Presentation on the topic "Kalmyks". Kalmyks

The word "Kalmyks" comes from
Turkic language. Literally it
means "remainder". Central
Asia is considered their homeland
ancestors - Western Mongols,
who were engaged in breeding
cattle and wandered across the steppe in
searching for better pastures.
The history of the people dates back to the end of the XVI - beginning of the XVII
centuries, when the separated part of the Oirat tribe
moved to the lands of the lower Volga, to
territory of the modern Republic of Kalmykia, where
they became part of the Russian Empire. Kalmyks –
born riders and successful warriors.
Currently their number is about
200 thousand.

Traditional activities
The basis of traditional economics
was nomadic cattle breeding
(dominated by sheep, horses,
cattle, goats,
camels). In the middle of the 19th century with
emergence of stationary
villages began to raise pigs.
Kalmyks who settled in the coastal regions of the Volga and Caspian Sea
were engaged in fishing. Rye was sown on the lands of Kalmykia,
wheat, millet, buckwheat, oats, industrial crops (mustard,
tobacco, flax). Gardening appeared in the mid-19th century, and from the beginning of the 20th
centuries - melon growing and gardening, then flood rice sowing.
The basis
modern
farms
grazing
cattle breeding combined with commercial fishing,
agriculture
And
industry
By
processing
agricultural products.

The traditional settlement had a circular layout - the most
convenient from the point of view of defense for a nomadic lifestyle. To the center
circle, cattle were driven in for the night, property was stored there, and
public gatherings.
By the time they came to Russia, the Kalmyks retained the organization,
uniting several families. They settled in khotons - family-related settlements. Married children set up their tents
not far from my father's tent.
Since the beginning of the 19th century, stationary settlements with linear
layout.

Traditional home

Known
three
type
traditional
dwellings:
wagon,
dugout
And
half-dugout.
Kibitka
This
yurt
Mongolian
sample.
Initially
she
was installed
on
4-wheeled cart and so on
moved
in
time
migrations.
Co
time
the cart disappeared, but the term
The "kibitka" has been preserved.
Dugouts and half-dugouts of the poor people's dwellings, with walls
from raw or chopped
turf bricks, clay
or turf roof.

Housing

IN
late 19th century
wealthy and noble
Kalmykov
appeared
Russian type buildings:
wooden
V
Caspian regions,
brick - in the western ones.
IN
modern
villages
Kalmykia
prevail
typical
two-three-apartment houses. For
workers' settlements more
typical 2- and 3-story
houses with 4 - 12 apartments. IN
cities
typical
multi-story houses.

Religion

In the 13th century, Kalmyks became acquainted with Buddhism. At 16
century, its northern branch - Lamaism became national
religion of the Kalmyks. Kalmyk Lamaists
maintained direct contact with Tibet, where
The top hierarch of the school is the Dalai Lama. Kalmyks,
who from the end of the 17th century began to settle in the Don, Ural,
Ukraine accepted Orthodoxy.
In relation to the Lamaist clergy, the royal
the government pursued a policy of limiting it
numbers, and also organized repressions
against the persistence of various folk
beliefs: shamanism, fetishism, fire cult and
hearth.

Religion

By 1917 in Kalmykia
92 khuruls operated
(monastery, temple). TO
1943 when it started
deportation of Kalmyks,
there was none. WITH
late 80s of the 20th century
revival has begun
Buddhist community.
Gradually disappears from
treatment term
"Lamaism", replaceable
"Buddhism".
Simultaneously
are being reborn
national
Tsagalgan holidays,
Uryus Sar

Religion

Crafts
Developed artistic crafts - embroidery
(special multi-color seams on women's clothing),
metal processing (chasing and engraving
metal parts of the saddle, bridle, cases and
handles of knives, smoking pipes, butts
guns, bracelets, earrings), leather embossing, carving
woodworking (furniture, architectural details of houses
noble Kalmyks).

