The peoples who inhabited the Crimea at different times. Who inhabited the territory of the Orenburg region in antiquity and the Middle Ages

East Slavic union of tribes that lived in the basin of the upper and middle reaches of the Oka and along the Moscow River. The resettlement of the Vyatichi took place from the territory of the Dnieper left bank or from the upper reaches of the Dniester. The Vyatichi substratum was the local Baltic population. Vyatichi retained pagan beliefs longer than other Slavic tribes and resisted the influence of the Kievan princes. Rebelliousness and militancy are the hallmark of the Vyatichi tribe.

The tribal union of the Eastern Slavs of the 6th-11th centuries. They lived in the territories of the current Vitebsk, Mogilev, Pskov, Bryansk and Smolensk regions, as well as eastern Latvia. Formed on the basis of the alien Slavic and local Baltic population - the Tushemly culture. In the ethnogenesis of the Krivichi, the remnants of the local Finno-Ugric and Baltic - the Ests, Livs, Latgalians - tribes, who mixed with the numerous alien Slavic population, participated. Krivichi are divided into two large groups: Pskov and Polotsk-Smolensk. In the culture of the Polotsk-Smolensk Krivichi, along with Slavic elements of jewelry, there are elements of the Baltic type.

Slovenian Ilmen- a tribal union of the Eastern Slavs on the territory of Novgorod land, mainly in the lands near Lake Ilmen, in the neighborhood of the Krivichi. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, the Slovenes of Ilmen, together with the Krivichi, Chud and Merya, participated in the calling of the Varangians, who were related to the Slovenes - immigrants from the Baltic Pomerania. A number of historians consider the ancestral homeland of the Slovenes in the Dnieper region, others deduce the ancestors of the Ilmen Slovenes from the Baltic Pomerania, since the traditions, beliefs and customs, the type of dwellings of the Novgorodians and Polabian Slavs are very close.

Duleby- tribal union of Eastern Slavs. They inhabited the territory of the Bug River basin and the right tributaries of the Pripyat. In the 10th century Duleb union broke up, and their lands became part of Kievan Rus.

Volynians- East Slavic union of tribes, who lived on the territory on both banks of the Western Bug and at the source of the river. Pripyat. Volynians were first mentioned in Russian chronicles in 907. In the 10th century, the Vladimir-Volyn principality was formed on the lands of the Volynians.

Drevlyans- East Slavic tribal union, which occupied in the 6-10 centuries. the territory of Polissya, the Right Bank of the Dnieper, west of the glades, along the course of the Teterev, Uzh, Ubort, Stviga rivers. The habitat of the Drevlyans corresponds to the area of ​​the Luka-Raikovets culture. The name Drevlyane was given to them because they lived in the forests.

Dregovichi- tribal union of Eastern Slavs. The exact boundaries of the Dregovichi habitat have not yet been established. According to a number of researchers, in the 6th-9th centuries, the Dregovichi occupied the territory in the middle part of the Pripyat River basin, in the 11th - 12th centuries, the southern border of their settlement passed south of Pripyat, the northwestern - in the watershed of the Drut and Berezina rivers, the western - in the upper reaches of the Neman River. When settling in Belarus, the Dregovichi moved from south to north to the Neman River, which indicates their southern origin.

Polochane- Slavic tribe, part of the tribal union of the Krivichi, who lived along the banks of the Dvina River and its tributary Polot, from which they got their name.
The center of the Polotsk land was the city of Polotsk.

Glade- a tribal union of Eastern Slavs, who lived on the Dnieper, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmodern Kyiv. The very origin of the glades remains unclear, since the territory of their settlement was located at the junction of several archaeological cultures.

Radimichi- an East Slavic union of tribes that lived in the eastern part of the Upper Dnieper, along the Sozh River and its tributaries in the 8th-9th centuries. Convenient river routes passed through the lands of the Radimichi, connecting them with Kiev. Radimichi and Vyatichi had a similar burial rite - the ashes were buried in a log house - and similar temporal female jewelry (temporal rings) - seven-rayed (for Vyatichi - seven-paste). Archaeologists and linguists suggest that the Balts, who lived in the upper reaches of the Dnieper, also participated in the creation of the material culture of the Radimichi.

northerners- East Slavic union of tribes that lived in the 9th-10th centuries along the Desna, Seim and Sula rivers. The origin of the name northerners is of Scythian-Sarmatian origin and is derived from the Iranian word "black", which is confirmed by the name of the city of northerners - Chernihiv. The main occupation of the northerners was agriculture.

