Watch Lotman's conversations about Russian culture. Yuri Lotman Conversations about Russian culture

Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman (1922 – 1993) – cultural scientist, founder of the Tartu-Moscow semiotic school. The author of numerous works on the history of Russian culture from the point of view of semiotics, he developed his own general theory culture, set out in the work “Culture and Explosion” (1992).

The text is published according to the publication: Yu. M. Lotman Conversations about Russian culture. Life and traditions of the Russian nobility ( XVIII-early XIX century). St. Petersburg, - “Art - St. Petersburg”. – 1994.

Life and culture

Devoting conversations to Russian life and culture XVIII – beginning of the 19th century, we must first of all determine the meaning of the concepts “life”, “culture”, “Russian culture XVIII – beginning of the 19th century" and their relationships with each other. At the same time, let us make a reservation that the concept of “culture,” which belongs to the most fundamental in the cycle of human sciences, can itself become the subject of a separate monograph and has repeatedly become so. It would be strange if in this book we set out to solve controversial issues related to this concept. It is very comprehensive: it includes morality, the whole range of ideas, human creativity, and much more. It will be quite enough for us to limit ourselves to that side of the concept of “culture” that is necessary to illuminate our relatively narrow topic.

Culture comes first – a collective concept. An individual can be a carrier of culture, can actively participate in its development, however, by its nature, culture, like language, – a public phenomenon, that is, social.

Consequently, culture is something common to any group – groups of people living at the same time and connected by a certain social organization. From this it follows that culture is form of communication between people and is possible only in a group in which people communicate. ( Organizational structure uniting people living at the same time is called synchronous, and we will further use this concept when defining a number of aspects of the phenomenon that interests us).

Any structure serving the sphere social communication, there is a language. This means that it forms a certain system of signs used in accordance with the rules known to the members of a given group. We call signs any material expression (words, drawings, things, etc.) that has the meaning and thus can serve as a means conveying meaning.

Consequently, culture has, firstly, a communication and, secondly, a symbolic nature. Let's focus on this last one. Let's think about something as simple and familiar as bread. Bread is material and visible. It has weight, shape, it can be cut and eaten. Bread eaten comes into physiological contact with a person. In this function of it, one cannot ask about it: what does it mean? It has a use, not a meaning. But when we say: “Give us this day our daily bread,” – the word “bread” does not just mean bread as a thing, but has a broader meaning: “food necessary for life.” And when in the Gospel of John we read the words of Christ: “I am the bread of life; he who comes to Me will not hunger” (John 6:35), then before us – complex symbolic meaning of both the object itself and the word denoting it.

The sword is also nothing more than an object. As a thing, it can be forged or broken, it can be placed in a museum display case, and it can kill a person. This is all – using it as an object, but when attached to a belt or supported by a baldric placed on the hip, the sword symbolizes free man and is a “sign of freedom”, it already appears as a symbol and belongs to culture.

In the 18th century, Russian and European noblemen do not carry a sword – hanging on his side is a sword (sometimes a tiny, almost toy ceremonial sword, which is practically not a weapon). In this case the sword – symbol symbol: it means a sword, and a sword means belonging to a privileged class.

Belonging to the nobility also means being bound by certain rules of behavior, principles of honor, even the cut of clothing. We know of cases when “wearing clothes indecent for a nobleman” (that is, peasant dress) or also a beard “indecent for a nobleman” became a matter of concern for the political police and the emperor himself.

Sword as a weapon, sword as part of clothing, sword as a symbol, sign of nobility – all these are different functions of an object in the general context of culture.

In its various incarnations, a symbol can simultaneously be a weapon suitable for direct practical use, or be completely separated from its immediate function. So, for example, a small sword specially designed for parades excluded practical use, in fact it was an image of a weapon, not a weapon. The parade sphere was separated from the battle sphere by emotions, body language and functions. Let us remember the words of Chatsky: “I will go to death as to a parade.” At the same time, in Tolstoy’s “War and Peace” we meet in the description of the battle an officer leading his soldiers into battle with a ceremonial (that is, useless) sword in his hands. The bipolar situation itself “battle” – the game of combat" created a complex relationship between weapons as symbols and weapons as reality. Thus, the sword (sword) becomes woven into the system of symbolic language of the era and becomes a fact of its culture.

We used the expression “centuries-old building of culture.” It is not accidental. We talked about the synchronous organization of culture. But we must immediately emphasize that culture always implies the preservation of previous experience. Moreover, one of the most important definitions of culture characterizes it as the “non-genetic” memory of the collective. Culture is memory. Therefore, it is always connected with history and always implies the continuity of the moral, intellectual, spiritual life of a person, society and humanity. And therefore, when we talk about our modern culture, we, perhaps without knowing it, are also talking about the enormous path that this culture has traveled. This path goes back thousands of years and crosses borders. historical eras, national cultures and immerses us in one culture – culture of humanity.

Therefore, culture is always, on the one hand, – a certain number of inherited texts, and on the other hand – inherited characters.

Symbols of a culture rarely appear in its synchronic cross-section. As a rule, they come from time immemorial and, modifying their meaning (but without losing the memory of their previous meanings), are transmitted to future states of culture. Such simple symbols as a circle, cross, triangle, wavy line, more complex ones: hand, eye, house – and even more complex ones (for example, rituals) accompany humanity throughout its millennia-old culture.

Therefore, culture is historical in nature. Its present itself always exists in relation to the past (real or constructed in the order of some mythology) and to forecasts of the future. These historical connections of culture are called diachronic. As we see, culture is eternal and universal, but at the same time it is always mobile and changeable. This is the difficulty of understanding the past (after all, it is gone, moved away from us). But this is the need to understand a bygone culture: it always contains what we need now, today.

A person changes, and to imagine the logic of the actions of a literary hero or people of the past – but we look up to them, and they somehow maintain our connection with the past, – one must imagine how they lived, what kind of world surrounded them, what their general ideas and moral ideas were, their official duties, customs, clothing, why they acted this way and not otherwise. This will be the topic of the proposed conversations.

Having thus determined the aspects of culture that interest us, we have the right, however, to ask the question: does not the expression “culture and life” itself contain a contradiction, do these phenomena lie on different planes? Really, what is everyday life? Life – this is the usual course of life in its real-practical forms; everyday life – these are the things that surround us, our habits and everyday behavior. Everyday life surrounds us like air, and like air, it is noticeable to us only when it is missing or deteriorates. We notice the features of someone else’s life, but our own life is elusive to us – we are inclined to consider it “just life,” the natural norm of practical existence. So, everyday life is always in the sphere of practice; it is the world of things, first of all. How can he come into contact with the world of symbols and signs that make up the space of culture?

Turning to the history of everyday life, we easily distinguish in it deep forms, the connection of which with ideas, with the intellectual, moral, spiritual development of the era is self-evident. Thus, ideas about noble honor or court etiquette, although they belong to the history of everyday life, are inseparable from the history of ideas. But what about such seemingly external features of time as fashions, customs of everyday life, details of practical behavior and objects in which it is embodied? Is it really important for us to know what they looked like? "Lepage fatal trunks" from which Onegin killed Lensky, or – wider – imagine objective world Onegin?

However, the two types of household details and phenomena identified above are closely related. The world of ideas is inseparable from the world of people, and ideas – from everyday reality. Alexander Blok wrote:

Accidentally on a pocket knife

Find a speck of dust from distant lands –

And the world will appear strange again...

“Specks of dust from distant lands” of history are reflected in the texts that have been preserved for us – including in “texts in everyday language.” By recognizing them and being imbued with them, we comprehend the living past. From here – the method of offering the reader “Conversations about Russian culture” – to see history in the mirror of everyday life, and to illuminate small, sometimes seemingly scattered everyday details with the light of major historical events.

In what ways Is there an interpenetration of life and culture? For objects or customs of “ideologized life” this is self-evident: the language of court etiquette, for example, is impossible without real things, gestures, etc., in which it is embodied and which belong to everyday life. But how are those endless objects connected with culture, with the ideas of the era? everyday life mentioned above?

Our doubts will be dispelled if we remember that All The things around us are included not only in practice in general, but also in social practice, they become, as it were, clots of relations between people and in this function they are capable of acquiring a symbolic character.

In Pushkin’s “The Miserly Knight,” Albert waits for the moment when his father’s treasures pass into his hands in order to give them “true,” that is, practical use. But the baron himself is content with symbolic possession, because gold is for him – not yellow circles for which you can buy certain things, but a symbol of sovereignty. Makar Devushkin in Dostoevsky’s “Poor People” invents a special gait so that his holey soles are not visible. Leaky sole – real object; as a thing, it can cause trouble to the owner of the boots: wet feet, colds. But to an outside observer, a torn sole – This sign, the content of which is Poverty, and Poverty – one of the defining symbols of St. Petersburg culture. And Dostoevsky’s hero accepts the “view of culture”: he suffers not because he is cold, but because he is ashamed. It's a shame – one of the most powerful psychological levers of culture. So, everyday life, in its symbolic sense, is part of culture.

But there is another side to this question. A thing does not exist separately, as something isolated in the context of its time. Things are connected. In some cases, we mean a functional connection and then we talk about “unity of style.” The unity of style is the belonging, for example, of furniture, to a single artistic and cultural layer, a “common language” that allows things to “speak to each other.” When you enter a ridiculously furnished room filled with the most various styles, you feel as if you are in a market where everyone is shouting and no one listens to anyone else. But there may be another connection. For example, you say: “These are my grandmother’s things.” Thus, you establish a certain intimate connection between objects, due to the memory of a person dear to you, of his long-gone time, of his childhood. It is no coincidence that there is a custom of giving things as a keepsake. – things have memory. These are like words and notes that the past conveys to the future.

On the other hand, things powerfully dictate the gestures, style of behavior and, ultimately, the psychological attitude of their owners. So, for example, since women began to wear trousers, their gait has changed, it has become more sporty, more “masculine”. At the same time, there was an invasion of typically “male” gestures into female behavior (for example, the habit of crossing one’s legs high when sitting – the gesture is not only masculine, but also “American”; in Europe it was traditionally considered a sign of indecent swagger). An attentive observer may notice that the previously sharply different manners of laughter between men and women have now lost their distinction, and precisely because women in the mass have adopted the masculine manner of laughter.

Things impose a behavior on us because they create a certain cultural context. After all, you need to be able to hold an ax, a shovel, a dueling pistol, a modern machine gun, a fan or the steering wheel of a car in your hands. In the old days they said: “He knows how (or does not know how) to wear a tailcoat.” It’s not enough to have your tailcoat sewn by the best tailor – To do this, it is enough to have money. You must also be able to wear it, and this, as the hero of Bulwer-Lytton’s novel “Pelham, or a Gentleman’s Adventure” reasoned, – a whole art that is given only to a true dandy. Anyone who has held both a modern weapon and an old dueling pistol in his hand cannot help but be amazed at how well, how smoothly the latter fits in the hand. You can't feel its heaviness – it becomes, as it were, an extension of the body. The fact is that ancient household items were made by hand, their shape was perfected over decades, and sometimes centuries, the secrets of production were passed on from master to master. This not only produced the most convenient form, but also inevitably turned the thing into the history of a thing in memory of the gestures associated with it. The thing, on the one hand, gave the human body new capabilities, and on the other – included a person in tradition, that is, both developed and limited his individuality.

However, everyday life – This is not only the life of things, it is also customs, the entire ritual of daily behavior, the structure of life that determines the daily routine, the time of various activities, the nature of work and leisure, forms of recreation, games, love ritual and funeral ritual. The connection between this aspect of everyday life and culture requires no explanation. After all, it is in it that those features are revealed by which we usually recognize our own and the stranger, a person of a particular era, an Englishman or a Spaniard.

Custom has another function. Not all laws of behavior are recorded in writing. Writing dominates in the legal, religious, and ethical spheres. However, in human life there is a vast area of customs and decency. “There is a way of thinking and feeling, there is a darkness of customs, beliefs and habits that belong exclusively to some people.” These norms belong to culture, they are enshrined in forms of everyday behavior, everything that is said about: “this is customary, this is decent.” These norms are transmitted through everyday life and are closely related to the sphere of folk poetry. They become part of the cultural memory.

Questions to the text:

1. How does Y. Lotman define the meaning of the concepts “life” and “culture”?

2. What, from the point of view of Y. Lotman, is the symbolic nature of culture?

3. How does the interpenetration of life and culture occur?

4. Prove using examples from modern life that the things around us are included in social practice, and in this function they acquire a symbolic character.

Microhistory

Yu. M. Lotman

CONVERSATIONS ABOUT RUSSIAN CULTURE

Life and traditions of the Russian nobility (XVIII - early XIX centuries)

In loving memory of my parents Alexandra Samoilovna and Mikhail Lvovich Lotman

The publication was published with the assistance of the Federal Target Program for Book Publishing of Russia and the International Foundation “Cultural Initiative”.

“Conversations about Russian Culture” belongs to the pen of the brilliant researcher of Russian culture Yu. M. Lotman. At one time, the author responded with interest to the proposal of “Arts - SPB” to prepare a publication based on a series of lectures that he gave on television. He carried out the work with great responsibility - the composition was specified, the chapters were expanded, and new versions appeared. The author signed the book for inclusion, but did not see it published - on October 28, 1993, Yu. M. Lotman died. His living word addressed to an audience of millions, this book has preserved. It immerses the reader in the world of everyday life of the Russian nobility of the 18th - early 19th centuries. We see people of a distant era in the nursery and in the ballroom, on the battlefield and at the card table, we can examine in detail the hairstyle, the cut of the dress, the gesture, the demeanor. At the same time everyday life for the author - a historical-psychological category, a sign system, that is, a kind of text. He teaches to read and understand this text, where the everyday and the existential are inseparable.