Traditional food

The basis of nutrition is meat and
milk.
Meat dishes: broth with
meat, seasoned
raw onions;
meat baked in
sealed container (in
past - carcass,
baked for
days without access to air
a hole covered with earth,
where they bred
fire); noodles with meat and
onions; dumplings; finely
chopped innards
ram.
Dairy products - cheese,
cottage cheese, sour cream, butter,
foam, mare's kumiss
milk, milk kvass and
sour drink from
cow's milk.
Everyday drink - tea (jomba) with
milk, butter, salt and spices, from
of which nutmeg was especially valued
nut.

Folk cuisine

Flour products - unleavened flatbreads,
pieces cooked in lamb fat
dough (wrestlers), later borrowed from Russians and
Ukrainians have pancakes and bagels.
Wrestlers are, perhaps, the most
favorite delicacy of Kalmyks. This
symbol of celebration, fun and hope
for a prosperous future. In old times
wrestlers were trained only for big
holidays, give them as a gift
presented to guests. In ordinary
days we could indulge in wrestlers
Only the rich can afford it. All
because wheat flour is the main ingredient of the dough for
wrestlers - in those days it was very expensive
expensive and was one of the most
unavailable goods.

Traditional cuisine

Kalmyks make vodka - araku

Men's clothing - fitted caftan, shirt, pants,
soft leather boots with felt stocking liner
for winter and canvas foot wraps for summer.
Women's clothing - a long dress up to the toes with a sleeveless vest, under
They are wearing a long shirt and pants, boots.
Particular importance was attached to women's embroidered and
men's stacked metal belts that served
an indicator of the nobility and wealth of their owners.

Folk costume

Various hats
men and women depending on
season, family wealth, etc.
Ceremonial headdress with red
silk brush (hence the nickname
Kalmyks among neighboring peoples
"red-tissue").
Women's jewelry - earrings,
hairpins, hairpins, gold rings,
silver, bones, precious and
semiprecious stones; for men, an earring in the left ear, a ring on
ring finger, bracelet,
playing the role of an amulet.
Traditional hairstyle for men
women have braids: men and girls have one, women have two.

Holidays: New Year

Zula – New Year
- This
oldest
holiday for him
there are
more than 6 centuries.
Celebrate it in
winter day
solstice (22
December) when
length
day
increases.
In Kalmyk
"Zulu" - lamp
or lamp.
Lights are lit on this day everywhere - in churches,
houses, on the streets. It was believed that the stronger
there will be a flame, the more energy will go away
to the sun. And that means it will heat up more. IN
in temples they told fortunes using lit torches - on
good year. Left on sacrificial stones
gifts to Buddhist deities.

Holidays: Tsagan Sar

In the beginning of March
Tsagan Sar is celebrated
(white month). All around
are heard
congratulations on
the end of the cold
and hungry times.
Preparations are underway for
relocation to new
pastures are waiting
livestock offspring.
Seniors accept
food from the younger ones. IN
ancient people
gathered near the temple
and waited for the dawn. General
prayer was performed
as soon as the first rays
the sun will break through
heavenly surface.
Offerings were made.
General prayer was performed as soon as
The first rays of the sun will break through the surface of the sky.
Offerings were made.

Summer holiday

The unity of land and water is celebrated by the people in June
on the full moon. The deities were appeased with abundant
offerings to bring grass to new pastures
was juicy and rich, the cattle were well-fed and healthy, and
This means that the people were happy and prosperous.
A ritual was performed: all the cattle were gathered, and the owner
sprinkled milk and kumiss on their heads.

Tulip Festival

This holiday can
be called the youngest.
Introduced it in the early 90s
young president
republics. Noted
holiday on the second
Sunday in April when
the entire territory of Kalmykia
covered with colorful
a blanket of tulips. And the ensemble “Tulip”, which
On this day, all youth introduced the whole world to the beauty
walks, there is a performance and a variety of folk
dance
Kalmyk dance, gives
collectives.
performance at open
city sites.

