Military educational institutions. Military educational institutions of the Russian Empire Kazan Military School

Military schools existed in Russia until the October Revolution of 1917, after which they were liquidated as "centers of counter-revolution". Although some of them did not end their history on this: some military schools were revived in the White armies and existed for some time in exile.

CAVALRY SCHOOLS

Nikolaev Cavalry School

The building of the Nikolaev Cavalry School was located on Lermontovsky Prospekt of St. Petersburg. The glorious "School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers" was founded in 1823. During its 94-year existence, it gave the Imperial Russian Army more than one hundred excellent cavalry officers. From 1832 to 1834 M.Yu. studied here. Lermontov.

In 1859, the school was renamed the Nikolaev Cavalry School of Guards Junkers, and in 1864 it was transformed into the Nikolaev Cavalry School with a contingent of junkers of 200 people and, in memory of its founder, Emperor Nicholas I, received the Sovereign's monogram on shoulder straps.

The general education classes of the Guards Junkers School were turned into a preparatory boarding school for young people entering the same school. The creation of the Nikolaev Cavalry School ensured the replenishment of cavalry units, while before that the officers who entered the cavalry were recruited from persons who graduated from infantry schools and did not receive any special education.

The training course of the school was similar to the course of infantry schools, but it also included special subjects: hippology and equestrian engineering. Every step of the cadet, both within the walls of the school and outside it, every little detail of life was strictly regulated by customs and traditions, sometimes harsh, but necessary for a cavalry officer.

In combat terms, the school was a squadron and a Cossack hundred. The Cossack hundred, the so-called Tsarskaya, was established at the school in 1890 for the cadets of the Don Cadet Corps. With regard to training and drill classes, incentives, penalties, internal regulations, the hundred were guided by the rules of the school. In St. Petersburg, a hundred were housed in a three-story school building, in which an arena and Cossack stables were built especially for them. Junkers of the Tsar's Hundred were known in St. Petersburg as exceptional in their dashing and prowess combat unit.

Together with the Cossack hundred, the staff of the Nikolaev Cavalry School at the beginning of 1914 consisted of 335 junkers: 215 in the squadron and 120 in the hundred.

Nikolaev Engineering School. Sapper work.

The junkers wore scarlet epaulettes, along the edges of which there was a silver galloon.

After the outbreak of the First World War, the staff was expanded to 465 cadets, and the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study. The school did not have time to take part in the performance of the junkers in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded along with the rest of the military schools. Already by February 10, 1918, the 1st Soviet Petrograd Cavalry Command Courses were opened in his building and at his expense.

Tver Cavalry School

The Tver cavalry cadet school was opened in 1866. By 1908, the Tver cavalry school was a three-year one, young people with a 6-grade education were admitted here. In 1908, military school courses were organized at the school with a two-year course for graduates of the cadet corps and secondary educational institutions.

The junkers were housed semi-squadron in large bedrooms. Classes lasted from 8 am to 3 pm. Drilling classes included riding, charters, gymnastics, vaulting, rifle and drafts techniques, and work in the forge. Every two weeks the junkers had to "hand over rehearsals".

On the day of the school holiday, after a prayer service and a parade, a competition was held: figure riding, vaulting and felling for senior cadets (they acquired their own horses). Tverdy often went to parades in Moscow, staying at the Alekseevsky military school. In early June, the squadron went to the camp in Moscow, on the Khodynka field. Their neighbor in the camp was the Alekseevsky military school. Instrumental shooting, on foot, on horseback, squadron exercises, shooting were carried out there, guards were posted at the standard and the cash box.

In combat terms, the school was a squadron, with a staff of 150 cadets. The school holiday was celebrated on December 6th.

The cadets of the school had light blue epaulettes, with black edging, trimmed with silver galloon.

With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to the practice of eight-month accelerated graduations.

After the military schools were disbanded in November 1917, the 1st Soviet Tver Cavalry Command Courses were opened in the school building and at its expense.

