III. Lexical and grammatical meaning of the word

The word as a unit of language

Lexicology is a branch of the science of language that studies the vocabulary of a language, or vocabulary. In lexicology, the word is studied as an individual unit, as well as the place of the word in the lexical system of the modern Russian literary language.

Word- the main nominative and cognitive (cognitive) unit of the language, which serves to name objects, processes, properties and report on them. It belongs to the lexico-semantic level of the language and consists of units of lower levels: phonemes and morphemes.

One of the most important functions of the word is the nominative (naming) function. It is known that every newly appearing object, every new discovery receives a name (name).

The naming function in the language is carried out significant parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, verb, adverb.

By its linguistic nature, the word is a complex, multidimensional, diverse unit of language. The following main features of the word are noted:

1) Phonetic design, i.e. a word is a sound complex built according to the laws of the phonetic structure of a given language.

2) The presence of a word meaning, which is assigned to it in the minds of all speakers of this language.

3) Separateness and impenetrability of the word, i.e. the impossibility of additional insertions inside the word without changing its meaning.

4) Reproducibility, i.e. words are not created in the process of communication, but are extracted from the language memory of native speakers.

5) Isolability, i.e. the word can be isolated from speech, context.

6) Non-double impact, i.e. the word has one main emphasis - students.

7) Relevance to a certain part of speech.

Lexical and grammatical meaning of the word

The word is a two-way language unit ( sign), which has a shape, i.e. sound or graphic shell and meaning - a specific linguistic reflection of reality. For example, the sequence of letters tree becomes a sign (word) by virtue of having a meaning.

However, not every complex of sounds (letters) will be a word. N .: And I came up with a word, a simple word - plim..He jumps and jumps. Plym, plym, plym. And it doesn't mean anything. Plim, plim, plim(I. Tokmakova). This set of sounds, although designed according to the laws of the language. does not matter, therefore does not become a word (sign).

The study of the ability of certain sound complexes that form words to express certain meanings lexical semantics- the science of the meaning of a word

Lexical meaning words - this is its "real" meaning, it is the correlation of the sound shell of the word with a certain object or phenomenon of reality with a common public understanding of this correlation.

Lexical meaning of the word individually: it is inherent in a given word and by this delimits this word from others, each of which has its own, also individual meaning.

Along with the lexical meaning, the word has a grammatical meaning. The grammatical meaning of the word is a characteristic of it as an element of a certain grammatical class ( table - noun m.r..). Grammatical meaning characterizes entire categories and classes of words; it categorically.

Compare words table, house, knife. Each of them has its own lexical meaning. At the same time, they are characterized by common, the same grammatical meanings: they all belong to the same part of speech - noun, to the same grammatical gender - husband. and have the same number - unique.

An important feature of grammatical meaning that distinguishes it from lexical meaning is mandatory expression: we cannot use a word without expressing its grammatical meanings. So, speaking the word book, we not only name a certain object, but also express such features of this noun as gender (g.), number (sing.), case (i.).

Lexical value types

Comparison of various words and their meanings makes it possible to single out several types of lexical meanings of words in the Russian language.

1. By way of nomination, i.e. the nature of the connection between the meaning of a word and the object of objective reality, two types of lexical meanings are distinguished: direct And indirect(portable).

Direct the meaning of the word is called, which directly indicates the object, feature, process, etc. and acts as its main nomination in the modern period of language development. portable such a value is called, the appearance of which is due to functional-associative links that unite one object, feature, process with another: bear: 1. ‘animal’; 2. ‘clumsy person’.

II. According to the degree of semantic motivation two types of word meanings are distinguished: unmotivated (non-derivative, primary) and motivated (derivative, secondary).

unmotivated the meaning is called, which is genetically non-derivative for the modern Russian language N.: road, donkey1- 'pack animal'.

Motivated a meaning is called, which is derivative in a semantic or word-formation relation. N.: donkey2– ‘stupid stubborn’ (a person is compared with a donkey on such grounds as stupidity and stubbornness), roadside– ‘growing by the road’.

III. Possibly lexical compatibility free and non-free values are distinguished.

free is called such a meaning of the word, which has a relatively wide syntagmatics (compatibility). The connections between words in this case are determined by the real connections of the phenomena of reality. N.: noun. bread has a wide range of compatibility: fresh, rye, stale, … But the freedom of compatibility is relative, it is limited by the semantic relations of words: combinations of the type wooden, smart, stupid bread.

not free is the meaning of words, the compatibility of which is limited by semantic and extralinguistic factors. Among the lexically non-free, there are three groups of word meanings: phraseologically related, syntactically limited and constructively conditioned.