Tivertsy- an East Slavic tribe that settled in the 9th century in the interfluve of the Dniester and Prut, as well as the Danube, including the Budzhak coast of the Black Sea on the territory of modern Moldova and Ukraine.

Uchi- East Slavic union of tribes that existed in the 9th - 10th centuries. Ulichi lived in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Bug and on the Black Sea. The center of the tribal union was the city of Peresechen. For a long time, the Ulichi resisted the attempts of the Kyiv princes to subjugate them to their power.

History does not have exact data on where the first Slavs appeared. All information about their appearance and settlement on the territory of modern Europe and Russia was obtained indirectly:

• analysis of Slavic languages;
• archaeological finds;
• written references in chronicles.

Based on these data, we can conclude that the original habitat of the Slavs was the northern slopes of the Carpathians, it was from these places that the Slavic tribes migrated to the south, west and east, forming three branches of the Slavs - Balkan, western and Russian (eastern).
The settlement of East Slavic tribes along the banks of the Dnieper began in the 7th century. Another part of the Slavs settled along the banks of the Danube and received the name of the Western. Southern Slavs settled on the territory of the Byzantine Empire.

The resettlement of the Slavic tribes

The ancestors of the Eastern Slavs were Veneti - an association of tribes of ancient Europeans who lived in Central Europe in the 1st millennium. Later, the Venets settled along the coast of the Vistula River and the Baltic Sea to the North of the Carpathian Mountains. The culture, life and pagan rites of the Venets were closely connected with the Pomeranian culture. Part of the Veneti living in the more western regions was influenced by Germanic culture.

Slavic tribes and their resettlement, table 1

In the III-IV centuries. Eastern European Slavs were united under the rule of the Goths and part of the Power of Germanarich, located in the Northern Black Sea region. At the same time, the Slavs were part of the tribes of the Khazars and Avars, but were in the minority there.

In the 5th century, the settlement of East Slavic tribes began from the territories of the Carpathian region, the mouth of the Dniester and the banks of the Dnieper. The Slavs actively migrated in various directions. In the East, the Slavs stopped along the Volga and Oka rivers. The Slavs, who migrated and settled in the East, began to be called Ants. The neighbors of the Antes were the Byzantines, who endured the raids of the Slavs and described them as "tall, strong people with beautiful faces." At the same time, the southern Slavs, who were called Slavs, gradually assimilated with the Byzantines and adopted their culture.

Western Slavs in the 5th century were settled along the banks of the Odra and Elbe rivers, and constantly raided more western territories. A little later, these tribes broke up into many separate groups: Poles, Czechs, Moravians, Serbs, Lutiches. The Slavs of the Baltic group also separated

Slavic tribes and their settlement on the map

Designation:
green - Eastern Slavs
light green - Western Slavs
dark green - southern Slavs

The main East Slavic tribes and places of their settlement

in the 7th-8th centuries. stable East Slavic tribes were formed, the resettlement of which took place as follows: glade - lived along the Dnieper River. To the north, along the Desna River, northerners lived, and in the northwestern territories - Drevlyans. Dregovichi settled between the Pripyat and Dvina rivers. Polotsk people lived along the Polota River. Along the Volga, Dnieper and Dvina rivers - Krivichi.

Numerous Buzhans or Dulebs were settled on the banks of the Southern and Western Bug, some of which migrated towards the west and assimilated with the Western Slavs.

The places of settlement of the Slavic tribes influenced their customs, language, laws and ways of doing business. The main occupations were the cultivation of wheat, millet, barley, some tribes grew oats and rye. Cattle and small poultry were bred.

The settlement map of the ancient Slavs displays the boundaries and areas characteristic of each tribe.

East Slavic tribes on the map

The map shows that the East Slavic tribes are concentrated in Eastern Europe and in the territory of modern Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. In the same period, a group of Slavic tribes began to move towards the Caucasus, therefore, in the 7th century. part of the tribes ends up on the lands of the Khazar Khaganate.