Elisavetgrad Cavalry School

On September 25, 1865, the opening of the Elisavetgrad cavalry cadet school in the Kherson province took place as part of one squadron of cadets of 90 people. The course was set to two years. The school was intended for staffing the officers of the cavalry units of the Kyiv, Odessa and Kharkov military districts.

In 1868 the staff of the school was increased to 150 people. After 6 years, in 1874, the staff increased to 300 people. The junkers were divided into 2 squadrons: the first for the dragoon regiments, and the second for the lancers and hussars, 150 junkers in each squadron. In combat terms, the school was an equestrian division. In 1876, a Cossack department for 35 people was established at the school, which was not part of the squadrons.

In 1880 the school built its own camp. Until that time, junkers were seconded to cavalry regiments for the summer. At the same time, a preparatory class was opened, and after 6 years the Cossack department was transferred to the Novocherkassk school. In 1888, the school occupied the premises of the abolished Military Gymnasium - three buildings that were located in the very center of Elisavetgrad, at the end of Palace Street.

In 1901, under a new regulation, the cadet departments were transferred to a three-year course of study with a more extensive program. Those who graduated from the two-year course of the school before the reform were renamed Estandart Junkers by order of the troops of the district and were candidates for production as officers. Those who graduated in the first category were promoted to cornets on the proposal of their immediate superiors in the last 4 months of the year of their graduation. In 1902, this educational institution was renamed the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School. After the reform, young people were already graduating with the rank of cornet.

Junker of the Konstantinovsky Artillery School in the arena. 1906

Until 1903, the cadets were listed in the lists of their units and wore regimental uniforms, having only a narrow cadet galloon on shoulder straps. In 1908, the cadets of the school were granted the uniform of the Uhlan model.

The epaulettes of the pupils of the Elisavetgrad School were scarlet with black piping.

The school was disbanded in November 1917. Junkers-Elisavetgrad took an active part in the Civil War.

COSSACK SCHOOLS

Novocherkassk Cossack School

The Novocherkassk Cossack Junker School was opened in August 1869 and was originally called the Novocherkassk Police Officer School. The school was intended to train the Don Cossacks (114 vacancies) and Astrakhan (6 vacancies).

With this name, the school existed until 1871, when it was renamed the Novocherkassk Cossack cadet school, and the students who studied in it began to be called junkers, not conscripts. In 1880, 6 vacancies of the Astrakhan Cossacks were transferred from the Novocherkassk to the Orenburg school, and from that year the school began to train officers specifically for the Don army.

Until 1871, unlike the Cossacks and sergeants of combat units, the sergeants of the Novocherkassk school wore epaulettes with a longitudinal stripe of yellow lace, and from that year the bason stripe was replaced with silver, like the cadets of cavalry schools.

In 1901, the transformation of all cadet schools, including the Cossack ones, followed, namely: a three-year course of study was introduced instead of a two-year one. Junkers who completed the course in the first and second categories were issued officers, with the first category given a year of seniority. The first release of officers from the Novocherkassk school was made in August 1904. Until 1904, the cadets had to have their own uniforms in accordance with the established form, and from that time they began to be kept at the expense of the army.

In January 1904 the school was granted a banner. In 1905, the staff of the cadets of the school was increased from 120 to 180 people.

On the eve of the First World War, the cadets of the school wore scarlet epaulettes, without edging, trimmed with silver galloon, and since 1915 they were decorated with the silver cypher of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "A".

With the outbreak of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased from 180 cadets to 420 and a four-month accelerated course of study was established.

At the beginning of 1918, the Novocherkassk military school took part in the battles near Rostov. It should be noted that it became the first refuge of the Volunteer Army. In it, soldiers and officers received uniforms, equipment, weapons and were organized for the first time.

The cadets of this school took an active part in the Civil War. The school ended its existence already in exile in 1923.

Orenburg Cossack School

On November 11, 1867, the Highest permission was received to open a cadet school in Orenburg for cadets and volunteers, conscripts from nobles and senior officers' children of the troops of the Orenburg, Turkestan and West Siberian military districts. The opening of the school took place on December 20, 1867. The staff of students was determined to be 200 people. In 1876 it was increased from 200 to 300, including 150 infantry and 150 Cossack junkers. Young people were released into the troops as ensigns.

