Presentation of periodization of the culture of ancient Greece. Presentation on history "culture of ancient Greece"
“The Bronze Horseman” The equestrian statue of Peter was made by the sculptor E. Falcone in
In 1814 in Russia, for the solemn welcome of the Russian liberating army returning from Europe after the victory over Napoleon, the wooden Triumphal Gate was built at the Tverskaya Outpost. For more than 100 years, the arch stood in the center of Moscow, and in 1936 it was demolished. Only in the 60s. XX century The triumphal arch was recreated on Victory Square, near Poklonnaya Gora, at the site where Napoleon's army entered the city.
Triumphal Alexander Arch Triumphal Alexander Arch. It is also called the “Royal Gate”. Originally built in 1888 in honor of the arrival of Emperor Alexander III and his family in Yekaterinodar. In 1928, by decision of local Soviet authorities, the arch was demolished under the pretext that the tsarist-era structure interfered with tram traffic, although since 1900 trams had been running quite successfully directly under the arch. The drawings were not preserved; they were restored from photographs. Previously, the Arch was located at the intersection of Ekaterininskaya (now Mira) and Kotlyarevskaya (Sedina) streets. Recreated in 2009 at the intersection of Krasnaya and Babushkina streets.
Unrealized projects of Moscow architects.
Slide 1
The influencing power of art. Art and power. Lesson No. 1 Art 9th grade Fine Arts teacher Somko E.V.Slide 2
Art, as a manifestation of the free, creative powers of man, the flight of his imagination and spirit, was often used to strengthen power, secular and religious.
Slide 3
“The Bronze Horseman” The equestrian statue of Peter was made by the sculptor E. Falcone in 1768-1770.
Slide 4
Thanks to works of art, the authorities strengthened their authority, and cities and states maintained their prestige. Art embodied the ideas of religion in visible images, glorified and immortalized heroes. "Napoleon at the Saint Bernard Pass"
Slide 5
The valor of warriors and commanders is immortalized by works of monumental art. Equestrian statues are erected, triumphal arches and columns are built to commemorate victories. Triumphal Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy.
Slide 6
By decree of Napoleon I, who wanted to immortalize the glory of his army, the Triumphal Gate was built in Paris. The names of the generals who fought alongside the emperor are engraved on the walls of the arch. France, Paris, Arc de Triomphe
Slide 7
In 1814, in Russia, for the solemn welcome of the Russian liberating army returning from Europe after the victory over Napoleon, the wooden Triumphal Gate was built at the Tverskaya Outpost. For more than 100 years, the arch stood in the center of Moscow, and in 1936 it was demolished. Only in the 60s. XX century The triumphal arch was recreated on Victory Square, near Poklonnaya Gora, at the site where Napoleon's army entered the city.
Slide 8
Triumphal Alexander Arch. It is also called the “Royal Gate”. Originally built in 1888 in honor of the arrival of Emperor Alexander III and his family in Yekaterinodar. In 1928, by decision of local Soviet authorities, the arch was demolished under the pretext that the tsarist-era structure interfered with tram traffic, although since 1900 trams had been running quite successfully directly under the arch. The drawings were not preserved; they were restored from photographs. Previously, the Arch was located at the intersection of Ekaterininskaya (now Mira) and Kotlyarevskaya (Sedina) streets. Recreated in 2009 at the intersection of Krasnaya and Babushkina streets.
Slide 9
The Moscow tsars considered themselves heirs of Roman traditions, and this was reflected in the words: “Moscow is the Third Rome, and there will never be a fourth.”
Slide 10
The choir chapel named after M.I. Glinka is a majestic monument of Russian culture, famous throughout the world. The chapel helps to maintain the connection of times and the continuity of traditions.
The influencing power of art. Art and power. Influential force
art.
Art and power.
Lesson No. 1 Art 9th grade
Art teacher Somko E.V.
Art as a manifestation of the free, creative powers of man, the flight of his imagination and spirit, was often used to strengthen his power.
Art as a manifestation of the free, creative powers of man,the flight of his imagination and spirit was often used to strengthen
authorities - secular and religious.
