methods of using them. But the interpretation of ordinary consciousness itself is polesemic, and there are many alternative theories and views that are difficult for us to perceive.

Firstly, the object itself is a historically established form of consciousness, and secondly, the study of the object stands at the stage where there is direct perception - being, which is “defined entirely negatively not only in relation to others, but also in itself.”

Professional consciousness, in comparison with ordinary consciousness, has a certain specificity, which has a certain subject area with professionally oriented linguistic means and includes images of consciousness, the content of which reflects the conceptual sphere of professional culture. As has already been said, professional consciousness is specialized; it really exists as a number of different specific professional areas.

Children unconsciously begin to perceive the world from the everyday, and school, university, books, art, and the media “pull” them towards professionalism. This was given to adults, starting with the priests, then teachers appeared, then monarchs, then politicians. But what supported this progress? Experiments, instruments, maximizing information, applying it in practice, etc. “Interest” influenced this process in two ways: conservatively (religion, idealism) and progressively (materialism).

To summarize, we can say that ordinary and professional consciousness are closely related to each other, they interact and are contradictory in the human mind. It is worth noting that professional consciousness, equally with everyday consciousness, influences the formation of human values. By acquiring a profession, a person learns something new, highlights interesting aspects of life, tries to realize himself in a professional circle of friends - all this forms new values.

Despite the fact that we have examined both professional and everyday consciousness, in order to understand this aspect of ordinary consciousness as the substitution of values, we should define and look at what values are from several points of view.

“Value” as a philosophical category with a universal character was introduced into philosophy as an independent category in the sixties of the nineteenth century. This process is compared with the reasoning of the German philosopher G. Lotze “Foundations of Practical Philosophy” and with his essay “Microcosm”. In his opinion, it is necessary to most accurately draw the line between the material world and the world of internal values. Only the “kingdom of goals” is the abode of values. The world of values is not just a real existence as something worthy, but also turns out to be “the most valid of everything in the world.” Trying, apparently, to remove the opposition between the world of facts and the world of values, G. Lotze also referred to the intrinsic value of things, perceived by our ability to feel. His merit lies in raising the question of the relationship between the objective and the subjective in values, and most importantly, in elevating the concept of “value” to the circle of basic categories of philosophy.

Value presupposes universality and universality. This normative position of value has its supernatural basis: “The highest values of empirical life - knowledge, morality and art - become living acts of the Divine in man and acquire a higher and deeper meaning.”

One scientist believes that value is opposed to reality. “Values do not represent reality, neither physical nor mental. Their essence lies in their significance, and not in their factuality.” (G. Rickert) The philosopher O. G. Drobnitsky in his encyclopedic article gives the concept of value as follows. “Value is a concept that, firstly, denotes any significance of an object (positive or negative) in contrast to its existential and qualitative characteristics (object values), and secondly, outlines the normative, evaluative side of the value of consciousness.

Other definitions are also given: Value is the importance or significance of something, as well as a characteristic of an object that denotes recognition of its significance. In philosophy, value is the personal or socio-cultural significance of objects or phenomena. In economics, value is used as a synonym for the concept of “use value”. In psychology, a “value system” is characterized by the fact that an individual perceives under values what is considered valuable in the society around him.

They separate “Material values” and “Spiritual values”. Material values are values in material form, in the form of property, goods, objects. Material values are present in the life of every person and the beginning of these values is in his needs, in those that cannot be satisfied without money, things and other items. The indicator of the importance of the material world in everyone’s life is individual; some cannot imagine their life without a huge number of things they need and do not need, while others can live carefree lives without valuable items.

Many will say that material values are primarily about comfort, and this is true. But the role of things hardly becomes higher than the importance of people; this is where problems begin. First of all, problems begin in the family, where spouses have different attitudes towards material things. Women do not have enough money that their husband earns or the husband does not consider it necessary to give his wife a salary, so here you have conflicts in marriage.

Spiritual values are those objects, phenomena, beliefs, attitudes and ideas that are important for spiritual culture and those that are connected in the moral, inner world of a person or people. For example, these are universal human values, such as people, God, truth, or these are everyday values - taking care of the family and order in the house, personal values - realizing oneself in society, moving up the career ladder. We can say that those things that give a person meaning in life are the source of his energy. If objective values act as objects of human needs and interests, then the values of consciousness perform a dual function: they are an independent sphere of values and the basis, criteria for assessing objective values.

Spiritual values are a specific internal state of humanity, developed over thousands of years, which has no price and, as a rule, increases. The nature of spiritual values is studied in axeology, that is, in the theory of values, which establishes the relationship of values with the world of realities of human life. We are talking, first of all, about moral and aesthetic values. They are rightfully considered the highest, since they largely determine human behavior in other value systems. For moral values, the main question remains about the relationship between good and evil, the meaning of life, love and hate, the nature of happiness and justice. In the history of mankind, one can note several successive attitudes, reflecting different value systems that form the corresponding type of personality. One of the most ancient is hedonism, that is, an attitude that affirms pleasure as the highest good of life and the criterion of human behavior.

