How to draw war with a pencil step by step. Historical painting Western European historical painting of the period of romanticism
Italy, where the historical genre was born, had all the prerequisites for the emergence of this type of painting. The Roman Empire had a very high level of cultural development, and its achievements became the basis of the art of all countries of Western Europe. It is not surprising that it was in Italy during the Renaissance, in the 15th century, that the historical genre in the visual arts arose.
Short story
To understand what art is, it is necessary to take into account the developmental features of the period under consideration. The Renaissance is the heyday of humanistic ideas, which led to interest not only in the human person, but also in civil and political history.
The events of the heroic past of the country and was supposed to reflect the historical genre in the visual arts. Examples include the following: paintings by Andrea Mantegna "The Triumph of Caesar" (1485-1492), various paintings by Paulo Uccello dedicated to the battle of San Romano and others. The achievements of the Renaissance in Italy quickly spread throughout Europe, where the historical genre in the visual arts also began to develop.
European artists of historical painting of the XVII-XVIII centuries
The events of the past attracted masters in Western European countries as well. The development of this direction can be attributed to the XVII century - the heyday of classicism and baroque. It should be noted that it was the historical genre that came to the forefront in artistic culture. All other varieties of fine art for some time gave way to him in importance, since classicism meant the creation, first of all, of heroic images and monumental canvases.
In this style, on a historical theme, Peter Paul Rubens worked (the painting "The Battle of the Greeks with the Amazons", 1619-1620), Nicolas Poussin ("The Rape of the Sabine Women", 1614-1615), Jacques-Louis David, who wrote both ancient and modern themes. These works are distinguished by their pathos spirit, heroic poses, sublime facial expressions and gestures. In their composition, the canvases resembled the action of ancient plays and were distinguished by some theatrical pomposity. This direction includes paintings written on gospel stories. For example, Harmens created the painting The Return of the Prodigal Son (1669).
History painting in Europe in the first half of the 19th century
Classicism and baroque soon gave way to a new cultural trend - romanticism. Representatives of this trend moved away from the heroic interpretation of the past, focusing on the emotional component. The artists set out to create such images in order to evoke sympathy and empathy from the audience. The historical genre in painting received a completely different design, since the theme of human experiences and emotions came to the fore. An example is the painting by Eugene Delacroix "Massacre on the island of Chios", written in 1826. Historical motifs can also be found in the work of another prominent Honore Daumier: the painting "Rebellion" (1848).
Western European historical painting of the period of romanticism
In the second half of the 19th century, the historical genre in the visual arts underwent significant changes. This is due to the emergence of a new direction - realism. Its representatives sought to create more believable images and plots. This trend can be attributed to the work of Adolf von Menzel, who created in 1850 a series of paintings dedicated to the era of Frederick the Great. Interest in history in this era is largely due to the numerous revolutions that shook Europe at that time. The centers of uprisings broke out in Italy, France, Germany. Therefore, scientists, artists, writers were looking for answers to the present in the past, which explains the emergence of realism in culture.
The emergence of the Russian historical genre in painting
The domestic history of art is also interesting for analysis. The origins, types and genres in Russia are a topic for a separate discussion, since our culture has borrowed a lot from European art. The era of classicism in the expanses of the motherland dates back to the 18th century: it was at this time that domestic artists turned to the events of the past in their works.
The founder of the historical genre of Russian fine art is Anton Pavlovich Losenko. His pen belongs to the past of Ancient Rus' (“Vladimir and Rogneda”, 1770) and canvases dedicated to ancient subjects. His followers were Ivan Akimov, who also turned to the events of Kievan Rus, Pyotr Sokolov, who depicted mythological images, Grigory Ugryumov, who turned to the history of the 13th century. These works, as well as European paintings in the style of classicism, are distinguished by the loftiness of images and plots.
Historical themes in Russian painting in 1800-1850
Genres in the visual arts were the most diverse, however, in connection with the development of academicism, in the first half of the century, historical subjects occupied the dominant direction in artistic culture. Artists of this trend in many respects continued the traditions of classicism, choosing heroic facts from the past as an object for their works. The historical genre in the visual arts, whose paintings were especially expressive, enjoyed the greatest popularity among both the intelligentsia and the mass public.
This trend includes the works of Anton Ivanov "The feat of a young Kievan during the siege of Kiev by the Pechenegs in 968" (1810), Alexei Yegorov's "Rest on the flight to Egypt" (1830). At the same time, a new direction arose - romanticism, whose representatives created vivid, emotional images, saturated with psychological tension. For example, Karl Pavlovich Bryullov, who created the famous canvas about the death of Pompeii, Fedor Antonovich Bruni and Alexander Andreevich Ivanov, who wrote biblical stories.
