Presentation on the topic of parasites in the human body. Worms are parasites

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"Better to see once than hear a hundred times"

Psoriasis, vitiligo are skin diseases caused by worms - filaria and trichinae. They damage the structure of the skin and cause itching.

Botflies (Gasterophilidae) lay larvae under the skin of mammals, including humans. The human skin botfly lives in Central and South America and lays eggs on mosquitoes. When a mosquito lands on the human body, the larvae of the cutaneous botfly “burrow” into the skin. In the bloodstream, they can travel throughout the body and even enter the brain through the blood-brain barrier. By eating away vital areas of the brain, gadfly larvae can lead to death.

Hookworm hookworm The transmission mechanism is contact (through the skin) and through dirty hands. The larvae penetrate intact skin when walking barefoot on grass. The larvae are able to climb up blades of grass to a height of up to 40 cm. Adult helminths are small in size, 5–13 mm, and live in the upper parts of the small intestine, where they attach to the villi, sucking them into the oral cavity.

Pinworm is the most common helminth, especially among children. They live in the lower half of the small intestine and in the initial part of the large intestine. Females descend into the rectum, actively emerge from the anus, lay eggs and die. After 4-6 hours, the eggs mature and become infective. They get on bedding and underwear, hands, carpets, soft toys. They can remain viable for up to 6 months. Dust gets into your mouth through your hands. They do not need any intermediate hosts. The disease can last for decades. About 350 million people in the world suffer from enterobiasis. If one family member has pinworms, the possibility of infecting other members is very high; all family members need to be examined.

Helminths and their prevention

Completed by: Asfandiyarova R.R. .

Hidden threat

“Child affected by helminths”

“Brain damage from roundworm”

"We are in danger"

What are helminths?

Pathology

Based on localization, luminal helminthiases are distinguished, including intestinal ones - ascariasis, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, teniarinhoidosis, etc.; helminth infections of the hepatobiliary system - opisthorchiasis, clonorchiasis, fascioliasis; pulmonary helminthiasis - paragonimiasis, tominxosis; tissue helminthiasis - trichinosis, schistosomiasis, filariasis, toxocariasis.

"External symptoms of helminthiases"

Acne, pimples, rough skin, peeling of the skin of the fingers, freckles, early wrinkles on the face, papillomas, cracked heels, peeling and breaking of nails - tells us that the gastrointestinal tract is infected.

The simplest infection disables the self-regulation and immune defense of the body. Infection, frequent acute respiratory infections, sore throats, chronic tonsillitis, inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, as well as snoring during sleep manifest themselves.

• In children: cause developmental delay, anemia, weakening of mental abilities, decreased academic performance, and exhaustion.
• For women and men: loss of strength, inflammation of the adrenal glands, bladder, kidneys, mental disorders.
• The generation replacing infected parents dies 10–15 years earlier.

"Diagnostics by a drop of blood"

Blood is a true and objective indicator of your well-being.

In 1953, Danish physicist Fritz Zernik was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the “phase contrast” effect.

Using a microscope and a TV monitor through a video camera, it allows the doctor and patient to see with their own eyes the level of toxicity and contamination in the patient’s blood.

This test allows you to look at the root causes of your weakening condition:

Prevention and control measures

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Roundworms, pinworms Pinworms are the most common helminth in children. They live in the lower intestine. Females actively emerge from the anus, lay eggs (from 5,000 to 15,000 per day) and die. After 4-6 hours, the eggs mature, end up on bed linen, hands, and in the mouth.

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Toxocara The main host is dogs, but human infection can also occur. The length of the helminth is up to 30 cm. The female lays 200,000 eggs daily, which remain viable for several years. With dust, sand, on shoes, through dirty hands, eggs enter a person’s home, and infection occurs.

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Hookworm - hookworm Adult worms are 5-13 mm in size, live in the intestines, where they attach to the villi, sucking them into the mouth. The total number can range from a few to 2 million. The female lays up to 20,000 eggs per day.

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Helminth larvae that mature in the soil enter humans through dirty hands. Migrating throughout the body through blood vessels, they settle in the lungs and heart. Growing up, they enter the oral cavity and are swallowed, feeding on blood.

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Echinococcus A sexually mature individual has a head with 4 suckers and a double crown of 40 hooks, a neck and 2-3 body segments.

