The Renaissance is the beginning of a cultural upheaval in Europe. Renaissance: Proto-Renaissance, early, high and late Renaissance Beginning of the Renaissance in Europe
XIV-XV century. In the countries of Europe, a new, turbulent era begins - the Renaissance (Renaissance - from the French Renaissanse). The beginning of the era is associated with the liberation of man from feudal serfdom, the development of sciences, arts and crafts.
The Renaissance began in Italy and continued its development in the countries of northern Europe: France, England, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. The late Renaissance dates from the middle of the 16th to the 90s of the 16th century.
The influence of the church on the life of society has weakened, interest in antiquity is reviving with its attention to the personality of a person, his freedom and development opportunities. The invention of printing contributed to the spread of literacy among the population, the growth of education, the development of sciences, arts, including fiction. The bourgeoisie was not satisfied with the religious worldview that prevailed in the Middle Ages, but created a new, secular science based on the study of the nature and heritage of ancient writers. Thus began the "revival" of ancient (ancient Greek and Roman) science and philosophy. Scientists began to search for and study ancient literary monuments stored in libraries.
There were writers and artists who dared to oppose the church. They were convinced that the greatest value on earth is a person, and all his interests should be focused on earthly life, on how to live it fully, happily and meaningfully. Such people, who dedicated their art to man, began to be called humanists.
Renaissance literature is characterized by humanistic ideals. This era is associated with the emergence of new genres and with the formation of early realism, which is called so, "Renaissance realism" (or Renaissance), in contrast to the later stages, enlightenment, critical, socialist. The works of the Renaissance give us an answer to the question of the complexity and importance of the assertion of the human personality, its creative and active principle.
Renaissance literature is characterized by various genres. But certain literary forms prevailed. Giovanni Boccaccio becomes the legislator of a new genre - the short story, which is called the Renaissance short story. This genre was born of a feeling of surprise, characteristic of the Renaissance, before the inexhaustibility of the world and the unpredictability of man and his actions.
In poetry, it becomes the most characteristic form of a sonnet (a stanza of 14 lines with a certain rhyme). Dramaturgy is developing a lot. The most prominent playwrights of the Renaissance are Lope de Vega in Spain and Shakespeare in England.
Journalism and philosophical prose are widespread. In Italy, Giordano Bruno denounces the church in his works, creates his own new philosophical concepts. In England, Thomas More expresses the ideas of utopian communism in his book Utopia. Widely known are such authors as Michel de Montaigne ("Experiments") and Erasmus of Rotterdam ("Praise of Stupidity").
Among the writers of that time are also crowned persons. Poems are written by Duke Lorenzo de Medici, and Marguerite of Navarre, sister of King Francis I of France, is known as the author of the Heptameron collection.
In the fine arts of the Renaissance, man appeared as the most beautiful creation of nature, strong and perfect, angry and gentle, thoughtful and cheerful.
The world of Renaissance man is most vividly represented in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican, painted by Michelangelo. Biblical stories form the vault of the chapel. Their main motive is the creation of the world and man. These frescoes are full of grandeur and tenderness. On the altar wall is the Last Judgment fresco, which was created in 1537-1541. Here, Michelangelo sees in man not the "crown of creation", but Christ is presented as angry and punishing. The ceiling and altar wall of the Sistine Chapel represent a clash of possibility and reality, the sublimity of the idea and the tragedy of the implementation. "The Last Judgment" is considered a work that completed the Renaissance in art.
The Renaissance is the greatest progressive upheaval in human history.
At the beginning of the 15th century, there were huge changes in life and culture in Italy. Since the 12th century, the townspeople, merchants and artisans of Italy have waged a heroic struggle against feudal dependence. Developing trade and production, the townspeople gradually got richer, threw off the power of the feudal lords and organized free city-states. These free Italian cities became very powerful. Their citizens were proud of their conquests. The enormous wealth of the independent Italian cities caused them to flourish. The Italian bourgeoisie looked at the world with different eyes, they firmly believed in themselves, in their own strength. They were alien to the desire for suffering, humility, the rejection of all earthly joys that have been preached to them so far. The respect for the earthly person who enjoys the joys of life grew. People began to take an active attitude to life, eagerly explore the world, admire its beauty. During this period, various sciences are born, art develops.