More than 120 East Slavic tribes lived on the lands from the Bug to Novgorod. The largest of them:

1. Vyatichi is an East Slavic tribe that lived at the mouths of the Oka and Moscow rivers. Vyatichi migrated to these areas from the coast of the Dnieper. This tribe lived apart for a long time and preserved pagan beliefs, actively resisting joining the Kievan princes. The Vyatichi tribes were subjected to raids by the Khazar Khaganate and paid tribute to them. Later, the Vyatichi were still attached to Kievan Rus, but did not lose their originality.
2. Krivichi - the northern neighbors of the Vyatichi, lived on the territory of modern Belarus and the Western regions of Russia. The tribe was formed as a result of the merger of the Balts and the Finno-Ugric tribes that came from the north. Most elements of the Krivichi culture contain Baltic motifs.
3. Radimichi - tribes living on the territory of the modern Gomel and Mogidev regions. Radimichi are the ancestors of modern Belarusians. Their culture and customs were influenced by Polish tribes and eastern neighbors.

These three Slavic groups subsequently merged and formed the Great Russians. It must be understood that the ancient Russian tribes and the places of their settlement did not have clear boundaries, because. between the tribes there were wars for land and alliances were concluded, as a result, the tribes migrated and changed, adopting each other's culture.

In the 8th century the eastern tribes of the Slavs from the Danube to the Baltic already had a single culture and language. Thanks to this, it became possible to create a trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and became the root cause of the formation of the Russian state.

The main East Slavic tribes and places of their settlement, table 2

Western Slavic tribes

West Slavic tribes lived on the territory of modern Central Europe. They are usually divided into four groups:

• Polish tribes (Poland, Western Belarus);
• Czech tribes (part of the territory of modern Czech Republic);
• Polabian tribes (lands from the Elbe River to the Odra and from the Ore Mountains to the Baltic). The "polabian union of tribes" included: Bodrichi, Ruyans, Drevyans, Lusatian Serbs and more than 10 tribes. In the VI century. most of the tribes were captured and enslaved by the young German feudal states.
• Pomeranians who lived in Pomerania. Starting from the 1190s, the Pomeranians were attacked by the Germans and Danes and almost completely lost their culture and assimilated with the invaders.

Southern Slavic tribes

The composition of the South Slavic ethnos included: Bulgarian, Dalmatian and Greek Macedonian tribes settled in the northern part of Byzantium. They were captured by the Byzantines and adopted their customs, beliefs and culture.

Neighbors of the ancient Slavs

In the west, the neighbors of the ancient Slavs were the tribes of the Celts and Germans. In the east - the Balts and the Finno-Ugric tribes, as well as the ancestors of modern Iranians - the Scythians and Sarmatians. Gradually they were supplanted by the tribes of Bulgars and Khazars. In the south, the Slavic tribes coexisted with the Romans and Greeks, as well as the ancient Macedonians and Illyrians.

The Slavic tribes became a real disaster for the Byzantine Empire and for the Germanic peoples, making constant raids and capturing fertile lands.

In the VI century. hordes of Turks appeared on the territory inhabited by the Eastern Slavs, who entered into a struggle with the Slavs for lands in the region of the Dniester and the Danube. Many Slavic tribes went over to the side of the Turks, whose goal was to capture the Byzantine Empire.
During the war, the Western Slavs were completely enslaved by the Byzantines, the southern Slavs, the Slavs, defended their independence, and the East Slavic tribes were captured by a horde of Turks.

East Slavic tribes and their neighbors (map)

They don't know what a car, electricity, a hamburger and the United Nations are. They get their food by hunting and fishing, they believe that the gods send rain, they do not know how to write and read. They may die from catching a cold or the flu. They are a godsend for anthropologists and evolutionists, but they are dying out. They are wild tribes that have preserved the way of life of their ancestors and avoid contact with the modern world.

Sometimes the meeting happens by chance, and sometimes scientists are specifically looking for them. For example, on Thursday, May 29, in the Amazon jungle near the Brazilian-Peruvian border, several huts were found surrounded by people with bows who tried to shoot at the plane with the expedition. In this case, specialists from the Peruvian Center for Indian Tribes flew around the jungle in search of savage settlements.

Although recently, scientists rarely describe new tribes: most of them have already been discovered, and there are almost no unexplored places on Earth where they could exist.

Wild tribes live in South America, Africa, Australia and Asia. According to rough estimates, there are about a hundred tribes on Earth that do not or rarely come into contact with the outside world. Many of them prefer to avoid interaction with civilization by any means, so it is quite difficult to keep an accurate record of the number of such tribes. On the other hand, tribes that willingly communicate with modern people gradually disappear or lose their identity. Their representatives gradually assimilate our way of life or even go to live "in the big world."