Phraseologically related the meaning of a word is called, which is realized in combination with a certain and at the same time limited range of words. N.: adj. buckwheat only goes with words horse, stallion, horse (it is forbidden buckwheat or bus).

Phraseologically related meanings of words existing(trifle, trifle, nonsense, true); downcast (look, eyes, glance), gape (mouth, mouth).

Syntactically delimited such a figurative meaning of a word is called, which is realized by this word only in a certain syntactic position: the position of a predicate, an appeal, or definitions of various types. N.: hat(about a sluggish, lack of initiative person, a muddler): He is a real hat; Hat! Wherever you go, He, the hat, will not cope with anything.

Similar syntactic restrictions apply to the figurative use (in relation to a person) of words donkey, bear, elephant, snake, oak.

Structurally determined the meaning of a word is called, which is expressed only in a certain construction. Yes, the verb cry expresses its meaning only in combination with a prepositional case combination on + noun in V.p.: cry at fate, respond for what(upon request).

IV. By the nature of the functions performed two types of lexical meanings can be distinguished: proper nominative and expressive-synonymous.

Nominative- such meanings of words that are used primarily to name objects, phenomena, qualities. In the semantic structure of words with a similar meaning, additional features (for example, evaluative ones) are not reflected. The meaning of the words will be nominative eyes, move, horse, payback and a lot others. Each of them is directly correlated with the concept, names it.

Expressive-synonymous is called such a value in which the main is connotative, or emotional-evaluative sign. Words with this meaning arose as additional expressive-emotional names of nominations already existing in the language with a denotative meaning. For example, each of the above words can be replaced by a word that has an expressive-synonymous meaning: eyes - zenki, move - trail, horse - nag, retribution - retribution.

Words with such meanings exist independently in the language and are reflected in dictionaries, but are perceived in the minds of native speakers by association with their nominative synonyms.

Polysemy of a word

Words in a language can have not one, but two or more meanings. The ability of a word to have more than one meaning is called ambiguity, or polysemy. The “lower limit” of polysemy is uniqueness (monosemy), which is characterized by the fact that the word has only one meaning: birch, tram.

At the moment of occurrence, the word is always unambiguous. The new meaning is the result of the figurative use of the word, when the name of one phenomenon is used as the name of another. The following types of portable values are distinguished: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche.

Metaphor- this is the transfer of the name by similarity, as well as the figurative meaning itself, which is based on similarity.

The similarities between objects are very diverse. Items may look like:

A) form: arches of eyebrows, a head of cheese, a pot-bellied teapot;

b ) location: comet tail, trains, building wing;

V) size: a mountain of things, a stream of tears, a cloud of mosquitoes;

G) color: copper hair, coral lips, chocolate tan;

e) degree of density, permeability: iron muscles, rain wall;

e) degree of mobility, re promotions: whirligig, dragonfly (about a mobile child)

and) sound: rain drumming, screeching saws;

h) degree of value: golden words, the highlight of the program.

Metaphors are general language when one or another metaphorical meaning of a word is used widely and is known to all speakers of a given language (nail head, river arm) and individual, created by a writer or poet, characterizing his stylistic manner:

For example, the metaphors of S.A. Yesenin: red rowan bonfire, chintz of the sky, ripe star.

Metonymy- this is the transfer of the name of one object to others on the basis of the adjacency of these objects.

Metonymy is the result of semantic shifts in the language system. It can arise as a result of transfers based on various relationships:

a) material - product (mining gold - gold in the ears)

b) vessel - the contents of the vessel (drank a glass)

c) room - people (the audience listened carefully)

d) action - scene of action (street crossing - pedestrian crossing)

e) plant - fruit (pear, cherry)

f) animal - fur (fox)

Synecdoche- the use of the name of some part of an object instead of the whole and vice versa (Synecdoche is a kind of metonymic shifts). For example: face, mouth, head, hand represent the corresponding parts of the human body. But each of them can be used for the name of a person: Caucasian face. There are 5 mouths in the family. Lena is a bright head.

Synecdoche can be expressed in the use of a singular noun to denote a set, a multitude: The student (=students) is the wrong one today.