Epic

By the beginning of the 18th century,
appear first
mentions of
epic folk
creativity
Kalmyks. Main
monuments of this
creativity
came the epic
"Dzhangar"
reflected in itself
historical
life events
people, and a song about
how
Mongolian Ubashihun Taiji fought with
Oirat tribes in
1587.
The folk poem "Dzhangar" contains
several thousand verses combined into
independent songs. They sing of the heroes' battle with
foreign enemies for freedom and independence
people. The feat of the heroes of this epic is
protection of the country of Bumba - an illusory place where
always a peaceful sky, a sea of happiness and peace.

Epic

Another monument of the folk epic is “The Tale of Gesar”. In him
the struggle for justice is also glorified.

Kalmyk symbols: lotus

Those lucky ones who at least
seen once in my life
lotus blossom (badm,
badm tsetsg) will hardly be forgotten
this is indescribable
spectacle. Beautiful tender
the flowers of this plant are like
as if floating above the surface
water. Petals and leaves
covered with the finest
waxy coating,
which shimmers
mother of pearl, and drops of water
they sparkle like
gems.

Slide 2

Ethnonyms

The generally accepted ethnonym is the name Kalmyks. Autoethnonyms are the names Khalmygi and Khalmgudy; they apparently go back to the Turkic “remnant” (meaning part of the Oirats who did not convert to Islam).

Slide 3

Title

Title: Republic of Kalmykia. The majority of Kalmyks live in the Republic of Kalmykia - 146.3 thousand people. (45.2% of the population of Kalmykia) according to the 1989 USSR census. There are small groups of Kalmyks in Central Asia and the Caucasus, from the countries of the so-called “far abroad” - in the USA (2 thousand people) and France (1 thousand people .).

Slide 4

Population dynamics (1897 – 2010)

Slide 5

Language

The Kalmyk language belongs to the Mongolian group of the Altai language family.

Dialects:
Torgut dialect;
Derbet dialect;
Buzava dialect (Don Kalmyks);

The original Kalmyk writing was created in the 17th century. This writing was created on the basis of the Uyghur-Mongolian script, which the Oirats had used since the 11th century. In 1924, in the USSR, the Oirat script was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, which was replaced by the Latin alphabet in 1930, which was again replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938. These reforms destroyed the continuity of the literary tradition of the Kalmyk people in Russia.

Slide 6

Racial composition

Racially, Kalmyks are Mongoloids, but unlike the classical monogoloids, due to mixing with the Turkic and North Caucasian peoples.

Slide 7

Confessional composition

Believing Kalmyks profess Lamaism, which is a branch of Buddhism, and some Kalmyks are Orthodox.

Slide 8

Knowledge of native language

According to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, only 80,546 people declared proficiency in the Kalmyk language, which is less than 44% of the number of Kalmyks (183,372 (2010)).

Slide 9

Ethnogenesis

As a separate ethnic group, the Kalmyks were formed as a result of the arrival to the beginning. 17th century to the Lower Volga from Western Mongolia, part of the Oirat tribes - Derbets, Torguts, etc. Here they accepted Russian citizenship. Since 1667, a relatively autonomous Kalmyk Khanate existed within Russia. It was liquidated in 1771, when some of the Kalmyks, dissatisfied with the oppression by the Russian administration, left for their historical homeland. In 1920, the Kalmyk Autonomous Okrug was created, which was transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1935. In 1943, Kalmyks were deported to the regions of Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan on charges of mass betrayal; more than a third of the people died during the deportation. In 1957-1958 Kalmyks returned to their place of former residence, national statehood was restored. Since 1992, its name has been the Kalmyk Republic–Khalmg Tangch.

Slide 10

Traditional types of farming

The basis of the traditional Kalmyk economy was nomadic cattle breeding. The herd was dominated by sheep, horses, cows, goats and camels. With the transition to settled life, pig breeding began to be practiced. In the Volga region and the Caspian Sea, fishing played a significant role.
Hunting was of no small importance, mainly saigas, but also wolves, foxes and other game.
Some groups of Kalmyks have been engaged in agriculture for a long time, but it did not play a significant role. Only with the transition to settled life did his role begin to grow.
Crafts were developed, including leather working, felting, wood carving, etc., including artistic ones - leather stamping, embossing and metal engraving, embroidery.