Another obstacle that prevents the full study of tribes is their immune system. "Modern savages" for a long time developed in isolation from the rest of the world. The most common diseases for most people, such as a runny nose or flu, can be fatal for them. In the body of savages there are no antibodies against many common infections. When the flu virus strikes a person from Paris or Mexico City, his immune system immediately recognizes the "attacker" because it has already met him before. Even if a person has never had the flu, immune cells "trained" for this virus enter his body from his mother. The savage is practically defenseless against the virus. As long as his body can develop an adequate "response", the virus may well kill him.

But recently the tribes have been forced to change their habitual habitats. The development of new territories by modern man and the deforestation where savages live, force them to found new settlements. In the event that they are close to the settlements of other tribes, conflicts may arise between their representatives. And again, cross-contamination with diseases typical of each tribe cannot be ruled out. Not all tribes were able to survive when faced with civilization. But some manage to maintain their numbers at a constant level and not succumb to the temptations of the "big world".

Be that as it may, anthropologists have managed to study the way of life of some tribes. Knowledge about their social structure, language, tools, creativity and beliefs helps scientists to better understand how human development went. In fact, each such tribe is a model of the ancient world, representing possible options for the evolution of culture and thinking of people.

Piraha

In the Brazilian jungle, in the valley of the Meiki River, a tribe of firah lives. There are about two hundred people in the tribe, they exist thanks to hunting and gathering and actively resist the introduction into the "society". Pirahã is distinguished by unique features of the language. First, there are no words for color shades. Secondly, the Pirahã language lacks the grammatical constructions necessary for the formation of indirect speech. Thirdly, Pirahã people do not know the numerals and the words "more", "several", "all" and "each".

One word, but pronounced with different intonation, serves to denote the numbers "one" and "two". It can also mean "about one" and "not very many". Due to the lack of words for numbers, Pirahãs cannot count and cannot solve simple mathematical problems. They are unable to estimate the number of objects if there are more than three. At the same time, there are no signs of a decrease in intelligence in the Piraha. According to linguists and psychologists, their thinking is artificially limited by the peculiarities of the language.

Pirahãs have no creation myths, and a strict taboo forbids them from talking about things that are not part of their own experience. Despite this, Pirahas are quite sociable and capable of organized activities in small groups.

Sinta larga

The Sinta Larga tribe also lives in Brazil. Once the number of the tribe exceeded five thousand people, but now it has decreased to one and a half thousand. The minimum social unit of the Sinta Larga is the family: a man, several of his wives and their children. They can move freely from one settlement to another, but more often establish their own home. Sinta larga are engaged in hunting, fishing and farming. When the land where their house stands becomes less fertile or game leaves the forests, the Sinta spotted seals move out and look for a new site for the house.

Each Sinta Larga has several names. One - "real name" - each member of the tribe keeps a secret, only the closest relatives know it. During the life of the Sinta Larga, they receive several more names, depending on their individual characteristics or important events that happened to them. The Sinta Larga society is patriarchal, male polygamy is widespread in it.

Sinta larga have suffered greatly due to contact with the outside world. In the jungle where the tribe lives, many rubber trees grow. Rubber collectors systematically exterminated the Indians, claiming that they interfere with their work. Later, diamond deposits were discovered in the territory where the tribe lived, and several thousand miners from all over the world rushed to develop the land of Sinta Larga, which is illegal. The members of the tribe themselves also tried to mine diamonds. Conflicts often arose between savages and diamond lovers. In 2004, 29 miners were killed by Sinta Larga people. After that, the government allocated $810,000 to the tribe in exchange for a promise to close the mines, allow them to set up police cordons near them, and not engage in stone mining on their own.

Tribes of the Nicobar and Andaman Islands

The group of Nicobar and Andaman Islands is located 1400 kilometers from the coast of India. Six primitive tribes lived in complete isolation on the outlying islands: the great Andamanese, the Onge, the Jarawa, the Shompens, the Sentinelese, and the Negrito. After the devastating 2004 tsunami, many feared that the tribes had disappeared forever. However, later it turned out that most of them, to the great joy of anthropologists, escaped.

The tribes of the Nicobar and Andaman Islands are in the Stone Age in their development. Representatives of one of them - Negrito - are considered the most ancient inhabitants of the planet, preserved to this day. The average height of a Negrito is about 150 centimeters, and even Marco Polo wrote about them as "cannibals with dog muzzles."