Some characteristic features of a person - a beard, glasses, clothes are often used to refer to a person, to refer to him (in colloquial speech): I stand for blue cloak(=behind the man in the blue cloak).

Homonyms

Homonyms are words that have the same sound and spelling, but different meanings: marriage(marriage) - marriage(defect), p ys(animal) - lynx(horse running).

The largest and most diverse group is lexical (absolute) homonyms: rook(boat) - rook(chess figure). In lexicology, there are two types of lexical homonyms - full And incomplete(partial).

TO complete Lexical homonyms include words of the same part of speech, in which the whole system of forms coincides: key(door) - key(spring)

TO incomplete Lexical homonyms include words of the same part of speech, which do not have the same system of forms: factory (company) - factory(mechanism) - does not have plural forms.

From lexical homonyms, full and partial, other types of homonymy should be distinguished: phonetic, graphic, morphological.

1. Phonetic (sound) homonymy- matching words in sound: onion - meadow, mushroom - flu. Phonetic homonyms are called homophones.

2. Graphic homonymy- the coincidence of words only in spelling, but sounding differently: roast(dish) and roast(summer); flour is flour. T what words are called homographs.

3. Morphological homonymy- the coincidence of words belonging to both one and different parts of speech, in one or more forms: ate(Ch. form is) and ate(plural noun spruce); three(num.) and three(command. obl. verb. to rub). Such words are called homoforms.

Homonymy must be distinguished from polysemy (polysemy). With ambiguity, different meanings of one word retain an internal connection with the main meaning. For example, the word build may mean:

1) build (build a house); 2) draw up (make plans);

3) draw (build a triangle); 4) put in ranks (build squads).

All these meanings have not lost their connection with the main general ‘create, construct’, i.e. the word retains polysemanticity.

With homonymy, the connection between the meanings of the word is lost: beam(log) and beam(ravine); braid(hair) and braid(strip of sushi).

One of the ways to distinguish between polysemy and homonymy can be word compatibility. For example: shaft 1 ( embankment), wal 2 (wave).

1. urban, rampart; pour, strengthen the shaft.

2. high, foaming, ninth, rolling, running. The word shaft 1 and shaft 2 have different compatibility, therefore, these are homonyms.

battle 1 - sea, deadly, long; fight;

fight 2 - fisticuff, deadly, long; fight;

fight 3 - fist, deadly, long; fight

The words fight 1, fight 2, fight 3 have similar compatibility, therefore, these are polysemantic words.

Lexical homonyms arise as a result of various processes occurring in the language.

1) as a result of the coincidence in form of the original word and the borrowed word:

club(smoke) - primordial, related to the words swirl, ball;

club(institution) - borrowed from English;

marriage(matrimony) - primordial, akin to the verb to take;

marriage(defect) - borrowed from German.

2) as a result of the coincidence in the form of words borrowed from different sources or from one, but in different meanings: tap(tap) - from Dutch - tap(construction) - from German; note(musical) and note(diplomatic document) - from Latin.

3) as a result of the collapse of polysemy and the separation of the word from its original meaning: garden(fruity) and garden(children's) - go back to a common source - the verb plant. These words diverged in meaning and became homonyms in modern Russian.

4) as a result of phonetic processes occurring in the language, or changes in the spelling of the word: never(once) and once(no time) - originally distinguished by sounds Ђ And e, which later coincided in one sound e.

5) as a result of word-formation processes, in particular, by attaching affixes with different meanings to the same stem

to cover (to cover again) - to block (to block)

Paronyms

Paronyms These are words that are similar in sound and structure, but have different meanings. Usually paronyms are words formed from the same root with the help of different affixes. For example: diplomat - dimlomancer- noun common root diploma, differ in suffixes -at and -ant.

Diplomat- An official in the diplomatic service.

Diploma student- a person awarded an award - a diploma - or writing a diploma.

In speech, paronyms are sometimes mixed, although they mean different things. For example: they say “put on a coat” instead of “put on a coat”. Verbs dress And put on differ in meaning: put on (what) - dress (whom)

Paronyms are distinguished by those synonymous correspondences that each of the members of the paronymic pair (series) has. For example:

Synonyms

Synonyms- words different in sound, but semantically identical, denoting the same concept and differing in the scope of use, shades of meaning, stylistic or emotional coloring. Synonyms belong to the same lexico-grammatical category of words (parts of speech).

