Historical and biblical genre in fine arts. Features of teaching schoolchildren according to the B.M program

Biblical themes in fine art.

Garden of Eden. Noah's Ark.

Special image language in Christian art Middle Ages.

Iconography.

One of the most difficult topics to teach is definitely the Bible. This is due to the fact that teachers themselves can tell little about the Bible and cannot always explain to students how to complete this or that task. As a result of studying this topic, in fine arts lessons, children should get acquainted with the special language of image “in the Christian art of the Middle Ages, with paintings on Bible themes in the art of Western Europe and Russia, with the art Russian icon painting and complete practical work on biblical topics.

Unlike the world teacher artistic culture, a fine arts teacher cannot limit himself in a lesson to just an interesting show and story, but must teach the child to create an independent composition on the proposed topic. Bible topics can be difficult and boring for you modern children, since they poorly understand the plot of the picture. In order not to waste class time on conversation, some teachers take the simplest path (as it seems to them), asking children to draw an icon, believing that any student can cope with such a “simple!” task.

An icon is not an illustration of the Bible; an icon is an image painted according to canons (rules), which the icon painter must obey. Illustration is the artist’s view of the events described in the Bible, his independent choice of plot, composition, and his own view of how the characters look. In icon painting, subjects are limited, composition and appearance The characters are strictly regulated. Inviting children to write an icon as an illustration of the Bible, the teacher does not fulfill the program of a comprehensive school. By the way, even in Sunday schools at churches and in Orthodox gymnasiums in fine arts classes, children do not paint faces on icons, since they still lack the skill for this. Moreover, we must not forget that in secondary school Children study not only from Orthodox, but also from Muslim and non-believing families, and an icon is a prayer, only written in the language of colors. Inviting children to paint an icon is the same as offering to learn or compose a prayer in a literature lesson.

A teacher can get children interested in the world biblical paintings and help you understand the language of the icon by talking about the symbolic language of icon painting, introducing you to the work of an icon painter and giving you the opportunity to try yourself in the role of an experienced master “flag-bearer”, creating your own composition for a given plot, or in the role of a novice student in a team of icon painters.

Beginning icon painters depicted the details of the icon: hills, trees, architecture and animals, using “copybooks” (contour drawing made on paper in one or two colors (black and red-brown). Without the help of a teacher, cope with practical work Only a few will be able to, and the teacher’s task is to make sure that every child in a fine arts lesson can feel like a real artist, capable of creating paintings using complex topics. To illustrate the Bible, the easiest way is to choose scenes not from the New, but from the Old Testament, and to create a composition, use the landscape genre that is already well known to children. The landscape can form the basis for paintings

“The Creation of the World”, “The Garden of Eden with the Tree of Life”, “The Flood” and “The Flight of the Israelites from Egypt through the Red Sea”.

As an example, we can show illustrations of the Bible by the famous marine painter I.K. Aivazovsky. The entire third quarter of the sixth grade was devoted to the topic “Portrait,” and in the seventh grade you can create a whole gallery of portraits of biblical characters. The Bible describes events taking place in Ancient Egypt(Joseph the Beautiful, Moses) and Mesopotamia ( Tower of Babel), which means that children can use the knowledge previously acquired in history and fine arts lessons. Thus, in one practical task historical and biblical themes can be combined. For illustration, you can also use the Gospel parables, showing as an example the illustrations of the “Parable of the Prodigal Son” by Rembrandt and Bosch, which are different in nature. Acquaintance with biblical themes must begin with a conversation. In the event that the teacher himself is poorly versed in biblical subjects, G. Dore’s engravings will help to teach the lesson, since books with his illustrations always contain brief explanations for each engraving.

Children should not be overloaded new information, therefore, during a conversation you need to show such well-known plots as,

Expulsion from Paradise>, "Flood", "Tower of Babel", "Annunciation", "Nativity", "Baptism", "Transfiguration", "The Resurrection of Lazarus,. Hieronymus Bosch. « Prodigal son"Noon in Jerusalem", "Crownment crown of thorns”, “Flagellation”, “Jesus under the weight of the Cross”, “Crucifixion”, “Descent from the Cross”.

When demonstrating paintings on biblical themes by Western European and Russian artists, it is necessary to show different attitude artists to the same subject. It will be easier for the children to discuss the pictures if the teacher leaves reproductions of the engravings by G. Doré on the board. Pictures should be famous, such as "The Appearance of Christ to the People" by A. Ivanov, but also very emotional, like "Golgotha" by N. Ge; "Annunciation", "Rocky" and "Annunciation" by Geliy Korzhev.