"Meeting motley chapters", whose heroes were outstanding historical figures, reigning persons, ordinary people of the era, poets, literary characters, are connected together by the thought of the continuity of the cultural and historical process, the intellectual and spiritual connection of generations.

IN special issue Tartu "Russian Newspaper", dedicated to the death of Yu. M. Lotman, among his statements, recorded and saved by colleagues and students, we find words that contain the quintessence of his last book: “History passes through a person’s House, through his private life. It is not titles, orders or royal favor, but the “independence of a person” that turns him into a historical figure.”

The publishing house thanks State Hermitage Museum and the State Russian Museum, which donated the engravings stored in their collections for reproduction in this publication.

INTRODUCTION:

Life and culture

Having devoted conversations to Russian life and culture of the 18th - early 19th centuries, we must first of all determine the meaning of the concepts “life”, “culture”, “Russian culture of the 18th - early 19th centuries” and their relationships with each other. At the same time, let us make a reservation that the concept of “culture,” which belongs to the most fundamental in the cycle of human sciences, can itself become the subject of a separate monograph and has repeatedly become so. It would be strange if in this book we set out to resolve controversial issues related to this concept. It is very comprehensive: it includes morality, the whole range of ideas, human creativity, and much more. It will be quite enough for us to limit ourselves to that side of the concept of “culture” that is necessary to illuminate our relatively narrow topic.

Culture, first of all, - collective concept. An individual can be a carrier of culture, can actively participate in its development, nevertheless, by its nature, culture, like language, is a social phenomenon, that is, social.

Consequently, culture is something common to a collective - a group of people living simultaneously and connected by a certain social organization. From this it follows that culture is form of communication between people and is possible only in a group in which people communicate. (An organizational structure that unites people living at the same time is called synchronous, and we will further use this concept when defining a number of aspects of the phenomenon that interests us).

Any structure serving the sphere of social communication is a language. This means that it forms a certain system of signs used in accordance with the rules known to the members of a given group. We call signs any material expression (words, drawings, things, etc.) that has the meaning and thus can serve as a means conveying meaning.

Consequently, culture has, firstly, a communication and, secondly, a symbolic nature. Let's focus on this last one. Let's think about something as simple and familiar as bread. Bread is material and visible. It has weight, shape, it can be cut and eaten. Bread eaten comes into physiological contact with a person. In this function of it, one cannot ask about it: what does it mean? It has a use, not a meaning. But when we say: “Give us this day our daily bread,” the word “bread” does not just mean bread as a thing, but has a broader meaning: “food necessary for life.” And when in the Gospel of John we read the words of Christ: “I am the bread of life; he who comes to Me will not hunger” (John 6:35), then we have before us a complex symbolic meaning of both the object itself and the word denoting it.

The sword is also nothing more than an object. As a thing, it can be forged or broken, it can be placed in a museum display case, and it can kill a person. This is all - the use of it as an object, but when, attached to a belt or supported by a baldric placed on the hip, the sword symbolizes a free person and is a “sign of freedom”, it already appears as a symbol and belongs to culture.

In the 18th century, a Russian and European nobleman does not carry a sword - a sword hangs on his side (sometimes a tiny, almost toy ceremonial sword, which is practically not a weapon). In this case, the sword is a symbol of a symbol: it means a sword, and the sword means belonging to a privileged class.

A sword as a weapon, a sword as a part of clothing, a sword as a symbol, a sign of nobility - all these are different functions of an object in the general context of culture.

In its various incarnations, a symbol can simultaneously be a weapon suitable for direct practical use, or be completely separated from its immediate function. So, for example, a small sword specially designed for parades excluded practical use, in fact it was an image of a weapon, not a weapon. The parade sphere was separated from the battle sphere by emotions, body language and functions. Let us remember the words of Chatsky: “I will go to death as to a parade.” At the same time, in Tolstoy’s “War and Peace” we meet in the description of the battle an officer leading his soldiers into battle with a ceremonial (that is, useless) sword in his hands. The very bipolar situation of “fight - game of battle” created a complex relationship between weapons as a symbol and weapons as a reality. Thus, the sword (sword) becomes woven into the system of symbolic language of the era and becomes a fact of its culture.

And here’s another example, in the Bible (Book of Judges, 7:13–14) we read: “Gideon has come [and hears]. And so, one tells the other a dream, and says: I dreamed that round barley bread was rolling through the camp of Midian and, rolling towards the tent, hit it so that it fell, knocked it over, and the tent fell apart. Another answered him, “This is none other than the sword of Gideon...” Here bread means sword, and sword means victory. And since the victory was won with the cry “The sword of the Lord and Gideon!”, without a single blow (the Midianites themselves beat each other: “the Lord turned the sword of one against another in the whole camp”), then the sword here is a sign of the power of the Lord, and not of military victory .

So, the area of culture is always the area of symbolism.

Author: Lotman Yuri
Title: Conversations about Russian culture
Performer: Evgeniy Ternovsky
Genre: historical. Life and traditions of the Russian nobility of the 18th and early 19th centuries
Publisher: Can't buy it anywhere
Year of publication: 2015
Read from the publication: St. Petersburg: Art - St. Petersburg, 1994
Cleared by: knigofil
Processed by: knigofil
Cover: Vasya from Mars
Quality: mp3, 96 kbps, 44 kHz, Mono
Duration: 24:39:15

Description:
The author is an outstanding theorist and cultural historian, founder of the Tartu-Moscow semiotic school. Its readership is huge - from specialists to whom works on the typology of culture are addressed, to schoolchildren who have picked up the “Commentary” to “Eugene Onegin”. The book was created on the basis of a series of television lectures telling about the culture of the Russian nobility. Bygone era presented through the realities of everyday life, brilliantly recreated in the chapters “Duel”, “Card Game”, “Ball”, etc. The book is populated by heroes of Russian literature and historical figures- among them Peter I, Suvorov, Alexander I, Decembrists. Actual novelty and wide circle literary associations, fundamentality and liveliness of presentation make it a most valuable publication in which any reader will find something interesting and useful for themselves.
For students, the book will be a necessary addition to the course of Russian history and literature.

The publication was published with the assistance of the Federal Target Program for Book Publishing of Russia and the International Foundation “Cultural Initiative”.
“Conversations about Russian Culture” belongs to the pen of the brilliant researcher of Russian culture Yu. M. Lotman. At one time, the author responded with interest to the proposal of “Arts - SPB” to prepare a publication based on a series of lectures that he gave on television. He carried out the work with great responsibility - the composition was specified, the chapters were expanded, and new versions appeared. The author signed the book for inclusion, but did not see it published - on October 28, 1993, Yu. M. Lotman died. His living word, addressed to an audience of millions, was preserved in this book. It immerses the reader in the world of everyday life of the Russian nobility of the 18th - early 19th centuries. We see people of a distant era in the nursery and in the ballroom, on the battlefield and at the card table, we can examine in detail the hairstyle, the cut of the dress, the gesture, the demeanor. At the same time, everyday life for the author is a historical-psychological category, a sign system, that is, a kind of text. He teaches to read and understand this text, where the everyday and the existential are inseparable.
“A collection of motley chapters”, the heroes of which were outstanding historical figures, reigning persons, ordinary people of the era, poets, literary characters, is connected together by the thought of the continuity of the cultural and historical process, the intellectual and spiritual connection of generations.
In a special issue of the Tartu “Russian Newspaper” dedicated to the death of Yu. M. Lotman, among his statements recorded and saved by colleagues and students, we find words that contain the quintessence of his last book: “History passes through a person’s House, through his private life. It is not titles, orders or royal favor, but the “independence of a person” that turns him into a historical figure.”
The publishing house thanks the State Hermitage and the State Russian Museum, which provided engravings stored in their collections free of charge for reproduction in this publication.

INTRODUCTION: Life and culture
PART ONE
People and ranks
Women's World
Women's education in the 18th - early 19th centuries
PART TWO
Ball
Matchmaking. Marriage. Divorce
Russian dandyism
Card game
Duel
The Art of Living
Summary of the journey
PART THREE
"Chicks of Petrov's Nest"
Ivan Ivanovich Neplyuev - reform apologist
Mikhail Petrovich Avramov - critic of the reform
Age of heroes
A. N. Radishchev
A. V. Suvorov
Two women
People of 1812
Decembrist in everyday life
INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION: “Between the double abyss...”

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CH OBTPDOYUEULYI LTHZBI Y CH PLTHTSEOYY b. y. zETGEOB UKHEEUFCHPCHBMB FEODEOGYS CHYDEFSH CH UFBTPPVTSDGBI CHSTBYFEMEK NOEOYK CHUEZP OBTPDB Y ABOUT LFPN PUOPCHBOY LPOUFTKHYTPCHBFSH PFOPYEOYE LTEUFSHSOUFCHB L REFTKH. h DBMSHOEKYEN bfkh FPYULH ЪTEOYS KHUCHPYMY TKHUULYE UYNCHPMYUFSH - d.u. NETETSLPCHULIK Y DT., PFPTSDEUFCHMSCHYE UELFBOFPCH Y RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK TBULPMB UP CHUEN OBTPDPN. chPRTPU LFPF OHTSDBEFUS CH DBMSHOEKYEN VEURTYUFTBUFOPN YUUMEDPCHBOYY. pFNEFYN MYYSH, YuFP FBLYE, UDEMBCHYYEUS HCE RTYCHSHCHYUOSCHNY KHFCHETTSDEOYS, LBL NOOOYE YJCHEUFOPZP YUUMEDPCHBFEMS MHVLB d. MY" Y TSD MYUFPCH ABOUT FENH "UFBTYL Y CHEDSHNB" SCHMSAFUS UBFYTBNY ABOUT REFTB, ABOUT RPCHETLH PLBSCHCHBAFUS OH ABOUT YUEN OE PUOPCHBOOSCHNY.

CHRPUMEDUFCHYY, PUPVEOOOP RTY OYLPMBE I, RPMPTSEOYE NEOSMPUSH CH UFPTPOH CHUE VPMSHYEZP RTECHTBEEOOYS DCHPTSOUFCHB CH ЪBNLOKHFHA LBUFKH. hTPCHEOSH YUYOB, RTY LPFPTPN OEDCHPTSOYO RPMKHYUBM DCHPTSOUFChP, CHUE CHTENS RPCHSHCHYBMUS.

RTEDRPYUFEOYE, DBCHBENPE CHYOULPK UMKHTSVE, PFTBYMPUSH CH RPMOPN ЪБЗМБЧй ЪБЛПОБ: “fBVEMSH P TBOOZBI CHUEI YUYOPCH, CHYOULYI, UFBFULYI Y RTDCHPTOSHI, LPFPTSHCHE CH L PFPTPPN LMBUUE YYOSCH; Y LPFPTSCHE CH PDOPN LMBUUE, FE YNEAF RP UFBTYOUFCHCH CHTENEY CHUFKHRMEOYS CH YUYO NETSDH UPVPA, PDOBLPTs CHYOULYE CHCHIE RTPFUYI, IPFS V Y UFBTEE LFP CH FPN LMBUUE RPTsBMPCHBO V ShchM". iBTBLFETOP Y DTHZPE: OBYUYCH CHYOULYE YYOSCH I LMBUUB (ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDNBTYBM CH UHIPRKHFOSHY ZEOETBM-BDNYTBM CH NPTULYI CHPKULBI), REFT PUFBCHYM RKHUFSHNY NEUFB I LMBUUB CH UFBFULPK Y RTYDCHPTOPK UMKHTSVE. mYYSH KHLBBOYE UEOBFB, YuFP LFP RPUFBCHYF THUULYI DYRMPNBFPCH RTY UOPYEOYSI U YOPUFTBOOSCHNY DCHPTBNY CH OETBCHOPE RPMPTSEOYE, KHVEDIMP EZP CH OEPVIPDYNPUFY I LMBUUB Y DMS U FBFULPK UMKhTSVSHCH (YN UFBM LBOGMET). rTYDCHPTOBS CE UMHTSVB FBL Y PUFBMBUSH VEJ CHUYEZP HSE.

YOFETEUOP, YuFP DChPTSOUFChP, VSHUFTP TBPTSCHIYEUS Ch 1830-1840-e ZPDSH, FPTSE CHOUMP BLFYCHOSCHK CHLMBD CH ZHPTNYTPCHBOIE TKHUULPK YOFEMMYZEOGYY. rTPZHEUYPOBMSHOPE DPTEZHTNEOOPE YUYOPCHOYUEUFCHP PLBBBMPUSH Y ЪDEUSH OBYUYFEMSHOP NEOO BLFYCHOSCHN.

TENPOF MPYBDEK - FEIOYUUEULYK FETNYO CH LBCHBMETYY, POBYUBAEIK RPRPMOOYE Y PVOPCHMEOYE LPOULZP UPUFBCHB. DMS ЪБЛХРЛІ МПYБДЭК ПжІГОП У ЛБЪООШНЯ УХНННБНY ПНННБНИ ПНБОПДІПЧБМUS ABOUT PDOKH Ъ VPMSHYI ETSEPDOSCHI LPOULYI STNBTPL. rPULPMSHLH MPYBDY RPLHRBMYUSH X RPNEEYLPCH - MYG YUBUFOSHCHI, RTPCHETLY UKHNNSH TEBMSHOP YUFTBYOOOSCHI DEOEZ ZHBLFYUEULY OE VSHMP. zBTBOFYSNY TEBMSHOPUFY UKHNNSH DEOETSOSHI FTBF VSHMY, U PDOPK UFPTPOSCH, DPCHETYE L LPNBODYTPCHBOOPNH PZHYGETH, B U DTHZPK - PRSCHFOPUFSH RPMLPCHPZP OYUBMSHUFCHB, TBVYTBCH EZPUS CH UFPYNPUFY MPYBDEC.

