The main events of the Troubles 1604 1618. Time of Troubles (Time of Troubles)

23.06.2013 817

Not a single royal house began so unusually,
how the House of Romanov began...
The last and lowest subject in the state
brought and laid down his life for
to give us a king, and by this pure sacrifice
has already inextricably linked the sovereign with his subjects.

N.V. Gogol
Selected places from correspondence with friends

CHAPTER TWO. TIME OF WARS AND TROUBLES (1604-1618)

One of the main events of the Time of Troubles of 1604-1618 was the formation of the new Romanov dynasty in 1613. Mikhail Fedorovich, who was elected to the kingdom, received the support of the residents of Yeltsin, and the residents of Yelts worked a lot to ensure that the Romanov dynasty established itself on the throne. Many residents of the ancient city “laid down their lives” for Michael.

“In former times of wars and unrest” - this is how the Yelets nobles at the review in 1622 recalled the period of the bloody civil war and intervention of the early 17th century. The Time of Troubles was generated by the socio-economic problems of the Moscow state and the crisis of the local service system. Political events also played an important role. The suppression of the dynasty of Ivan Kalita in 1598, which ruled the Russian lands “from antiquity,” made a great impression on contemporaries. A noticeable role in the events of the Time of Troubles was played by an impostor intrigue associated with the appearance of a man who with great confidence passed himself off as Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible.

Yeltsand's abdication of Tsar Boris Godunov

In 1604, relations between Russia and the Crimean Khanate deteriorated sharply, and the former calm on the steppe front was broken. In such conditions, the Russian military department, the Discharge Order, ordered the dispatch of governor M.B. Shein with three regiments to the south, to the areas of Mtsensk and Novosil. Then P.N. set out with selected troops to Livny. Sheremetyev and M.G. Saltykov. Finally, Tsar Boris Godunov himself went with his army to Serpukhov. However, the Tatar attack did not take place, and the servicemen were sent home.

That same fall, Boris Godunov was informed of another danger: in the Polish-Lithuanian state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, an impostor under the name of Tsarevich Dmitry was preparing to go on a campaign with the secret support of King Sigismund himself. This “Dmitry,” or as he was later called False Dmitry, was known earlier, but Boris Godunov did not really believe in the possibility of an adventurous invasion by an impostor. And the Polish king Sigismund assured Boris of his loyalty and friendship.

False Dmitry knew that the borders were not being strengthened and, being a decisive and courageous man, did not want to hesitate. On the other hand, he hoped for the support of the population of the border counties, knowing the situation in this region and the unpopularity of Boris Godunov here. It was this social, rather than military, factor that played an important role in the planned campaign. The very psychology of the population, in whose consciousness the idea that Russia was ruled by an elected and not a natural monarch did not fit, contributed to the success of the risky enterprise.

Propaganda in favor of False Dmitry had been going on in the southern districts for several years. Rumors circulated throughout the cities that the “true” and “good” prince - the legal heir to the throne - was alive and had all the rights to reign, and Tsar Boris was a usurper, and his power was displeasing to God. The recent climatic misfortunes and famine were very timely, they were explained by God's punishment.

In 1604, the governor in Yelets was Prince A.V. Khilkov. The post of head was held by Timofey Pavlov, who was soon replaced by Bogdan Seliverstov. Prince F.P. was also here. Baryatinsky, sent to Yelets at the head of a special army in case of an attack by the Tatars. A.V. Khilkov and F.P. Baryatinsky had to fight rumors about Dmitry. The governors understood the danger such agitation posed to the service people gathered in Yelets.

From a military point of view, False Dmitry's adventure had little chance of success. He did not have enough troops or artillery, and Polish support was indecisive.

On October 13, 1604, the army of False Dmitry crossed the Russian border and moved to the nearest Russian fortress - the Monastic fortress. Here the impostor managed to avoid hostilities; the inhabitants of the Russian fortress tied up their governors and handed them over to False Dmitry. Soon all the surrounding lands were overwhelmed with rumors about the arrival of the “true prince.”