Such works of art will never leave children indifferent When talking about Russian icon painting, it is necessary to explain the difference between a painting and an icon, showing reproductions of icons in parallel with reproductions of graphics and painting. As a result of the conversation, each student should understand that a picture is an object of aesthetic pleasure, and an icon is both an object of aesthetic pleasure and an object of prayerful veneration.

Practical work on the topic “Garden of Eden”, “Noah’s Ark”. "Tower of Babel".

Before proceeding to the image, it is necessary to discuss with the guys the event that is chosen for illustration, and such interesting sciences, How biblical story, biblical archeology, biblical geography, biblical geology.

Practical work on the topic "Illustrations of the Bible" can be done using the details of the iconic landscape. The teacher explains the stages of work “step by step” on the board. So that the children do not repeat each stroke after the teacher and perform their own individual composition, it is better for the teacher not to use paints for display, but to draw on the blackboard only with chalk and water. The water dries quickly, the children have time to understand how to draw and work with strokes, but at the same time they do not copy every stroke made by the teacher from the board. As a result, it may turn out interesting compositions, made by novice icon painters.

Tatiana SAPOZHNIKOVA

Features of teaching schoolchildren
according to the B.M. program Nemensky
« art
And artistic work»

ARTICLE SEVEN
Materials for the lesson

Continuation. See No. 17, 19, 20, 21, 24/07;
№01, 02, 03, 07/08

7th GRADE

Biblical themes in fine art

ICONOPTION

In seventh grade, without a doubt, one of the most difficult is “Biblical Theme in Visual Arts.” This is due to the fact that fine arts teachers themselves cannot always explain to students how to complete a task.

While studying this topic, children should get acquainted with the special language of depiction in Christian art of the Middle Ages, with paintings on biblical themes created in Western Europe and Russia, with the art of Russian icon painting and do practical work on a biblical theme. Unlike a teacher of world artistic culture, a fine arts teacher cannot limit himself to an interesting show and story in a lesson; he must teach the child to create an independent composition.

Biblical themes can be difficult and boring for modern children, as they do not understand the plot of the picture well. In order not to waste class time on conversation, some teachers follow what they think is the simplest path: they invite children to draw an icon, believing that any student can cope with such an “elementary” task.

An icon is not an illustration of the Bible; an icon is an image painted according to canons (rules), which the icon painter must obey. An illustration is the artist’s view of the events described in the Bible, his independent choice of plot, composition, and his idea of ​​what the characters look like. In icon painting, the number of subjects is limited, the composition and appearance of the characters are strictly regulated.

By asking children to paint an icon as an illustration for the Bible, the teacher is not following the general education curriculum. By the way, even in Sunday schools at churches and in Orthodox gymnasiums during fine arts lessons, children do not paint faces on icons, since they do not yet have enough skill for this. In addition, we must not forget that children study in a comprehensive school not only from Orthodox Christians, but also from Muslim families and from families where parents are atheists; and an icon is a prayer, only written in the language of colors. Inviting children to paint an icon is the same as offering to learn or compose a prayer in a literature lesson.

The teacher can interest children in the world of biblical paintings and help them understand the language of icons by talking about the symbolism of icon painting, introducing them to the work of an icon painter and giving them the opportunity to try themselves in the role of an experienced master “flag-bearer”, independently creating a composition for a given plot, or as a student in a team of icon painters. Novice icon painters depicted the details of the icon: hills, trees, architecture and animals, using “drawings” (1–4) - contour pattern, made on paper in one or two colors (black and red-brown).

Without the help of a teacher, only a few will be able to cope with practical work, and the teacher’s task is to make sure that every child in a fine arts lesson can feel like a real artist, capable of creating paintings on complex topics.

To illustrate the Bible, the easiest way is to choose scenes not from the New, but from the Old Testament, and to create a composition, use the landscape genre that is already well known to children. The landscape can form the basis for the paintings “The Creation of the World,” “The Garden of Eden with the Tree of Life,” “The Flood,” and “The Flight of the Israelites from Egypt through the Red Sea.” As an example, we can show the illustrations of the Bible by our famous marine painter K. Aivazovsky (see “Creation of the World” (5) , "Global flood" (6) ).