Korubo

Cannibalism is a fairly common practice among primitive tribes. And although most of them prefer to find other sources of food, some have retained this tradition. For example, Korubo living in the western part of the Amazon Valley. The Korubo are an extremely aggressive tribe. Hunting and raiding neighboring settlements are their main means of subsistence. The korubo's weapons are heavy clubs and poison darts. Korubo do not practice religious rites, but they have a widespread practice of killing their own children. Korubo women have equal rights with men.

Cannibals from Papua New Guinea

The most famous cannibals are perhaps the tribes of Papua New Guinea and Borneo. Cannibals of Borneo are cruel and promiscuous: they eat both their enemies and tourists or old people from their tribe. The last surge of cannibalism was noted in Borneo at the end of the past - the beginning of this century. This happened when the Indonesian government tried to colonize some areas of the island.

In New Guinea, especially in its eastern part, cases of cannibalism are observed much less frequently. Of the primitive tribes living there, only three - the Yali, the Vanuatu and the Carafai - still practice cannibalism. The most cruel is the Carafai tribe, while the Yali and Vanuatu eat someone on rare solemn occasions or out of necessity. The Yalis are also famous for their festival of death, when the men and women of the tribe paint themselves in the form of skeletons and try to appease Death. Previously, for fidelity, they killed the shaman, whose brain was eaten by the leader of the tribe.

Emergency ration

The dilemma of primitive tribes is that attempts to study them often lead to their destruction. Anthropologists and travelers alike find it hard to give up the prospect of going back to the Stone Age. In addition, the habitat of modern people is constantly expanding. Primitive tribes managed to carry their way of life through many millennia, however, it seems that in the end, savages will join the list of those who could not stand the meeting with modern man.

Who inhabited the territory of the Orenburg region in antiquity and the Middle Ages?

History of geographical research and development of the territory of the region

When did the first information about the territory of the region appear?

The most ancient information about the territory of our region is given by the Greek historian and traveler Herodotus. In the "History", written by Herodotus in the middle of the 5th century. BC, the Caspian Sea is described, behind which, “a plain in the boundless space” stretches, behind which “stony and uneven land” begins, and behind it “high impenetrable mountains stand”. In the description of Herodotus, one can guess the boundless plains of the Caspian lowland, the "stony and uneven" Common Syrt and the "high and impassable" Ural Mountains.

The first map with the image of the river. Urals and mountains of the Southern Urals in the II century. AD compiled by the Alexandrian geographer Claudius Ptolemy. On the map of Asia, he showed the river. Daiks (Ural), in the upper reaches of which were the Rimmikai (Ural) mountains.

But neither Herodotus nor Ptolemy were on the territory of our region. The first famous traveler who visited our region was the Arab writer Ibn Fadlan. In 921-922. he, as part of an embassy heading to the Volga Bulgaria (the territory of modern Tatarstan), crossed the western regions of the current Orenburg region.

In the X-XII centuries. the Arabs were already well aware of the river. Ruza (Ural) and r. Magra (Sakmara). Western merchants and missionaries also repeatedly crossed the South Ural steppes. Among them are the ambassador of the Pope Palacio Carpini (1246), the ambassador of the French king Willem Rubruck (1253), the Italian brothers Nicolo and Mateo Polo (1265) - the father and uncle of the famous Marco Polo.

At the end of the XVI century. the famous "Big Drawing" appeared - a huge road map of the Moscow state and the adjacent lands of the Volga and Trans-Urals. Unfortunately, the map itself has not survived. Only the description of the map has survived to this day - “The Book of the Big Drawing” (1627). It says: “The Yaik River flowed out on a par with Oraltova Gora (Southern Urals) against the headwaters of the Tobol River. The Yaik River flowed into the Khvalynsk Sea, and the channels of the Yaik River to the sea are 1,050 versts... The Yuryuk Samar (Sakmara) River... fell into Yaik against the Aralt Mountains on the right side... fell into Yaik, from the left sides of the Yaik, the Ilez River, below Mount Tustebi, in our opinion that Salt Mountain, they break salt in it... "

Who inhabited the territory of the Orenburg region in antiquity and the Middle Ages?