Tsar Boris Godunov began to gather a large army in order to finish off the impostor at once. It also included residents of Yeltsin: two detachments of mounted Cossacks of 200 people each. The first was headed by Semyon Ivashkin, the second by Aksen Khodyrov. In addition, a hundred foot Yelets archers were sent to the active regiments. At the very beginning of the “prince’s” invasion, the residents of Yelk sided with the rightful king.

Chernigov was a large city on the path of the impostor; its inhabitants joyfully greeted “Dmitry,” they rebelled and renounced Tsar Boris Godunov. The Chernigov governors were beaten and thrown into prison, the city was plundered by the Poles and the local mob. The people rejoiced, welcoming the returning “prince.” Next, the impostor’s army headed towards Novgorod-Seversky, expecting that an uprising would break out there too. But this did not happen. The defense of the city was headed by governor P.F., who arrived there the day before. Basmanov. Additional forces from Bryansk, Krom, Belev and other cities came under his command. The voivode of False Dmitry, the Polish magnate Yuri Mnishek, soon began a siege of the city, and on the night of November 17-18 the fortress was stormed, which ended in failure. The Poles decided to retreat.

Now False Dmitry was left with a small army. At this catastrophic moment for him, news came of an uprising in the city of Putivl and the local population going over to his side. Putivl was an important strategic point, it had a stone fortress, and from the very beginning of the invasion False Dmitry did not dare to attack it. In addition, this city was also an important trading center. From Putivl the uprising spread to neighboring districts. Local authorities could not do anything and recognized the prince, swearing allegiance to him.

On November 25, the Bryansk region joined the uprising. Local residents overthrew the governor of Tsar Boris Godunov here in a few days. The captured governors were taken to the camp of False Dmitry on December 1. And on December 3, 1604, it became known that the city of Kromy had gone over to the side of False Dmitry. From Krom there was a road to Orel, and soon an uprising against Boris Godunov broke out in Orel, which, however, was suppressed.

The battle between the troops of Godunov and False Dmitry took place on December 21, 1604. The regiments of Boris Godunov won a convincing victory. The impostor's army hastily retreated from the battlefield. After the defeat, False Dmitry was forced to retreat, but an army of Zaporozhye Cossacks arrived to help him. Already at the beginning of 1605, Dmitry occupied Sevsk, which surrendered without a fight, opening the gates.

At the same time, the impostor tried to persuade the Crimean and Nogai Tatars to take active action against Boris Godunov, and they did not miss the opportunity to plunder the Russian borders. At the beginning of 1605, a large Tatar raid was carried out on the southern borders of the country. There is information about Russian prisoners captured by the Tatars. Among them was a Yelchan resident, the boyar’s son Afanasy Zolotukhin, whom the Tatars drove to the city of Kafa, and later sold into slavery in Turkey. But Zolotukhin managed to return to Russia, and in 1617 he was hired by the Ambassadorial Prikaz as an expert in oriental languages.

On January 21, 1605, near the village of Dobrynichi in the Komaritsa volost, another battle took place between the armies of Boris Godunov and False Dmitry. The troops loyal to Godunov were again victorious. False Dmitry's hopes for a successful outcome of the planned adventure were dashed. He hastily fled to Rylsk. The government army brutally dealt with the rebel regions. The siege of Krom continued, and a new army of Prince F.I. came here to help the royal troops. Mstislavsky. 400 Cossacks and 100 archers were sent from Yelets to this army. Yeltsans joined the royal regiments, probably in the winter of 1605.

The fire of the civil war flared up more and more. Much depended on the position of the population living adjacent to the rebel regions. The tsar had great hopes for the population of the southern districts. These territories, which had large garrisons and were located close to military operations, could significantly influence the course of the war. In April 1605, during the siege of Krom, a review of service people and the distribution of cash salaries took place in Yelets.

But hopes for the loyalty of the Yeltstan to the tsarist government were not justified. In the spring of 1605, Jesuits from the impostor’s camp reported the rebellion of Yelets and Liven and their recognition of “Prince Dmitry.” The message is dated March 7, 1605. This contradicts the well-known event - the distribution of salaries to Yeltsin residents in April of this year. Probably, either the date of foreign sources is incorrect, or not everyone immediately renounced Boris Godunov, and then the difference in dates may indicate that the residents of Yelts hesitated greatly.