The entire third quarter of the sixth grade was devoted to the topic “Portrait,” and in the seventh grade you can create a whole gallery of portraits of biblical characters. The Bible describes events taking place in Ancient Egypt (the characters Joseph the Beautiful, Moses) and Mesopotamia (the construction of the Tower of Babel), which means that children can use the knowledge previously acquired in history and fine arts lessons.

Thus, historical and biblical topics can be combined in one practical task. For illustration, you can also use gospel parables, showing Rembrandt’s paintings of different natures as an example. (7) and Bosch (8) on the theme of the parable of the prodigal son.

Acquaintance with biblical stories must begin with a conversation. If the teacher himself is not well versed in them, G. Doré’s engravings will help to conduct a conversation, since books with his illustrations always contain brief explanations for each engraving. Children should not be overloaded with new information, so during the conversation it is necessary to show such well-known plots as “Expulsion from Paradise”, “The Flood”, “Noah Releases the Dove” (9) , "Tower of Babel", "Annunciation" (10) , “Nativity”, “Baptism”, “Transfiguration”, “Resurrection of Lazarus”, “Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem”, “Crown of Thorns”, “Flagellation”, “Jesus under the weight of the cross”, “Crucifixion”, “Descent from the Cross” "

When demonstrating paintings of biblical subjects by Western European and Russian masters, it is necessary to show the different attitudes of artists to the same subject. It will be easier for the children to discuss the paintings if the teacher leaves reproductions of engravings by G. Dore on the board. The paintings should not only be famous, such as “The Appearance of Christ to the People” by A. Ivanov, but also very emotional, like “Calvary” by N. Ge, “The Annunciation” (11) , "Rocky" (12) Fra Beato Angelico, "Dead Christ" (13) Andrea Mantegni, "Crown of Thorns" (14) , "Carrying the Cross" (15) Hieronymus Bosch, "In the Shadow of the Cross" (16) and "Annunciation" (17) Helia Korzheva, “Pieta” by Michelangelo. Such works of art will never leave children indifferent.

When talking about Russian icon painting, it is necessary to explain the difference between a painting and an icon, showing reproductions of icons (Annunciation. XII century. (18) ; Annunciation. XIV century (19) ) in parallel with reproductions of graphics and paintings. As a result of the conversation, each student should understand that a painting is an object of aesthetic pleasure, and an icon is an object of both aesthetic pleasure and prayerful veneration.

PRACTICAL WORK

Topics: “Garden of Eden”, “Noah’s Ark”. "Tower of Babel". Before you start depicting, you need to discuss with the guys the event that was chosen for illustration.

Work on illustrations for the Bible can be done using details of an iconographic landscape. The teacher explains the stages of work step by step on the board (20 a, b). To prevent children from repeating every stroke after the teacher and making their own individual composition, it is better for the teacher not to use paints for display, but to draw on the board only with chalk and water. The water dries quickly, the children have time to understand how to draw and how to work with strokes, but at the same time they do not copy every stroke made by the teacher from the board. The result can be interesting compositions. (21–23) .

The drawing of mountains and water can be done directly with paint. The background is painted over with strokes (the colors are mixed directly on the sheet): day - white and yellow gouache, night - blue, purple and a little white.

The color of the slides is made up of three colors: yellow, red and a small amount of black. If the sheet depicts night or rain, then you need to take blue and purple paint(you can add a little green). Paint the water blue with a small amount of white paint (you can add a little purple).

On the slides, horizontal strokes for the steps are outlined with white paint, then spaces are applied to the edges of the steps with a thin brush and washed upward with water. From below and from the side, each step is outlined with black paint and blurred vertically downwards (slides; 14th century. (24) ; slides in Stroganov style; XVII century (25) ).

The waves can be drawn with thin lines using blue and white paint.

Trees are depicted immediately with paint, without preliminary drawing with a simple pencil. Animals are first outlined in pencil and then entered into the composition using pure, bright colors. Bright colors won’t look rude against the background of the slides.

To complete the work, children will be helped by reproductions and drawings of icons depicting hills, trees and animals: “St. George” (26) , "Boris and Gleb" (27) , "Flor and Laurel" (28) , "Vlasiy and Spiridonius" (29) .

To be continued

Plan - outline of a fine arts lesson

In 7th grade on the topic

« “Biblical themes in fine art.

Old Testament"

Performed

art teacher

MBOU Secondary School No. 36 Samara

Demina Irina Alexandrovna

Samara 2015

The topic of the lesson is “Biblical themes in the visual arts. Old Testament"

I. Organization of student activities

Ask strict life,

Which way to go?