After the transfer in 1878 to the Kazan cadet school of infantry cadets of the junior class, the staff of the school was reduced to 250 cadets. In 1898, 16 vacancies were temporarily opened for the junkers of the Caucasian Cossack troops. In 1901, the school was reorganized from a two-class to a three-class one. The Cossack department of the Irkutsk cadet school was transferred to its composition and a staff of 120 cadets of all Cossack troops, except for the Donskoy, was established. Young people were issued by officers in the rank of cornet.

Until 1903, the school did not have a uniform uniform. Each junker wore the uniform of his army. Since 1903, a uniform uniform was introduced for all junkers, modeled on the Orenburg Cossack army.

In 1905, the school left the subordination of the chief of staff of the Kazan military district and came under the jurisdiction of the chief ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army. In 1908, it came under the control of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions.

In 1910, all district cadet schools were equated in rights with military schools, and the Orenburg School became known as the "Orenburg Cossack School". The school consisted of a hundred of 120 junkers. Each army had its own number of vacancies in it, for example: Orenburg - 36, Kuban - 18, Terek - 12, etc., sent money for the maintenance of their junkers (for uniforms, equipment, horses and food).

This fact is interesting: the competitive exam for admission was not general, but for the troops - it was possible to pass the exam with lower scores, but, having your own vacancy, to enter, it was possible to pass the exam with the best scores, and without a vacancy, not enter. 90% of the school consisted of children of ordinary Cossack families.

The training schedule was very tough: even in severe frosts - a training hour of shift driving on the garrison square. In soft snow - riding arena, cutting with a sword, pricks with a pike and, finally, horse riding. The senior class went hunting with their own wolves, released into the steppe into the wild.

In July, the school went on a training camp: on a hike through the Orenburg villages, villages and Tatar auls. In this campaign, the cadets performed the duties of ordinary Cossacks.

On the eve of the First World War, the cadets wore light blue epaulettes without encryption.

During the First World War, the staff of the school was increased from 120 to 150 cadets. A four-month course was introduced. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.

After the coup of 1917, the Orenburg Cossack army with their ataman A.I. Dutov (a former teacher of tactics and engineering at the school) did not recognize the Soviet government. The school continued its activities until the end of 1919. Its cadets actively participated in the battles of the Civil War.

ARTILLERY SCHOOLS

Mikhailovsky Artillery School

The Mikhailovsky Artillery School was established on November 25, 1820, on the initiative of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich. Prior to this, there was no military school in Russia that would provide such serious special artillery training. The school was formed as a training brigade of three companies for the preparation of fireworks and artillery officers. There was no position of head of the school as such. The military educational institution was entrusted to a special commander. However, the position of class inspector already existed. The school accepted young people aged 14 to 18 after entrance examinations. For the brigade, a place and a building on the banks of the Neva were purchased at auction, which housed the Mikhailovsky Artillery School until October 1917.

Tea shop in the camp of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

Initially, the school consisted of two departments: higher - officer and lower - cadet. Junkers at the opening of the school were divided by knowledge into 3 classes. In 1822, the senior (fourth) cadet class was established, from which the first promotion to officers followed in 1823.

The training course started in January. Junkers were considered to be in active service, therefore, upon admission, they were sworn in and obeyed the requirements of discipline. In the summer, the cadets of the two senior classes, together with the training brigade, were taken to the camp on the Volkovo field, where they studied the camp service, shooting and artillery formation. However, thorough drill artillery classes began only in 1826, when the school was given its own guns. The horses were delivered by a training brigade, and first the lower ranks were ridden, and from 1830 - the junkers. Since 1826, the school, along with other parts, began to camp in Krasnoye Selo. Since 1827, the training of junkers in riding began. Since 1832, the school received 8 three-pound "unicorns", thus making up an 8-gun battery.