"Bronze Horseman"
Equestrian statue of Peter completedsculptor E. Falcone in 1768-1770.
"Bronze Horseman"
Thanks to works of art, the authorities strengthened their authority, and cities and states maintained their prestige. Art brought to life
Thanks to works of art, power strengthened its authority, andcities and states maintained prestige. Art embodied
visible images of the idea of religion, glorified and immortalized heroes.
"Napoleon at the Pass"
Saint Bernard"
The valor of warriors and commanders is immortalized by works of monumental art. Equestrian statues are being installed, I am constructing
Valor of warriors and commandersperpetuate works of monumental art.
Equestrian statues are being installed
triumphal arches and columns are being built to commemorate
victories won.
Triumphal Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy.
By decree of Napoleon I, who wanted to immortalize the glory of his army, the Triumphal Gate was built in Paris. Arches on the walls
By decree of Napoleon I, who wanted to immortalize his gloryarmy, the Triumphal Gate was built in Paris. On the walls
arches are engraved with the names of generals who fought alongside
emperor.
France, Paris, Arc de Triomphe In 1814 in Russia, for the solemn meeting of the Russian liberating army, returning from Europe after the victory over
Napoleon built the wooden Triumphal Gate at
Tverskaya outpost. For more than 100 years the arch stood in the center
Moscow, and in 1936 it was demolished. Only in the 60s. XX century
The triumphal arch was recreated on Victory Square, near
Poklonnaya Gora, where Napoleon's army entered the city. Triumphal Alexander Arch.
arch
It is also called the “Royal Gate”. Originally built in 1888 in
honor of the arrival of Emperor Alexander III and his family in Ekaterinodar. In 1928
year, by decision of local Soviet authorities, the arch was demolished
under the pretext that the construction of the tsarist era is preventing
tram traffic, although since 1900 trams have been running quite successfully
right under the arch. The drawings were not preserved; they were restored according to
photographs. Previously, the Arch was located at the intersection of streets
Ekaterininskaya (now Mira) and Kotlyarevskaya (Sedina). Recreated in 2009
year at the intersection of Krasnaya and Babushkina streets.
The Moscow tsars considered themselves heirs of Roman traditions, and this was reflected in the words: “Moscow is the Third Rome, and the fourth is not
The Moscow tsars considered themselves heirs of Roman traditions, and thisreflected in the words:
“Moscow is the Third Rome, but there will never be a fourth.”
The choir chapel named after M.I. Glinka is a majestic monument of Russian culture, famous throughout the world. Capella pomo
The choir chapel named after M. I. Glinka is a majestica monument of Russian culture, famous throughout the world.
The chapel helps maintain the connection of times and continuity
traditions.
Resurrection Novo-Jerusalem Monastery - monument.
In the twentieth century, during the era of Stalinism in our country, pompous, magnificent architecture emphasized the strength and power of the state, relegating
In the twentieth century, during the era of Stalinism in our country, pompous,lush architecture emphasized the strength and power of the state,
reducing the human personality to an insignificant level,
ignored the individual uniqueness of each person
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Slide captions:
Artistic culture of ancient Greece, grade 10
The architectural appearance of Ancient Hellas The architecture of Ancient Greece was not characterized by the scale of the Egyptians and the monumentality of Ancient Western Asia. The man of Ancient Greece saw proportionality and harmony.
Man believed in the rational organization of the world. Man sought to embody ideals on earth that corresponded to his ideas about the structure of nature. The man especially valued a sense of proportion in everything. Orderliness, proportionality, strict rhythm, proportionality of all parts of architectural structures were the main distinguishing features of ancient Greek architecture.
The merit of ancient Greek architecture is the creation of an order system. Reading p. 73 line 5 from bottom. ORDER was the embodiment of the masculinity and tenacity of character of the Greek tribes.
Temples served as homes for the gods. The most common type of Greek temple was PERIPTER, i.e. surrounded by columns around the perimeter. Long side – 16 or 18 columns. The smaller side has 6 or 8 columns. The entrance to the sanctuary was only from the rear façade, and not from the main façade, which was always located on the eastern part. Porticoes are symbols of the heavenly world of the gods. ???? Reading p. 75 ab 1.