Where in the white world

Will you leave in the morning?

Follow the sun

Although this path is not known.

Go my friend, always go

Dear Good.

Question: What is religion? Children's answers are a form of culture

• Russia - multinational country and all the world's religious cultures are represented in it.

Question: What world religions do you know? - children's answers

Question: Name founders of world religions children's answers

Question: Let's remember the temples of the world's religions children's answers

Every religion has its sacredscriptures- fundamental texts of any religion. scriptures, typically refer to their superhuman origins or divine inspiration.

• Tripitaka(Sanskrit: त्रिपिटक, “Three Baskets”) - a collection of Buddhist sacred texts,
• Koran- the holy book of Muslims (followers of Islam). The word “Quran” comes from the Arabic “reading aloud”, “edification”.
• Bible(Greek “book, composition”) - a collection of sacred texts of Christians, consisting of the Old and New Testaments. The Old Testament was borrowed by Christianity from Judaism, the original is called the Tanakh and is sacred text for the Jews. The Old Testament consists of 39 books and is divided into three sections in Judaism. This part of the Bible is general Holy Book for Judaism and Christianity.
• The books of the Old Testament were written between the 13th and 1st centuries. BC e. in Hebrew, with the exception of some parts of the books of Daniel and Ezra, which are written in Aramaic.
• In the period from the III century. BC e. to the 1st century n. e. The Old Testament was translated into ancient Greek.
  • Archaeological excavations confirm the death of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah mentioned in the Bible
  • English archaeologist Leonard Woolley discovered the city of Ur in 1923. At the foot of the ancient Sumerian stepped tower in the city of Ur, even now anyone can go down the stairs into a narrow shaft and see evidence of a gigantic and catastrophic flood. Most scientists believe that the giant flood is identical to the biblical Great Flood. Scientists also find traces of this flood on the European continent.

The topic of our lesson Bible stories in painting, so today we will look at the Bible in more detail as unique monument culture. Let's try to analyze the historical, philosophical, moral and artistic problems that it poses to people

The Jewish sage Hillel said: “ Do not do to others what you yourself hate.».

These words are called the “golden rule of Hylaea,” and the principle set out in them is accepted by many peoples and is considered the main rule of human morality.

You already You studied the Old Testament in literature lessons, and in history lessons you talked about Egypt. In particular, about the campaigns of the pharaohs (look at the slide).

Question: How do you know this information? What about historians? Answers(from historical sources, you can list, remembering, real and written)

Working with the table: “History facts and events in the Bible.”

Question: Can the Old Testament be called a historical source? Exists great amount archaeological evidence confirming historical accuracy biblical narrative

Question: Are the facts stated in the Bible real? What does archaeological science tell us about the events described in the Bible?
1. These are, for example, archaeological finds associated with the name of the Hebrew king Solomon

Question: How does the Bible differ from mythology, in particular ancient Egyptian, which you have already discussed in class? Answers(Monotheism and polytheism)

Question: What can be gleaned from V.Z. besides history?

A) is a system of philosophical knowledge answer Reasoning about the Meaning of human life.

B) system of moral, universal human problems- ten Commandments.

What is unique about the first four, why can we distinguish two groups? (1-interaction between God and man, faith-disbelief, 2-relationship between man and man).

Question: Do non-believers follow these commandments?

So, V.Z. touches on history, raises philosophical and moral problems, BUT in what form does this happen? – Artistic text! because it is full of artistic images.

Example: Tower of Babel – What does the story told in this chapter teach us? What lesson should a reasonable person learn?

Pieter Bruegel the Elder "Tower of Babel"

• Tell us about the construction of the Tower of Babel.
• Why did God punish people?
• Why is understanding each other's language so important for people?
• What does misunderstanding of language lead to?

Noah and Noah's Ark. Paul Gustave Doré

Noah's Ark is a model of the world. Noah is an image of the righteous, of high morality and value family relations!

global floodIvan Constantinovich Aivazovski

Myth about Flood found in many religions: in Polynesia, in Ancient Greece, in Babylon.

Flood myths stem from observations made in different corners Earth due to large floods, fluctuations earth's crust, which caused the separation of continents and the submergence of various land areas under water.

And Rublev "Holy Trinity" Symbolism of the details of the picture “Chalice” had the meaning of “cup of life”, “cup of wisdom”, “cup of immortal drink”.

Example:Presentation slide “The Judgment of King Solomon.”Nicolas Poussin

Let's remember what the parable is about?