In the ancient and Middle Ages, the expanses of the southern Urals and Trans-Urals served as a habitat, nomad camps and an arena for the movement of various tribes and peoples (Appendix 1). The abundance of pastures and fertile lands, rivers and lakes rich in fish, deposits of copper and iron ores have long contributed to the development of our region. By the 2nd century BC e. in the steppes of the Urals and Kazakhstan, an economic structure has developed that combines nomadic cattle breeding, primitive agriculture and metallurgy, as well as commodity exchange with neighbors.

In the eastern part of the Orenburg region (Kvarkensky district), the remains of ancient cities of the Bronze Age, covering the III-II millennium BC, were found. e. It is believed that these cities were built by the ancient Aryans, who then moved from the South Ural steppes to the west and became the basis for the formation of many peoples of foreign Europe.

For many centuries, the Ural-Caspian region was the gateway to the great migrations. Waves of peoples, one after another, rolled onto the Orenburg steppes, crowding out each other, leaving traces of their stay in archaeological sites and geographical names. In the 1st century BC e. The Orenburg region was the place of a thousand-year stay of the tribes of the Sarmatians, who were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. From the 4th to the 13th centuries our region was inhabited by Huns, Avars, Guzes, Pechenegs, Bulgars, Polovtsy, Mongols-Tatars.

During this period, various parts of the territory of the region were part of the state formations that existed in the Middle Ages. In the ninth century the southwestern Orenburg region was the northeastern outskirts of the Khazar Khaganate. In the XII century. the northwestern part of the region was part of the Volga Bulgaria. Over the next two centuries, the entire territory of the Orenburg region was within the Golden Horde. In the 15th-17th centuries, after the collapse of the Mongol-Tatar state, the northern part of the region became a place of nomadic Bashkirs, uluses of the Nogai Horde were located in the interfluve of the Volga and the Urals, and the lands of the Kazakh zhuzes stretched along the left bank of the Urals and to the south.

About 200 peoples live on the territory of Russia. The history of some of them goes back to distant millennia BC. We found out which indigenous peoples of Russia are the most ancient and from whom they originated.

Slavs

There are many hypotheses about the origin of the Slavs - someone refers them to the Scythian tribes from Central Asia, someone to the mysterious Aryans, someone to the Germanic peoples. Hence the different ideas about the age of the ethnos, to which it is customary to add a couple of extra millennia “for solidity”.

The first who tried to determine the age of the Slavic people was the monk Nestor, taking the biblical tradition as a basis, he began the history of the Slavs with the Babylonian pandemonium, which divided mankind into 72 peoples: “From now 70 and 2 languages ​​were the language of Slovenesk ...”.

From the point of view of archeology, the first culture that can be called Proto-Slavic was the so-called culture of podkloshovye burials, which got its name from the custom of covering cremated remains with a large vessel, in Polish “flare”, that is, “upside down”. It originated between the Vistula and the Dnieper in the 5th century BC. To some extent, we can assume that its representatives were Proto-Slavs.

Bashkirs

The Southern Urals and the adjacent steppes, the territories where the Bashkir ethnos was formed, have been an important center for the interaction of cultures since ancient times. The archaeological diversity of the region confuses researchers and writes down the question of the origin of the people in a long list of "mysteries of history".

To date, there are three main versions of the origin of the Bashkir people. The most "archaic" - Indo-Iranian says that the main element in the formation of the ethnos were the Indo-Iranian Sako-Sarmatian, Dakho-Massaget tribes of the early Iron Age (III-IV centuries BC), the place of settlement of which was the Southern Urals. According to another, Finno-Ugric version, the Bashkirs are the "siblings" of the current Hungarians, since they together descended from the Magyars and the Yeni tribe (in Hungary - the Eno). This is supported by the Hungarian tradition, recorded in the 13th century, about the path of the Magyars from the East to Pannonia (modern Hungary), which they did in order to seize the inheritance of Attila.

Based on medieval sources, in which Arab and Central Asian authors equate Bashkirs and Turks, a number of historians believe that these peoples are related.

According to the historian G. Kuzeev, the ancient Bashkir tribes (Burzyan, Usergan, Baylar, Surash and others) emerged on the basis of the Turkic early medieval communities in the 7th century AD and subsequently mixed with the Finno-Ugric tribes and tribal groups of Sarmatian origin. In the XIII century, nomadic Kypchakized tribes invaded Historical Bashkortostan, which formed the appearance of modern Bashkirs.

