Which of the named writers are considered classicists? Classicism in foreign literature

Composition

The tale of E. T. Hoffmann “The Nutcracker and the Mouse King” is one of the most famous works writer. In it, the author teaches us lessons of kindness, understanding, mercy, courage and selflessness.

We can say that Goffman teaches us morality - those norms that are accepted in society and should determine human behavior. So, we all know that we need to be kind, treat each other with attention and sensitivity, help our neighbor in trouble, protect the weak, not lie, and boldly fight for what is right. The characters in The Nutcracker do just that.

The girl Marie fell in love with the unsightly and ugly Nutcracker at first sight. She was able to look into his soul and understand that he was a kind and brave creature: “Marie noticed how good natured his face shone.”

That is why Marie was very upset when her brother Fritz broke three of the little man’s teeth. The heroine is ready to defend her pet with all her might: “No, no! - Marie screamed crying. “I won’t give you my dear Nutcracker.” She takes care of the poor Nutcracker, trying to make him feel less pain that Fritz caused him.

And in the future, Marie helps her pet in every possible way - for the sake of her friend, she is ready to do anything. The girl fearlessly enters into battle with the mouse king, gives him all her delicacies, as long as he does not touch the little man: “Marie did not regret the sweets at all: in the depths of her soul she was happy, because she thought that she had saved the Nutcracker.”

But it’s not enough for the mice - they wanted to get all of Marie’s riches.

In the fight against mouse king everyone unites - Marie, her brother Fritz, and, of course, the Nutcracker. This little man takes the fight and defeats the mouse villain. And then, as a sign of gratitude and love for Marie, he takes her to the Doll Kingdom and introduces her as his savior: “Here is Mademoiselle Marie Stahlbaum, the daughter of a very worthy medical adviser and my savior.”

The fairy tale ends with the victory of good over evil, hope over unbelief, patience over indifference. As a reward for everything, Marie not only becomes a friend of the Nutcracker, but also real life meets the nephew of Councilor Drosselmeyer - his love. Thus, Goffman tells us that kindness, patience, care, sensitivity, courage, faith can defeat any evil and make a person truly happy.

In literature, classicism originated and spread in France in the 17th century. Nicolas Boileau is considered the theorist of classicism, who formed the basic principles of the style in the article “ Poetic art" The name comes from the Latin “classicus” - exemplary, which emphasizes the artistic basis of the style - the images and forms of antiquity, which they began to cherish special interest at the end of the Renaissance. The emergence of classicism is associated with the formation of the principles of a centralized state and the ideas of “enlightened” absolutism in it.

Classicism glorifies the concept of reason, believing that only with the help of the mind can one obtain and organize a picture of the world. Therefore, the main thing in a work becomes its idea (that is, main idea and the form of the work must be in harmony), and the main thing in the conflict of reason and feelings is reason and duty.

The basic principles of classicism, characteristic of both foreign and domestic literature:

• Forms and images from ancient (ancient Greek and Roman) literature: tragedy, ode, comedy, epic, poetic odic and satirical forms.
• A clear division of genres into “high” and “low”. The “high” ones include ode, tragedy and epic, the “low” ones, as a rule, are funny - comedy, satire, fable.
• A distinctive division of heroes into good and bad.
• Compliance with the principle of the trinity of time, place, action.

Classicism in Russian literature

XVIII century

In Russia, classicism appeared much later than in European countries, since it was “imported” along with European works and enlightenment. The existence of style on Russian soil is usually placed within the following framework:

1. The end of the 1720s, literature of Peter’s time, secular literature, different from the church literature that previously dominated in Russia.

The style began to develop first in translated works, then in original works. With the development of Russian classical tradition the names of A. D. Kantemir, A. P. Sumarokov and V. K. Trediakovsky (reformers and developers) are associated literary language, they worked on poetic forms - on odes and satires).

1. 1730-1770 - the heyday of the style and its evolution. Associated with the name of M.V. Lomonosov, who wrote tragedies, odes, and poems.
2. The last quarter of the 18th century saw the emergence of sentimentalism and the beginning of the crisis of classicism. The time of late classicism is associated with the name of D. I. Fonvizin, the author of tragedies, dramas and comedies; G. R. Derzhavin (poetic forms), A. N. Radishchev (prose and poetic works).

(A. N. Radishchev, D. I. Fonvizin, P. Ya. Chaadaev)

D. I. Fonvizin and A. N. Radishchev became not only developers, but also destroyers of the stylistic unity of classicism: Fonvizin in comedies violates the principle of the trinity, introducing ambiguity in the assessment of heroes. Radishchev becomes the harbinger and developer of sentimentalism, providing psychologism to the narrative, rejecting its conventions.

(Representatives of classicism)

19th century

It is believed that classicism existed by inertia until the 1820s, but during late classicism the works created within its framework were classical only formally, or its principles were used deliberately to create a comic effect.

Russian classicism of the early 19th century is moving away from its breakthrough features: affirmation of the primacy of reason, civic pathos, opposition to the arbitrariness of religion, against its oppression over reason, criticism of the monarchy.