Thus, the Old Testament is a unique cultural monument, which, unlike other monuments, includes historical, philosophical, moral and artistic problems. It is multifaceted and comprehensive. The Old Testament “provides food” for the entire world culture: literature, fine arts, theater, etc.

According to Christians, the books of the Old Testament were written Prophets. They believe that these are people who had a special gift - to hear what God tells them. Such a gift is called prophecy, and a person who has this gift from God is called a prophet.

Exercise: draw any story from the Old Testament.

Russian artist, musician and theater figure Vasily Polenov for a long time did not dare to turn to Biblical theme. Until something terrible happened: his beloved sister became seriously ill and before her death she made her brother promise that he would start “writing big picture on the long-planned topic “Christ and the Sinner”.

And he kept his word. After creating this painting, Polenov began creating a whole series of paintings called “From the Life of Christ,” to which he devotes several decades of tireless creative and spiritual search. For this, Polenov even travels through Constantinople, Athens, Smyrna, Cairo and Port Said to Jerusalem.

Henryk Semiradsky

The outstanding portrait artist Henryk Semiradsky, although he was a Pole by birth, felt from his youth organic connection with Russian culture. Perhaps this was facilitated by studying at the Kharkov gymnasium, where drawing was taught by Karl Bryullov’s student Dmitry Bezperchiy.

Semiradsky brought picturesqueness to his canvases on biblical subjects, which made them vivid, memorable, and alive.

Detail: Took part in the painting of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.

Alexander Ivanov

"He left one divine Raphael as a teacher. With a high inner instinct, he sensed the true meaning of the word: history painting. And his inner feeling turned his brush to Christian subjects, the highest and last degree of the lofty,” Nikolai Gogol wrote about the famous painter.

Alexander Ivanov is the author of the painting "The Appearance of Christ to the People", which cost him 20 years of real work and creative devotion. Ivanov also made watercolor sketches for the murals of the "Temple of Humanity", but almost never showed them to anyone. Only after the artist's death these drawings became known. This cycle entered the history of art under the name “biblical sketches”. These sketches were published over 100 years ago in Berlin and have not been republished since.

Nikolay Ge

Ge's painting last supper"shocked Russia, as once" The Last Day of Pompeii "by Karl Bryullov. The newspaper" St. Petersburg Vedomosti "reported:" The Last Supper "amazes with originality against the general background of the dry fruits of academic bearing," and the members of the Academy of Arts, not opposed, could not for a long time make up your mind.

In "The Last Supper" Ge interprets the traditional religious plot as a tragic confrontation between a hero who sacrifices himself for the good of mankind, and his student, forever refusing the precepts of a teacher. In Ge’s image of Judas there is nothing private, only general. Judas – collective image, Man Without a Face".

Item: K gospel stories Nikolai Ge first converted under the influence of Alexander Ivanov

Ilya Repin

It is believed that none of the Russian artists, except Karl Bryullov, enjoyed such fame during their lifetime as Ilya Repin. Contemporaries admired the masterfully executed multi-figure genre compositions and seemingly “living” portraits.

Ilya Repin repeatedly turned to gospel theme. He even went as a pilgrim to the Holy Land to see for himself the places where Christ walked and preached. “I wrote almost nothing there - there was no time, I wanted to see more... I painted an image of the Russian church - the head of the Savior. I wanted to put my contribution to Jerusalem...” Later he said: “there is a living Bible everywhere,” “so grandiosely I felt the living God ", "God! How magnificently you feel your insignificance to the point of non-existence."

Ivan Kramskoy

Ivan Kramskoy pondered his painting “The Resurrection of Jairus’s Daughter” for a whole decade. At the beginning of 1860, he made the first sketch, and only in 1867 did he make the first version of the painting, which did not satisfy him. To see everything that has been done in this way, Kramskoy travels around Europe with a mandatory visit best museums peace. leaves for Germany. He walks around art galleries Vienna, Antwerp and Paris, gets acquainted with new art, and later makes a trip to Crimea - to the areas of Bakhchisarai and Chufui-Kale, so similar to the Palestinian desert.

Marc Chagall

The author of the famous “Biblical Message,” Marc Chagall, loved the Bible since childhood, considering it an extraordinary source of poetry. Since he came from a Jewish family, he began to learn the basics of education quite early at the school at the synagogue. Many years later, already an adult, Chagall in his work tried to comprehend not only the Old, but also New Testament, tends to understand the figure of Christ.