In Italy, many monuments of the art of ancient Rome have been preserved, therefore the ancient era was again considered as a model, ancient art has become a subject of worship. Imitation of antiquity and gave reason to call this period in art - rebirth which means in French "Renaissance". Of course, this was not an exact repetition of ancient art, it was already a new art, but based on ancient samples.
The Italian Renaissance is divided into three stages : 13th -15th century -Pre-Renaissance (Proto-Renaissance, Trecento) ; 15th century- Early Renaissance (quattrocento ); late 15th - early 16th century-High Renaissance (cinquecento).
Archaeological excavations were carried out throughout Italy, looking for ancient monuments. The newly discovered statues, coins, dishes, weapons, frescoes were carefully preserved and collected in museums specially created for this purpose. Artists studied on these samples of antiquity, drew them from nature.
high renaissance
From the end of the 15th century, Italy begins to experience difficult times in economic and political matters. And in this difficult period for the country, the short golden age of the Italian Renaissance begins. High Renaissance, highest point heyday of italian art. The art of that time was especially imbued with faith in the creative powers of man, in the fact that man can do anything. Typical paintings of the High Renaissance are strictly balanced in construction. The characters are often combined into groups, the landscape, as if immersed in the blue distance, serves as a background for them or is seen through the window.
During the High Renaissance, three great masters worked in Italy, whose work reflects this wonderful era in its entirety. This - Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Santi and Michelangelo Buonarotti.
Venetian Renaissance
Painting developed in its own special way in Venice. The damp atmosphere of this city, built on the islands, was fatal to fresco painting - therefore, here, earlier than anywhere else in Italy, artists mastered the technique of oil painting, invented in the Netherlands. It was comfortable and provided the artist with more diverse possibilities. A festive mood, a special warm golden color - these are the typical features inherent in the work of the painters of this city.
Art of the Northern Renaissance
In countries located north of Italy - in the Netherlands, Germany, France - in the 15th - 16th centuries, a culture called the Northern Renaissance developed.
Like the Italian, the Northern Renaissance means a new stage in the development of European culture, higher than in the Middle Ages. As in Italy, the discovery of the world and man in art takes place here, man becomes the highest value in art. But if in Italy the Renaissance began with the revival of ancient ideals and the rejection of medieval views, then in the North the culture of the 15th and 16th centuries is still very closely connected with the Middle Ages. Unlike Italian art, which strove to be perfect, Northern art is closer to real, real life. Italian art is festive, joyful, and the art of the Northern Renaissance moreharsh, restrained. In Italy, the art of the Renaissance reached a high flowering in all forms - architecture, sculpture, painting, and in the North, new views on art appeared only in painting and graphics. Architecture and sculpture remained mostly Gothic.
Religion still occupied the main place in the life of society. But if earlier God was far from man, and man was regarded as an insignificant grain of sand, now man, like God, is becoming a part of the Universe.
At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, a deep interest in the sciences appeared in the countries of Western Europe, they were developing very rapidly. During this period, between scientists in Northern Europe and religious leaders there are heated disputes - whether the country should be free or feudal, with the dominance of the Catholic Church. These disputes grew into a nationwide movement - Reformation ("purification of faith"). In Germany at that time there was a Peasant War, in the Netherlands there was a fierce struggle for liberation from Spanish rule. In such historical conditions, the art of the Northern Renaissance took shape.
Northern Renaissance originated in Netherlands.
The first sprouts of the new Renaissance art in the Netherlands can be seen in book literature. A great contribution to the development of book miniatures in the Netherlands was made by brothers Hubert and Jan van Eycky. Jan van Eyck considered the founder of oil painting. And the artist Pieter Brueghel considered truly popular "Peasant", as he was called. Since the art of the Renaissance fell on the period of the anti-Spanish movement in the Netherlands, this could not but be reflected in the works of Dutch artists: I. Bosch, P. Brueghel the Elder and others.
At the turn of the 14th-15th centuries Germany was even more fragmented than in previous periods, which contributed to the vitality of the feudal foundations in it.