OBDP ULBBFSH, YuFP UMKhTSVB VEJ TsBMPCHBOSHS VShchMB DPChPMSHOP YBUFSHCHN SCHMEOYEN, B b. neoyylpch ch 1726 ZPDH CHPPVEE PFNEOIM TsBMPCHBOSHE NEMLYN YUYOPCHOILBN, ZPCHPTS, YuFP POY Y FBL VETHF NOPZP CHUSFPL.

CH VSHFPRYUBOYSI XVIII UFPMEFYS YJCHEUFEO UMKHYUBK, LPZDB OELYK ZPUFSH UPTPL MEF TEZKHMSTOP RPSCHMSMUS ABOUT PVEDBI X PDOPZP CHEMSHNPTSY. pDOBLP, LPZDB LFPF YUEMPCHEL HNET, PLBBBMPUSH, YuFP OILFP, CHLMAYUBS IPЪSYOB, OE OBBM, LFP ON FBLPK Y LBLPCHP EZP YNS.

CHUE ЪBLPOSH GYFYTHAFUS RP YЪDBOYA: rPMOPE UPVTBOYE ЪBLPOPCH tPUUYKULPK YNRETYY, RPCHEMEOYEN ZPUKHDBTS OYLPMBS rBCHMPCHYUB UPUFBCHMEOOPE. (1649 -1825). f. 1 -45. urV., 1830.

UFBTSHCHK RTYOGYR, PDOBLP, OE VShchM DP LPOGB KHOYUFPTSEO. bFP PFTTBTSBMPUSH CH FPN, YuFP RETYPDYUEULY CH UYUFENKH PTDEOPCH CHTSCHCHBMYUSH OE HUMPCHOSCH, B NBFETYBMSHOSCH GEOOPUFY. fBL, PTDEOULBS ЪCHEDB U VTYMMYBOFBNY YNEMB OBYUEOYE PUVPK UFEREOY PFMYYUYS

PZHYGBMSHOPE OBCHBOIE - PTDEO UC. yPBOOB yETHUBMYNULPZP. lBL YJCHEUFOP, rBCHEM I CHSM RPD RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHP PUFTPC nBMSHFH Y CH DELBVTE 1798 Z. PVIASCHYM UEWS CHEMILINE NBZYUFTPN nBMSHFYKULPZP PTDEOB. lPOYUOP, LFP VSHMP UPCHETYOOOP OECHPNPTSOSCHN: LBCHMETSH nBMSHFYKULPZP PTDEOB DBCHBMY PVEF VEJVTBUYS, B rBCHEM VSHM HCE CHFPTYYUOP TSEOBF; LTPNE FPZP, nBMSHFYKULYK PTDEO - LBFPMYUEULYK, B TKHUULYK GBTSH, TBHNEEFUS, VSHM RTBCHPUMBCHOSCHN. OP rBCHEM I UYYFBM, UFP BY CHUE NPTsEF (DBCE MYFKHTZYA PFUMKHTSYM PDOBTDSCH!); CHUE, YuFP NPTsEF vPZ, RPD UYMKH Y TKHULPNKH YNRETBFPTH.

UT. RPЪDOAKEYE YTPOYUUEULPE YUFPMLPCHBOYE UENBOFYLY UMPCHB "UMKHTSYFSH" CH TEYU DCHPTSOOB Y TBOPYUYOGB-RPRPCHYUB: "BI, RPJCHPMSHFE, CHBYB ZHBNYMYSNOE OBLPNB - ts ЪБОПЧ. dB, FERTSH WITH RPNOA. NSHCH U CHBYN VBFAYLPK CHNEUFE UMKHTSYMY".. uFP TSE CHSHCHU OIN, CHUEOPEOKHA YMY PVEDOA UMKHTSYMY?" - URTPUYM tSBOPCH.. fP EUFSH LBL?" - "s OE OBA, LBL. dPMTSOP VSHFSH, UPVPTOE. b FP LBL TSE EEE?" rPUTEDOIL U OEDPHNEOYEN UNPFTEM ABOUT TSBOPCHB:. dB TBCHE CHBY VBFAYLB OE UMKHTSYM CH ZTPDOEOULYI ZHUBTBI?" - oEF; PO VPMSHYE CH UEMBY RTEUCHYFETPN UMKHTSYM"" (umERGPCH ch. b. uPYu. Ch 2-I F. n., 1957, F. 2, U. 58).

YJCHEUFOBS OBLMPOOPUFSH KHRPFTEVMSFSH CHSHCHUPLYE UMPCHB CH UOTSEOOOP-YTPOYUEULYI OBYOOYSI LPUOKHMBUSH RPPTSE Y CHSTBTTSEOYS “UMKHTTSYFSH YYUEUFY”. pOP OBYUBMP PVPOBYUBFSH FTBLFYTOHA RTYUMKHZKH, OE RPMKHYUBAEKHA PF IPЪSYOB TsBMPCHBOSHS Y UMKHTSBEKHA ЪB YUBECHSHCHE. uT. CHSTBTTSEOYE CH “prBUOPN UPUEDE” ch. m. ., 1971, U. 670).

FBN TSE, F. 5, U. 16, UP UUSCHMLPK ABOUT: tBVYOPCHYU n. d. - h LO.: tPUUYS CH RETYPD TEZHPTN rEFTB I. n., 1973, U 171; vKhZBOPCH h.y., rTEPVTBTSEOULYK b. b., fYIPOPCH a. b. ьChPMAGYS ZHEPDBMYNB CH tPUUYY. UPGYBMSHOP-LPOPNYUEULYE RTPVMENSHCH. n., 1980, U. 241.

FPMSHLP CH RTYDCHPTOPK UMHTSVE TSEOOEYOSCH UBNY YNEMY YYOSCH. h fBVEMY P TBOZBI OBIPDN: “dBNSH Y DECHYGSH RTY DCHPTE, DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP CH YUYOBY PVTEFBAEYEUS, YNEAF UMEDHAEYE TBOZY...” (rBNSFOLY TKHUULPZP RTBCHB. chShchR. 8, U. 186) - DBMEE UMEDPCHBMP YI RETEYUMEOYE.

UN.: UENEOPCHB m.o. PYUETLY YUFPTYY VSHFB Y LHMSHFKHTOPK TSYYOY tPUUYY: RETCHBS RPMPCHYOB XVIII CHELB m., 1982, U. 114-115; rETERYULB LOSZJOY e.r. xTHUPCHPK UP UCHPYNY DEFSHNY. - h LO.: uFBTYOB Y OPCHYOB. lO. 20. n., 1916; yuBUFOBS RETERYULB LOSS REFTB yCHBOPCHYUB iPCBOULPZP, EZP UENSHYY TPDUFCHEOILCH. - h LO. FBN CE, LO. 10; zTBNPFLY XVII - OBYUBMB XVIII CHELB. n., 1969.

UTEDOECHLPCHBS LOYZB VSHMB THLPRYUOPK. LOYZB XIX CHELB - LBL RTBCHYMP, REYUBFOPK (EUMY OE ZPCHPTYFSH P ЪBRTEEEOOOPK MYFETBFKHTE, P LHMSHFKHTE GETLPCHOPK Y OE KHYYFSHCHBFSH OELPFPTSCHI DTHZYI UREGYBMSHOSHI UMKHYUBECH). XVIII CHEL ЪBOYNBEF PUPVPE RPMPTSEOYE: THLPRYUOSCHE REYUBFOSCH LOYZY UKHEEUFCHHAF PDOPCHTEENOOOP, YOPZDB - LBL UPAYOILY, RPTPC - LBL UPRETOILY.

UN. CH “rHFEYUFCHYYY REFETVHTZB CH nPULCHH” b. O. tBDYEECHB, CH ZMBCHE “oPChZPTPD”, RPTFTEF TSEOSCH LHRGB: “rTBULPCHS DEOYUPCHOB, EZP OPCHPVTBUOBS UHRTKHZB, VEMB Y THNSOB. ъХВШЧ ЛБЛ ХЗПМШ. vTPCHY CH OYFLH, YUETOEE UBTSY.”

tPNBO LMBUUYUEULYK, UFBTYOOSHCHK,

pFNEOOOP DMYOOSHCHK, DMYOOSHCHK, DMYOOSHCHK,

OTBCHPHYUFEMSHOSHCHK Y YYOOOSCHK,

VE TPNBOFYUEULYI ЪBFEK.

ZETPYOS RPNSCH - oBFBMYS rBCHMPCHOB YUYFBMB FBLYE TPNBOSH EEE CH OBYUBME XIX CHELB: CH RTPCHYOGYY POY UBDETSBMYUSH, OP CH UFPMYGBI YI CHSHCHFEUOYM TPNBOFYYN, RETENEOYCHYK YUFBF EMSHULYE CHLHUSCH. uT. CH "ECHZEOYY POEZYOE":

b OSHHOYUE CHUE KHNSCH CH FKHNBOE,

nPTBMSH ABOUT OBU OBCHPDYF UPO,

rPTPL MAVEYEO - Y CH TPNBOE,

th FBN HC FPTCEUFCHHEF PA. (3, XII))

RPCHEUFSH H. M. lBTBNYOB “tShCHGBTSH OBUYEZP CHTENEOY”, ABOUT LPFPTPK NSCH CH DBOOPN UMHYUBE PUOPCHCHCHBENUS, - IHDPTSEUFCHEOPE RTPY'CHEDEOYE, B OE DPLHNEOF. pDOBLP NPTsOP RPMBZBFSH, YuFP YNEOOP CH FYI CHPRTPUBI lBTBNYO VMYPL L VYPZTBZHYUEULPK TEBMSHOPUFY.

ZHTBOGKH'ULPE RYUSHNP ZPUKHDBTA YMY CHCHUYN UBOPCHOILBN, OBRYUBOPE NHTSYUYOPK, VSHMP VSC CHPURTYOSFP LBL DET'PUFSH: RPDDBOOSCHK PVSBO VSHM RYUBFSH RP-TKHUULY Y FPYUOP UMEDHS KH FBOPCHMEOOOPK ZhPTNE. dBNB VSHMB YЪVBCHMEOB PF LFPZP TYFKHBMB. ZhTBOGKHULYK SJSHL UPJDBCHBM NETSDH OEA Y ZPUKHDBTEN PFOPYEOYS, RPDPVOSHCHN TYFKHBMSHOSCHN UCHSSN TSCHGBTS Y DBNSHCH. ZhTBOGKHULYK LPTPMSH MADPCHYL XIV, RPchedeoye LPFPTPZP CHUE EEE VSHMP YDEBMPN DMS CHUEI LPTPMEK echTPRSCH, DENPOUFTBFYCHOP RP-TSCHGBTULY PVTBBEBMUS U TsEOYOBNY MAVPZP PE ЪТБУФБ И UPGYBMSHOPZP RPMPTSEOOYS.

YoFETEUOP PFNEFYFSH, YuFP ATYYUUEULY UFEREOSH UPGYBMSHOPK ЪBEEEOOOPUFY, LPFPTPK TBURPMBZBMB TKHUULBS TSEOOYOB-DCHPTSOLB CH OILPMBECHULHA URPIKH, NPTsEF VSHCHFSH UPRPUFBCHMEOB U ЪBEEEOOOPUFSHA RPUEFYCHYEZP tPUUYA YOPUFTBOGB. UPCHRBDEOYE LFP OE UFPMSH HC UMKHYUBKOP: CH YUYOPCHOP-VATPLTBFYUEULPN NYTE TBOZB Y NHODYTB CHUSLYK, LFP FBL YMY YOBYUE CHSCHIPDYF ЪB EZP RTEDEMSHCH, - “YOPUFTBOEG”.

RTBCHDB, CH PFMYYUYE PF UEO-rTE YЪ "ОПЧПК ьМПЪШЧ", ЦХЛПЧУЛИК - ДЧПЦОО. pDOBLP DCHPTSOUFChP EZP UPNOYFEMSHOP: CHUE PLTHTSBAEYE OBAF, UFP PO OEBLPOOSCHK USCHO U ZHYLFYCHOP DPVSCHFSHN DCHPTSOUFCHPN (UN.: rPTFOPCHB y. y., zPNYO o. l. deMP P DHPT SOUFCHE tsKHLPCHULPZP. - h LO.: tsKHLPCHULIK Y TKHULBS LHMSHFHTB. m., 1987, U. 346-350).

FBL OBSCHCHBMY PVSHYUOP LOYZH “rMHFBTIB IETPOEKULPZP p DEFPCHPDUFCHE, YMY CHPURYFBOY DEFEC OBUFBCHMEOYE. RETECHEDEOOPE U EMMYOP-ZTEYUULPZP SJSCHLB u[FERBOPN] r[YUBTECHCHN].” urV., 1771.

CHPNPTsOP, YuFP CHOYNBOYE tBDYEECHB L LFPNH RYYPDH CHSHCHBOP UPVCHFYEN, RTSNP RTEDYUFCHPCHBCHYYN OBRYUBOYA FELUFB. rPUMEDOYE SLPVYOGSH - TsYMSHVET tPNN Y EZP EDYOPNSCHYMEOOYL, PVPDTSS DTHZ DTHZB, YJVETSBMY LBJOY, FBL LBL ЪBLPMMYUSH PDOYN LYOTSBMPN, LPFPTSCHK POY RETEDBCHBMY DTH Z DTHZH YЪ THL CH THLY (DBFYTPCHLH RPNSHCH 1795—1796 ZZ. UN.: tBDYEECH b.o. uFYIPFCHPTEOYS. m ., 1975, U. 244-245).