Historical plots in the works of authors of the last quarter of a century
In the second half of the 19th century, painters began to draw scenes from the history of Russia. A number of paintings appear in art, dedicated to certain events from the past of our country. The historical genre in the visual arts is represented by the following canvases: Ilya Repin’s paintings “Princess Sophia in the Novodevichy Convent” (1879) and “Ivan the Terrible Kills His Son” (1884), the works of Vasily Surikov, who turned to the most dramatic events in the history of Russia in the 18th century. These works are distinguished both by the brilliance and expressiveness of the images, and the background of the situation.
Historical everyday genre of fine arts
Domestic artists began to turn not only to political events, but also to the image of the everyday life of Russian people. Therefore, a prominent place in painting was occupied by the so-called everyday historical genre. The fine arts of this trend gained great popularity among the educated public of that time.
As an example, we can name the works of the following authors: Vyacheslav Schwartz, who created a picture about the royal hunt, Konstantin Makovsky, who painted canvases about the Moscow kingdom in the 17th century. The historical everyday theme was of great importance in the work of representatives of the association "World of Art". A feature of their paintings was the reproduction of pomp and solemnity, but with a touch of sadness (Albert Benois, depicting the pompous exits of Russian emperors and empresses in the 18th century, Eugene Lansere, depicting the luxurious atmosphere at the court, Valentin Serov, who painted royal amusements).
In Soviet times, artists quite often turned to the events of Russia's past. At the same time, they revived the traditions of academism of the 19th century, depicting heroic episodes from Russian history. For example, the artist V. E. Popkov is considered the founder of the “severe style” in Soviet painting (a painting depicting the construction of a hydroelectric power station). Of particular importance in his work is the theme of the Great Patriotic War ("Mezen Widows", 1965-1968). And the pen of T. E. Nazarenko belongs to the works on which you can see turning points: the uprisings of Pugachev, the Decembrists.
Contemporary artists show great interest in the history of Russia. I. S. Glazunov became famous for creating monumental canvases dedicated to understanding the past of our country: a work that symbolically shows the fate of the author, “Russia, wake up!” (1994) and others.
So, summing up, we can state that historical themes occupied a very prominent place both in European fine arts and in Russian painting. Truthfulness and accuracy, drama and solemnity have always distinguished the historical genre. Everyone conveys expression, but this style is the leader.
The scene of the hunt.
Probably, the history of drawing has as many years as the human race itself. It was found that rock art appeared 10 thousand years before our era; probably, we have always been passionate about the creation of pictorial images. However, it was not until the Italian Renaissance that artists were able to develop an exquisite technique for depicting on paper.
One of the reasons why the art of drawing during this period reached such heights was the fact that it was directly related to the great profession of the artist. Both the sculptor and the painter then occupied a prominent place in society, and good craftsmen constantly had work.
Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo (1475-1564) hired numerous assistants and ran more workshops to cope with all the commissions. Unfortunately, most of the preparatory sketches that these artists made for their paintings, and which today we would consider extremely valuable, were destroyed when the main work was completed.
But, more importantly, the completed drawings were presented to the clients as suggestions for a commissioned portrait. Holbein the Younger (1497/8-1543) once had to fulfill the delicate task of making a successful portrait of one of the contenders for the role of the wife of Henry VI so that the King of England would approve her candidacy.
Northern Europe
Away from the classical painting of Italy, the Flemish painter Pieter
Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Summer
Brueghel the Elder (1525/30) - (1569) turned to the technique of drawing to capture the world around him, and his realistic works depicting scenes from peasant life gained immense popularity. Brueghel was one of the many 16th and 17th century Dutch and Flemish painters who developed a genre based on the depiction of the life of ordinary people, and the skill of rendering human figures points to the pilgrimage of many artists of the "golden age" of Dutch painting to Italy.
One of the Dutch artists who never visited Italy was Rembrandt (1606-1669), who created masterpieces not only of painting, but also of graphics. As a portrait painter, he captured with enthusiasm and amazing psychologism everyone who attracted his attention, from old beggars to representatives of the nobility. His favorite artistic media were pen, brush and bistre (transparent brown paint obtained from wood black).
contemporary artists.
A great contemporary of Rembrandt was the Flemish painter Rubens (1577-1640), an unsurpassed master whose graphic works are marked by virtuosic technical execution. Rubens had an extensive workshop, for which he created preliminary sketches, and also worked on numerous orders with his own hands. The intimate portraits of the master are characterized by a special immediacy that is inherent in the drawing.
Portrait drawing.
Although a large number of major masters did not appear in the 18th century, interest in commissioned portraits continued. The French painter Watteau (1684-1721) left magnificent sketches of figures, heads and draperies in his favorite manner: red, black and white chalk.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1696-1770), arguably the greatest artist of the 18th century, used the technique of a pencil and a transparent brushstroke over it for his drawings, which are still considered unsurpassed masterpieces.