There are many philosophical problems that are studied by several disciplines at the same time. The question of values concerns not only axiology, but also the philosophy of culture (cultural values), as well as ethics (goodness as a value), aesthetics (beauty as a value).

The second half of the twentieth century saw a major rethinking of values. Traditional society was replaced by computer civilization, industrial society was replaced by post-industrial society, modernism became postmodernism. The new provisions of civilization have given rise to an ecological crisis. All this has led to a reassessment of our ideas about the world around us. But the main question remains the same: which values will prevail in the future?

A. Toffler, an American sociologist and futurologist, wrote: in the modern world, people have many opportunities open to them and even more options for their further development, but what future they choose directly depends on what values “come” to the forefront when making a decision .

Modern man has become less likely to turn to history, to philosophy, to traditional forms of religion, has become less interested in books and has forgotten that he needs to devote more time and attention to his spiritual development. This process occurs due to the primacy in the consciousness of the material side of life over the spiritual. It happens that a person, turning to spiritual values, later translates all this into money, trying to figure out in practice how to make the most money from this or that material here and now.

“It’s human nature to strive for growth. This could be an increase in the number of rubles, paintings, horses, an increase in ranks, muscles, knowledge, but the increase is only necessary: an increase in kindness” (L.N. Tolstoy.)

A system whose goal is only material wealth and success is immoral, anti-personal and therefore anti-cultural. For personal development, it is not necessary to have material wealth, because a person, associating himself with wealth, increasingly forgets about his development. He has less time to work on himself; he is ready to work for money, but not for development. Yes, now there are a lot of goods and services that allow you to live comfortably in the modern world, which make you stand out from the crowd, but in the pursuit of these things we succumb to the herd instinct and degrade. Nowadays you can often hear “young people don’t read”, “what uneducated youth we have” and much more, and the question immediately arises before us - why?! It all depends on the environment, upbringing, innovation - now the world has become high-tech, many things are available on the Internet, notepads, alarm clocks, books, watches, dictionaries and much more can be replaced by just one gadget, in connection with this young people have stopped reading, communicating with people in real space and time, they “buried themselves” in information technology, thereby giving rise to a massive decline of society. Also, due to the fact that young people read few books and do not try to develop themselves as individuals, they are subject to the influence of society and ordinary consciousness, and do not have their own opinion. This is explained by the fact that society lives according to the stereotypes and principles that have been formed over time, and young people believe that this is correct, but they do not want to find new, interesting ideas to diversify their own lives. Moreover, young people see that everything is easily achieved and obtained if there is money, based on this, money comes first for them, and indifference is shown to everything else.

But still, the development of a person as an individual and his values are determined by the person himself and his goals in life. A hardworking and persistent person will always achieve his goal, but a lazy person will continue to “carry himself along with the flow of life” without making any effort to become better.

Speaking about society, it was not for nothing that I mentioned our environment. Think about it, if there were always people around you who do not strive for anything, who have no goals, who are only interested in entertainment and a bottle of alcohol, would you want to strive for something more, more meaningful, higher? I think not, because you and your “friends” would be happy with everything anyway. But even with such a life, for example, you involuntarily met a positive, successful, purposeful person who reads books, studies science and simply tries to be better. This person has aroused your interest and you no longer want to sit among your friends, you want to be no worse than this successful person. At this moment, you are changing your values in life, rethinking your existence. And you develop your own interests, motives and goals that help you become better.

But we cannot judge other people, we need to take care of ourselves... “For each person is unique and unrepeatable, and each person develops his own, unique and inimitable set of highest life values and ideals.”

Since we needed to consider the issue of substituting values through everyday consciousness, I will remind you that ordinary consciousness is a set of ideas, knowledge, attitudes and stereotypes based on the direct everyday experience of people.

In order to achieve the maximum number of people involved in the development of their personality, it is necessary to promote to a wide mass of consumers the usefulness of not only the material sphere of life, but also the spiritual. Instead of advertising a new gadget, it would be better to advertise classic literature, for example, the work of F.M. Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment”, because this novel can teach certain moral qualities that will prevent you from making any very unpleasant mistakes in your life in the future.

For the younger generation, their interest in developing their own personality should be expressed first of all by their parents, and then by school teachers and teachers of higher educational institutions. Parents must instill in their child self-esteem and develop his desire to be better. Teachers and teachers should try to instill in the student a sense of morality and higher spiritual values, to interest him in the reproduction of a rich spiritual life and a beautiful “inner” world.

“The natural man... in all his affairs and concerns is oriented towards the world” (E. Husserl)

In conclusion, I would like to say that every scientific work carries a semantic load, provides new knowledge or expands previous knowledge. For me, this work became a very interesting study, in which I learned new aspects of our life in modern society.