YuFPVSH PGEOIFSH LFPF YBZ DPCHPMSHOP PUFPPTPTsOPZP rMEFOECHB, UMEDHEF HYUEUFSH, YuFP OBUYOBS U 1830-ZP ZPDB ChPLTHZ PGEOLY FCPTTYUEUFCHB rHYLYOB YMB PUFTBS RPMENYILB Y BCHFPTYFEF EZP VSHHM RPLPMEVMEO DBTSE CH UPBOYY OBYVPMEE VMYOLYI L OENKH RPFPCH (OBRTYNET, e. vBTBFSCHOULPZP). h PZHYGYPOSCHI TSE LTHZBI DYULTEDYFYTPCHBFSH RPYYA RHYLYOB UDEMBMPUSH H FY ZPDSH UCHPEZP TPDB PVSHCHUBEN.

UHNBTPLPCH b. R. yЪVT. RTPY'CHEDEOYS. m., 1957, U. 307. pVTBEEOYE RPNFB L CHPURYFBOOYGBN uNPMSHOPZP YOUFYFKHFB OBRPNYOBEF, Y CHYDYNP OE UMKHYUBKOP, YYCHEUFOSHCHE UFTPLY n. mPNPOPUPCHB: “p CHSCH, LPFPTSCHI PTSIDBEF // pFEYUEUFCHP YЪ OEDT UCHPYI...” pDOBLP mPNPOPUPCH PVTBEBEFUS L TKHUULPNH AOPYEUFCHH VEJ LBLPZP-MYVP KHLBBOYS ABOUT UPUMPCHYE , CHEUSH TSE UNSHUM RPUMBOYS UKHNBTPLPCHB UPUFPYF CH UPDBOY RTPZTBNNSH DMS CHPURYFBOYS TKHULPK DCHPTSOULPK DECHKHYLY.

RETCHPE CHPURYFBFEMSHOPE ЪBCHEDEOYE DMS DECHKHYEL CHPЪOILMP CH DETRFE, ЪBDPMZP DP uNPMSHOPZP YOUFYFKhFB, CH 50th ZPDSH XVIII CHELB. rTERPDBCHBOIE FBN CHEMPUSH ABOUT OENEGLPN SJSCHL.

RTYNEY. rHYLYOB: “oEFPYOOPUFSH. — about VBMBI LBCHBMETZBTD<УЛЙЕ>PZHYGETSCH SCHMSAFUS FBL CE, LBL Y RTPYUYE ZPUFY, CH CHYG NHODITE, CH VBYNBLBI. ъBNEYUBOYE PUOPCHBFEMSHOPE, OP CH YRPTBI EUFSH OYuFP RPFFYUEULPE. uUSCHMBAUSH ABOUT NOOOYE b. y. V. "(VI, 528).

[rEFTPCHULIK m.] rTBCHYMB DMS VMBZPTPDODOSHI PVEEUFCHEOOSCHI FBOGECH, YIDBOOSCHE KHYFEMEN FBOGECHBOSHS RTY uMPVPDULP-HLTBYOULPK ZYNOBYY MADPCHYLPN reftpchulyn. iBTSHLPCH, 1825, U. 13-14.

N. b. OBTSCHYLYOB - MAVPCHOYGB, BOE TSEOB YNRETBFPTB, RPFPNH OE NPTsEF PFLTSCHBFSH VBM CH RETCHPK RBTE, KH RKHYLYOB TSE "mBMMB-tHL" YDEF CH RETCHPK RBTE U bMELUBODTPN I.

ЪBRYULY village. n. oECHETPCHB. - tHUULBS UFBTYOB, 1883, F. XI (GYF. RP: rPNEEYUSHS tPUUYS, U. 148). rBTBDPLUBMSHOPE UPCHRBDEOOYE OBIPDN CH UFYIPFCHPTEOYY CHUECHPMPDB tPTsDEUFCHEOULZP, UPJDBAEEZP PVTB VEUFHTSECHB-nBTMYOULPZP, VETSBCHYEZP CH ZPTSH Y DELMBNYTHAEE ZP UMEDHAEIK PHELUF:

mYYSH ABOUT UETDGE FPMSHLP OBMSCEF FPULB

th OEVP RPLBCEPHUS KHLYN,

CHUA OPYUSH EK CH ZBTENE YUYFBA “GSHCHZBO”,

CHUE RMBUKH, RPA RP-ZHTBOGKHULY.

chPPVTBTTSEOYE RPNFB UFTBOOP RPCHFPTSMP ZHBOFBIYY RPNEAILB DBCHOYI RPT.

PFPTSDEUFCHMEOYE UMPC "IBN" Y "TBV" RPMKHYYYMP PDOP MAVPRSCHFOPE RTDDPMTSEOYE. DELBVTYUF OYLPMBK fHTZEOECH, LPFPTSCHK, RP UMPCHBN RKHYLYOB, "GERY TBVUFCHB OEOOBCHYDEM", YURPMSHЪPCHBM UMPChP "IBN" CH UREGYZHYYUEULPN OBYUEOYY. BY UYUFBM, UFP IKHDIYNYY TBVBNY SCHMSAFUS ЪBEYFOILY TBVUFCHB - RTPRPCHEDOYLY LTERPUFOPZP RTBCHB. DMS OYI PO YURPMSHЪPCHBM CH UCHPYI DOECHOILBI Y RYUSHNBI UMPPE "IBN", RTECHTBFYCH EZP CH RPMYFYUEULYK FETNYO.

UN. PV LFPN CH LO.: lBTRPCHYU e.r. ъBNEYUBFEMSHOSH VPZBFUFCHB YUBUFOSCHI MYG CH TPUUYY. urV., 1874, U. 259-263; B FBLCE: mPFNBO a. n. tPNBO b. u. RKHYLYOB "ECHZEOYK poEZYO". lPNNEOFBTYK. M., 1980, U. 36-42.

UT. CH FPN TSE YUFPYUOYLE PRYUBOIE PVTSDB UCHBFPCHUFCHB: “uFPM VSHM OBLTSCHF YUEMPCHEL ABOUT UPTPL. ABOUT UFPME UFPSMYUEFSHCHTE PLPTPPLB Y VEMSHK VPMSHYPK, LTHZMSCHK, UMBDLYK RYTPZ U TBOSCHNY KHLTBYEOYSNY Y ZHYZKHTBNY.”

RPDЪBZPMPCHPL "pFTSHCHPL YЪ RYUSHNB ATsOPZP TsYFEMS" - OE FPMSHLP OBNEL ABOUT VYPZTBZHYUEULYE PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB BCHFPTB, OP Y DENPOUFTBFYCHOPE RTPFPYCHPRPUFBCHMEOYE EUVS "RE FETVHTZULPK» FPYULE ЪTEOYS.

FP EUFSH “LBYUEMY CHYDE CHTBBEEEZPUS CHBMB U RTPDEFSHNY ULCHPSH OEZP VTHUSHSNY, ABOUT LPPTTSCHI RPDCHEYOSCH SAYLY U UYDEOSHSNY” (UMPCHBTSH SYSTHLB rHYLYOB. ch 4-I F. n., 1956 -1961, F. 2, U. 309). lBL MAVYNPE OBTPDOPE TBCHMEYUEOYE, LFY LBYUEMY PRYUBOSCH VSHHMY RKHFEYUFCHEOILPN pMEBTYEN (UN.: pMEBTYK bDBN. prYUBOYE RKHFEYUFCHYS CH nPULPCHYA... level., 1806, U. 218 —219), LPFPTSCHK RTYCHEM Y YI TYUHOPL.

ЪBTS YMY ЪPTS - CHYD FTBCHSHCH, UYYFBCHYEKUS CH OBTDOPK NEDYGYOE GEMEVOPK "chP CHTENS FTPYGLPZP NMEVOBO DECHKHYLY, UFPSEYE UMECHB PF BMFBTS, DPMTSOSCH KHTPOYFSH OEULPMSHLP UMEY OPL ABOUT RHUPL NEMLYI VETEIPCHSHCHI CHEFPL (CH DTHZYI TBKPOBI tPUUYY RMBLBMMY ABOUT RHUPL UBTY YMY ABOUT DTHZYI GCHEFSHCH. - a. m.). ьФПФ RХУПЛ FEBFEMSHOP UVETEZBEFUS RPUME Y UYUYFBEFUS ЪBMPZPN FPZP, YuFP CH LFP MEFP OE VHDEF ЪBUKHIY" (ETOPCHB b.v. nBFETYBMSH RP UEMSHULPIPSKUFCHOOOPK NBZYY Ch d NYFTPCHULPN LTBE. - uPCHEFULBS LFOPZTBZHYS, 1932, 3, U. 30).

P EDYOPN UCHBDEVOPN PVTSDE CH HUMPCHYSI LTERPUFOPZP VSHFB ZPCHPTYFSH OEMSH. lTERPUFOPE RTYOKHTSDEOOYE Y OEEEFB URPUPVUFCHPCHBMY TBTHYEOYA PVTSDPPCHPK UFTHLFHTSCH. fBL, CH "YUFPTYY UEMB zPTAIOB" OEBDBYUMYCHSHCHK BCHFPT zPTAIYO RPMBZBEF, YuFP PRYUSCHCHBEF RPIPPTPOOSCHK PVTSD, LPZDB UCCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHEF, YuFP CH EZP CHILDREN'S RPLPKOILPC ЪBTSHCHBMY CH ЪENMA (YOPZDB PYYVPYUOP) UTBЪХ RPUME LPOYUSHCH, "DBVSH NETFCHSHCHK CH YЪVE MYYOEZP NEUFB OE ЪBOINBM". nsch VETEN RTYNET YY TSYY PUEOSH VPZBFSCHI LTERPUFOSCHI LTEUFSHSO - RTBUPMPCH Y FPTZPCHGECH, FBL LBL ЪDEUSH PVTSD UPITBOYMUS CH OETTBTHYEOOPN CHYDE.

YЪ RTYNEYUBOYK L SRPOULPNH FELUFKH CHYDOP, YuFP TKHULPE UMPP "CHEOGSH" OE PYUEOSH FPYUOP RETEDBEF UPDETSBOYE. UMPChP CH PTYZYOBME POBYUBEF “DYBDENKH ABOUT UFBFKHE VKhDDSHCH” (U. 360). iBTBLFETOP, YuFP YOZHPTNBFPT PFPTSDEUFCHMSEF OPChPVTBUOSCHY OE U ENOCHNY CHMBUFFEMSNY, B U VPZBNY.

OBRPNOYN HCE PFNEYUBCHYHAUS OBNY MAVPRSHFOKHA DEFBMSH. TEYUSH YDEF PV LRPIE EMYBCHEFSH REFTPCHOSCH. OP LPZDB eETVBFPCH ZPCHPTYF P OEK LBL P YUEMPCHELE, BY KHRPFTEVMSEF TSEOULHA ZHPTNKH: “ZPUKHDBTSHCHOS”, LPZDB TSE P EE ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOPK DESFEMSHOPUFY - NHTSULKHA: “ZPUKHDBTSH”.

ЪDEUSH TEYUSH YDEF PV BOZMYKULPK NHTSULPK NPDE: ZHTBOGKHULYE TSEOULYE Y NHTSULYE NPDSCH UFTPYMYUSH LBL CHBYNOP UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOSCH - H BOZMYY LBTSDBS YЪ OYI TBYCHBM BUSH RP UPWUFCHEOOSCHN ЪBLPOBN.

"PUFTYTSEO RP RPUMEDOEK NPDE" Y "LBL DEODY MPODPOULYK PDEF" FBLCE poezyo. ьФПНХ RTPFPYCHPRPUFBCHMEOSCH "LKhDTY YUETOSHCH DP RMEYU" meOULPZP. “lTYLHO, NSFETSoil Y RPPF”, LBL IBTBLFETYYHEFUS mEOULYK CH YUETOPCHPN CHBTYBOFE, PO, LBL Y DTHZIE OENEGLYE UFKhDEOFSHCH, OPUYM DMYOOSHCH CHPMPUSH CH OBBL MYVETBMYIN B, J RPDTBTSBOYS LBTVPOBTYSN.

CHRETCHSCHE UPRPUFBCHMEOYE UATSEFPCH LFYI RTPY'CHEDEOYK UN.: yFEKO u. RHYLYO Y ZPZHNBO. uTBCHOYFEMSHOPE YUFPTYLP-MYFETBFHTOPE YUUMEDPCHBOYE. dETRF, 1927, U. 275.

OEUNPFTS ABOUT FP, UFP TBCHPD Y OPCHSHCHK VTBL VSCHMY ЪBLPOPDBFEMSHOP PZHTTNMEOSCH, PVEEUFChP PFLBSCHCHBMPUSH RTYOBFSH ULBODBMSHOSCHK RTPYZTSCHY TSEOSCH, Y VEDOBS ZTBZHYOS TB KHNPCHULBS VSHMB RPDCHETZOHFB PUFTBLYNH. CHSHCHPD YJ RPMPTSEOYS U RTYUKHEIN ENKH DTSEOFMSHNEOUFCHPN OBUYEM bMELUBODT I, RTYZMBUYCH VSHCHYKHA LOSZYOA ABOUT FBOEG Y OBCHBCH ITS RTY LFPN “ZTBZJOEK”. pVEEUFCHEOOSCHK UFBFKHU, FBLYN PVTBBPN, VShchM CHPUUFBOPCHMEO.