The development of German cities lagged behind even in relation to the Netherlands, and the German Renaissance was formed in comparison with the Italian one a whole century later. The 16th century for Germany begins with a powerful revolutionary movement of the peasantry, chivalry and burghers against princely power and Roman Catholicism. But this movement was already defeated by 1525, but the time of the peasant war was a period of high spiritual upsurge and flourishing of German humanism, secular sciences, and German culture. During this period, such great brilliant artists became famous as A. Durer, G. B. Green, M. Grunewald, G. Holbein Jr., A. Altdofer, L. Cranach St.. and many others.
By the middle of the 15th is the beginning of the Renaissance France , in the early stages still closely associated with Gothic art. French artists became acquainted with Italian art, and from the end of the 15th century a decisive break with Gothic traditions began. The French Renaissance had the character of court culture.
As in the Netherlands, realist tendencies are seen primarily in the miniature of both theological and secular books. The first major painter of the French Renaissance - Jean Fouquet, court painter of Charles VII and Louis XI. In the 16th century, the court of Francis I, an art connoisseur and patron of Leonardo, became the center of French culture. !6th century - the heyday of the French portrait. In this genre, he became especially famous Jean Clouet, court painter of Francis I.
- < Back
- Further >
A distinctive feature of the Renaissance is the secular nature of culture and its anthropocentrism (that is, interest, first of all, in a person and his activities). There is an interest in ancient culture, there is, as it were, its “revival” - and this is how the term appeared.
Term rebirth found already among the Italian humanists, for example, in Giorgio Vasari. In its modern meaning, the term was coined by the 19th-century French historian Jules Michelet. Currently the term rebirth has become a metaphor for cultural flourishing: for example, the 9th-century Carolingian Renaissance.
general characteristics
A new cultural paradigm arose as a result of fundamental changes in social relations in Europe.
The growth of city-republics led to an increase in the influence of estates that did not participate in feudal relations: artisans and artisans, merchants, bankers. All of them were alien to the hierarchical system of values created by the medieval, largely church culture and its ascetic, humble spirit. This led to the emergence of humanism - a socio-philosophical movement that considered a person, his personality, his freedom, his active, creative activity as the highest value and criterion for evaluating social institutions.
Secular centers of science and art began to appear in the cities, the activities of which were outside the control of the church. The new worldview turned to antiquity, seeing in it an example of humanistic, non-ascetic relations. The invention of printing in the middle of the century played a huge role in spreading the ancient heritage and new views throughout Europe.
Epoch periods
Early Renaissance
The period of the so-called "Early Renaissance" in Italy covers the time from to the year. During these eighty years, art has not yet completely renounced the traditions of the recent past, but is trying to mix into them elements borrowed from classical antiquity. Only later, and only little by little, under the influence of more and more changing conditions of life and culture, do artists completely abandon medieval foundations and boldly use examples of ancient art both in the general concept of their works and in their details.
Whereas art in Italy was already resolutely following the path of imitation of classical antiquity, in other countries it long held on to the traditions of the Gothic style. North of the Alps, and also in Spain, the Renaissance does not come until the end of the 15th century, and its early period lasts until about the middle of the next century, without, however, producing anything particularly remarkable.
High Renaissance
The second period of the Renaissance - the time of the most magnificent development of his style - is commonly called the "High Renaissance", it extends in Italy from about 1580 to 1580. At this time, the center of gravity of Italian art from Florence moved to Rome, thanks to the accession to the papal throne of Julius II, an ambitious, courageous and enterprising man, who attracted the best artists of Italy to his court, occupied them with numerous and important works and gave others an example of love for the arts. . With this pope and his immediate successors, Rome becomes, as it were, the new Athens of the time of Pericles: many monumental buildings are created in it, magnificent sculptural works are performed, frescoes and paintings are painted, which are still considered pearls of painting; at the same time, all three branches of art harmoniously go hand in hand, helping one another and mutually acting on each other. The antique is now being studied more thoroughly, reproduced with greater rigor and consistency; tranquility and dignity are established instead of the playful beauty that was the aspiration of the previous period; reminiscences of the medieval completely disappear, and a completely classical imprint falls on all works of art. But imitation of the ancients does not stifle their independence in the artists, and they, with great resourcefulness and liveliness of imagination, freely process and apply to the case what they consider appropriate to borrow for it from Greco-Roman art.
Northern Renaissance
The Renaissance period in the Netherlands, Germany and France is usually singled out as a separate stylistic direction, which has some differences with the Renaissance in Italy, and called "Northern Renaissance".