For example: synonyms elk, elk, elk- identical in meaning, but belong to different lexical layers: elk- literary word; elk- colloquial; sohach- dialect. Usually several words enter into synonymous relations. They form synonymous series. The word that most fully expresses the meaning common to the words of the synonymous series is called dominant(lat. djminans - “dominant”). Dominant is a word stylistically neutral, commonly used, all other members of the synonymic series are often words with additional semantic and stylistic shades of meaning. So, in a synonymic row red, scarlet, crimson adjective will be dominant red. The dominant head of the synonymic series and is given in dictionaries at its beginning

Depending on the functions, there are semantic And stylistic synonyms.

Semantic or ideographic synonyms differ from each other by elements of lexical meaning: red- ‘colors of blood’; scarlet- ‘bright red’, scarlet- 'dark red'.

Stylistic synonyms differ from each other in expressive-stylistic load and are used in different styles of speech. In a synonymic row: face - face - muzzle - physiognomy - mug word face- the word is stylistically neutral; face(high, book style); muzzle - physiognomy - mug- spacious.

Synonyms arise as a result of various processes occurring in the language.

1. As a result of “splitting” one lexical meaning into two or more. For example, the verb be reforged acquired a figurative meaning ‘to change one’s way of thinking and behavior as a result of upbringing’ and became close in meaning to such verbs as re-educate, transform.

2. As a result of borrowing foreign words: coast - coast, hail - city. cruise - journey, And hobby - enthusiasm.

3. Due to the use of dialectal, professional words next to literary ones: hut-hut, haymaking-kosovitsa.

4. As a result of word-formation processes in the language: digging - digging, piloting - aerobatics

5. As a result of the attachment of a negative particle Not to one of the members of the antonymic pair: low - (high) low, rarely - (often) infrequently, enemy - (friend) foe.

ANTONYMS

Antonyms - These are words that belong to the same part of speech and have opposite meanings: young - old, stupid - smart, meet - see off, over - under.

In its own way structure antonyms are divided into three groups:

1. Different root antonyms: good - evil, long - short;

2. One-root antonyms: faith - unbelief, sunrise - sunset, deed - idleness;

3. Intra-word antonyms are such pairs that are obtained as a result of the development of the meaning of a word to the complete opposite (a process called enantiosemy). N.: borrow(to lend) - (to borrow), maybe(probably) - (probably) ): I will probably come. They probably told me that the commission will arrive soon. Priceless(having a high price).

Antonyms are one of the expressive means of the language. They have long been used in CNT, for example, in proverbs: Sweet lies are better than bitter truths; An angel in people, but a devil at home; The poor do not understand the rich; Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.

Antonyms are also widely used in journalism, especially in headlines: Friends and enemies of tourism; Luck and bad luck eminent.

Antonyms can serve as a means of creating oxymoron- a figure of speech, which is a combination of two opposite concepts (two words that contradict each other in meaning): bitter joy, ringing silence, sweet pain, a living corpse, adult children.

Usually an oxymoron is created according to the “adjective + noun” model, however, there are other models: “adverb + verb”: Oh, how happy she is to be sad. So elegantly naked (Ahm.).

Antonymy is used in fiction to express antitheses- a figure of speech in which opposite concepts are contrasted to enhance expressiveness: I will not better or worse, All That I will not different, From happiness blaze on colder, From grief to cool in summer heat(N. Gribachev). Rebelled and old and young (P.); I stupid, And you smart, alive and I dumbfounded (Color).

In an ironic context, one antonym can be used instead of another: Where, smart, you're delirious head. The use of a word in the opposite sense is called antiphrasis. Antiphrasis is often resorted to in everyday colloquial speech; so, to an absent-minded person they say jokingly: how careful you are! evil: how kind you are!

Antonyms are characterized by predominantly contact use in certain contexts. Intentional collision of antonyms makes it possible to realize their most important functions:

1) opposition: You are rich, I am very poor(P.);

2) mutual exclusion: He had only one opinion about people - good or bad.(Sim.);

3) alternation: He then extinguished the candle, then lit it(Ch.);

4) coverage of the entire class of objects, the entire phenomenon, action: From young to old, from morning to evening, and enemies and friends - everyone is tired.