In 1834, the school separated from the training brigade, the school commander, Colonel Kovanko, became the head of the artillery school, and a special battery commander was also appointed. In 1849, after the death of its founder, Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, the school was named Mikhailovsky and came under the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions. On August 30, 1855, the officer classes of the school were renamed into the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy.

In 1861, the artillery departments of the third special classes of the cadet corps were concentrated in the artillery school. At the same time, an extensive chemical laboratory was set up and the teaching of chemistry was introduced. In 1865 the school became three-class. Admission to the junior class of the school was made from persons who had graduated from military gymnasiums and other secondary educational institutions, or who had passed exams according to a specific program. However, in reality, almost exclusively graduates of military gymnasiums entered the school, and the number of people who entered from the outside did not exceed 5-7%. In addition, at the end of the course, the pupils of the combined arms military schools were given the right to enter the senior class of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, for which this class was divided into 2 departments: mathematical - for those who passed 2 classes of the school and drill (with a somewhat easier course) - for cadets other military schools.

1. Chief officer of the squadron of the Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers in full dress, 1862

Hat: the color of the crown is white, the band is red, with dark green piping, the chin strap is made of black patent leather. The cap was decorated with a golden eagle and a white hair plume.

2. Juncker Konstantinovsky school in summer full dress.

Golden metal instrument. Double-breasted uniform of dark green cloth, with a rounded collar, around the collar and cuffs - gold galloon. On the uniform there are buttons of yellow copper with a grenade. Red epaulettes with the letter "K" under the crown. Shoulder straps are trimmed with narrow galloon. Black leather belt with yellow copper buckle. The headdress is a kepi with a coat of arms and a black sultan. Bloomers - summer white from the guards flamish linen.

3. Junker of the Nikolaev Engineering School in winter dress uniform.

The metal device is silver. Harem pants of dark green cloth with red piping. In dress uniform, the junkers of this school were supposed to wear a bayonet.

The number of hours devoted to the study of secondary and higher mathematics, compared with the volume of these courses at the end of the 50s, increased by more than 50%, and for the course of artillery - by almost 100%. In the same year, drill training was canceled at the academy, which led to an increase in the corresponding hours at the school. In social terms, the composition of the junkers was almost exclusively noble. Even after 1876, when the path to military schools was opened to all classes, its composition changed little. So, in 1878, out of 157 junkers, there were 130 hereditary nobles, 20 children of officers and officials, 1 of a spiritual rank, 1 of hereditary honorary citizens, 1 of children of non-commissioned officers, and 4 of children of philistines.

Since 1894, according to the new regulation on military academies, by no means all graduates of the artillery school became students of the academy. A compulsory two-year course was introduced at the school, and only junkers who were especially successful in the sciences could remain for an additional third year, which consisted of 60-80 people, while the first and second courses consisted of 180-190 people each. From now on, the school consisted of two batteries.

An additional course gave a preferential right to enter the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy or, in the absence of such a desire from a graduate, gave the right to enter the guard.

The production of "additional" officers took place not on August 6, but on April 28 in Tsarskoye Selo. It was not celebrated especially solemnly, rather, it was in the nature of a family celebration. The Sovereign personally congratulated the junkers, and after the production he invited all the graduates to breakfast at the Palace. During the production of officers from an additional third year, the cadets received 600 rubles for uniforms.

Since 1903, a three-year course of study was mandatory for all junkers. By 1913, the staff of the school consisted of 450 cadets. Drilling classes at the school included walking, horseback riding, riding in guns, exercises with guns, the study of the material part of rapid-fire guns, charters and shooting rules.

A. Markov, in his book Cadets and Junkers, spoke of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School in the following way: “Mikhailovtsy and the atmosphere of their school gave the impression of a real temple of science, and my old corps comrades acquired the appearance of scientists rather than frivolous cadets. It was felt that the school lives a serious working life, and there is no place for an ostentatious side, there is no place for "tsuku" and unnecessary bravado.