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Human infection occurs through contact with infected animals, when picking berries and herbs, and drinking water from contaminated sources. In the human intestine, the larvae penetrate the blood vessels and are carried by the bloodstream, retained in the liver, lungs, kidneys, and settle in the bones and brain. There, the echinococcus begins to form a capsule with many worms, the size of such a capsule can reach the size of a soccer ball, and the host tissues are compressed and die.

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Test for the possibility of helminth infection Yes - 2 points, Sometimes - 1 point, No - 0 points. Do you swim in rivers or ponds? Do you use water from unverified sources, for example, from a well in the village? Do you fertilize your garden with manure? Do you eat homemade lard with streaks of meat? Do you eat lightly salted fish from freshwater bodies?

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6. Do you eat freshly prepared pork kebab? 7. Do you eat “wild meat”, such as bear meat? 8. Do you use homemade lightly salted caviar? 9. Do you eat vegetables straight from the garden? 10. Do you eat fruits and berries straight from the garden, such as strawberries? 11. Do you eat fallen fruits, such as apples? 12. Do you store carrots in sand from the yard?

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13. Don’t wash your hands with soap before eating? 14. Don’t pour boiling water over all your greens before cooking? 15. Don't wash your eggs? 16. Don’t wash bananas, oranges, tangerines before eating? 17. Do you walk barefoot on the grass? 18. Have helminthic diseases been noticed in the family, for example, pinworms in children? 19. Does the family have a dog or a cat?

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0-5 points Helminths have virtually no chance of finding you as a host. Keep doing the same. 6-12 points The chances of infection are real. You need to strengthen the rules of your own hygiene, reconsider some aspects of nutrition and rest in order to increase the degree of your protection from the penetration of helminths.

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13-25 points You have an absolutely real chance of becoming the host of about 150 species of helminths. You are a desirable object for them because you do not have sufficient information about the methods of infection, or do not attach importance to it. More than 25 points You are helminths' best friend! You need to completely reconsider your views on personal sanitary safety!

Nematodes

Roundworms breathe over the entire surface of the body; the circulatory system is completely absent.

The most prominent representatives that belong to the class of roundworms are:

• whipworm;
• human roundworm;
• pinworms, etc.

The signs of the presence of nematodes in the human body will be discussed below.

Flatworms

If the nematode has a monolithic body, then the fluke is divided into multiple segments.

All representatives of the class of flatworms are hermaphrodites and have a reduced intestine.

The fluke and other cestodes do not have sensory organs as such, but the body of the helminths is covered with peripheral processes that help them navigate in space. The fluke lacks a circulatory system and respiratory organs.

The presentation of flatworms allows us to see that, unlike flukes, tapeworms are characterized by the presence of a head with characteristic two pits designed for fixation on the walls of internal organs, as well as one hole, which is located on the front of the helminths’ body.

The head of the tapeworm is already “equipped” with four suckers, the body is also divided into many segments. The life cycle of tapeworms - cestodes - is associated with multiple changes of intermediate hosts, as well as with alternation of larval stages of development.

The vital activity of worms in the host’s body cannot pass without leaving a trace. It is no secret that flukes, nematodes and other helminths are capable of disrupting metabolism, which provokes a malfunction of almost all internal human organs (this disease is commonly called helminthiasis).

In return, the worms produce toxins - substances that cause a variety of allergic reactions in the infected patient.

As a result, a person’s metabolism is disrupted, inflammatory processes develop in the affected organs, and symptoms of allergy (intoxication) appear. Toxins - waste products of helminths - are gradually absorbed into the blood and, along with it, spread throughout the patient’s body. This leads to various nervous disorders and other health problems.

The fluke, a representative of trematodes, consumes gastric components, blood, mucosal cells and nutrients that are in the gastric ducts.

The class of flatworms (including the fluke) “choose for life” the liver and pancreas. The disease, the development of which it provokes, is called opisthorchiasis. The main symptoms of this form of helminthiasis:

• muscle pain;
• hyperthermia;
• dizziness;
• diarrhea;
• skin rashes;
• painful sensations in the abdomen (especially in the area of ​​the right hypochondrium).

A fluke such as the pulmonary fluke (the presentation of the class of flatworms shows a photo of this helminth) can be located in the respiratory system and provoke symptoms such as wheezing and chest pain in patients. Clonorchis, a liver fluke, causes the development of pancreatitis and severe attacks of pain in the gallbladder. In rare cases, a patient with opisthorchiasis may be diagnosed with liver cirrhosis.