UN.: melPNGECHB n. y., KHUREOULIK v. b. PRYUBOIE PDOPK UYUFENSCH U RTPUFSHCHN UYOFBLUYUPN; ePHR c. and. rTPUFEKYE UENIPFYUEULYE UYUFENSCH Y FYRPMPZYS UATSEFPCH. - fTHDSCH RP OBLPCHSHCHN UYUFENBN. hShchR. R. fBTFKh, 1965.

RPCHEUFY, YЪDBOOSH bMELUBODTPN rHYLYOSCHN. urV., 1834, U. 187. h BLBDENYUUEULPN YЪDBOY rKHYLYOB, OUNPFTS ABOUT KHLBBOYE, YUFP FELUF REYUBFBEFUS RP YЪDBOYA “rPCHEUFEK” 1834 ZPDB, h YUBUFY FYTBTSB LRY ZTBZH PRHEEO, IPFS LFP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHP OYZDE CH YDBOY OE PZPCHPTEOP.

FBL, r. b. chSENULYK RYYEF P «NYTOPK, FBL OBSCCHBENPK LPNNETYUEULPK YZTE, P LBTFPYuOPN CHTENSRTTPCHPTSDEOOY, UCHPKUFCHEOOPN H OBU CHUEN CHPTBUFBN, CHUEN ЪChBOYSN Y PVPYN RPMBN. pDOB TKHULBS VBTSHCHOS ZPCHPTYMB CH CHEOEGYY: „lPOYUOP, LMYNBF ЪDEUSH IPTPY; OP TsBMSH, YuFP OE ULEN UTBYFSHUS CH RTEZHETBOUYL." dTKHZPK OBU UPPFEYUEFCHEOOIL, LPFPTSCHK RTPCHEM YINKH CH RBTYCE, PFCHEYUBM ABOUT CHPRTPU, LBL DPChPMEO ON RBTYTSEN: "PYUEOSH DPCH PMEO, KH OBU LBTSDSCHK CHYUET VSHMB UCHPS RBTFYS" (chSENULYK r. uFBTBS ЪBRYUOBS LOYTSLB. m., 1929, U. 85-86).

UFTBIHR o. RETERYULB NPDSCH, UPDETSBEBS RYUSHNB VEYTHLYI NPD, TBNSCHIMEOYS OEPDHYECHMEOOOSCHI OBTSDPCH, TBZPCHPTSH VEUUMPCHEUOSHI YUERGPCH, YUKHCHUFChPCHBOYS NEVEMEK, LBTEF, ЪBRYUOSCHI LOITZEL, RKhZPCHYG Y UFBTPUBCHEFOSHI NBOEL, LHOFBIEK, YMBZHPTPCH, FEMPZTEK Y RT. OTBCHUFCHOOPE Y LTYFYUUEULPE UPYUYOOYE, CH LPEN U YUFYOOOPK UFPTPPOSH PFLTSCHFSCH OTBCHSHCH, PVTB TSIYOY TBOSCHS UNEYOSCHS Y CHBTSOSHCHS UGEOSCH NPDOPZP CHELB. n., 1791, U. 31-32.

UN. X OPCHYLPCHB: “rPDTSD MAVPCHOYLPCH L RTEUFBTEMPK LPLEFLE... NOPZYN OBYN ZPURPDYUILBN CHULTHTSYM ZPMPCHSHCH... IPFSF ULBLBFSH ABOUT RPYUFPCHSHHI MPYBDSI CH REFETVHTZ, YuFPVSH FBLPZP RPMEЪ OPZP VHI OYI OE RTPRKHUFYFSH UMKHYUBS" (ubFYYUEULYE TSHTOBMSH o. y. oPCHYLPCHB. n.; m ., 1951, U. 105. r. zOPN yPT CH "rPUFE DHIPCH" lTSCHMPCHB RYYEF nBMYLHMSHNHMSHLH: "with RTYOSM CHYD NPMPPDZP Y RTYZPTSEZP YuEMPCHELB, RPFPNH YuFP GCHEFHEBS NMPPDPUFSH, RTYSFOPUFY Y LTBUPFB CH OSHCHOEYOEEE CHTENS FBLCE CH CHEUSHNB OENBMPN KHCHBTSEOYY RTY OELPFPTSCHI UMHYUBSI, LBL ULBSCCHBAF, RTPYCHPDSF CHEMILYE YUKHDEUB" (lTSCHMPCH y.b. rPMO. UPVT. UPYu., F. I, U. 43), UT.:

dB, YUEN TSE FSH, TsHTSKH, CH UMHYUBK RPRBM,

VEUUYMEO VSHCHYY FBL Y NBM... (FBN CE, F. 3, U. 170).

CH DBOOPN UMHYUBE DMS OBU OECHBTTSOP FP PVUFPSFEMSHUFChP, YuFP CH RSHUE ZPZPMS "NPMPPDK YUEMPCHEL" PLBYSHCHBEFUS UPCHUEN OE "MEZLPCHETOSCHN", B FBLCE SCHMSEFUS KHYUBUFOILPN YKHMETULPK YBKLY.

EHH ZPFPCHYFSH YuEUFOSHCHK ZTPV,

th FYIP GEMYFSH CH VMEDOSHCHK MPV

about VMBZPTPDOPN TBUUFPSOSHY.

"vMBZPTPDOPE TBUUFPSOYE" ЪDEUSH - HFCHETTSDEOOPE RTBCHYMBNY DKHMY. h TBCHOPK UFEREOY KHYKUFCHP ABOUT DKHMY IBTBLFETYYHEFUS LBL "YUEUFOPE".

“rPTPYLPCHSHCHE” - ZhBMSHYYCHCHCHE LBTFSHCH (PF YEUFETLY DP DEUSFLY). lBTFSCH OBLMEYCHBAFUS PDOB ABOUT DTKHZHA, OBRTYNET, EYUFETLB ABOUT UENETLH, ZHYZHTB NBUFY CHSTEBEFUS, OBUSHRBOOSHCHK VEMSCHK RPTPYPL DEMBEF LFP OEBNEFOSCHN. ykhmet ch ipde yztsch chshchftsiychbef RPTPYPL, RTECHTBEBBS YEUFETLKH CH UENETLKH Y F. D.

CH IPDE BIBTFOSCHI YZT FTEVPCHBMPUSH RPTPC VPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFChP LPMPD. rTY YZTE CH ZHBTBPO VBOLPNEF Y LBTSDSCHK YЪ RPOFETPCH (B YI NPZMP VSHFSH VPMEE DEUSFLB) DPMTSEO VSHM YNEFSH PFDEMSHOHA LPMPDH. lTPNE FPZP, OEKHDBYUMYCHSHCHE YZTPLY TCHBMY Y TBVTBUSHCHBMY LPMPDSH, LBL LFP PRYUBOP, OBRTYNET, CH TPNBOE d.o. VEZYUECHB "UENEKUFChP iPMNULYI". yURPMSHЪPCHBOOBS (“RTPRPOFYTPCHBOOBS”) LPMPDB FHF CE VTPUBMBUSH RPD ufpm. fY TBVTPUBOOSCH, YBUFP CH PZTPNOPN LPMYUEUFCHE, RPD UFPMBNY LBTFSH RPJCE, LBL RTBCHYMP, UPVYTBMYUSH UMHZBNY Y RTDPDBCHBMYUSH NEEBOBN DMS YZTSHCH DKHTBLB Y RPDP VOSCH TBCHMELBFEMSHOSH YZTSHCH. yuBUFP CH LFK LHUE LBTF ABOUT RPMKH CHBMSMYUSH Y KHRBCHYE DEOSHZY, LBL LFP, OBRTYNET, YNEMP NEUFP PE CHTENS LTHROSHYYZT, LPFPTSHCHE BBTFOP THAN o. oELTBUPCH. rPDSHNBFSH YFY DEOSHZY YUYFBMPUSH OERTYMYYUOSCHN, Y SING DPUFBCHBMYUSH RPFPN MBLESN CHNEUFE U LBTFBNY. h YHFMYCHSHCHI MEZEODBY, PLTHTSBCHYI DTHTSVKH fPMUFPZP Y ZHEFB, RPCHFPTSMUS BOELDPF P FPN, LBL ZHEF PE CHTENS LBTFPYUOPK YZTSH OBZOKHMUS, YuFPVSH RPDOSFSH U RPMB KHRBCHYKHA OEVP MSHYKHA BUUYZOBGYA, B fPMUFPK, ЪBRBMYCH H UCHEYUY UPFEOOKHA, RPUCHEFYM ENKH, YUFPVSH PVMEZUYFSH RPYULY.

YUFPLY LFPPZP RPCHEDEOYS ЪBNEFOSCH HCE CH REFETVHTZE CH 1818—1820 ZPDSH. pDOBLP UETSHESHI RPEDYOLPCH X RHYLYOB CH LFPF RETYPD EEE OE PFNEUEOP. DKHMSH U LAIEMSHVELETPN OE CHPURTYOINBMBUSH RKHYLYOSCHN CHUETSHE. pVYDECHYYUSH ABOUT RKHYLYOB ЪБ ъРИЗТБННХ “ъБ ХЦЪПН ПВЯЭМУС...” (1819), LAIEMSHVELET CHSHCHBM EZP ABOUT DKHMSH. RHYLYO RTYOSM CHSHCHPCH, OP CHSHCHUFTEMYM CH CHPDHI, RPUME YUESP DTHYSHS RTYNYTYMYUSH. rTEDRPMPTSEOYE CE CHM. oBVPLPCHB P DHMY U TSHMEECHSHCHN CHUE EEE PUFBEFUS RPFYUEULPK ZYRPFEЪPK.

FBMMENBO DE TEP TSEDEPO. ъBOINBFEMSHOSH YUFPTYY. M., 1974, F. 1, U. 159. uN. PV LFPN: mPFNBO a. fTY ЪBNEFLY L RTPVMENE: “rKHYLYO Y ZHTBOGKHULBS LHMSHFKHTB.” — rTPVMENSH RHYLYOPCHEDEOYS. TYZB, 1983.

CH RTEDYUFCHHAEYI TBVPFBI P "eCHZEOYY POZYOE" NO RTYIPDYMPUSH RPMENYYUUEULY CHSHCHULBSHCHBFSHUS P LOYSE vPTYUB YCHBOPCHB (CHPNPTSOP, RUECHDPOYN; RPDMYOOBS ZHBNYMYS BCHFP TB, LBL Y LBLYE VSHCH FP OU VSHMP UCHEDEOYS P OEN, NOE OEYCHEUFOSCH). UN: mPFNBO a. "dBMSH UChPVPDOPZP TPNBOB." n, 1959. uPITBOSS UKHEOPUFSH UCHPYI LTYFYUEULYI OBNEYUBOIK P OBNSCHUME FPK LOYZY, S UYYFBA UCHPEK PVSBOOPUFSH RTYOBFSH YI PDOPUFPTPOOPUFSH. noe UMEDPCHBMP PFNEFYFSH, YuFP BCHFPT RTPSCHYM IPTPYEE OBOYE VShchFB RHYLYOULPK BPPIY Y UPEDYOYM PVEYK UFTBOOSCHK UBNSCHUEM U TSDPN YOFETEUOSHI OBVMADEOYK, UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHA EEYI PV PVIYTOPK PUCHEDPNMEOOPUFY. TELPUFSH NPYI CHSHCHULBSHCHBOYK, P LPFPTPK CH OBUFPSEE CHTENS S UPTSBMEA, VSHMB RTDPDYLPCHBOB MPZYLPK RPMENYLY.

RP DTHZYN RTBCHYMBN, RPUME FPZP, LBL PDYO YHYUBUFOYLPCH DKHMY CHSHCHUFTEMYM, CHFPTPK NPZ RTDPDPMTSBFSH DCHYTSEOYE, B FBLCE RPFTEVPCHBFSH RTPFPYCHOILB L VBTSHETKH. eFYN RPMSHЪPCHBMYUSH VTEFETSH.

UT. CH “ZETPE OBEZP READING”: “nShch DBChOP Khts ChBU PTSIDBEN”, — ULBJBM DTBZHOULIK LBRYFBO U YTPOYUEULPK KHMSHVLPK. ZP YUBUSCH KHIPDSF".

UNSCHUM ьRYЪPDB - CH UMEDHAEEN: DTBZHOULYK LBRYFBO, KHVETSDEOOOSCHK, YFP reYUPTIO "RETCHSHCHK FTKHU", LPUCHEOOP PVCHYOSEF EZP CH TSEMBOYY, PRPЪDBCH, UPTCHBFSH DKHMSH.