1. Junker of the Nikolaev Cavalry School.

Golden metal instrument. The cap of the sample of 1882 is made of cloth, with fur flaps, a scarlet top, St. Andrew's star and a cockade. The uniform of the sample of the guards dragoons, double-breasted, fastened with hooks. Bloomers are gray-blue, with a scarlet edging. Three-way sash. Shoulder straps are scarlet, along the free edges there is a gold galloon.

2. Chief officer of the infantry cadet school.

Lamb cap, model 1881, with a cockade and a coat of arms. The uniform of the sample of the army infantry of the "royal color" (sea wave). Bloomers are dark green with scarlet piping. On the collar there is patterned sewing of military educational institutions in two rows. Epaulettes - on a metal device.

3. Feldwebel of the military topographic school.

Silver metal device, uniform of the army infantry model of 1881, double-breasted black. Cap with a visor, black with light blue piping. Shoulder straps are black with a light blue edging and ciphered in the form of the letter "T". On shoulder straps there was a transverse stripe made of silver galloon, sergeants were supposed to have a saber with an officer's lanyard.

The Mikhailovsky Artillery School has always been famous for its balls, the ball on November 25, the day of the school holiday, was especially chic. Only the Naval Corps and the Nikolaev Engineering School could compete with the school, but in terms of the size and spaciousness of the premises, the Mikhailovites were out of competition.

Junkers wore scarlet epaulets without piping, with the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "M". When riding, the Mikhailovites wore dark blue trousers. In the summer, in the camp, a protective tunic was often replaced by a canvas shirt, complemented by a white peakless cap.

The school did not take part in the performance of the junkers in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded on November 6, 1917. On its basis and at its expense, the 1st Soviet artillery command courses were created.

Konstantinovsky Artillery School

The Konstantinovsky Artillery School was located on Zabalkansky Prospekt in St. Petersburg. It traces its history back to the Noble Regiment, founded in 1807 under the Second Cadet Corps to train young people who wanted to enter the military service. On April 17, 1855, the regiment was renamed the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps. In 1859, the corps was transformed into the Konstantinovsky military school, from which in 1894 the Konstantinovsky artillery school was created.

This school, in terms of staff and course of study, was quite similar to the Mikhailovsky Artillery School. In combat terms, it was divided into two batteries of 8 guns each.

The first head of the Konstantinovsky Artillery School was Colonel V.T. Chernyavsky, who had previously been the battery commander of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School. He took with him several experienced officers from there, and with their help, in a few years, the young school was practically equal to Mikhailovsky. This school had excellent traditions, the cadets-Konstantinovtsy considered themselves the successors and continuers of the traditions of the Noble Regiment. In 1907, the 100th anniversary of the regiment was widely celebrated at the school.

1. Staff officer of the Nikolaev Cavalry School in a festive uniform out of order.

The uniform is double-breasted, lapel cut, "royal color" with a scarlet edging. The collar is slanted, dark green, cuffs with a toe. Buttoned scarlet lapel. Chakchira with a two-row scarlet stripe.

2. Junker of the Cossack Hundred in full dress.

The device is silver, the hat is black karakul, the scarlet is scarlet. In front is a silver St. Andrew's star in radiance, a white hairy sultan. The uniform of the Cossack cut is dark blue, the trousers are gray-blue with a single-row scarlet stripe. The sash is light blue, the epaulettes are silver with scarlet lining. White harness and checker of the Cossack sample.

3. Squadron cadet in dress uniform.

The device is gold. The uniform is double-breasted, with a scarlet edging, a scarlet lapel and two rows of gold buttons. Gold non-commissioned officer galloon on the collar and cuffs. Three-way sash. Cavalry epaulettes with scarlet lining. Shako Guards sample.

Juncker artillerymen studied mainly the exact sciences: mathematics, analytical geometry, differential and integral calculus, physics, chemistry, mechanics, drawing. In addition to general education and special military sciences, the cadets were trained on foot and equestrian formation, regulations, gymnastics, horseback riding and fencing. In the camps, a practical course of shooting and topographic survey was held, with the solution of tactical problems.

Pupils of the school wore scarlet epaulettes, with black edging and the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "K".