Large sanctuaries - temples: Temple of Apollo at Delphi
Temple of Apollo in Corinth
Temple of Hera at Olympia
Temple of Hera at Paestum
Golden Age of Athens 5th century BC - the heyday of ancient Greece. Athens is the largest political and cultural center of Hellas. In history, this time is usually called the “Golden Age of Athens.” This time is also called the “age of Pericles.” ??? Reading p. 75 line 6 from below.
Sculptors and the philosopher Pericles Polykleitos Phidias Anaxagoras
The Acropolis of Athens The Acropolis is an ensemble of the social and cultural center of the Athenian state. Trials of the Acropolis: destruction, robbery. Today it is a ruin, but remains a monument to the “golden age”. Look at the picture on p. 76
Propylaea - ??? (p. 77 ab.2)
Having passed the Propylaea, the visitor found himself in a large square where a statue of Athena stood. ???? (p. 77 ab 3)
The Parthenon is the main temple of the Acropolis. 8 and 17 columns with a height of 10.5 m. According to legend, in the temple there was a 12-meter statue of A Fina, made of ivory with gold plating.
The middle part of the horizontal ceiling of the columns is the frieze.
The reliefs glorify the heroic Greek people and their history. All the gods of Greece gathered here: the thunderer Zeus, the mighty ruler of the seas Poseidon, the wise warrior Athena, the winged Victory Nike. Heroes of Greek myths perform their feats here.
Temple of Erechtheion The temple is dedicated to the king of Athens, Erechtheus, who had divine origin. The temple is decorated with CARYATIDS - sculptures of girls solemnly supporting the cornice.
Theater of Dionysus The theater accommodated 17 thousand people. Tragic and comedic scenes from the life of gods and people were played out. Before the start of the performance, sacrifices and a rite of purification of all those present in the theater were performed in the altar in front of the statue of the god Dionysus.
Homework: pp. 73 – 80 reading, retelling. Know the terms! In class, retelling using slides.
Classical Greece The brightest and most significant period in the development of Greek culture is the classical period associated with the heyday of Athens, called the “golden age”. Pericles, who led the Athenian democracy, begins the reconstruction of the Acropolis, the sculptor Phidias supervises these works.
Pinakothek “To the left of the Propylaea,” says Pausanias, the author of the “Description of Hellas,” there is a building with paintings; those that time has not yet destined to become unrecognizable depict Diomedes and Odysseus; the latter steals the bow of Philoctetes on Lemnos, and the former carries away the image of Athena from Ilion Orestes is also depicted here,
Temple of Nike Apteros, to the right of the Propylaea, a small rectangular temple of Nike Apteros was built, dedicated to the goddess of victory Nike. Translated, its name sounds like “Wingless Victory.” It is believed that under the conditions of a truce in the protracted Peloponnesian War, the Athenians thereby expressed the hope that victory would now not “fly away” from them. Since this temple housed a statue of Athena, it is often also called the Temple of Athena Nike. Relief of the balustrade of the temple of Nike Apteros.
Propylaea First, the Athenians climbed a wide stone staircase to the Propylaea - the main entrance to the Acropolis, which was a deep through portico with a colonnade; At the same time, the side passages were intended for pedestrian citizens, and horsemen and chariots passed along the middle one and carried out sacrificial animals.
Statue of Athena Promachos Once past the Propylaea, visitors found themselves on a flat, rocky cliff top. Directly in front of them they saw a huge bronze statue of Athena Promachos (Warrior) sculpted by Phidias. It is believed that the gilded tip of her spear served as a guide for ships approaching the city on clear days. Behind this statue, in an open area, there was an altar, and on the left a small temple was erected, where the priests performed rituals of worship of the patroness of the city, the goddess Athena.