Pencil drawings.
The nineteenth century witnessed great changes in the development of painting technique. In England it began with the work of Turner (1775-1851) and Constable (1776-1837), in France with Delacroix (1798-1863) and Ingres (1780-1867).
By that time, the graphite pencil had already become widespread, and it was with it that Constable drew many small rural views of Suffolk with particular refinement and expressiveness in his sketchbooks. In his youth, Turner developed an almost incredible ability to observe and created unsurpassed drawings of cathedrals and other buildings with graphite pencil.
Portraits were still in fashion, and the sketches made by the French neoclassicist Ingres were so realistic and vivid that no one doubted their resemblance to the model. Ingres' compatriot and great rival was Delacroix, whose art - compared to Ingres's - was freer and more romantic. He not only made sketches for large-scale historical canvases, but also sketched everything that caught his attention. In an era before photography, drawing was the only way for Delacroix to capture the stages of his journey to Morocco, which he undertook in 1832. The artist's contemporaries claim that he painted day and night, afraid to miss something from his Arab impressions.
Origins of modern art
Among the great masters of the 19th century was an artist - an adherent of new forms, whose art combined all previous traditions. It was Edgar Degas (1834-1917), whose art throughout his life was based on drawing. Even as a middle-aged and mature master, he copied the works of other artists in order to deepen his understanding of painting and improve his technique. Degas left a huge legacy in the form of drawings, pastels, and engravings, but by the time of his death in 1917, modernist tendencies began to be traced in painting, rapidly developing a pictorial language that he would hardly have adopted.
Since that time, the drawing has acquired not only the versatility of expression, but also began to differ on different sides of the English Channel. While France, inspired by the success of artists such as Henri Matisse (1869-1954), developed modernism, England remained true to tradition.
In all the currents that existed in the art of England at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the important role of drawing was invariably emphasized, which continued to be the basis for teaching painting.
The master who considers drawing the basis of modern painting is David Hockney (b.1937). Inspired by the work of Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), who had an extraordinary range of artistic mannerisms and "doesn't limit himself to 'formalism'", Hockney delights in lyricism and the power of simple lines. Preferring the expressive beauty of the drawing to "modern" approaches, Hockney won a huge audience.
In the picture, draw a boat and boyars, as in Pushkin's fairy tales or about the scarlet flower.
There are boats on the blue sea. There are three boyars on the shore. From the bridge from the boat to the shore, the peasants are demolishing overseas goods. Drawing on the theme of trade in antiquity. Drawing of an ancient temple, drawing of a historical event, drawing of a portrait of a hero of a great historical battle.
Theme Battle of Borodino. Hussars at rest, a portrait of a hussar, a portrait of Kutuzov, a battle scene.
Drawing about the Great Patriotic War. Air battle. In the sky black from smoke - draw a gray background of the sky and curls, or shading over the entire selected area with black, smoke.
Two planes are flying towards each other.
Drawing a historical theme for school occupation is not an easy one. Mostly historical pictures with people come to mind. But if you don’t know how to draw people, and for example, you draw ships, trains, architectural structures, nature wonderfully, then a picture on a historical theme will also turn out to be very good.
Pictures can be drawn on famous historical events and dates.
Or just draw a picture from the life of people of the past.
For example, a wooden church.
But most of all I was struck by this children's drawing on a historical theme.
You can also draw epic hero heroes. It all depends on the class and the depth of the topic.
From the title it is already clear what will be discussed. We will be studying how to draw war with a pencil step by step. It will not be Star Wars and Darth Vader, and not even a shooter game, but a real war! Three soldiers in a trench, with heaps of military equipment. In order to draw all this, you need a lot of knowledge about military affairs. Of course, you can sit down to play WoT, but in the end you won’t draw anything. Who does not know this is such a super action with the participation of tanks, which has gathered a huge mass of gamers in our country. By the way, the yellow-faced Chinese are no less addicted to this. It seems that half of their population is involved in sports, judging by the number of Olympic medals in 2012, but the second is mired in the whirlpool of online games. For the fact that half of our population has been staring at the LCD monitor for two years now, while at the same time managing to smear the gaming mouse with greasy fingers from dinner and pour coffee on the clave ... let's all say "Thank you" Wargaming! Although God is with him. Now let's digress from tanks and try to draw military operations involving real ones. There are five steps ahead.
How to draw war with a pencil step by step
Step One First, let's outline the people in motion. Head, body position, arms, legs. 
Step Two Now let's think about what will be around our soldiers: this is a fence, stones, logs. Let's show their contours. 
Step Three Let's dress our combatants: helmet, pants, boots. Let's supply one of them with a bag. Draw the profile of the face closest to us. We wrap the fence with barbed wire. 