Slide 11

List of used literature

Kalmyks // Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia. M., 1994. - pp. 178-181.
Culture and life of the Kalmyks (ethnographic research). Elista, 1977.
Peoples of the European part of the USSR. T.II / Peoples of the world: Ethnographic essays. M., 1964.- pp. 742-770.
Erdniev U.E. Kalmyks: historical and ethnographic essays. (2nd ed.). Elista, 1980.
Kalmyk language and literature // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Todaeva B. X. Kalmyk language // Languages of the peoples of the USSR: In 5 volumes. T. 5. - L., 1968.
Ubushaev N. N. Dialect system of the Kalmyk language. - Elista, 2006.

Slide 12

Thank you for your attention.

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Kalmyks (Kalm. Halmg, Halmgud, Mong. Khalimag) are a Western Mongolian (Oirat) people living mainly in the Republic of Kalmykia, a subject of the Russian Federation. They speak Kalmyk and Russian. They are descendants of the Oirat tribes who migrated at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries from Central Asia to the Lower Volga and the Northern Caspian Sea.

The name The self-name of the Kalmyks, khalmg (halmgud), most likely comes from the Turkic adjective kalmak “separated”, “lagging behind” (there is no such word in the related Kalmykam-Mongolian languages). In Russian written sources, the name “Kalmyks” appeared in the 16th century (the Stroganov Chronicle with the decree of Ivan IV the Terrible dated May 30, 1574), and from the end of the 18th century, the Kalmyks themselves began to use it, having previously used the ethnonym Oirats, common to the Western Mongols.

Ethnogenesis The ancestors of the Kalmyks are the Oirat tribes, who migrated at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries from Dzungaria to the territory of modern Kazakhstan and Eastern Siberia, and later moved to the Lower Volga and the Northern Caspian Sea. In the process of settlement by these tribes of the territory of modern Kalmykia (and a number of neighboring regions, which later became part of the Kalmyk Khanate), the Kalmyk ethnic group was formed, which, after many generations, acquired a certain ethnic and linguistic specificity. Over time, Turkic, Russian and some other ethnic components joined the nationality in small quantities.

Russian Empire According to rough estimates, the number of Kalmyks when they accepted Russian citizenship in the 17th century was about people, among them, in addition to the predominant Torgouts, there were Derbets, Khosheuts, Khoits, Choros and other subethnic groups. Kalmyks settled in the Lower Volga and for some time their numbers within Russian borders increased due to the arrival of small nomads from Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, but in 1771 half of the Kalmyks went to Dzungaria (about people, according to the ESBE, the number of Kalmyks who left was tents, or up to “ souls") Population who chose the Kalmyk language as their native language Census of 1897 Men Women Both sexes Russian Empire including by region European Russia Vistula provinces Caucasus Siberia Central Asia

USSR Sart-Kalmyks (sort-Kalmyks) Sart-Kalmyks (sort-Kalmyks) were counted separately in the 1926 census, and in subsequent censuses they were counted together with the Kalmyks. In 1959, according to the dictionary of nationalities, the Sort Kalmyks were distinguished as a separate people, but when the census was published they were classified as Kalmyks. 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census USSR not including Kolmakov variety (2793) Kolmakov variety with Kalmyk variety Kalmyk variety with Kalmyk variety Kalmyk variety with Kalmyk variety Kalmyk variety with Kalmyk variety -Kalmyksort-Kalmyks with sort-Kalmyksort-Kalmyks including in the Union Republics Union Republics of the RSFSR RSFSR including in the Kalmyk Autonomous Okrug / ASSRKalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Moldavian SSR Kazakh SSR Kyrgyz SSR Tajik SSR Turkmen SSR Uzbek SSR Armenian SSR Georgian SSR La Tvian USSR