Phidias. Athena Promachos Phidias had knowledge of the achievements of optics. A story has been preserved about his rivalry with Alcamenes: both were ordered statues of Athena, which were supposed to be erected on high columns. Phidias made his statue in accordance with the height of the column on the ground; it seemed ugly and disproportionate. The people almost stoned him. When both statues were erected on high pedestals, the correctness of Phidias became obvious, and Alkamen was ridiculed
Acropolis. Erechtheion One of the sacred temples of the Acropolis is the Erechtheion, built by an unknown architect on the site of the mythical dispute between Athena and Poseidon for dominance over Attica. This temple is famous for its portico, which is supported by graceful female figures - caryatids. One of the parts of this temple, dedicated to the legendary king of Athens Erechtheus, was called Erechtheion; here was his grave and sanctuary. However, later this name was transferred to the entire temple.
Erechtheion, neither the interior of this temple nor its marble relief friezes have survived to this day. All four original porticos were also damaged, including the most famous of them, the portico of the caryatids. But even in its damaged state, it still remains the main attraction of the Erechtheion.
Acropolis.Parthenon It contained a twenty-meter statue of Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin), the patroness of the city, made of gold and ivory. The proportions of the columns and the plan, the subtlety of drawing details and the nuances of the architectural solution - everything testifies to the desire of the architects to achieve harmony. Speaking of nuances, we mean, for example, the slight inclination of the columns inward, giving the silhouette a subtle pyramidal shape and creating a feeling of its almost organic growth; a subtle shift of the outer columns towards the corners, giving them additional strength and stability; finally, a slight rise in all horizontal lines from the edges of the structure to the center. Athena Varvakeion" (marble copy of the statue of Athena Phidias)
Chrysoelephantine technique He was accused of concealing the gold from which the cloak of Athena Parthenos was made. But the artist justified himself very simply: the gold was removed from the base and weighed, and no shortage was found. (Phidias attached the removable gold plates in such a way, on the advice of Pericles, that they could be weighed at any time).
“Athena Parthenos.” Phidias 438 BC. e. It was installed in the Athens Parthenon, inside the sanctuary and represented the goddess in full armor. The most complete copy is considered to be the so-called. "Athena Varvakion" (Athens), marble. The sculptural decoration of the Parthenon (Parthenon frieze, metopes, etc.) was carried out under his leadership.
Phidias. Phidias had knowledge of the achievements of optics. A story has been preserved about his rivalry with Alcamenes: both were ordered statues of Athena, which were supposed to be erected on high columns. Phidias made his statue in accordance with the height of the column on the ground; it seemed ugly and disproportionate. The people almost stoned him. When both statues were erected on high pedestals, the correctness of Phidias became obvious, and Alkamen was ridiculed
"Athena Promachos" by Phidias, a colossal image of the goddess Athena brandishing a spear on the Athenian Acropolis. Erected approx. 460 BC e. in memory of victories over the Persians. Its height reached 60 feet and towered over all the surrounding buildings, shining over the city from afar. Bronze casting. Not preserved.
Phidias. Golden ratio (golden ratio, division in extreme and average ratio) division of a continuous quantity into two parts in such a ratio in which the smaller part is related to the larger one as the larger one is to the entire value. Interesting facts The golden ratio was designated in algebra by the Greek letter φ precisely in honor of Phidias, the master who embodied it in his works.
Greek sculpture. “Laocoon” In the last, Hellenistic period, the optimism and harmony of Greek culture began to be lost; the culture of Hellenism is sophisticated, distinguished by a complex artistic language and strives to express the whole gamut of emotional experiences.
N.V. Zagladin The Macedonian campaign resembled a raid of barbarians, ruining everything in their path, rather than a well-thought-out conquest. Having defeated the troops of the Persian despotism, which formed the backbone of civilization, he was unable to create his own control system, attempts to bring the Persian nobility closer failed (he ordered 10 thousand Macedonians to marry the daughters of the Persian nobility)
Hellenism Synthesis of cultures and civilizations of the Ancient East and Ancient Greece - The relatives and generals of Macedon declared themselves kings. They relied on an army of Macedonians, Greeks and officials of the local nobility - the Hellenic ruling elite found itself embedded in the system of power and property relations of the East. After two generations they were no different from the eastern nobles. -The cities of the East became centers of Greek culture
During this period, the main architectural structures became not temples, but theaters, gymnasiums and other civil buildings. Hellenistic architecture is characterized by the use of the whimsical Corinthian order and the mixing of elements of all three orders. A new type of building appears - the mausoleum in Halicarnassus (Tomb of King Mausolus), which gave its name to monuments of this kind, designed to perpetuate a specific person, a heroic ruler.