Since the beginning of the First World War, the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.

The school did not take part in the performance of the junkers in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded on November 6, 1917. On its basis and at its expense, the 2nd Soviet artillery command courses were created.

Sergiev Artillery School

The Sergiev Artillery School was opened in 1913 in Odessa, at the 3rd station of the Bolshoi Fountain, near the Odessa Cadet Corps located there.

The school was equipped with the latest technology, an exceptionally good composition of teachers and course officers was selected. And the personnel of the junkers very quickly learned the glorious traditions of the Mikhailovsky and Konstantinovsky artillery schools. Major General Nilus was appointed head of the school.

Junkers wore scarlet epaulettes with the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich in the form of the letter "C".

Because of the outbreak of war, the school did not have to make a single normal graduation: all the graduations, and there were 12 of them, were accelerated, and the 12th graduation did not complete the course, because the school was closed by the Bolsheviks, who occupied Odessa in January 1918. But the school ceased to exist temporarily - until October 1919, when it was restored by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army, General A.I. Denikin. The staff was staffed by cadets, cadets, volunteers and volunteers who were in parts of the Volunteer Army.

The last, 15th graduation of the school completed the course already in exile in Bulgaria in 1922.

1–2. Junkers of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School in an overcoat and dress uniform.

Until 1909, the cadets of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School wore a cap instead of a hat (the school was attached to the Odessa Military District). Cap with scarlet top, dark green edging and dark green band. The overcoat is gray, the collar flaps are scarlet. In 1909, the school was given a cap of the Uhlan pattern with the silver State Emblem. The applied color of the school is scarlet.

3. Chief officer of the Tver cavalry school.

The device is silver. Outfit sample of army lancers. Uniform of "royal color". On the collar and cuffs sewing of military schools. In 1912, instead of the State Emblem, the coat of arms of military educational institutions appeared on the cap.

Nikolaev Artillery School

Neither the Mikhailovsky, nor the Konstantinovsky, nor the Sergievsky artillery schools had such a large parade ground. The 1st set included 180 junkers.

Until the construction of its own building was completed, the school was temporarily housed in a damp and cold barracks, which had no running water and was poorly heated. Immediately after the first enrollment in the school, cadets of the second graduation were accepted, who began classes on May 20, 1916. The pace of classes did not slow down. In August, the cadets took a shooting course in the Darnitsa camp. In October 1916, the school was visited by Nicholas II, who spent 3 days here. During these days, the emperor tried his best to keep the spirit of the junkers alive. On December 22, 1916, the 2nd graduation of the school took place, amounting to 200 people. And immediately began to study the 3rd set. In February 1917 the school moved to its own building.

The junkers wore scarlet epaulettes, without piping, with the yellow cypher of Nicholas II "H II" and the gold cypher in His Majesty's battery.

The February revolution did not bring significant changes to the life of the school. On the contrary, the junkers somehow pulled themselves together. The oath to the Provisional Government passed without a rise, and some of the junkers refused to take the oath. Young people tried in every possible way to avoid the penetration of "red agitators" into their environment. Discipline and tradition were strictly maintained.

In September 1917, the 6th recruitment began. Mostly it was civilian youth. Since October 25, together with other military schools in Kyiv, the school opposed the Bolsheviks.

On January 25, 1918, before the capture of Kyiv by the Bolsheviks, junkers of the 6th graduation, who did not have time to complete the full course, were issued certificates of completion of the 4-month course.

The school was disbanded in mid-February 1918. For all the time it took a course of training and 1,500 people were promoted to officers.

1. Chief officer of the Novocherkassk Cossack School in dress uniform.

In 1904, the Novocherkassk Cossack School was given the uniform of the Don Cossack cavalry regiments. The uniform is dark blue, single-breasted, without buttons, fastened with hooks, gray-blue trousers with a scarlet stripe. Papakha is slightly conical in shape with black short fur. The cap is scarlet, in front - a cockade. The officers were given a revolver holster with a cord and an officer's bandolier.