The most noticeable stylistic differences in painting: unlike Italy, the traditions and skills of Gothic art were preserved in painting for a long time, less attention was paid to the study of the ancient heritage and the knowledge of human anatomy.
renaissance man
The science
In general, the pantheistic mysticism of the Renaissance, which prevailed in this era, created an unfavorable ideological background for the development of scientific knowledge. The final formation of the scientific method and the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century that followed it. associated with the Reformation movement, which was opposed to the Renaissance.
Philosophy
Philosophers of the Renaissance
Literature
The literature of the Renaissance most fully expressed the humanistic ideals of the era, the glorification of a harmonious, free, creative, comprehensively developed personality. The love sonnets of Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) revealed the depth of a person's inner world, the richness of his emotional life. In the XIV-XVI century, Italian literature flourished - the lyrics of Petrarch, the short stories of Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), the political treatises of Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), the poems of Ludovico Ariosto (1474-1533) and Torquato Tasso (1544-1595) put forward her among the "classical" (along with ancient Greek and Roman) literature for other countries.
The literature of the Renaissance relied on two traditions: folk poetry and "bookish" ancient literature, so the rational principle was often combined in it with poetic fiction, and comic genres gained great popularity. This manifested itself in the most significant literary monuments of the era: Boccaccio's Decameron, Cervantes' Don Quixote, and François Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel.
The emergence of national literatures is associated with the Renaissance, in contrast to the literature of the Middle Ages, which was created mainly in Latin.
Theater and drama became widespread. The most famous playwrights of this time were William Shakespeare (1564-1616, England) and Lope de Vega (1562-1635, Spain)
art
The painting and sculpture of the Renaissance is characterized by the rapprochement of artists with nature, their closest penetration into the laws of anatomy, perspective, the action of light and other natural phenomena.
Renaissance artists, painting pictures of traditional religious themes, began to use new artistic techniques: building a three-dimensional composition, using a landscape in the background. This allowed them to make the images more realistic, lively, which showed a sharp difference between their work and the previous iconographic tradition, replete with conventions in the image.
Architecture
The main thing that characterizes this era is the return to cui
To the principles and forms of ancient, mainly Roman art. Of particular importance in this direction is given to symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of the components, as evidenced by the surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportion of medieval buildings is replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels, asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, a niche, an aedicule.
Renaissance architecture experienced its greatest flowering in Italy, leaving behind two monument cities: Florence and Venice. Great architects worked on the creation of buildings there - Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, Donato Bramante, Giorgio Vasari and many others.
Music
In the Renaissance (Renaissance), professional music loses the character of a purely church art and is influenced by folk music, imbued with a new humanistic worldview. The art of vocal and vocal-instrumental polyphony reaches a high level in the works of the representatives of "Ars nova" ("New Art") in Italy and France of the XIV century, in new polyphonic schools - English (XV century), Dutch (XV-XVI centuries. ), Roman, Venetian, French, German, Polish, Czech, etc. (XVI century).
Various genres of secular musical art appear - frottola and villanella in Italy, villancico in Spain, ballad in England, madrigal, which arose in Italy (L. Marenzio, J. Arcadelt, Gesualdo da Venosa), but became widespread, French polyphonic song (K Janequin, C. Lejeune). Secular humanistic aspirations also penetrate cult music - among the Franco-Flemish masters (Josquin Despres, Orlando di Lasso), in the art of composers of the Venetian school (A. and J. Gabrieli). During the period of the Counter-Reformation, the question was raised about the expulsion of polyphony from a religious cult, and only the reform of the head of the Roman school of Palestrina preserves polyphony for the Catholic Church - in a “purified”, “clarified” form. At the same time, the art of Palestrina also reflected some of the valuable achievements of the secular music of the Renaissance. New genres of instrumental music are taking shape, and national schools of performance on the lute, organ, and virginal are emerging. In Italy, the art of making bowed instruments with rich expressive possibilities is flourishing. The clash of various aesthetic attitudes is manifested in the "struggle" of two types of bowed instruments - the viola, which existed in an aristocratic environment, and
The end of the XV beginning of the XVI century was marked by a large-scale upheaval in the political, economic and cultural life of the countries of Western Europe. Society, as if overnight, freed itself from the medieval foundations that had bound its life for many centuries.