Antonyms can be linguistic And contextual(individual). Unlike linguistic antonyms, the semantic opposition of which is manifested regularly and does not depend on the use (white - black, soft - hard), contextual antonyms - an occasional (random) phenomenon, limited by the scope of the context: Wolves and Sheep(N. Ostrovsky), Already and Falcon(M. Gorky), lodges - galleries(E. Evtushenko); daily work - nightly dream(M. Tsvetaeva). What is allowed to Jupiter is not allowed to the bull. Jupiter (god) and bull (livestock) are opposed in the Latin proverb as antonyms, although they are not.

Lexical meaning words (it is also called material) - this is the content of the word, which reflects one or another element of reality (object, event, quality, action, attitude, etc.); it is the meaning contained in the word, the content.

grammatical meaning words - this is a generalized meaning that characterizes the word as an element of a certain grammatical class (for example, table - noun m.r.), as an element of an inflectional series (table, table, table, etc.) and as an element of a phrase or sentence, in which the word is connected with other words (table leg, put the book on the table). Each part of speech is characterized by a certain set of grammatical meanings. For example, nouns that have singular forms. and many others. numbers or only singular, express three grammatical meanings - numbers, case, gender; nouns, used only in the plural, have two grammatical meanings - numbers and cases.

Lexical and grammatical meaning are the two most important properties of a word. Lexical meaning allows us to talk about the world by naming its phenomena with words. Grammar makes it possible to link words together, to build statements from them.

How is lexical meaning different from grammatical meaning?

1. Lexical meaning of the word individually- only this word has it.

Grammatical meaning, on the other hand, is inherent in whole categories and classes of words; it categorically.

Each of the words road, book, wall- has its own, only inherent lexical meaning. But their grammatical meaning is the same: they all belong to the same part of speech (they are nouns), to the same grammatical gender (feminine), and have the form of the same number (singular).

2. An important feature of grammatical meaning, which distinguishes it from lexical meaning, is mandatory expression. The grammatical meaning is necessarily expressed in the text or in the statement with the help of endings, prepositions, word order, etc. A word cannot be used without expressing its grammatical characteristics (exception: indeclinable words like metro, taxi unrelated to other words).

So, speaking the word table, we not only name a certain object, but also express such features of this noun as gender (masculine), number (singular), case (nominative or accusative, cf.: There was a table in the corner. - I see a table). All these signs of form table the essence of its grammatical meanings, expressed by the so-called zero inflection.

Pronouncing the word form table(for example, in a sentence Blocked the passage with a table), we use the ending -ohm we express the grammatical meanings of the instrumental case, masculine, singular.

The lexical meaning of the word table- "a piece of home furniture, which is a surface of hard material, mounted on one or more legs, and serving to put or put something on it" - in all case forms of this word remains unchanged.

In addition to the root -table-, which has the indicated lexical meaning, there are no other means of expressing this meaning, similar to the means of expressing the grammatical meanings of case, gender, number, etc.

3. Compared with the grammatical meaning, the lexical meaning is more subject to change: the lexical meaning can expand, narrow, acquire additional evaluative meaning components, etc.

The distinction between lexical and grammatical meanings should not be understood as their opposition in the word. The lexical meaning is always based on the grammatical (more general, classifying) meaning, is its direct specification.

Lexical meaning can be considered in two aspects. On the one hand, the word names specific objects, objects, phenomena of reality that the speaker has in mind in this particular situation. In this case, the word performs only a nominative function and has denotative lexical value.

On the other hand, the word names not only individual objects, phenomena, but also entire classes of objects, phenomena that have common characteristic features. The word in this case performs not only a nominative function, but also a generalizing one (the word denotes a concept) and has significative lexical value.