Russian Federation In the 2002 census, the self-identification of some respondents classified as Kalmyks was: large derbets, derbets, derbets, derbets, dorwoods, Torgouts, Torguts, Khoyts, elites, Khosheuts, Buzavs and Oirats. large derbets, derbets, derbets, derbets, dorvudytorgouts , trading elites 2002 Census Russian Federation Russian Federation including in the Republic of Kalmykia Republic of Kalmykia including in Federal districts Federal districts Central 2803 Northwestern 902 Southern Volga 882 Ural 684 Siberian 1304 Far Eastern 366

Religion Kalmyks are the only people in Europe whose main religion is Buddhism. In the XVI-XVIII centuries, along with the Indo-Tibetan teachings, traditional beliefs and ideas were widespread among the Russian Oirats, primarily the cult of the sky - Tengrism (Menc Kok Tengr “Eternal Blue Sky”), as well as the cults of mountains, trees, water, and earth. Sacrifices to fire and animal totems were practiced. A special place was occupied by the cult of ancestors, which was later integrated into the Buddhist religious system. During this period, the role of shamans was great in Kalmyk society. The influence of archaic religious ideas persists in Kalmyk culture to this day. Obviously, it is most clearly manifested in modern Kalmyk holidays, in particular Tsagan Sar, associated with the beginning of spring (usually celebrated in February).

Title Title – Republic of Kalmykia. The majority of Kalmyks live in the Republic of Kalmykia - 146.3 thousand people. (45.2% of the population of Kalmykia) according to the 1989 USSR census. There are small groups of Kalmyks in Central Asia and the Caucasus, from the countries of the so-called “far abroad” - in the USA (2 thousand people) and France (1 thousand). people).

Language The Kalmyk language belongs to the Mongolian group of the Altai language family. Dialects: Torgut dialect; Derbet dialect; Buzava dialect (Don Kalmyks); The original Kalmyk writing was created in the 17th century. This writing was created on the basis of the Uyghur-Mongolian script, which the Oirats had used since the 11th century. In 1924, in the USSR, the Oirat script was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, which was replaced by the Latin alphabet in 1930, which was again replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938. These reforms destroyed the continuity of the literary tradition of the Kalmyk people in Russia.

Ethnogenesis As a separate ethnic group, the Kalmyks were formed as a result of the arrival to the beginning. 17th century to the Lower Volga from Western Mongolia, part of the Oirat tribes - Derbets, Torguts, etc. Here they accepted Russian citizenship. Since 1667, a relatively autonomous Kalmyk Khanate existed within Russia. It was liquidated in 1771, when some of the Kalmyks, dissatisfied with the oppression by the Russian administration, left for their historical homeland. In 1920, the Kalmyk Autonomous Okrug was created, which was transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1935. In 1943, Kalmyks were deported to the regions of Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan on charges of mass betrayal; more than a third of the people died during the deportation. In 1957-1958 Kalmyks returned to their place of former residence, national statehood was restored. Since 1992, its name has been the Kalmyk Republic–Khalmg Tangch.

Traditional types of economy The basis of the traditional economy of the Kalmyks was nomadic cattle breeding. The herd was dominated by sheep, horses, cows, goats and camels. With the transition to settled life, pig breeding began to be practiced. In the Volga region and the Caspian Sea, fishing played a significant role. Hunting was of no small importance, mainly saigas, but also wolves, foxes and other game. Some groups of Kalmyks have been engaged in agriculture for a long time, but it did not play a significant role. Only with the transition to settled life did his role begin to grow. Crafts were developed, including leather working, felting, wood carving, etc., including artistic ones - leather stamping, embossing and metal engraving, embroidery.

List of used literature Kalmyks // Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia. M., 1994. - pp. 178-181. Culture and life of the Kalmyks (ethnographic research). Elista, 1977. Peoples of the European part of the USSR. T.II / Peoples of the world: Ethnographic essays. M., 1964.- pp. 742-770. Erdniev U.E. Kalmyks: historical and ethnographic essays. (2nd ed.). Elista, 1980. Kalmyk language and literature // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. Todaeva B. X. Kalmyk language // Languages of the peoples of the USSR: In 5 volumes. T. 5. - Leningrad, 1968. Ubushaev N. N. Dialect system of the Kalmyk language. - Elista, 2006.

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