Changes in the economy and the foundations of society
The economy of European countries was flourishing: the first manufactory was born, new maritime trade routes were opened with the countries of the Mediterranean region, there was a rapid growth of cities, feudal relations were a thing of the past, which made it possible for peasants to engage in handicrafts or work freely on their land plots.
The pontificate, a powerful instrument of medieval society management, was in deep crisis. Despite the fact that capitalist relations were undeveloped, the society already clearly understood that there was no turning back.
The final end to the feudal system was put by peasant uprisings in Germany and the Netherlands. The Renaissance has no definite historical framework. The first center of the new worldview was the Italian Florence. In a matter of decades, the ideas of the Renaissance were accepted by the societies of all European states.
Renaissance culture - a contrast to the Middle Ages
Significant updates also touched the cultural life of the society. The Renaissance is the heyday of the exact and natural sciences, humanistic traditions in literature and art.
The complex of human insignificance, skillfully imposed by the medieval church, has sunk into oblivion. The writers exalted the human personality, the human creator, who is similar to God in his ability to create and think.
The very term "revival" referred primarily to cultural life. Europeans admired the development of art during the period of antiquity and believed that having gone through the barbarism and ignorance of the Middle Ages, they would be able to restore the rich cultural heritage of their ancestors.
The art of the Renaissance presents a striking contrast to the culture of the Middle Ages. Contempt and asceticism for earthly life supplanted the ideas of awareness of the perfection of the surrounding world. Cultural figures idealized a person as the owner of a higher mind, which certainly leads to the truth.
Works of art are filled with hitherto unseen aesthetic richness. If in the Middle Ages, special attention was paid to the construction of huge gloomy cathedrals, which emphasized the meagerness of man as a person in the face of God, then during the Renaissance, architectural forms were perceived primarily as an achievement of man himself, his ability to create beauty.
During this period, there was a significant rise in science. Scientists were no longer afraid of the sacred fire of the Inquisition and made bold discoveries that shocked the world. Scientists turned to the works of ancient authors, thus contributing to the restoration of such sciences as history, rhetoric, ethics, philology.
The Renaissance gave the world the greatest works of art that remain priceless in our time. The changes experienced by the society of that period became, first of all, the basis for the emergence of the next historical era of the New Age. And the humanistic traditions embedded in human consciousness contributed to the formation of the first civil modern societies.
Details Category: Fine arts and architecture of the Renaissance (Renaissance) Posted on 12/19/2016 16:20 Views: 7666The Renaissance is a time of cultural flourishing, the heyday of all the arts, but the fine arts were the most fully expressing the spirit of their time.
Renaissance, or Renaissance(French "newly" + "born") was of world importance in the history of European culture. The Renaissance replaced the Middle Ages and preceded the Enlightenment.
The main features of the Renaissance- the secular nature of culture, humanism and anthropocentrism (interest in a person and his activities). During the Renaissance, interest in ancient culture flourished and, as it were, its “revival” took place.
The revival arose in Italy - its first signs appeared as early as the 13th-14th centuries. (Tony Paramoni, Pisano, Giotto, Orcagna and others). But it was firmly established from the 20s of the 15th century, and by the end of the 15th century. reached its highest peak.
In other countries, the Renaissance began much later. In the XVI century. the crisis of the ideas of the Renaissance begins, the consequence of this crisis is the emergence of mannerism and baroque.
Renaissance periods
The Renaissance is divided into 4 periods:
1. Proto-Renaissance (2nd half of the XIII century - XIV century)
2. Early Renaissance (beginning of the XV-end of the XV century)
3. High Renaissance (late 15th - first 20 years of the 16th century)
4. Late Renaissance (mid-16th-90s of the 16th century)
The fall of the Byzantine Empire played a role in the formation of the Renaissance. The Byzantines who moved to Europe brought with them their libraries and works of art, unknown to medieval Europe. In Byzantium, they never broke with ancient culture either.
Appearance humanism(of the socio-philosophical movement, which considered man as the highest value) was associated with the absence of feudal relations in the Italian city-republics.
Secular centers of science and art began to appear in the cities, which were not controlled by the church. whose activities were outside the control of the church. In the middle of the XV century. typography was invented, which played an important role in spreading new views throughout Europe.