Not all words have a lexical meaning, that is, an internal meaning, but only those that can express concepts. Such words are called full-valued or independent. From a grammatical point of view, these include: nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, pronouns. Functional, modal words and interjections do not designate concepts, and they are not connected with objects of reality. These words have special meanings: they express our attitudes and feelings towards something: certainly, probably, therefore, for example, etc.
The lexical meaning, which only full-meaning words have, is based on the concept, but there is no equality between the lexical meaning and the concept. A concept is a copy of the subject of reality in our thinking. The concept in a word is always one, but there can be several meanings. For example, the concept of green may have the following meanings: green pencil (color characteristic); green fruit (degree of ripening, compare: ripe fruit); green face (characteristic of ill health, degree of fatigue); green age (degree of social maturity). Only if the word is a term does the concept coincide with the meaning. For example: suffix, root, phoneme, etc. The main difference between a concept and meaning is that a concept is a copy, an exact designation, and the meaning always includes an emotionally expressive coloring (modality). For example, in the word sun there is a diminutive connotation; the word grandmother has a derogatory connotation. There can be no such shades in the concept (compare: morphemochka, phonemochka - the use of words is illiterate). Thus, the lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of a word with a certain object or phenomenon of reality fixed in the minds of speakers. The lexical meaning reflects the idea of an object, action, attribute, quantity, phenomenon, etc., however, not the entire set of attributes inherent in any object, phenomenon is characterized, but only those that help distinguish one object from another.
In addition to the lexical, in any word there is also a grammatical meaning. Grammatical meanings complement lexical meanings and reflect the belonging of a word to a certain grammatical category. Grammatical categories are the meanings of gender, number, case, declension, voice, type, etc. Grammatical meanings help to classify the vocabulary of the Russian language. For example, between the words plane, school, walking, there is nothing in common in terms of lexical meaning, i.e. content, but their grammatical meanings are the same and allow them to be attributed to nouns in the singular, nominative case. Not a single word in the Russian language remains without grammatical meaning.
Lexical meanings in all languages are formed in exactly the same way (subject -gt; concept -gt; sound shell -gt; name). Grammatical meanings are formed differently in different languages. That's why Russian has 6 cases, German has 4 cases, and French and English don't have them at all.
The carrier of lexical meaning is the basis of the word. For example: high, height. Grammatical meaning is expressed with the help of endings, suffixes, prefixes, stresses, auxiliary words. For example, in the word top, the ending -a shows that it is a feminine noun, singular, nominative, I declension. When the lexical meaning changes, the grammatical meaning of the word also changes. This is especially noticeable when one part of speech passes into another (on horseback, around, dining room - these words now have different grammatical meanings than before).
Thus, the word, which is a unity of form and content, i.e., the unity of the sound shell and meaning, thereby represents the unity of lexical and grammatical meanings. Each word, naming this or that object or phenomenon, always tells us something. For example, in the sentence Pick this flower for me, the word flower performs two functions: it denotes a specific object that is needed at a given moment, and an object in general, that is, an object with some specific features, thanks to which a person recognizes it among other objects. Each word performs two functions in the language: 1) nominative, naming; 2) generalizing (one word refers to a number of similar items). A third function can be superimposed on two key and mandatory functions of a word - evaluative (emotionally expressive), for example, for the above sentence - a flower.

Lexical and grammatical meaning

(two lessons)

5th grade

Pupils of the 5th grade, mastering the course of the Russian language, get acquainted with a large number of definitions. Faced with an abundance of terms, children often do not understand their essence. A fifth-grader glibly gives a definition, but is lost if it needs to be reproduced in his own words. This is not due to the fact that the student has a poor skill in giving definitions. It's just that the child does not understand the inner content of the phenomenon, its essence, but he easily memorizes the wording, like poetry or an expression in a foreign language, automatically.

Any textbook of the 5th grade offers the student and the teacher to master the conceptual apparatus, which, on the one hand, is a little familiar from the elementary school course, on the other hand, is not yet entirely clear, since definitions of linguistic phenomena are not always given in elementary school. At the same time, already known things are considered again, and, of course, this must be done not only at a new scientific level, but in such a way as to interest the student, to show the unusual in the familiar.

By implementing this approach to working with terms, we can reveal an already familiar phenomenon in a new way, arouse interest in it, help to understand it and comprehend it more deeply.

The concepts that every fifth grader should be fluent in include the terms lexical and grammatical meaning.

Let's turn to textbooks. For example, let's take a textbook, traditionally used in many schools, edited by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranova, L.T. Grigoryan (1) and "Russian language" edited by M.V. Panov (2), which is either used as additional material or serves as the main textbook in a number of gymnasiums and schools with humanitarian classes. The terms under consideration are found in them when studying topics: 1) “Vocabulary”, “Word formation. Morphemics"; 2) "Vocabulary", "Morphology".
Let's see what definitions of lexical and grammatical meaning they offer.
In the textbook, ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya we read:

“Every word means something. For example, the word spruce forest means "a forest consisting of only fir trees." It is his lexical meaning. In addition to the lexical, the word also has grammatical meaning. For example, for nouns, you can determine the gender, case, number, for verbs - tense, person and number.

"Russian language" ed. M.V. Panova offers the following option:

Christmas tree is an evergreen coniferous tree with cone-shaped needles and long scaly cones. This is the main meaning of the word Christmas tree. It denotes the main meaning in the word, what we think about when we pronounce it. This meaning of the word is called lexical value.