The larvae of roundworms are able to migrate throughout the patient’s body; they feed on particles of undigested food, as well as useful components that they receive from the blood of an infected host.

The main symptoms of nematodes, a form of helminthiasis caused by roundworms, include the following characteristic features:

• painful sensations in the abdomen;
• vomiting, nausea;
• recurrent headaches;
• increased body temperature;
• Hallucinations may occur.

Such a representative of roundworms as whipworms often causes the development of inflammatory processes in the cecum. Signs of pathology include symptoms such as frequent constipation and anemia. Trichinella usually “choose to live” muscle tissue; their larvae cause pain in muscles located throughout the body.

The female, crawling out, irritates the skin on the anus and causes severe itching. A person scratches this place and spreads thousands of eggs around him. Then they get back into the gastrointestinal tract with dust or products that are taken with dirty hands.

The symptoms of pinworm infection are quite pronounced and easily recognizable:

• itching in the anus, especially after 21.00 (females crawl out to lay eggs);
• poor appetite or a strong need for sweets;
• weight loss;
• restless sleep;
• fatigue.

1. Washing with soap morning and evening. Thus, the eggs left by the female on the anus do not spread.
2. Wet cleaning of the premises at least 4 times a week.
3. Short-cut nails, especially in children.
4. Washing your hands after going to the toilet and upon returning from outside.
5. Ironing underwear with a hot iron after washing.
6. Frequent change of bed linen.
7. Maintaining immunity at a high level, and then, even after entering the body, helminths do not take root.

People who follow these rules are rarely infected with pinworms. Even if they appear, healing occurs much faster. These events must be carried out strictly following the rules, without missing a single day during the month.

Ascariasis

These roundworms can be up to 45 cm long. Roundworms live in the small intestine and cause great harm to the body. During their life cycle, they pass through several organ systems and can cause serious diseases:

• bronchial asthma;
• anemia;
• pneumonia;
• allergic manifestations;
• disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

It is easy to become infected with roundworms after eating unwashed fruits, especially strawberries. Roundworm eggs can be found on greens and vegetables that grow close to the ground. This feature is due to the life cycle of these helminths. Eggs enter the soil with animal and human feces.

Infestation with roundworms has pronounced symptoms. 10-14 days after infection, the first signs of the disease appear:

• allergic rash;
• obsessive cough;
• low temperature;
• suffocation;
• enlarged lymph nodes.

These symptoms are due to the fact that roundworms migrate through the lungs and bronchi into the gastrointestinal tract. They damage the tissues of the respiratory system and can cause pneumonia. At this stage, symptoms resemble bronchitis or pneumonia, so treatment is often prescribed incorrectly.

Opisthorchiasis

Infestation by these worms leads to damage to the nervous system, its symptoms:

• irritability;
• fatigue;
• bad dream.

They are accompanied by nausea and vomiting. In the chronic stage of the disease, symptoms of pancreatitis and gastritis may worsen. Such a helminth with its vital activity leads to the development of serious anemia.

Freshwater fish must be cooked for at least 40 minutes.

Giardiasis

Symptoms of infection are associated with the functions of the gastrointestinal tract, these are:

• nausea;
• vomit;
• diarrhea or constipation;
• pain in the right side of the abdomen, especially after eating fatty foods;
• coating on the tongue;
• elevated body temperature.

These measures will contribute to a good protective response to prevent the proliferation of Giardia.

Toxocars

• epilepsy attacks;
• convulsions;
• severe excitability;
• nightmares;
• fears.

Sometimes total infection leads to severe inflammation of the lymph nodes.

Prevention should be carried out by following simple rules:

• prohibit any contact with unfamiliar animals;
• After playing with pets, be sure to wash your hands with soap;
• properly care for your four-legged friends;
• conduct a preventive course of anthelmintic drugs for pets.

Less common but very dangerous infestations

Whipworm causes false signs of appendicitis with acute symptoms. Because of this, off-label surgery is often performed. Infection occurs through poorly processed food.

Symptoms of damage are quite serious:

• fast weight loss;
• severe anemia;
• constant nausea;
• profuse vomiting;
• severe abdominal pain.