And yet, the residents of Yelts broke their oath of allegiance to Boris Godunov, who was elected to the throne in 1598. With the uprising of Yelets and other southern districts, the scales again tipped in favor of False Dmitry.

The governors in the rebel cities were usually brought by the population to “Dmitry” by force. This happened in Livny and Belgorod. There is a high probability that the Yelets governor Khilkov shared the same fate. The renunciation of the Yeltsand residents from the rightful king marked the beginning of the “theft” of the Yeltsands. In the 17th century, theft was understood as political crimes, any actions against legitimate government authority.

Tsar Boris Godunov died on April 13, 1605, and in May 1605 there was an uprising in Moscow in favor of False Dmitry. “The people remained silent,” and on June 20, 1605, “Dmitry” solemnly entered Moscow. Here he met with “mother” Maria Naga, who, in front of the assembled people, hugged “her son” with tears in her eyes.

The civil war has stopped. The first official representative of the new government in Yelets was the new governor Grigory Timofeevich Dolgoruky. Almost nothing is known about his voivodeship in Yelets.

Since the residents of Yelk already received a cash salary under Boris Godunov in April 1605, the government did not issue salaries again. There is reason to believe that during the reign of False Dmitry, the residents of Yelts did not plow the state tithe arable land. At this time, trade with the Don was resumed, and transfers to nobles from lower ranks were stopped.

One of the most important events of the reign of False Dmitry was the planned campaign against the Turkish fortress of Azov. Yelets was chosen as the base for the hike. This was facilitated by the geographical location of the city, the loyalty of its inhabitants to the new sovereign, as well as the military potential of Yelets. It was probably decided to prepare the city to receive the army. Leadership in this matter was entrusted to G.P., sent from the capital. Akinfova. A foreign contemporary wrote about this: “all winter they sent a great amount of ammunition, supplies and provisions to Yelets, a city on the Tatar border... so that by spring they stocked up a lot of flour, gunpowder, lead, lard and all sorts of other things for 30 thousand people.” Other sources also report this event.

According to some reports, an army of 30,000 people was gathering in Yelets. Although there is no complete reason to trust this data. Obviously, the provisions and “cannon outfit” collected in Yelets should have been enough for a large army. To ensure a navigable route along the Don River, the impostor ordered the construction of a river fleet on the Voronezh River.

There is a report that in the spring of 1606, at a meeting with ambassadors, False Dmitry mentioned the army stationed near Yelets. According to the same data, the number of troops near Yelets is one hundred thousand people. The reality of this figure is, of course, questionable.

On May 8, 1605, the wedding of False Dmitry took place. The entire color of the Russian aristocracy was represented at this wedding. The Yelets governor Dolgoruky was also invited to it, and he even took part in the royal “wedding train.” The whole country was talking about the triumph and pomp of the young sovereign’s wedding. On the occasion of the wedding, the people expected favors from the king. But the story of the first impostor was already coming to an end.

False Dmitry was killed on May 17, 1606 as a result of a boyar conspiracy led by the Shuisky clan. His body was thrown naked into the mud in the market for everyone to see. Afterwards the king’s corpse was placed on a counter and beaten with a whip. They also threw the buffoon's things on the corpse. The news spread throughout the country that the “Tsar and Grand Duke Dmitry” in fact turned out to be a swindler, a defrocked slave, Grigory Otrepiev, who sold his soul to the devil and was engaged in witchcraft. He was cursed by the Orthodox Church.

One can only imagine how the residents of Yerevan greeted this news. It turns out that the true king for whom they spoke was not a king at all, but a sorcerer and a runaway slave. Now it was officially recognized that the Yelts were in favor of the slave and the defrocked man and made him their sovereign. What feelings can a person experience who has installed as his king a thief, a jester, a warlock and a serf all rolled into one? Moreover, Dmitry, whoever he was, was the banner and symbol of the southern service people, who for his sake had only recently renounced the legitimate Tsar Boris. All this caused extreme dissatisfaction.

Boyar Vasily Shuisky was declared the new tsar.