The crisis of the polis is the death of Greek civilization. the endless Peloponnesian wars ruined the policies, the active sale of land plots shook the main support of the policy - the connection of the citizen with the land, the civil militia gave way to the mercenary, social tension grew (in Athens this was due to the lack of tribute received in previous times from the allies, in Sparta the destruction of the community of equals led to conflicts between rich and poor) Population growth
Hanging Gardens of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar, out of love for his wife and, frankly, because of his own vanity, decided to lay out not an ordinary park, but a fairy-tale one that would glorify Babylon throughout the world. Herodotus wrote about the capital of the world: “Babylon surpasses in splendor any other city on earth.”
Babylonian Gardens However, the hanging gardens only seemed to be. For their construction, special basements were dug, covered on top with several rows of vaults. On the vaults lay large stone slabs, on which lay layers of brick, bitumen, reeds, lead and, finally, a thick layer of earth, in which the trees of the hanging garden grew.
Temple of Artemis of Ephesus The Temple of Artemis was located near the ancient city of Ephesus, approximately 50 kilometers south of the modern port city of Izmir in Turkey. Nowadays, Ephesus has been renamed the city of Selchuk. The ruins of the temple are located near the resort of Kusadasi, east of Pamukkale Halicarnassus Mausoleum. Mausolus reigned from 377 to 352 (353) BC. In 377, he succeeded his father, Hecatomnus of Milas, on the throne. Mausolus was married to his sister Artemisia (Artemisia). Nowadays this seems wild, but then such marriages in noble families were often practiced, not only among the Carian rulers, but also among the Roman ones.
Halicarnassus Mausoleum. Mausolus reigned from 377 to 352 (353) BC. In 377, he succeeded his father, Hecatomnus of Milas, on the throne. Mausolus was married to his sister Artemisia (Artemisia). Nowadays this seems wild, but then such marriages in noble families were often practiced, not only among the Carian rulers, but also among the Roman ones.
The lighthouse on Pharos was not at all like most modern structures of this type - thin single towers, but rather resembled a Futuristic skyscraper. It was a three-story (three-tiered) tower, whose walls were made of marble blocks held together with lead-laced mortar.
Colossus of Rhodes At the base of the statue were three giant stone columns on which the sculpture itself was based. The Colossus of Rhodes was made of bronze plates mounted on an iron base (similar to the design of the Statue of Liberty, whose frame is made of steel and its shell is made of copper). According to the testimony of Pilon of Byzantium, 15 tons of bronze and 9 tons of iron were spent on the statue.
Agricultural labor was considered as first-class labor, while crafts, trade, etc., despite their high profitability, were second-class occupations. These occupations were more characteristic of foreigners and slaves. For this reason, ancient citizens sought to use their slaves (foreigners, most often barbarians) in auxiliary work, leaving labor on the land to their family.
Land and labor on the land were seen as the most important source of well-being and a decent life. In ancient society, relapses of archaic psychology, based on the attitude towards the earth as a sacred object, persisted. Therefore, work on the land was considered a matter of honor for the ancient citizen, and not a means of enrichment. It was possible to get rich faster through trade, crafts, usury, and war. Agricultural labor served to demonstrate the qualities of a worthy citizen. Agricultural labor
Roman culture Roman culture developed under the influence of many peoples, but primarily the culture of the Etruscans and Greeks. Using foreign achievements, the Romans in many ways surpassed their teachers and raised the level of development of their power to unprecedented heights. The most ancient religious beliefs of the Romans are very poorly known and were associated primarily with the cults of the Lares and Penates - deities of the hearth and the cult of the Genius - the head of the family and patron of man. The mythology of the Romans was devoid of poetry and spirituality.