Classicism in foreign literature

Initial classicism was based on the theoretical developments of ancient authors - Aristotle and Horace (“Poetics” and “Epistle to the Piso”).

IN European literature with identical principles, the style ends its existence in the 1720s. Representatives of classicism in France: Francois Malherbe ( poetic works, reformation poetic language,), J. Lafontaine ( satirical works, fable), J.-B. Moliere (comedy), Voltaire (drama), J.-J. Rousseau (late classicist prose writer, harbinger of sentimentalism).

There are two stages in the development of European classicism:

• The development and flourishing of the monarchy, contributing to the positive development of the economy, science and culture. At this stage, representatives of classicism see their task as glorifying the monarch, establishing her inviolability (Francois Malherbe, Pierre Corneille, leading genres - ode, poem, epic).
• The crisis of the monarchy, the discovery of shortcomings in political system. Writers do not glorify, but rather criticize the monarchy. (J. Lafontaine, J.-B. Moliere, Voltaire, leading genres - comedy, satire, epigram).

MBOU "Pogromskaya average" secondary school named after A.D. Bondarenko" Volokonovsky district, Belgorod region

Literature test

for 9th grade

"Classicism in Literature"

Prepared

teacher of Russian language and literature

Morozova Alla Stanislavovna

With. Pogromets

2013

Explanatory note

Literature test for 9th grade “Classicism in Literature” allows you to determine the level of students’ knowledge on this topic. The work contains questions on the theory of literature, questions on knowledge of classicism as a literary movement, on knowledge of the main names of classicism.

For each question, three answer options are given, one of which is correct.

The presented test can be used in a literature lesson after studying this topic.

Evaluation criteria:

“5” - 19 – 20 points

“4” - 16 – 18 points

“3” - 12 – 15 points

“2” - 0 – 11 points

1. The term “classicism” is translated from Latin language How

1) sensual

2) effective

3) exemplary

2. Classicism is

1) direction (current) in literature and art of the second half XVIII century, marked by increased interest in human feeling, emotional perception the surrounding world.

2) artistic direction(current) in art and literature XVII – early XIX century, which is characterized by high civic themes and strict adherence to certain creative norms and rules.

3) artistic direction (current) in art and literature, reflecting the artist’s desire to true portrayal reality.

3. Classicism as literary direction originated

1) in France

2) in Russia

3) in England

4. Who created the expanded aesthetic theory classicism?

1) N. Boileau

2) J.B. Moliere

3) P. Corneille

5. The main property of classicism:

1) the desire to present the human personality in motion

2) appeal to images and forms ancient art like classic and ideal examples

3) dominance of the subjective over the objective

6. Based on the aesthetics of classicism

1) elegiac moods

2) proclamation of the artist’s creative activity

3) the principle of rationalism and “imitation of nature”

7. Characteristic of classicism

1) the theory of “three calms”, dramatic trinity, the main conflict between feeling and reason

2) dual world, loneliness lyrical hero, theme of freedom

3) image typical heroes V typical circumstances

1) A.P. Sumarokov, A.S. Griboyedov, N.M. Karamzin
2) A.P. Sumarokov, A.S. Griboyedov, N.M. Karamzin
3) M.V. Lomonosov, D.I. Fonvizin, V. K. Trediakovsky

1) D.I. Fonvizin

2) M.V. Lomonosov

3) V.K. Trediakovsky

10. Classicism appeared in Russia

1) XVII century

2) 30s XVIII century

3) second half XVIII century

11. Which feature does not belong to classicism?

1) cult of reason;

2) work of art organized as an artificial, logically constructed whole;

3) cult of feeling.

12. K high genres include

1) comedy, tragedy, ode;

2) comedy, epic, ode;

3) comedy, satire, ode.

13. Who laid the foundation for the dramatic system of classicism?

1) M.V. Lomonosov

2) V.K. Trediakovsky

3) A.P. Sumarokov

14. The pinnacle of Russian classicism is creativity

1) D.I. Fonvizina

2) M.V. Lomonosov

3) V.K. Trediakovsky

15. Which of the representatives of Russian classicism managed to combine the themes and vocabulary of “high calm” and vernacular?

1) M.V. Lomonosov

2) D.I. Fonvizin

3) G.R. Derzhavin

16. What can be called the main slogan of classicism?

1) imitation of nature;

2) sensory perception;

3) a look at life “through the prism of the heart.”

17. What was the name of the work in which N. Boileau created a detailed aesthetic theory of classicism?

1) “Poetic art”

2) “Art and Poetry”

3) “Classicism in art”

18. The rule of “three unities” includes

1) unity of time, place and heroes;

2) unity of time, place and action;

3) unity of genre, place and action.

19. For classical play characterized by a “role system”. How do you understand what it is role?

1) the type of character that does not take part in the intrigue;

2) a type of character that actively participates in intrigue;

3) the type of character that moves from play to play.

20. Low genres include

1) comedy, satire, fable;

2) comedy, epic, ode;

3) comedy, satire, tragedy.

Answers

1

Literature