2. Junker of the Novocherkassk Cossack School in a marching uniform.

In 1912, the cadets of the school were given a camouflage uniform. Gray-blue trousers with a scarlet stripe, a dark blue cap with a scarlet edging, high boots, a brown belt, and a Cossack-style saber.

3. Senior sword-junker of the Orenburg Cossack School.

A uniform uniform for the cadets of the Orenburg Cossack School was introduced only in 1903 on the model of the Orenburg Cossack army: a black double-breasted uniform, a collar and cuffs trimmed with a wide silver galloon, gray-blue trousers with a light blue stripe. Scarlet epaulettes, encryption "O.U."

ENGINEERING SCHOOLS

Nikolaev Engineering School

In St. Petersburg, with one facade facing the Fontanka, the other with Inzhenernaya Street overlooked the ancient building of the Mikhailovsky (or Inzhenerny) Castle. This castle housed a military educational institution that gave Russia many big names - the Nikolaev Engineering School. Founded in 1804 as a special school for the training of engineering conductors, in 1819 it was renamed the Main Engineering School, which in 1855 was renamed Nikolaev. In 1863, the school merged with the Engineering Academy, which was formed on August 30, 1855 from officer classes. Since 1855, the course of study at the school was set to three years, and the staff was 126 junkers; senior year was considered mandatory. Junkers of the Nikolaev Engineering School were largely pupils of civilian educational institutions. So, in 1868, 18 were identified from among those who entered the junior class from military gymnasiums, and from outside - 35. In 1874 - from military schools and gymnasiums - 22, from outside - 35. In 1875 - from the military schools and gymnasiums - 28, from the outside - 22. Admission to the senior class of persons who graduated from military schools was also carried out.

The school was a preparatory institution for entering the engineering academy for successful cadets in the sciences, and also prepared officers for service in the combat unit of the engineering department; in sapper, railway and pontoon battalions or in mine, telegraph and fortress sapper companies. There, young people served for two years while retaining the right to enter the Nikolaev Engineering Academy.

The full contingent of the school on the eve of the First World War was 450 cadets (150 for each course).

From the very foundation of the engineering school, the junkers treated the sciences with respect. Being part of the Engineering Department, which was always considered a scientist, they highly valued knowledge.

The Nikolaev Engineering School was considered "the most liberal". The relationship between the cadets and their educators - officers and teachers - was almost ideal. The relations of the junkers among themselves are friendly and simple. As a result, sensible officers left the school, who knew their specialty well and preserved in their relations with the soldiers the most fair and humane treatment that they had learned in the school. The educational part was excellent: the best composition of the capital's professors, especially the teachers valued the mind, the ability to think analytically, and encouraged the scientific and creative activity of young people.

1. Chief officer of the Nikolaev Engineering School in dress uniform.

The metal device of the school is silver. Uniform and shako of "royal color". Straight hair sultan, on the sides of the shako - axes on the device. On the collar and cuffs - sewing of military educational institutions.

2. Junior harness-junker of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School in dress uniform.

Black double-breasted uniform with scarlet edging, black trousers, boots with spurs, black leather belt with a gold plaque, a checker on the shoulder belt, a shako with a pom-pom.

3. Juncker of the military topographic school in dress uniform.

A black double-breasted uniform with a light blue edging, a black leather belt with a silver badge, a black felt shako.

1. Vice non-commissioned officer of the Vladimir School in dress uniform.

The metal device is golden. Black double-breasted uniform with scarlet edging, with two rows of buttons, high boots, black felt shako.

2. Staff officer of the Pavlovsk military school.

Uniform and shako of "royal color". Straight white hair sultan, on the collar and cuffs sewing of military educational institutions.

3. Junker of the Pavlovsk military school in a gymnastic shirt and field cap.

Khaki summer shirt without breast pockets. A khaki cap with a visor, a black leather belt with a gold badge.

1. Junker of the Irkutsk military school in dress uniform.

Black double-breasted uniform with scarlet edging, with two rows of gold buttons, high boots, black leather belt with a gold badge. Papakha of gray fur with a protective cloth top trimmed crosswise with a white-orange-black non-commissioned officer's cord.