KHYUBUFYE CH DKHMY, DBCE CH LBYUEUFCHE UELKHODBOFB, CHMELMP ЪB UPVPK OEYIVTSOSCHE OERTYSFOSHE RPUMEDUFCHYS: DMS PZHYGETB LFP, LBL RTBCHYMP, VSHMP TBTSBMPCHBOYE Y USCHMLB ABOUT LBCHLB Kommersant (RTBCHDB, TBTSBMPCHBOOSCHN ЪB DKHMSH OBYUBMSHUFChP PVSHHLOPCHOOOP RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHPCHBMP). ьФП UPЪDBCHBMP YЪCHEUFOSCH FTKHDOPUFY RTY CHSHCHVPTE UELKHODBOFPCH: LBL MYGP, CH THLY LPFPTPZP RETEDBAFUS TSYOSH YUEUFSH, UELKHODBOF, PRFYNBMSHOP, DPMTSEO VSHM VSHCHFSH VMY JLINE DTHZPN. oP LFPNH RTPFPYCHPTEYUMP OETSEMBOYE CHCHMELBFSH DTHZB CH OERTYSFOKHA YUFPTYA, MPNBS ENKH LBTSHETKH. UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH, UELKHODBOF FBLCE PLBYSHCHBMUS CH FTHDOPN RPMPTSEOYY. YOFETEUSCH DTHTSVSHY YUEUFY FTEVVPCHBMY RTYOSFSH RTYZMBYEOYE HYUBUFCHPCHBFSH CH DKHMY LBL MEUFOSHCHK OBBL DPCHETYS, B UMHTSVSHCH Y LBTSHETSH - CHYDEFSH CH LFPN PRBUOKHA KHZTP ЪХ YURPTFYFSH RTDPDCHYTSEOYE YMY DBTSE CHSHCHBFSH MYYUOKHA OERTYYOSH ЪMPRBNSFOPZP ZPUKHDBTS.

OBRPNOYN RTBCHYMP DKHMY: “uFTEMSFSH CH CHPDHI YNEEF RTBChP FPMSHLP RTPFYCHOIL, UFTEMSAEYK CHFPTSCHN. rTPFYCHOIL, CHSHCHUFTEMYCHYK RETCHSHCHN CH CHPDKHI, EUMY EZP RTPPHYCHOIL OE PFCHEFYM ABOUT CHSHCHUFTEM YMY FBLCE CHSHCHUFTEMYM CH CHPDKHI, UYUYFBEFUS KHLMPOYCHYYNUS PF DKHMY... "(dHTB UPC dKHMSHOSCHK LPDELU, 1908, U. 104). rTBCHYMP LFP UCHSBOP U FEN, YUFP CHSHCHUFTEM CH CHP'DKHI RETCHPZP YЪ RTPFYCHOYLPCH NPTBMSHOP PVS'SHCHBEF CHFPTPZP L CHEMILPDKHYA, KHKHTRYTHS EZP RTBChP UBNPNH PRTEDEMSFSH U CHPE RPCHEDEOYE YUEUFY.

VEUFHTSECH (nBTMYOULYK) b. b. OPYUSH ABOUT LPTBWME. RPCHEUFYY TBUULBSHCH. n., 1988, U. 20. rPMSHKHENUS DBOOSCHN YDBOYEN LBL FELUFPMPZYUEULY OBYVPMEE DPUFPCHETOSCHN.

RTPVMENB BCHFPNBFYNB CHEUSHNB CHPMOPCHBMB rKHYLYOB; UN.: sLPVUPO t. - h LO.: sLPVUPO t. tBVPFSH RP RPFYLE. n., 1987, U. 145-180.

UN: mPFNBO a. n. fENB LBTF Y LBTFPUOPK YZTSHCH THUULPK MYFETBFKHTE OBYUBMB XIX CHELB. — xYUEO. ЪBR. fBTFHULPZP ZPU. HO-FB, 1975. hShchR. 365. fTHDSCH RP OBLPCHSHCHN UYUFENBN, F. VII.

VSHCHBMY Y VPMEE TSEUFLYE HUMPCHYS. fBL, yuETOPCH (UN.U. 167), NUFS ЪB YUEUFSH UEUFTSHCH, FTEVPCHBM RPEDYOLB ABOUT TBUUFPSOY CH FTY (!) YBZB. h RTEDUNETFOPK ЪBRYULE (DPYMB Ch LPRYY THLPK b. VEUFKhTSECHB) BY RYUBM: “uFTEMSAUSH ABOUT FTY YBZB, LBL ЪB DAMP UENEKUFCHEOOPE; YVP, ЪOBS VTBFSHECH NPYI, IPUH LPOYUYFSH UPVPA ABOUT OEN, ABOUT LFPN PULPTVYFEME NPEZP UENEKUFCHB, LPFPTSCHK DMS RKHUFSHI FPMLPCH EEE RKHUFEKYI MADEK RTEUFKHRIM CHUE ЪBLPOSH YUE UFY, PVEEUFCHB Y YuEMPCHYUEUFCHB" (DECHSFOBDGBFSHCHK CHEL. LO. 1. n., 1872, U. 334 ). rP OBUFPSOYA UELKHODBOFPCH DKHMSH RTPYUIPDYMB ABOUT TBUUFPSOY CH CHPUENSH YBZPCH, Y CHUE TBCHOP PVB KHUBUFOILB ITS RPZYVMY.

PVSHYUOSCHK NEIBOYN DKHMSHOPZP RYUFPMEFB FTEVHEF DCHPKOPZP OBTSYNB ABOUT URHULPCHPK LTAYUPL, YuFP RTEDPITBOSEF PF UMHYUBKOPZP CHSHCHUFTEMB. yOOEMMETPN OBSCHBMPUSH KHUFTPKUFChP, PFNEOSAEE RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOSHCHK OBTSYN. h TEЪKHMSHFBFE KHYMYCHBMBUSH ULPTPUFTEMSHOPUFSH, OP ЪBFP TEILLP RPCHSHCHYBMBUSH CHPNPTSOPUFSH UMHYUBKOSCHI CHSHCHUFTEMPCH.

RPDPVOSHK LPOFTBUF YURPMSHЪPCHBO n. VKHMZBLPCHSHCHN "nBUFFET Y nBTZBTYFE". ABOUT VBMKH, UTEDY RSCHYOP OBTTSEOOSCHI ZPUFEK, RPDYUETLOKHFBS OEVTETSOPUFSH PDETSDSCH CHPMBODB CHSHCHDEMSEF EZP TPMSH iPSYOB. rTPUFPFB NHODYTB OBRPMEPOB UTEDY RSCHYOPZP DCHPTB YNEMB FPF TSE UNSHUM. RSHCHYOPUFSH PDETSDSCH UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHEF PV PTYEOFBGYY ABOUT FPYULH UTEOYS CHOEYOEZP OBVMADBFEMS. DMS chPMBODB OEF FBLPZP "CHOEYOEZP" OBVMADBFEMS. OBRPMEPO LHMSHFYCHYTHEF FH CE RPYGYA, PDOBLP CH VPMEE UMPTSOPN CHBTYBOFE: chPMBODH CH UBNPN DEME VETTBMYUOP, LBL PO CHSHZMSDYF, obRPMEPO YЪPVTBTSBEF FPZP, LPNH VE TBMYUOP, LBL ON CHZMSDYF.

ZHEPBZHBOB rTPLPRPCHYUB, BTIYERYULPRB CHEMYLPZP OPCZPTPDB Y CHEMILYI MHL, UCHSFEKYEZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHHAEEZP UYOPDB CHYGE-RTEYDEOFB... UMChB Y TEYUY, Yu. 1, 1760, U 158.

FBL, DPUKHZY CHEMILYI LOSJEK, VTBFSHHECH bMELUBODTTB Y OILPMBS RBCMPCHYUEK - lPOUFBOFYOB Y NYIBYMB TEILLP LPOFTBUFYTPCHBMY U NHODYTOPK UFSOHFPUFSHHA YI PZHYYBMSHOPZP RP CHEDEOYS. lPOUFBOFYO CH LPNRBOY RSHSOSCHI UPVKhFSHMSHOYLPCH DPYEM DP FPZP, YuFP YOBUYMPCHBM CH LPNRBOY (TSETFCHB ULPOYUBMBUSH) DBNH, UMKHYUBKOP ЪBVTEDYKHA CH EZP YUBUFSH DCHPTGB Y RPMPCHYOSCH nBTYY ZHEDPTPCHOSCH. yNRETBFPT bMELUBODT CHSCHOKHTSDEO VSHM PVYASCHYFSH, YFP RTEUFKHROL, EUMY EZP OBKDHF, VHDEF OBLBBBO RP CHUEK UFTPZPUFY ЪBLPOB. TBKHNEEFUS, RTEUFKhROIL OBKDEO OE VShchM.

p FSCH, YuFP CH ZPTEUFY OBRTBUOP

about VPZB TPREEYSH, YUEMPCHEL,

ChoyNBK, LPMSH CH TECHOPUFY KhTsBUOP

po L yPCHH YY FHYUY TEL!

ULCHPЪSH DPTSDSH, ULCHPЪSH CHYITSH, ULCHPЪSH ZTBD VMYUFBS

th ZMBUPN ZTPNSCH RTETSCHBS,

UMPCHBNY OEVP LPMEVBM

th FBL EZP ABOUT TBURTA JCHBM. yFYVMEFSH LBL ZHTNB CHPEOOOPK PDETSDSCH VSHCHMY CHCHEDEOSH rBCHMPN RP RTHUULPNH PVTBIGH. ьURBOFPO - LPTPFLBS RYLB, CHCHEDOOBS RTY rBCHME CH PZHYGETULHA ZHTNKH.

CHUE OIFY ЪБЗПЧПТБ ВШХМИ ОБУФПМШЛП UPUTEDPFPYUEOSCH CH THLBI YNRETBFPTB, YuFP DBTSE OBYVPMEEE BLFYCHOSHE KHUBUFOILY ЪBZPChPTTB RTPFPYCH URETBOULZP: OBCHBOOSCHK CHCHYE s. DE UBOZMEO Y ZEOETBM-BDYAAFBOF b. d. vBMBYPCH, RTYOBDMETSBCHYYK L OBYVPMEE VMYOLYN L YNRETBFPTH MYGBN, — RPUMBOOSCH DPNPK L URETBOULPNH U FEN, YUFPVSH ЪBVTBFSH EZP, LPZDB ON CHETOEFUS YЪ DCHPTGB RPUME BH DYEOGYH GBTS, U ZTKHUFOSCHN OEDPHNEOYEN RTYOBMYUSH DTHZ DTHZH CH FPN, YuFP OE KHCHETEOSHCH, RTYDEFUS MY YN BTEUFPCHCHBFSH URETBOULZP YMY BY RPMKHUIF X YNRETBFPTB TBURPTTSEOYE BTEUFPCHBFSH YI. h FYI KHUMPCHYSI PUECHYDOP, YuFP bMELUBODT OE KHUFKHRBM OYUSHENH DBCHMEOYA, B DEMBM CHYD, YuFP KHUFKHRBEF, ABOUT UBNPN DEM FCHETDP RTPCHPDS YЪVTBOOSCHK YN LHTU, OP, LBL CHUEZDB, MHLBCHS, NEOSS NBULY Y RPDZPFBCHMYCHBS PYUETEDOSHI LPMCH PFRHEEOYS.

GYF. RP: iTEUFPNBFYS RP YUFPTYY ЪBRBDOPPECHTPREKULPZP FEBFTB. n., 1955, F. 2, U. 1029. h NENKHBTBI BLFETB ZOBUFB-NMBDYEZP UPDETSYFUS KHRPNYOBOIE P FPN, YuFP, LPZDB ABOUT TEREFYYY NBYYOUF CHSHCHUFBCHYM ZPMPCHH YЪ-ЪB LKHMYU, “ FPFYUBU CE zЈFE RTPZTENEM: „zPURPDYO z"OBUF, KHVETYFE БФХ ОЭРПДИПДСЭХА ЗПМПЧХ Ъ-ЪБ RETCHPK LKHMYUSCH URTBCHB: POB CHFPTZBEFUS CH TBNLKH NPEK LBTFYOSCH"" (FBN CE, U. 1037).

BTBRPCH r. MEFPRYUSH TKHUULPZP FEBFTB. urV., 1861, U. 310. yBIPCHULPK YURPMSHЪPCHBM FEBFTBMSHOSCHK YZHZHELF YCHEUFOPZP CH FH RPTH BOELDPFB, UT. CH UFYIPFCHPTEOYY h. m. rKHYLYOB “l LOSYA r. b. hSENULLPNKH" (1815):

ABOUT FTHD IKHDPTSOILB UCHPY VTPUBAF CHPTSHCH,

“rPTFTEF, — THEYMYMY CHUE, — OE UFPYF OYUEZP:

rTSNPK HTPD, bpr, OPU DMYOOSHCHK, MPV U TPZBNY!

th DPMZ IPSYOB RTEDBFSH PZOA EZP!” —

"NPK DPMZ OE KhChBTsBFSH FBLYNY OBFPPLBNY

(p YUKhDP! ZPCHPTYF LBTFYOB YN CH PFCHEF):

rTED CHBNY, ZPURPDB, S UBN, B OE RPTFTEF!”

(rPFSH 1790-1810-I ZPDHR, U. 680.)

ABOUT YZHZHELF OEPTSYDBOOPZP UFPMLOPCHEOYS OERPDCHYTSOPUFY DCHYTSEOYS RPUFTPEOSCH UATSEFSH U PTSYCHBAEINY UFBFHSNY, PF TSDB CHBTYBGYK ABOUT FENKH P zBMBFEE - UFBFHE, PTSYCHMEOOOPK CH DPIOPCHEOYEN IHDPTSOILB (UACEF LFPF, LPFPTPNH RPUCHSEEO "ulHMSHRFPT" vBTBFSCHOULPZP, VSHM YYTPL RTEDUFBCHMEO PE ZHTBOGKHULPN VBMEFE XVIII CHELB), DP "lbNEOOOPZP ZPUFS" rKHYLYOB Y TBTBVBFSHCHBCHYI LFH TSE FENKH RTPY'CHEDEOYK nPMSHETB Y nPGBTFB.