The versions of the origin of the Bashkir people are not limited to this. Fascinated by philology and archeology, public figure Salavat Gallyamov put forward a hypothesis according to which the ancestors of the Bashkirs once left ancient Mesopotamia and reached the Southern Urals through Turkmenistan. However, in the scientific community, this version is considered a "fairy tale."

Mari or Cheremis

The history of the Finno-Ugric people of the Mari begins at the beginning of the first millennium BC, along with the formation of the so-called Ananyin archaeological culture in the Volga-Kama region (VIII-II centuries BC).

Some historians identify them with the semi-legendary Fissagetes, an ancient people who, according to Herodotus, lived near the Scythian lands. Of these, the Mari subsequently stood out, settled from the right bank of the Volga to the mouths of the Sura and Tsivil.

During the early Middle Ages, they were in close interaction with the Gothic, Khazar tribes and Volga Bulgaria. The Mari were annexed to Russia in 1552, after the conquest of the Kazan Khanate.

Saami

The ancestors of the northern Saami people, the Komsa culture, came north in the Neolithic era, when these lands were freed from the glacier. The Saami ethnos, whose name is translated as "land" itself, has its roots in the carriers of the ancient Volga culture and the Dauphine Caucasoid population. The latter, known in the scientific world as the culture of reticulated ceramics, inhabited in the II-I millennium BC a wide territory from the middle Volga region to the north of Fennoscandia, including Karelia.

According to the historian I. Manyukhin, having mixed with the Volga tribes, they formed an ancient Sami historical community from three related cultures: late Kargopol in Belozerye, Kargopol and South-Eastern Karelia, Luukonsaari in Eastern Finland and Western Karelia, Kjelmo and "Arctic", in northern Karelia, Finland, Sweden, Norway and the Kola Peninsula.

Along with this, the Sami language arises and the physical appearance of the Lapps (the Russian designation of the Sami) is formed, which is inherent in these peoples today - short stature, wide-set blue eyes and blond hair.

Probably, the first written mention of the Saami dates back to 325 BC and is found in the ancient Greek historian Pytheas, who mentioned a certain people "Fenni" (finoi). Subsequently, Tacitus wrote about them in the 1st century AD, talking about the wild people of the Fenians living in the region of Lake Ladoga. Today, the Saami live in Russia on the territory of the Murmansk region in the status of the indigenous population.

Peoples of Dagestan

On the territory of Dagestan, where the remains of a human settlement dating back to the 6th millennium BC are found, many peoples can boast of their ancient origin. This is especially true for the peoples of the Caucasian type - the Dargins, the Laks. According to the historian V. Alekseev, the Caucasian group was formed on the same territory that it now occupies on the basis of the most ancient local population of the Late Stone Age.

Vainakhi

The Vainakh peoples, which include the Chechens (“Nokhchi”) and the Ingush (“Galgai”), as well as many peoples of Dagestan, belong to the ancient Caucasian anthropological types, as the Soviet anthropologist prof. Debets, "the most Caucasian of all Caucasians." Their roots should be sought in the Kuro-Araks archaeological culture that lived on the territory of the North Caucasus in the 4th and early 3rd millennium BC, as well as in the Maikop culture, which settled in the foothills of the North Caucasus in the same period.

Mentions of the Vainakhs in written sources are found for the first time by Strabo, who in his "Geography" mentions certain "Gargarei" living in the small foothills and plains of the Central Caucasus.

In the Middle Ages, the formation of the Vainakh peoples was strongly influenced by the state of Alania in the foothills of the North Caucasus, which fell in the 13th century under the hooves of the Mongol cavalry.

Yukagirs

The small Siberian people of the Yukaghirs ("people of the Mezloty" or "distant people") can be called the most ancient people in Russia. According to the historian A. Okladnikov, this ethnos stood out in the Stone Age, approximately in the 7th millennium BC, east of the Yenisei.

Anthropologists believe that this people, genetically isolated from their closest neighbors - the Tungus, is the oldest layer of the autochthonous population of polar Siberia. Their archaism is also evidenced by the long-preserved custom of matrilocal marriage, when, after marriage, the husband lives on the territory of his wife.

Until the 19th century, numerous Yukaghir tribes (Alai, Anaul, Kogime, Lavrentsy and others) occupied a vast territory from the Lena River to the mouth of the Anadyr River. In the 19th century, their numbers began to decline significantly as a result of epidemics and civil strife. Some of the tribes were assimilated by the Yakuts, Evens and Russians. According to the 2002 census, the number of Yukagirs was reduced to 1509 people.