Step Four Let's add details: thorns on the wire, belts on people's clothes, a shoulder blade, etc. 
Step Five Let's do the hatching. On the clothes in the places of the fold - darker areas. Darken the areas on the pillars. Well, here are the soldiers against the backdrop of a military and completely non-picturesque landscape. 
See similar military equipment drawing lessons.
Derived from the Italian word "istoria" ("descriptive"), the term "historical painting" refers to any painting of heroic, religious or historical content. The plots of the canvases are based on real events, mythology, biblical texts.
Initially, religious subjects dominated in the visual arts - during the design of this direction of painting in the Renaissance, the gospel and biblical themes were the most popular. Paintings by Surikov, Repin, Gericault, Rembrandt and other artists depict events important for the development of mankind, culture and public consciousness.
Main plots
religious
Any paintings with religious subjects, regardless of belonging to a particular religion (Christian, Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish or tribal religion). Christian subjects cover the period from the beginning of our era to the present, highlight the art of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation and other subspecies. 
mythological
Pictures illustrating mythical history, legends. Popular topics include Greek deities, creation myths, Roman mythology, and the pantheon of gods.
allegorical
Paintings with hidden meanings. On the canvas, one object or character symbolizes another. 
Literary
Pastoral in painting
historical
Canvases illustrating real historical events with a high level of accuracy and authenticity. Particular attention is paid to details. A prominent representative of the direction is the Russian painter Vasily Surikov. 
History of development
In his treatise "On Painting", the Italian Renaissance artist Alberti identifies the historical genre with the representation of saints and other biblical figures to demonstrate the moral struggle, historical events associated with the development of religion.
Renaissance
In the tradition of the Renaissance, history painting is aimed at raising the moral level of society, ideal for decorating public spaces, churches, city halls or palaces.
Almost all artistic events in Italian pre-Renaissance and Renaissance art can be interpreted as prerequisites for the development of the "historical painting" direction:
Battle painting
In the Renaissance, the main features of the "historical painting" direction were born - great attention to detail, monumentality, scale, the use of religious themes as the main one in the work of artists.
Renaissance
The historical genre of the Renaissance is represented by such works:
Of the artists of the Baroque era, Peter Paul Rubens vividly represents the historical genre. The main plots are mythological. The Italian artist Caravaggio is known for realistic religious paintings. Velasquez and Rembrandt are the authors of paintings on religious, mythological themes.
Baroque
In the Baroque era, the historical genre is represented by the works of:
religious painting
In the 18th century
The historical genre of the 18th century is characterized by features not characteristic of previous eras. This period was a turning point in the development of painting. Artists sought to move away from academicism, looked for new themes for paintings, and chose minor events as themes for creating paintings. The development of the direction was influenced by the dogmas of classicism and baroque.
Examples of 18th century work:
The decrease in the importance of the direction is noticeable in the 19th century. Artists sought to dramatize art, not to raise moral norms. The development of the direction was most influenced by romantic and classical styles. The themes of the paintings became narrower - the masters moved away from the exaltation of large-scale events and religious subjects.
Trompley or trickery
The French artist Eugène Delacroix was the most energetic of the Romantic painters - the canvases vividly demonstrate romanticism in painting. The works of Ernest Meissonier, made in a strict academic style, are popular. Adolf Menzel became famous for depicting scenes from the court of Frederick the Great.
In the 19th century
The art academies of the 19th century sought to return the high status and importance to the historical fine arts in strengthening moral norms.
The great artist of the 19th century in France is the academic teacher Gustav Moreau, known for his works on mythological themes. In England, George Frederick Watts was the best of the Victorian painters - a brilliant representative of the allegorical type of historical fine art. In America, the direction was supported by the German-American painter Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze.
Examples of 19th century paintings:
Types of landscape in painting
In 20th century
The 20th century brought changes: revolutions, wars, crises broke the value system. Innovation marked the fine arts - abstract styles of painting, an avant-garde direction appeared. In the 20th century, the direction was no longer attributed special moral and cultural significance. The historical genre has become a resource used by artists to demonstrate the seriousness of their work. New topics - Celtic, Scandinavian mythology, ideological, propaganda, ideological painting.
Works of the 20th century:
In Russia
Russian historical painting is known for the works of Vasily Surikov, Ilya Repin, Vasily Polenov. The direction developed in the 18th - 19th centuries by realist artists of the Wanderers Association. The most popular are mythological and historical subjects. The formation of the direction is connected with the formation of educational ideas, which were promoted by the Academy of Arts. Surikov and other Russian painters worked in the styles of realism and classicism.
Portrait in painting
Most of the paintings by Surikov, Ugryumov, Ivanov, Losenko are large-scale, detailed, made in accordance with all the traditions of academic art. 