Notes:

102. Rank book 1598-1638... P. 163.
103. Rank book 1548-1604... P. 169.
104. Painting of the Russian army sent against the impostor in 1604 // Stanislavsky A.L. Works on the history of the sovereign's court. M., 2004. S. 383, 384, 395.
105. Marzharet J. The state of the Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy // Russia through the eyes of foreigners of the 15th-17th centuries. L., 1986. P. 265.
106. Liseytsev D.A. The Tatar factor in the foreign policy of the Moscow state at the beginning of the 17th century. // Collection of RIO. T. 10. M., 2006. P. 124.
107. Skrynnikov R.G. Social and political struggle in the Russian state at the beginning of the 17th century. L., 1985. P. 200.
108. Bussov K. Moscow Chronicle... P. 102.
109. Boyar lists... Part 2. P. 33.
110. RGADA. F. 388. Book. 862. L. 305. In this place there are extracts from the Yelets tithe; the source itself has not been preserved.
111. Skrynnikov R.G. Decree. cit.. P. 210.
112. Belokurov S.A. Bit records... P. 5.
113. Ibid. P. 7.
114. Since the time of Tsar Boris Godunov, tithe arable land has been abandoned. See: “Ten of the sovereign’s tithe arable land” // Miklashevsky I.N. On the history of economic life of the Moscow state. M., 1894. Part I. P. 266.
115. Massa I. Brief news about Muscovy at the beginning of the 17th century. M., 1937. P. 125; Petrey P. History of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. // About the beginning of wars and unrest in Muscovy. M., 1997; Palitsyn A. Legend. M-L., 1955. P. 114.
116. Ibid. P. 122. Massa I. Brief news about Muscovy at the beginning of the 17th century. M., 1931. P. 125.
117. Skrynnikov R.G. Impostors in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. Grigory Otrepiev. Novosibirsk, 1990. P. 207.
118. Belokurov S.A. Ibid... P. 80.

The article was prepared based on materials from the book by D.A. Lyapin “History of Yeletsk district at the end of the 16th-17th centuries. Popular science publication”, published in 2011 under the editorship of N.A. Tropina. The article reproduces all images used by the author in his work.

Troubles in Russia(time of troubles) is an era of socio-political, economic and dynastic crisis. It was accompanied by popular uprisings, the rule of impostors, the destruction of state power, Polish-Swedish-Lithuanian intervention and the ruin of the country.

Inter-dynastic rule during the time of troubles: Boris Godunov 1598-1605, Fyodor Godunov 1605, False Dmitry I (Grigory Otrepiev) 1605-1606, Vasily Shuisky 1606-1610, Seven Boyars (F.I. Mstislavsky, I.M. Vorotynsky, A.V. Trubetskoy, A.V. Golitsyn, B.M. Lykov, I.N. Romanov, F.I. Sheremetev) 1610-1613.

Reasons for the time of troubles:

The consequences of the ruin of the country during the oprichnina period

Aggravation of the social situation due to the processes of state enslavement of peasants

Dynasty crisis: suppression of the male branch of the ruling princely-royal Moscow house

Crisis of power: intensifying struggle for supreme power among noble boyar families. The appearance of impostors

Poland's claims to Russian lands and throne

Famine 1601 - 1603 Deaths and surge in migration within the country

Main events of the Troubles

The table of the turmoil of the early 17th century in the Russian state contains the main dates, events and their significance for the state and people.

The end of the time of troubles

The Time of Troubles ended with people's militias against the interventionists in 1611 - 1612, the accession of the Romanov dynasty - the election of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov on February 21, 1613.

_______________

A source of information: History in tables and diagrams./ Edition 2e, St. Petersburg: 2013.

Reasons for the beginning and results of the Time of Troubles

- indignation, rebellion, rebellion, general disobedience, discord between the authorities and the people.

Time of Troubles- an era of socio-political dynastic crisis. It was accompanied by popular uprisings, the rule of impostors, the destruction of state power, the Polish-Swedish-Lithuanian intervention, and the ruin of the country.