ITEUFPNBFYS RP YUFPTYY ЪBRBDOPECHTPRECULPZP FEBFTB, F. 2, U. 1026. tBURPMPTSEOYE RTBCHPZP Y MECHPZP FBLCE TPDOIF UGEOH U LBTFYOPK: RTBCHSHCHN UYFBEFUS RTBCH PE RP PFOPYEOYA L BLFETH, RPCHETOHFPNH MYGPN L RHVMYLE, Y OBPVPTPF.

UN. CH "rHFEYUFCHYYY REFETVHTZB CH NPULCH" ZMBCHH "edTPChP": "s UYA RPYUFEOOHA NBFSH U BUKHYUEOOOSCHNY THLBCHBNY UB LCHBYOOEA YMY U RPDPKOILPN RPDME LPTPCHSHCH UTBCHOYCH BM U ZPTPDULINY NBFETSNY.”

“CHSCKDEN... DBDYN DSDE KHNETEFSH YUFPTYUEULY” (ZHTBOG.). nPULCHIFSOYO, 1854, 6, PFD. IV, U. II. R. vBTFEOECH UPPVEBEF DTHZHA CHETUYA: “about BN RETEDBCHBMY UPCHTENEOOILY, UFP, KHUMSHCHYBCH LFY UMPCHB PF KHNYTBAEEZP chBUYMYS mSHCHPCHYUB, rHYLYO OBRTBCHYMUS ABOUT GSHRPYULBI L DCHETY YYEROKHM UPVTTBCHYYNUS TPDOSCHN Y DTHYSHSN EZP: “zPURPDB, CHCHKDENFE, RKhFSH LFP VKHDHF EZP RPUMEDOYE UMPCHB” (tHUULYK BTIICH , 1870, U. 1369).

UT. H "bMShVPNE" poezYOB: "h lPTBOE NOPZP NSCHUMEK ЪDTTBCHSHCHI, // chPF OBRTYNET: RTED LBIJDSCHN UOPN // nPMYUSH - VEZY RHFEK MHLBCHSHCHI // YuFY vPZB Y OE URPTSH U ZMKHRGPN." h "rBNSFoil": "iCHBMH Y LMECHEFH RTYENMY TBCHOPDKHYOP // th OE PURPTYCHBK ZMHRGB." DETTSBCHYO, OBRPNYOBS YUFBFEMA UCHPA PDH "vPZ", UNSZYUM CHSHCHUPLPPE Y OE UPCHUEN VEKHRTEYUOPE, U FPYULY ЪTEOYS GETLPCHOPK PTFPDPLUBMSHOPUFY, UPDETSBOYE LFPP UFYIPFCHPTEOYS ZHPTNKHMPK: “... RETCHSHCHK WITH DETIOKHM... // h UETDEYUOPK RTPUFPFE VUEEDPCHBFSH P vPZE.” h LFPN LPOFELUFE PVTBEEOYE L NHJE (IPFS UMPChP Y OBRYUBOP U RTPRYUOPK VHLCHSHCH) NPZMP CHPURTYOINBFSHUS LBL RPFYUEULBS HUMPCHOPUFSH. ъOBYUYFEMSHOP VPMEE DETLINE VSHMP TEYEOYE RKHYLYOB: “CHEMEOSHA vPTsYA, P nHЪB, VHDSH RPUMKHYOB.” vPZ Y nHЪB DENPOUFTBFYCHOP UPUEDUFCHHAF, RTYUEN PVB UMPCHB OBRYUBOSCH U VPMSHYPK VHLCHSHCH. lFP UFBCHYMP YI CH EDYOSCHK UNSHUMPCHPK Y UINCHPMYUEULYK TSD TBCHOP CHSHUPLYI, OP OUEUPCHNEUFYNSHI GEOOPUFEK. fBLPE EDYOUFCHP UPJDBCHBMP PUPVHA RPYGYA BCHFPTB, DPUFKHROPZP CHUEN CHETYOBN YuEMPCHYUEULZP DHib.

RETED rPMFBCHULPK VYFCHPK rEFT I, RP RTEDBOYA, ULBUBM: “chPYOSCH! chPF RTYYEM YUBU, LPFPTSCHK TEYBEF UHDSHVH pFEYUEUFCHB. yFBL, OE DPMTSOP ChBN RPNSCHYMSFSH, YuFP UTBTSBEFEUSH ЪB rEFTB, OP ЪB ЗПУХДБТУФЧП, еФТХ РПТХУЕООПЭ, ЪБ ТПД УЧПК, ЪБ pFEYUEUFChP.” th DBMEE: “b P REFTE CHEDBKFE, YuFP ENKH TSYOSH OE DPTZB, FPMSHLP VSC TSIMB tPUUYS.” ьFPF FELUF PVTBEEOYS REFTB L UPMDBFBN OEMSHЪS UYYFBFSH BHFEOFYUOSCHN. FELUF VSHM CH RETCHPN EZP CHBTYBOFE UPUFBCHMEO ZHEPZHBOPN rTPLPRPCHYUEN (CHPNPTSOP, ABOUT PUOPCH LBLYI-FP KHUFOSHHI MEZEOD) Y RPFPN RPDCHETZBMUS PVTBVPFLBN (UN.: fTHDSCH YNR. TH UUL CHPEOOP-YUFPTYUEULPZP PVEEUFCHB, F. III, U. 274—276; VKHNBZY REFTB CHEMYLPZP, F. IX, ChShchR. 1, 3251, RTYNEYU. 1, U. 217-219; ChShchR. 2, U. 980-983). FP, YuFP CH TEKHMSHFBFE TSDB RETEDEMPL YUFPTYYUEULBS DPUFPCHETOPUFSH FELUFB UFBMB VPMEE YuEN UPNOYFEMSHOPK, U OBEK FPYULY UTEOYS RBTBDPLUBMSHOP RPCHSHCHYBEF EZP YOFETEU, FBL LBL RTEDEMSHOP PVOBTSBEF RTEDUFBCHMEOYE P FPN, YuFP DPMTSEO VSHM ULBJBFSH REFT I CH FBLPK UIFKHBGYY, B BFP DMS YUFPTYLB OE NOOEE YOFETEUOP, YUEN EZP RPDMYOOSHE UMPCHB. fBLPK YDEBMSHOSCHK PVTB ZPUKHDBTS-RBFTYPFB ZHEPZHBO CH TBOSHI CHBTYBOFBI UPJDBCHBM Y CH DTHZYI FELUFBI.

Z. b. zKHLPCHULIK, B ЪB OIN Y DTHZIE LPNNEOFBFPTSCH RPMBZBAF, YuFP "UMPChP KHNYTBAEEZP lBFPOB" - PFUSCHMLB L rMHFBTIKH (UN.: tBDYEECH b. o. rPMY. UPVT. UPYU., F. 1, U 295, 485). vPMEE CHETPSFOP RTEDRPMPTSEOYE, YuFP tBDYEECH YNEEF CH CHYDH NPOPMPZ LBFPOB YЪ PDOPNOOOPK FTBZEDYY dDDYUPOB, RTPPGYFYTPCHBOOPK YN CH FPN TSE RTPY'chedeoYY, CH ZMBCHE "vTPOYGSHCH" "(FBN CE, U. 269).

FY UMPCHB UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHAF, YuFP IPFS prPYUYOYO YNEM VTBFSHECH, TsIM PO HEJYOOOP Y VSHM EDYOUFCHEOOSCHN, EUMY OE UYYFBFSH LTERPUFOSCHI UMKHZ, PVYFBFEMEN UCHPEZP PDYOPLPZP DETECHEOULPZP TSYMYEB, ЪBRPMOOOPZP LOYZBNY.

CH DBOOPN UMKHYUBE NSCH YNEEN RTBCHP ZPCHPTYFSH YNEOOP P FChPTYUEFCHE: BOBMY RPLBYUSCHBEF, YuFP lBTBNYO REYUBFBM FPMSHLP FKH RETECHPDOHA MYFETBFKHTH, LPFPTBS UPPFCHEFU FChPChBMB EZP UPVUFCHOOOPK RTPZTBNNE, Y OE UFEUOSMUS RETEDEMSHCHBFSH Y DBCE KHUFTBOSFSH FP, YuFP OE UPCHRBDBMP U EZP CHZMSDBNY.

YNEEFUS CH CHYDH YJCHEUFOSCHK CH 1812 Z. BRPLTYZHYUEULYK TBUULB P LTEUFSHSOYOE, LPFPTSCHK PFTKHVYM UEVE THLKH, YUFPVSH OE YDFY CH OBRPMEPOPCHULHA BTNYA (UT. ULHMSH RFHTH rYNEOPCHB "tHUULYK UGECHPMB").

YUFPTYS LPOGERGYK UNETFY CH THUULPK LHMSHFHTE OE YNEEF GEMPUFOPZP PUCHEEEOYS. DMS UTBCHOOYS U ЪBRBDOP-ECHTPREKULPK LPOGERGYEK NPTsOP RPTELPNEODPCHBFSH YUYFBFEMA LOYZKH: Vovel Michel. La mort et l"Occident de 1300 à nos jours.< Paris >, Gallimard, 1983

BY RTYIPDIYMUS TPDUFCHEOILPN FPNKH NPULPCHULPNKH ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEENKH, LOSYA b. b. rТПЪПТПЧУЛПНХ, ЛПФПТШЧК РПЪЦе У ЦEUФПЛПУФША RTEUMEDПЧБМ о. OPCYLPCHB Y NPULPCHULYI NBTFYOYUFPCH Y P LPFPTPN rPFENLYO ULBJBM ELBFETYOE, YuFP POB CHSCCHYOKHMB YJ UCHPEZP BTUEOBMB "UBNHA UFBTHA RHYLKH", LPFPTBS OERTENE OOP VKhDEF UFTEMSFSH CH GEMSH YNRETBFTYGSHCH, RPFPNH YFP UCHPEK OE YNEEF. pDOBLP BY CHSHCHULBBM PRBUEOYE, YUFPVSH rTPIPTPCHULIK OE EBRSFOBM CH ZMBBI RPFPNUFCHB YNS ELBFETYOSCH LTPCHSHA. rPFENLYO PLBBBMUS RTPCHYDGEN.

ZBMETB - CHPEOOOSCHK LPTBVMSH ABOUT CHUMBI. lPNBODB ZBMETSH UPUFPYF YYYFBFB NPTULYI PZHYGETPCH, HOFET-PZHYGETPCH Y UPMDBF-BTFYMMETYUFPCH, NPTSLPC Y RTYLPCHBOOSCHI GERSNY LBFPTTSOILPC ABOUT CHUMBI. zBMETSH KHRPFTEVMSMYUSH CH NPTULYI UTBTSEOYSI LBL OE ЪBCHYUSEEE PF OBRTBCHMEOYS CHEFTB Y PVMBDBAEE VPMSHYP RPDCHYTSOPUFSHA UTEDUFCHP. rEFT I RTYDBChBM VPMSHYPE OBYUEOYE TBCHYFYA ZBMETOPZP ZHMPFB. UMHTSVB ABOUT ZBMETBI UYFBMBUSH PUPVEOOOP FSCEMPK.

CH LFPN NEUFE CH RHVMYLBGYY ZPMYLPCHB TEYUSH REFTB DBOB CH VPMEE RTPUFTBOOPN CHYDE; UOYUIPDYFEMSHOPUFSH rEFTB EEE VPMEE RPDYUETLOKHFB: “fsch CHUETB VSHM CH ZPUFSI; B NEOS UEZPDOS ЪCHBMY ABOUT TPDYOSCH; RPEDEN UP NOPA.”

CH NENKHBTBI OERMAECH TYUHEF LTBUPYUOSCH LBTFYOSCH LFPC DTBNBFYUEULPK UIFKHBGYY: “... TsBMES TSEOH NPA Y DEFEC, FBLCE Y UMKHTSYFEMEK, CH RTEDNEUFYK H gBTSHZTBDB, YNEOHENPN vKHALDETE, ЪBRETUS CH PUPVHA LPNOBFH Y RPMKHYUBM RTPRYFBOYE CH PLOP, OYLPZP L UEVE OE DPRHULBS; TSEOB NPS ETSEYUBUOP KH DCHETEK P FPN UP UMEBNY RTPUYMB NEOS” (U. 124). MEYUMUS ON "RTJOINBOYEN IYOSCH U CHPDK" (FBN CE).

UMPChP "IHDPCEUFChP" POBYUBMP CH FH RPTH RPOSFYE, RETEDBCHBENPE OBNY FERETSH UMPCHPP "TENEUMP". n. bChTBNPCH, LBL YUEMPCHEL UCHPEK LRPIY, CH TSYCHPRYUY RPDYUETLYCHBEF TENEUMP - UPUEFBOYE FTHDB Y KHNEOS. DMS MADEK REFTPCHULPK URPIY UMPCHB "TENEUMP", "HNEOYE" ЪCHHYUBMY FPTCEUFCHOOEE Y DBCE RPYUOOEE, YUEN UMPChP "FBMBOF". lFPF RBZhPU RPTSE PFTBTTSEO Ch UMPCHBI b. and. netЪMSLPCHB "UCSFBS TBVPFB" P RPYYY; CH UMPCHBI (RPCHFPTSAEYI l rBCHMPCHH) n. GCHEFBECHPK "TENEUMEOIL, S OBA TENEUMP" Y BOOSCH BINBFPCHPK "UCHSFPE TENEUMP".

UN.: PRYUBOYE YDBOYK ZTBTSDBOULPK REYUBFY. 1708 - SOCHBTSH 1725. n.; M., 1955, U. 125-126; UN. FBLCE: PRYUBOYE YIDBOYK, OBREYUBFBOOSCHI RTY REFTE I. UCHPDOSCHK LBFBMPZ. m., 1972.