The problem of everyday consciousness, and in particular the substitution of values, is gaining momentum and covers a significant part of humanity. I believe that it is necessary to fight this, and not turn a blind eye. The predominance of material values over spiritual ones is a complication of life in the modern world. People forget about their own self-development due to a lack of finances not only for satisfying their pleasure, but, by and large, for living. Because of this, stereotypes arise that life is comfortable only when you have a large amount of material wealth. First of all, our state must fight this, because when people become comfortable living with the money they earn, they will begin to be enlightened spiritually and culturally, which will contribute to a higher standard of living in the country and throughout the world. When the development of a person as an individual will stand in our and public consciousness above the pursuit of material wealth, then peace, tranquility and contentment with oneself, one’s life, other people and the state will come.

In my work, I examined such concepts as consciousness, everyday consciousness, values, material and spiritual significance. During the work, all assigned tasks were solved, namely:

1) the concepts of ordinary and professional consciousness were considered

2) the concept of “value” is considered from several points of view.

3) examined the concepts of “Material values” and “Spiritual values” and gave examples.

4) such an aspect as the substitution of values is covered and the reasons why this happens are considered

Also, I would like to note that while writing the essay, I achieved the main goal - to understand how the substitution of values occurs through the influence of ordinary consciousness. In short, most often society and their accumulated experience impose such a stereotype on them - “the main value of life is material wealth,” and the older a teenager becomes, the more susceptible he is to the influence of society. And then the teenager takes actions to increase his wealth, and not to develop himself, and this is how a person’s values are replaced.

I would like to summarize the work and highlight the main ideas of the problem raised.

Man depends on society and is influenced by it.
Professional consciousness, in comparison with everyday consciousness, has a certain specificity, which has a certain subject area with professionally oriented language means
Professional consciousness, equally with everyday consciousness, influences the formation of human values
The world of values is not just a real existence as something worthy, but also turns out to be “the most valid of everything in the world.”
They separate “Material values” and “Spiritual values”.
In modern society, a person prefers to increase his wealth rather than develop his inner world.
There is a stereotype in society that “life is comfortable only when you have a large amount of material wealth.”
But still, each person is unique and inimitable, and each person develops his own, unique and inimitable set of highest life values and ideals.
Propaganda of the spiritual sphere of existence is necessary.
The predominance of material values over spiritual ones is a complication of life in the modern world. The state and its representatives must fight against these.

While writing this work, I recognized myself in some of the statements of scientists. This prompted me to think more deeply about life in modern society. Looking through the picture of my own life in my memory, I found those moments when my values were replaced, and I realized what, first of all, I need to pay attention to in my personal life. This activity was productive and, undoubtedly, became an impetus for setting new life goals.

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Reviews:

11/30/2015, 16:22 Adibekyan Oganes Aleksandrovich
Review: Adibekyan Oganes Alexandrovich. Mastering selected topics is commendable, as is showing personal achievements. These are the comments. Dialectical logic has long proposed to consider concepts in the mode of their comparison with opposites, if any. “Ordinary consciousness” has “unordinary”, which can be presented as “professional” for clarity. Why is this “couple” not at work? But humanity began to think in the mode of “ordinary consciousness”, and then move, but not as a whole, to “professional consciousness”. Children unconsciously start with the ordinary, and school, university, books, art, and the media “draw” them towards professionalism. This was given to adults, starting with the priests, then teachers appeared, then monarchs, then politicians. But what supported this progress? Experiments, instruments, maximizing information, applying it in practice, etc. “Interest” influenced this process in two ways: conservatively (religion, idealism) and progressively (materialism). “Ideology” acted and has not stopped doing so. To make the article more valuable, these factors should be taken into account in order to remove what is not directly related to the chosen problem. Worldview and value in themselves do not give anything productive if you do not compare the “ordinary” consciousness with the “extraordinary”. Professional consciousness influences values no less than usual. There are no conclusions as the results of the study. The article needs to be improved.

11/30/2015 20:20 Response to the author’s review Oksana Valerievna Bagrova:
Thanks for your comments. I finalized the article, compared everyday and professional consciousness, and drew conclusions. Please read the work again.

30.11.2015, 22:48 Kolesnikova Galina Ivanovna
Review: The work is good. Consistent. Logical. Meets all qualification criteria. For the future: the personal and emotional are not always appropriate in scientific works. A scientific article must contain logic, facts, and conclusions. Recommended for publication.
11/30/2015, 22:55 Adibekyan Oganes Aleksandrovich
Review: Adibekyan Oganes Alexandrovich. I recommend this article for publication

4.12.2015, 14:26 Nazarov Ravshan Rinatovich
Review: The article as a whole is written on an interesting and relevant topic. There are some minor notes on the formatting of the text. So, it’s still worth distinguishing between the classics of world philosophy (Hegel, Marx, Engels, Huizinga, etc.) and not writing them on the same line with respected philosophers (such as K.H. Momdzhyan and Co.), but still not classics of world significance. The article is recommended.