Causes of the Troubles

Consequences of the ruin of the state during the oprichnina period.
Aggravation of the social situation as a consequence of the processes of state enslavement of the peasantry.
Dynasty crisis: suppression of the male branch of the ruling princely-royal Moscow house.
Crisis of power: intensifying struggle for supreme power between noble boyar families. The appearance of impostors.
Poland's claims to Russian lands and the throne.
Famine of 1601-1603. Death of people and surge in migration within the state.

Reign during the Time of Troubles

Boris Godunov (1598-1605)
Fyodor Godunov (1605)
False Dmitry I (1605-1606)
Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610)
Seven Boyars (1610-1613)

Time of Troubles (1598 – 1613) Chronicle of events

1598 – 1605 — Board of Boris Godunov.
1603 - Cotton's Rebellion.
1604 - Appearance of troops of False Dmitry I in the southwestern Russian lands.
1605 - Overthrow of the Godunov dynasty.
1605 - 1606 - Reign of False Dmitry I.
1606 - 1607 - Bolotnikov's Rebellion.
1606 - 1610 - Reign of Vasily Shuisky.
1607 - Publication of a decree on a fifteen-year search for runaway peasants.
1607 - 1610 - Attempts of False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia.
1610 - 1613 - “Seven Boyars”.
March 1611 - Uprising in Moscow against the Poles.
1611, September - October - Formation of the second militia in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership.
1612, October 26 - Liberation of Moscow from the invaders by the second militia.
1613 - Accession to the throne.

1) Portrait of Boris Godunov; 2) False Dmitry I; 3) Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky

The beginning of the Time of Troubles. Godunov

When Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich died and the Rurik dynasty ended, Boris Godunov ascended the throne on February 21, 1598. The formal act of limiting the power of the new sovereign, expected by the boyars, did not follow. The dull murmur of this class prompted secret police surveillance of the boyars on the part of the new tsar, in which the main weapon was the slaves who denounced their masters. Torture and execution followed. The general instability of the sovereign order could not be corrected by Godunov, despite all the energy he showed. The famine years that began in 1601 increased general discontent with the king. The struggle for the royal throne at the top of the boyars, gradually complemented by ferment from below, marked the beginning of the Time of Troubles - the Time of Troubles. In this connection, everything can be considered its first period.

False Dmitry I

Soon rumors spread about the rescue of the man who was previously considered killed in Uglich and about his finding in Poland. The first news about it began to reach the capital at the very beginning of 1604. It was created by the Moscow boyars with the help of the Poles. His imposture was no secret to the boyars, and Godunov directly said that it was they who framed the impostor.

1604, autumn - False Dmitry, with a detachment assembled in Poland and Ukraine, entered the boundaries of the Moscow state through Severshchina - the southwestern border region, which was quickly engulfed in popular unrest. 1605, April 13 - Boris Godunov died, and the impostor was able to freely approach the capital, where he entered on June 20.

During the 11-month reign of False Dmitry, boyar conspiracies against him did not stop. He did not suit either the boyars (because of his independence and independence of character) or the people (because he pursued a “Westernizing” policy that was unusual for Muscovites). 1606, May 17 - conspirators, led by princes V.I. Shuisky, V.V. Golitsyn and others overthrew the impostor and killed him.

Vasily Shuisky

Then he was elected tsar, but without the participation of the Zemsky Sobor, but only by the boyar party and a crowd of Muscovites devoted to him, who “shouted out” Shuisky after the death of False Dmitry. His reign was limited by the boyar oligarchy, which took an oath from the sovereign limiting his power. This reign covers four years and two months; During all this time, the Troubles continued and grew.

Seversk Ukraine was the first to rebel, led by the Putivl governor, Prince Shakhovsky, under the name of the supposedly escaped False Dmitry I. The leader of the uprising was the fugitive slave Bolotnikov (), who appeared as if an agent sent by an impostor from Poland. The initial successes of the rebels forced many to join the rebellion. The Ryazan land was outraged by the Sunbulovs and the Lyapunov brothers, Tula and the surrounding cities were raised by Istoma Pashkov.

The Troubles were able to penetrate into other places: Nizhny Novgorod was besieged by a crowd of slaves and foreigners, led by two Mordvins; in Perm and Vyatka, instability and confusion were noticed. Astrakhan was outraged by the governor himself, Prince Khvorostinin; A gang was rampant along the Volga, which put up its impostor, a certain Murom resident Ileika, who was called Peter - the unprecedented son of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich.