UNSHUM LFYI UMPC PVASUOSEFUS RTPPHYCHPRPUFBCHMEOYEN YTPLLPZP RHFY, CHEDHEEZP CH BD, Y KHLPZP, “FEUOPZP”, CHEDHEEEZP CH TBK. uT. UMPChB RTPFPRPRB bChChBLKHNB P "FEUOPN" RHFY CH TBK. TEBMYYHS NEFBZHPTKH, bChChBLKHN ZPCHPTYM, YuFP FPMUFSHCHE, "VTAIBFSHCHE" OILPOIBOYE CH TBK OE RPRBDHF.

RP LBRTY'OPNH RETERMEFEOYA UATSEFPCH Y UKHDEV, YNEOOOP PE CHTENS UMEDUFCHYS RP DEMH GBTECHYUB bMELUES DPUFYZMB BRPZES LBTSHETB z. h. ULPTOSLPCHB-rYUBTECHB, UHDSHVB LPFPTPZP RPTSE OEPTSYDBOOP RETEUEUEEFUS U UHDSHVPK bChTBNPCHB.

NPTsOP UPNOECHBFSHUS Y CH FPN, YuFP TPNBOFYUEULYK VTBL oEECHPMPDPCHB U YUETLEYEOLPK RPMKHYUM GETLPCHOPE VMBZPUMPCHEOYE. RETECHPD UACEFB "LBCHLBULPZP RMEOOILB" ABOUT SJSHL VShchFPChPK TEBMSHOPUFY UCHSBO VSHM U OELPFPTSCHNY FTKHDOPUFSNY.

FBL, OBRTYNET, CH Y'DBOY EZP ATYYUYUEULYI UPYYOOYEOYK y. dKHYYYULYOPK VSHMY PVOBTHTSEOSH UPFOY FELUFPMPZYUEULYI PYYVPL ABOUT OEULPMSHLYI DEUSFLBI UFTBOIG; RPULPMSHLH OELPFPTSHCHE UFTBOYGSCH Y'DBOYS DBAF ZHPFPFYYUEULPE CHPURTPYCHEDEOYE THLPRYUEK, MAVPRSCHFOSCHK YUFBFEMSH, UPRPUFBCHMSS YI U FHF CE RTYCHEDEOOSCHNY REYUBFOSCHNY UFT BOYGBNY, NPTSEF PVOBTHTSYFSH RTPRKHULY GEMSHHI UFTPL Y DTHZIE RMPDSCH VEPFCHEFUFCHOOPUFY Y OECHETSEUFCHB.

UN. ZMBCHH "tPMSH tBDYEECHB CH URMPUEOYY RTPZTEUYCHOSHI UYM." - h LO.: vBVLYO d.u. b. O. TBDYEECH. mYFETBFHTOP-PVEEUFCHEOOBS DESFEMSHOPUFSH. n.; m., 1966.

DMS RTPUCHEFYFEMS OBTPD - RPOSFYE VPMEE YTPLPE, YUEN FB YMY JOBS UPGYBMSHOBS ZTHRRRB. TBDYEECH, LPOYUOP, Y CH HNE OE NPZ RTEDUFBCHYFSH OERPUTEDUFCHOOOPK TEBLGYY LTEUFSHSOYOB ABOUT EZP LOYZKH. h OBTPD CHIPDIMB DMS OEZP CHUS NBUUB MADEK, LTPNE TBVPCH ABOUT PDOPN RPMAUE Y TBVPCHMBDEMSHGECH - ABOUT DTHZPN.

FBN TSE, F. 2, U. 292-293, 295. yNEEFUS CH CHYDH NPOPMPZ lBFPOB CH PDOPPYNEOOOPK FTBZEDYY bDDYUPOB, ZDE lBFPO IBTBLFETYYKHEF UBNPKHVYKUFCHP LBL LTBKOAA UYMKH FPTCEUF ChB UCHPVPDSH OBD TBVUFCHPN.

LBTBNYO, LBL NPTsOP UKhDYFSH, VSHM CHCHPMOPCHBO UBNPHVYKUFCHPN tBDYEECHB Y PRBUBMUS ChPDEKUFCHYS LFPZP RPUFHRLB ABOUT UPCHTEENOOILPC. ьFYN, CHYDYNP, PVYASUOSEFUS FP, YuFP BCHFPT, DP LFPZP U UPYUKHCHUFCHYEN PRYUBCHYIK GEMHA GERSH UBNPKHVYKUFCH PF OYUBUFMYCHPK MAVCHY YMY RTEUMEDPCHBOYK RTEDTBUUKHDLPCH, CH LFP CHTENS CH TSDE UFBFEK Y RPCHEUFEK CHCHUFKHRIM U PUKhTSDEOYEN RTBCHB YUEMPCHELB UBNPCHPMSHOP LPOYUBFSH UCHPA TSYOSH.

OEYCHEUFOP, U RPNPESH LBLYI UTEDUFCH, - NPTSEF VShchFSH, RPFPNH, YUFP CH DBMELPK uyvity DEOSHZY CHSHZMSDEMY KHVEDYFEMSHOEE, YUEN UFPMYUOSCH ЪBRTEFSCH, - Y PO, CHYDYNP, PZHTNYM LF PF VTBL Y GETLPCHOSCHN TYFHBMPN. rP LTBKOEK NETE, TPDYCHYKUS CH UYVYTY USCHO rBCHEM UYFBMUS ЪBLPOOSCHN, Y OILBLYI FTHDOPUFEK, UCHSBOOSCHI U LFYN, CH DBMSHOEKYEN OE CHP'OILBMP.

YOFETEUHAEEE OBU UEKYUBU RYUSHNP CH PTYZYOBME OBRYUBOP RP-ZHTBOGHULY. h DBOOPN NEUFE CH RETECHPDE DPRKHEEOB YULMAYUYFEMSHOP CHBTSOBS OEFPUOPUFSH. zhTBOGKH'ULPE "une irréligion" (FBN CE, U. 118) RETECHEDEOP LBL "VECHETYE". ABOUT UBNPN DEME TEYUSH IDEF OE P VECHETYY, HRTELBFSH CH LPFPTPN tHUUP VSHMP VSC BMENEOFBTOPK PYYVLPK, B P DEYUFYUEULPN UFTENMEOYY RPUFBCHYFSH CHETCH CHCHYE PFDEMSHOSCHI TEMYZYK

RPUMEDOYE UMChB PE ZHTBOGKHULPN RYUSHNE UKhChPTPCB RTEDUFBCHMSAF UPVPK "TKHUULYK" FELUF, OBRYUBOOSHCHK MBFYOYGEK, RTETYFEMSHOSHCHK CHPMSRAL, RETEDTBOOCHBAEIK ZHTBOGKH'ULKHA TEYUSH TKHUULYI DCHPTSO.

UKhChPTPCH KHRPFTEVMSEF CHSTBTSEOYE “loi naturelle”. h GYFYTHENPN YJDBOY POP RETECHEDEOP LBL “ЪBLPO RTYTPDSCH”, YuFP RPMOPUFSHA YULBTSBEF EZP UNSHUM. UHChPTPCH YURPMSH'HEF MELUYLH YY FETNYOPMPZYY ULPFPCHPDUFCHB, ZDE "OBFKHTB" POBYUBEF LBYUEUFChP RPTPDSH. RETECHPD UMPCHPN "EUFEUFCHEOOSCHK" CH DBOOPN YIDBOY PYYVPYUEO.

UN.: rBOYUEOLP b. n. uNEI LBL ЪTEMYEE. - h LO.: uNEI CH DTECHOEK TKHUI. M., 1984, U. 72-153. ZHLU e. urV., 1900, U. 20-21.

YZTB UHDSHVSH RTYCHEMB CH DBMSHOEKYEN e. yFPF OEBNEFOSCHK YUEMPCHEL RPOAIBM CH UCHPEK TSYJOY RPTPIB, Y EUMY PO OE VSHM LTYFYUEULYN YUFPTYLPN, FP ЪBFP RYUBM P FPN, YUFP UBN CHYDEM Y RETETSYM.

CHPEOOOPZP LTBUOPTEYUYS YBUFSH RETCHBS, UPDETSBEBS PVEYE OBYUBMB UMPCHEUOPUFY. uPYYOOYE PTDYOBTOPZP RTPZHEUUPTB uBOLFREFETVKhTZULPZP hoychetuyfefb sLPCHB fPMNBYECHB. urV., 1825, U. 47. pTYZYOBMSHOBS UFYMYUFYLB LFPPZP RYUSHNB, CHYDYNP, YPLYTPCHBMB CHPEOOSCHI YUFPTYLPCH PF e. WITH DPLKHNEOPCH" 1950-1952 ZZ. Y h.u. mPRBFYOB (1987). OY CH PDOP YY FYI YDBOYK RYUSHNP OE VSHMP CHLMAYUEOP. NETSDH FEN POP RTEDUFBCHMSEF UPVPK YULMAYUYFEMSHOP STLYK DPLKHNEOF MYUOPUFY Y UFYMS RPMLPCHPDGB.

X ukhchptpchb YNEMUS FBLCE USCHO bTLBDYK, OP ZHEMSHDNBTYBM VSHM ZPTBJDP VPMEE RTYCHSBO L DPUETY. bTLBDYK DPTSYM MYYSH DP DCHBDGBFY UENY MEF Y RPZYV, HFPOKHCH CH FPN UBNPN TSCHNOYLE, ЪB RPVEDH ABOUT LPFPTPN PFEG EZP RPMHYUM FYFHM TSCHNOYULLPZP.

NHODYT Y PTDEO CH LFPN LHMSHFKHTOPN LPOFELUFE CHSHCHUFHRBAF LBL UYOPOUNSCH: OBZTBDB NPZMB CHSTBTSBFSHUS LBL CH ZHTNE PTDEOB, FBL Y CH CHYDE OPCHPZP YuYOB, YuFP PFTBTsBMPUSH CH NHODYTE .

RP ьФПНХ ЦЭ ДЭМХ ВШМ БТЭУФПЧКО й ъББЛМАУЕО Х reftprbchmpchulha lterpufsh etnpmpch. rPUME KHVYKUFCHB YNRETBFPTB ON VSHHM PUCHPVPTSDEOO Y U OEPRTBCHDBCHYYNUS PRFYNYYNPN OBRYUBM ABOUT DCHETSI UCHPEK LBNETSH: “OBCHUEZDB UCHPVPDOB PF RPUFPS.” rTPYMP 25 MEF, Y TBCHEMYO, LBL Y CHUS LTERPUFSH, VShchM ЪBRPMEO BTEUFPCHBOOSCHNY DELBVTYUFBNY

HVPTOBS - LPNOBFB DMS RETEPDECHBOYS Y KHFTEOOYI FHBMEFPCH CH DOECHOPE RMBFSHE, B FBLCE DMS RTYUEUUSCHBOYS Y UPCHETYEOYS NBLYSTSB. FYRPCHBS NEVEMSH KHVPTOPK UPUFPSMB YETLBMB, FHBMEFOPZP UFPMYLB Y LTEUEM DMS IPSKLY Y ZPUFEK.

ЪBRYULY DALB MYTYKULPZP... RPUMB LPTPMS yURBOULPZP, 1727—1730 ZPDHR. rV., 1847, U. 192-193. h RTYMPTSEOY L LFPC LOYSE PRHVMYLPCHBOSH UPYYOOYS ZHEPZHBOB rTPLPRPCHYUB, GYFYTHENSHCHE OBNY.

RHYLYO U PVSHYUOPK DMS OEZP ZMHVYOPK RPDYUETLYCHBEF, YuFP ZYVEMSH ЪB DEMP, LPFPTPPE YuEMPCHEL UYUYFBM URTBCHEDMYCHSHCHN, PRTBCHDSHCHBEFUS LFYLPK YUEUFY, DBTSE EUMY CH ZMBYCHSHCHN RPFPNUFCHB POP CHSHCHZMSDYF, OBRTYNET, LBL RTEDTBUUHDPL.

YOFETEUOSCHK PUETL MYFETBFHTOPPZP PVTBBB VPSTSHCHOY nPTPCPCHPK UN.: rBOYUEOLP b. n. vPSTSCHOS nPTPPBCHB - UINCHPM Y NYZH. - h LO.: rPCHEUFSH P VPSTSCHOE nPTPJPCHPK. n., 1979.

MYYUOKHA DKHYECHOHA NSZLPUFSH mBVYO UPYUEFBM U ZTBCDBOULPK UNEMPUFSH. pFLTSCHFSHCHK RTPFPYCHOIL BTBLUEECHB, BY RPЪCHPMYM UEVE DETOLPE ЪBSCHMEOYE: ABOUT UPCHEF CH BLBDENYY IHDPTSEUFCH CH PFCHEF ABOUT RTEDMPTSEOYE YЪVTBFSH CH BLBDENYA bTBLUEECHB, LB L MYGP, VMYOLPE ZPUKHDBTA, BY RTEDMPTSYM YЪVTBFSH GBTULPZP LHYUETB YMSHA - “FBLCE VMYOLKHA ZPUKHDBTA YNRETBFPTH PUPVKH” (yYMSHDET o. l. yNRETBFPT bMELUBODT RETCHSHCHK EZP TSYOSH Y GBTUFCHPCHBOYE. urV., 1898, F. IV, U. 267). ъБ БФП ON ЪББРМБФИМ ХЧПМШУОПЭН PF UMKHTSVSHCH Y UUSCHMLPK, LPFPTHA RETEOEU U VPMSHYPK FCHETDPUFSHA.