Christmas tree is a feminine noun in them. pad. units h. Such values are called grammatical values.

Agree, it is not very successful to give a definition through an example, but the essence is revealed very clearly.

Let us turn to the encyclopedia "Russian language", where general definitions are given.

Lexical meaning- the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc.

grammatical meaning- a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic constructions and finding its regular expression in grammatical forms.

Of course, no one will offer such definitions in the 5th grade.

With the goal of combining the principle of scientific approach with a fascinating presentation of the material, in this way to help students master it deeper, I used when studying the terms lexical And grammaticalmeaning the famous phrase of Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba.

The lessons are introductory to the topic "Vocabulary" according to the textbook, ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya.

About the dumb kuzdra

Lesson 1

Target :

1) introduce the concept lexical and grammatical meaning;
2) consolidate knowledge about parts of speech;
3) improve the skill of defining linguistic phenomena in your own words.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Introductory conversation.

Remember which sections of the science of language you already know that you have already studied.
Often the main object of our study was the word. We observed how it works in a sentence, a phrase, built texts from words.
How to name all the words of the language? (Vocabulary.)
Remember the name of the sections of linguistics and think: does the word have vocabulary more values?

II. Dictionary work.

The words are written on the board:

coloring
be nominated
popular print

Do you know the meaning of these words?
If the meaning of a word is unclear, how can you find out what it is? (Use a dictionary.)
Can any dictionary help us figure out the meaning of words? Why do we need an explanatory dictionary? (It is there that the definition, the interpretation of words, is given.)
Before turning to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova, N.Yu. Shvedova, think about whether you can say something about each of the words. Consider them as parts of speech and write down the conclusions.

coloring- n., m. r., units. h., im. p. / c. P.
be nominated- verb, nesov. in., I ref.
popular print- adj., m. r., units. h., im. p. / c. P.

Write down the definition of these words from the explanatory dictionary below.
Tell me, are there any other words that have the meaning of "printed from popular prints"?
So the word popular print a unique value, that is, one that only it has.
Try to find words with the same characteristics as the adjective. popular print(see entry above). Are there many such words?

III. Formulation of concepts.

So, we have seen that each of the words we are considering has two meanings. How do they differ? (One is suitable for many similar words, the other is suitable only for a particular word.)
If vocabulary considers the meaning of words, which of the two meanings will we call lexical? Try to define it.
Lexical meaning is the meaning of a word, a meaning peculiar only to a given word, or a unique meaning. How will the grammatical meaning differ from it? (Not unique.)
Now, knowing that grammatical meaning considers a word in terms of a part of speech, try to define it.
Grammatical meaning - the meaning of a word as a part of speech; The features that this word has can be found in many other words.

IV. Fixing the material.

1) Write down the lexical meaning of the words:

caftan, based, exacting.

2) Indicate the grammatical meaning of these words and give a few (4-5) words with the same grammatical meaning.

3) Let's consider the phrase glokaya kuzdra. Write down its lexical and grammatical meaning. What meaning - lexical or grammatical - could you write down? What is easier to do? Why?
Do you think these words will be in other dictionaries?
Tell me: what part of the word helped you learn the grammatical meaning of words?

V. Checking the acquired knowledge.

1) Tell us how you understood what it is grammatical And lexical meaning.
2) How do they differ?
3) Which morpheme shows the grammatical meaning?
4) Name the words according to their lexical meaning:

– demanding, strict...;
– vintage long-brimmed men's clothing...

VI. Homework.

1. Prepare a story, what is the lexical and grammatical meaning.

2. Set the lexical meaning of words: comfortable, conveyor, bask, militia, take up arms, argue, curtsy.

3. Come up with your own phrases (3-4) from words that do not have a specific lexical meaning, but have a grammatical meaning.

When checking this task, it turned out that the greatest difficulties are caused by the explanation (not according to the dictionary, but one's own) of the lexical meaning of words. Undoubtedly, the proposed examples are complex, belong to the passive vocabulary, but one of the reasons why such words were given was the need to understand how (successfully or not) work with difficult words would work. The problems mostly arose with nouns. I believe this is due to the fact that for words conveyor, militia no synonyms can be found, only a detailed explanation is possible. Word curtsy, which has a synonym bow caused less problems. Such is the case with verbs. Choosing synonyms, fifth-graders determined for themselves the place of a particular verb in a number of related concepts.