1606, October 12 - Bolotnikov approached Moscow and was able to defeat the Moscow army near the village of Troitsky, Kolomensky district, but was soon defeated by M.V. Skopin-Shuisky near Kolomenskoye and left for Kaluga, which the king’s brother, Dmitry, was trying to besiege. An impostor Peter appeared in the Seversk land, who in Tula united with Bolotnikov, who had left the Moscow troops from Kaluga. Tsar Vasily himself advanced to Tula, which he besieged from June 30 to October 1, 1607. During the siege of the city, a new formidable impostor False Dmitry II appeared in Starodub.

Minin's appeal on Nizhny Novgorod Square

False Dmitry II

The death of Bolotnikov, who surrendered in Tula, could not end the Time of Troubles. , with the support of the Poles and Cossacks, approached Moscow and settled in the so-called Tushino camp. A significant part of the cities (up to 22) in the northeast submitted to the impostor. Only the Trinity-Sergius Lavra was able to withstand a long siege by his troops from September 1608 to January 1610.

In difficult circumstances, Shuisky turned to the Swedes for help. Then Poland in September 1609 declared war on Moscow under the pretext that Moscow had concluded an agreement with Sweden, hostile to the Poles. Thus, the internal Troubles were supplemented by the intervention of foreigners. King of Poland Sigismund III headed towards Smolensk. Sent to negotiate with the Swedes in Novgorod in the spring of 1609, Skopin-Shuisky, together with the Swedish auxiliary detachment of Delagardie, moved towards the capital. Moscow was liberated from the Tushino thief, who fled to Kaluga in February 1610. The Tushino camp dispersed. The Poles in it went to their king near Smolensk.

Russian supporters of False Dmitry II from the boyars and nobles, led by Mikhail Saltykov, being left alone, also decided to send commissioners to the Polish camp near Smolensk and recognize Sigismund’s son Vladislav as king. But they recognized him on certain conditions, which were set out in an agreement with the king dated February 4, 1610. However, while negotiations were underway with Sigismund, two important events occurred that had a strong influence on the course of the Time of Troubles: in April 1610, the Tsar’s nephew, the popular liberator of Moscow M.V., died. Skopin-Shuisky, and in June Hetman Zholkiewsky inflicted a heavy defeat on the Moscow troops near Klushyn. These events decided the fate of Tsar Vasily: Muscovites under the leadership of Zakhar Lyapunov overthrew Shuisky on July 17, 1610 and forced him to cut his hair.

The last period of the Troubles

The last period of the Time of Troubles has arrived. Near Moscow, the Polish hetman Zholkiewski stationed himself with an army, demanding the election of Vladislav, and False Dmitry II came there again, to whom the Moscow mob was disposed. The board was headed by the Boyar Duma, headed by F.I. Mstislavsky, V.V. Golitsyn and others (the so-called Seven Boyars). She began to negotiate with Zholkiewski about recognition of Vladislav as the Russian Tsar. On September 19, Zholkiewski brought Polish troops into Moscow and drove False Dmitry II away from the capital. At the same time, an embassy was sent from the capital, which had sworn allegiance to Prince Vladislav, to Sigismund III, which consisted of the noblest Moscow boyars, but the king detained them and announced that he himself personally intended to be king in Moscow.

The year 1611 was marked by a rapid rise in the midst of the Troubles of Russian national feeling. At first the patriotic movement against the Poles was led by Patriarch Hermogenes and Prokopiy Lyapunov. Sigismund's claims to unite Russia with Poland as a subordinate state and the murder of the leader of the mob False Dmitry II, whose danger forced many to involuntarily rely on Vladislav, favored the growth of the movement.

The uprising quickly spread to Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Kostroma, Vologda, Ustyug, Novgorod and other cities. Militia gathered everywhere and converged on the capital. Lyapunov's servicemen were joined by Cossacks under the command of the Don Ataman Zarutsky and Prince Trubetskoy. At the beginning of March 1611, the militia approached Moscow, where, at the news of this, an uprising arose against the Poles. The Poles burned the entire Moscow settlement (March 19), but with the approach of Lyapunov’s troops and other leaders, they were forced, together with their Muscovite supporters, to lock themselves in the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod.