Brief characteristics of the Renaissance periods
Proto-Renaissance
Proto-Renaissance is the forerunner of the Renaissance. It is still closely connected with the Middle Ages, with Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic traditions. It is associated with the names of Giotto, Arnolfo di Cambio, the Pisano brothers, Andrea Pisano.
Andrea Pisano. Bas-relief "Creation of Adam". Opera del Duomo (Florence)
The painting of the Proto-Renaissance is represented by two art schools: Florence (Cimabue, Giotto) and Siena (Duccio, Simone Martini). The central figure of painting was Giotto. He was considered a reformer of painting: he filled religious forms with secular content, made a gradual transition from planar images to three-dimensional and relief images, turned to realism, introduced the plastic volume of figures into painting, depicted the interior in painting.
Early Renaissance
This is the period from 1420 to 1500. The artists of the Early Renaissance of Italy drew motives from life, filled traditional religious subjects with earthly content. In sculpture, these were L. Ghiberti, Donatello, Jacopo della Quercia, the della Robbia family, A. Rossellino, Desiderio da Settignano, B. da Maiano, A. Verrocchio. Free-standing statues, picturesque reliefs, portrait busts, and equestrian monuments begin to develop in their work.
In Italian painting of the XV century. (Masaccio, Filippo Lippi, A. del Castagno, P. Uccello, Fra Angelico, D. Ghirlandaio, A. Pollaiolo, Verrocchio, Piero della Francesca, A. Mantegna, P. Perugino, etc.) are characterized by a sense of the harmonious ordering of the world, conversion to the ethical and civic ideals of humanism, joyful perception of the beauty and diversity of the real world.
The ancestor of Italian Renaissance architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), an architect, sculptor and scientist, one of the creators of the scientific theory of perspective.
A special place in the history of Italian architecture is occupied by Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472). This Italian scholar, architect, writer and musician of the Early Renaissance was educated in Padua, studied law in Bologna, and later lived in Florence and Rome. He created theoretical treatises On the Statue (1435), On Painting (1435–1436), On Architecture (published in 1485). He defended the "folk" (Italian) language as a literary language, in the ethical treatise "On the Family" (1737-1441) he developed the ideal of a harmoniously developed personality. In architectural work, Alberti gravitated towards bold experimental solutions. He was one of the pioneers of the new European architecture.
Palazzo Rucellai
Leon Battista Alberti designed a new type of palazzo with a façade treated with rustication to its full height and dissected by three tiers of pilasters, which look like the structural basis of the building (Palazzo Rucellai in Florence, built by B. Rossellino according to Alberti's plans).
Opposite the Palazzo stands the Rucellai Loggia, where receptions and banquets for trading partners were held, weddings were celebrated.
Loggia Rucellai
High Renaissance
This is the time of the most magnificent development of the Renaissance style. In Italy, it lasted from about 1500 to 1527. Now the center of Italian art is moving from Florence to Rome, thanks to the accession to the papal throne. Julia II, an ambitious, courageous, enterprising man, who attracted the best artists of Italy to his court.
Raphael Santi "Portrait of Pope Julius II"
Many monumental buildings are being built in Rome, magnificent sculptures are being created, frescoes and paintings are being painted, which are still considered masterpieces of painting. Antiquity is still highly valued and carefully studied. But imitation of the ancients does not stifle the independence of artists.
The pinnacle of the Renaissance is the work of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) and Raphael Santi (1483-1520).
Late Renaissance
In Italy, this is the period from the 1530s to the 1590s-1620s. The art and culture of this time is very diverse. Some believe (for example, British scholars) that "The Renaissance as an integral historical period ended with the fall of Rome in 1527." The art of the late Renaissance is a very complex picture of the struggle of various currents. Many artists did not seek to study nature and its laws, but only outwardly tried to assimilate the "manner" of the great masters: Leonardo, Raphael and Michelangelo. On this occasion, the aged Michelangelo once said, looking at how artists copy his "Last Judgment": "My art will make many fools."
In Southern Europe, the Counter-Reformation triumphed, which did not welcome any free thought, including the chanting of the human body and the resurrection of the ideals of antiquity.
Famous artists of this period were Giorgione (1477/1478-1510), Paolo Veronese (1528-1588), Caravaggio (1571-1610) and others. Caravaggio considered the founder of the Baroque style.