Lesson 2

Target :

1) consolidate the concept of lexical And grammatical meaning;
2) establish how knowledge of lexical and grammatical meaning will help in the study of morphemics.

I. Checking homework.

Read the lexical meaning of these words. Were there words among them, in the definitions of which there were marks given in brackets?
What is the grammatical meaning of these verbs?
What parts of speech were more in the words given for analysis?
Were there any words related to the sublime vocabulary? Used in a specific context?

II. Consolidation of concepts lexical And grammatical meaning.

Tell what is the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning using the example of words: run, runner, grow, sprouts.
Tell what meaning is unique to the word.
What meaning can be applied to a group of words?
Listen to the text.

A charade is a special riddle in which you have to guess a word by its parts.

For example:

First - forehead.
Second - a hundred years.
The whole is a rational being.

Answer: Human.

The first charades appeared in ancient Roman literature, but they were especially loved in the 18th century.
Now tell me: where does the text begin? (From the fact that the lexical meaning of the word is given.)
This is a frequent technique for constructing a scientific text, which tells about some subject or phenomenon unknown to the reader.
Let's write the first sentence, explaining the punctuation marks.
Specify the grammatical meaning of the word charade. Are there words in the sentence with the same grammatical meaning? (Mystery.)

III. Mastering new material.

Listen carefully and think about what it is about.

Glokaya kuzdra shteko boked bokra and curls bokra.

Can this be understood? Why?
This phrase was invented for his students by the famous linguist L.V. Shcherba.
(Leaflets with this phrase are handed out.)
Is it possible to understand what parts of speech Shcherba uses, what members of the sentence?
Why do we understand this?
If we carefully analyze by what part of the word we recognize it, we will see that this is the ending. Can you tell which morpheme is associated with the grammatical meaning? We see that the ending carries the grammatical meaning of the word.
Try to drop the endings, can we recognize the parts of speech in this case?
Learn the phrase; Does it have any single words? How to find out? If we recall that the main meaning, the meaning of the word, is contained in the root, then this morpheme is the bearer of lexical meaning.
How and from what the word is formed bokrenok?

bocre<-- бокренок

Which value element adds -enok- ? Think about what meaning - lexical or grammatical - this suffix expresses.

For classes that know the morpheme composition well, it can be noted that -l- , Unlike -enok- , conveys a particle of grammatical meaning, indicating the tense of the verb.

IV. Conclusion.

We tried to look for elements of grammatical meaning and lexical meaning in an unfamiliar, artificially created text. Are there morphemes in the words that help to find out whether a word belongs to a certain part of speech, to establish its grammatical features? What morphemes are carriers of lexical meaning?

V. Homework.

Try to compose your sentences, the text, where the endings help to reveal the grammatical meaning of the word, and the roots have an unclear lexical meaning.

Form nouns with meaning:

- baby animal
- a resident of a locality;
- a person by occupation -
from roots:

-resn-,
-borl-,
-omcr-.

Try to form other parts of speech.

Examples of creative work of 5th grade students of the Pirogov School in Moscow

1. Temochka nokla to get tired, but the borer roared. And she had to wake up as a Kima. Bryashnaya camory!

Hanna Brener

2. Surkalos. A companion grunted along the path. "Apparently we're a freak?" - he was guiding at the rvubatnik, who was shuddering with him. The rogue didn't answer. Svoblo 2 30 , and the companion turned on the buzzer and ordered to shut up. The rogue rattler slathered his teeth, and they chuckled a little.

Dmitry Leonkin

3. Vomil Turlut Furklu: “Do not sweat on Mabrak without drabrus. In Mabrak the pablos are full. They scribble. Pralomey did not quarrel.
But Furkl didn't snitch Turlut. Furkle burned in Mabrak without drabrus. Dud Furkla and skryapali. But the dud spoke of Furkla Turlyut, who had gone astray. Turklut smashed the tukalka and went to Mabrak, for the sake of pouring pablo and ticking the tukalka on the fool. The pabl was confused and quarreled, and Furkle blurted out of the foolish pabl.

III. Lexical and grammatical meaning of the word

More on the topic LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL MEANING OF A WORD:

More on the topic § 52. LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL MEANING OF THE WORD:

T.S. CHELNOKOVA,
Moscow

Lexical and grammatical meaning

(two lessons)