The case of the first patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles ended in failure due to the complete disunity of interests of the individual groups that were part of it. On July 25, the Cossacks killed Lyapunov. Even earlier, on June 3, King Sigismund finally captured Smolensk, and on July 8, 1611, Delagardie took Novgorod by storm and forced the Swedish prince Philip to be recognized as king there. A new leader of the tramps, False Dmitry III, appeared in Pskov.

Expulsion of Poles from the Kremlin

Minin and Pozharsky

Then Archimandrite Dionysius of the Trinity Monastery and his cellarer Avraamy Palitsyn preached national self-defense. Their messages found a response in Nizhny Novgorod and the northern Volga region. 1611, October - the Nizhny Novgorod butcher Kuzma Minin Sukhoruky took the initiative to raise militia and funds, and already at the beginning of February 1612, organized detachments under the command of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky moved up the Volga. At that time (February 17), Patriarch Hermogenes, who stubbornly blessed the militias, died, whom the Poles imprisoned in the Kremlin.

At the beginning of April, the second patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles arrived in Yaroslavl and, slowly advancing, gradually strengthening its troops, approached Moscow on August 20. Zarutsky and his gangs went to the south-eastern regions, and Trubetskoy joined Pozharsky. On August 24-28, Pozharsky’s soldiers and Trubetskoy’s Cossacks repulsed Hetman Khodkevich from Moscow, who arrived with a convoy of supplies to help the Poles besieged in the Kremlin. On October 22, they occupied Kitay-Gorod, and on October 26, they cleared the Kremlin of Poles. Sigismund III's attempt to move towards Moscow was unsuccessful: the king turned back from near Volokolamsk.

Results of the Time of Troubles

In December, letters were sent everywhere to send the best and most intelligent people to the capital to elect a king. They got together early next year. 1613, February 21 - The Zemsky Sobor elected a Russian tsar, who was married in Moscow on July 11 of the same year and founded a new, 300-year dynasty. The main events of the Time of Troubles ended with this, but it took a long time to establish firm order.

22-10-2017, 18:13 |

The history of our state includes many important events. refers to just such. This period of time is from 1604 to 1613. became predetermining for the further development of Russia. This is a time of struggle for power, in which many contenders participated. The winner was an unremarkable young man of 16, who had neither military nor political skills. It was . It is difficult to even imagine how the future fate of the country would have developed if everything had turned out differently. But, as you know, “history does not know the subjunctive mood.”

Time of Troubles chronology in the table

So, it all began, perhaps, with death. at the time of his death he had only two heirs - Tsarevich Fyodor and Tsarevich Dmitry. was in poor health, but since he was much older than Dmitry, after the death of his father he ascended the throne. However, his reign was short-lived and he died in 1598. And even earlier, in 1591, under mysterious circumstances, this event was named in history as the “Uglik drama.” Thus, from 1598 a political crisis began in the country, which would last about 15 years. It was the dynastic crisis after death that became the beginning of the Time of Troubles.

After the death of Ivan the Terrible, the country plunged into real chaos. The heir to the throne, Fyodor Ivanovich, was not capable of conducting political affairs in the country, and Tsarevich Dmitry was killed in infancy.

It is this period that is commonly called the Time of Troubles. For several decades, the country was torn apart by potential heirs to the throne, seeking to gain power by any means. And only with the Romanovs coming to power in 1613 did the Troubles begin to subside.

What uprisings took place at this time, and is it possible to highlight their key moments?

As a result of several decades of the Time of Troubles, the situation in the country was worse than ever. Internal uprisings weakened the state, making Ancient Rus' a tasty morsel for foreign invaders. The establishment of power by a new royal family was inevitable, and after lengthy debates, the Romanovs were in power.

Ahead of the country lay 300 years under the rule of the Romanovs, technological progress and the Age of Enlightenment. All this would have been impossible if the Time of Troubles had not been suppressed and disputes over the throne had continued.