2. Junker of the Irkutsk military school in an overcoat.

In winter, the cadets wore a gray infantry overcoat. The collar flaps are scarlet with a dark green edging and a button. In frost below -10 ° C, the junkers wore a cap, which could be passed under shoulder straps, either worn on the head or tied around the neck.

3. Chief officer of the Irkutsk military school in a coat.

The collar flaps of the coat are scarlet with a dark green edging and a button, the crown of the cap is “royal color”, the band is red.

The Nikolaev Engineering School gave Russia many outstanding military leaders. Suffice it to recall General E.I. Totleben - the hero of the defense of Sevastopol and Plevna, General K.P. Kaufman, who led the military operations during the annexation of Central Asia to Russia, General F.F. Radetsky - the hero of the battles at Shipka and in the Caucasus, G.A. Leer - an outstanding military writer and professor, whose works on strategy are known to the whole world and, finally, General R.I. Kondratenko - the hero of Port Arthur.

The cadets of this school had scarlet epaulettes without edging with the monogram of Emperor Nicholas I "H I".

Since the beginning of the First World War, the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.

The school took active steps against the Bolsheviks on October 29-30, 1917 in Petrograd. And it was disbanded on November 6, 1917. The 1st Soviet Engineering Command Courses were opened in its building and at its expense in February 1918.

Alekseevskoye Engineering School

The Alekseevsky Engineering School was established in March 1915 in Kyiv as the Second Engineering School. All graduations of the school were accelerated eight-month.

The shoulder boards of the junkers were scarlet without edging with a yellow and applied silver monogram of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich in the form of the letter "A" at the company of His Highness.

The cadets of the school opposed the establishment of Soviet power in Kyiv. The school was disbanded in November 1917.

Camp of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

INFANTRY SCHOOLS

Alexander Military School

On September 16, 1863, by order No. 330 of the military department, the first Russian military schools were created, among them the Alexandrovsky in Moscow, which was located in the building of the disbanded Alexandria Orphan Corps on Znamenka. On October 9, 1863, Colonel B.A. Shvanebach was appointed its first head. From the cadet corps, along with the building, the following were transferred to the school: a church, a library, an archive, all the material property of the senior classes, as well as marble plaques with the names of distinguished cadets and black marble plaques with the names of graduate officers who were killed and died from wounds.

On April 27, 1867, Emperor Alexander II visited the school for the first time, who was very pleased with the educational institution and its students. He assumed the title of chief of the school. On May 16, 1886, Emperor Alexander III assumed the title of chief.

Junckers who successfully completed the course of the school were awarded prizes (Engelson, Ushakov, in the amount of 100 to 200 rubles). During the existence of the school, such famous professors as Klyuchevsky, Chuprov, Smyslovsky gave lectures within its walls.

In 1900, the "Society for the Aid to the Former Alexandrovites" was organized.

Chemical laboratory at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

Before the outbreak of the First World War, the school had 600 cadets, which were divided into 4 companies. On the shoulders of the junkers there were white epaulettes, without edging, with the scarlet monogram of Emperor Alexander II "A II". In the company of His Majesty there is an applied metal cypher of the Sovereign on the instrument.

From the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased by 1000 people and amounted to 1600 junkers. The practice of accelerated, four-month releases began. Young people up to 30 years old were accepted for an accelerated course, they could also be married. Construction exercises were carried out daily for several hours. Some subjects were abolished: the Law of God, Russian and foreign languages, military history, geography.

At the end of October 1917, the school took an active part in the hostilities in Moscow. The headquarters of the fight against the Bolsheviks was created in it, officer companies were formed here. After the defeat of the junkers in Moscow, the school was disbanded. However, on January 31, 1919, it was revived in the Volunteer Army.

In 1921, the monogram of Emperor Alexander II was returned to the school.

In emigration, there were societies of former pupils of the school.

Pavlovsk Military School

The Pavlovsk military school is the oldest school in St. Petersburg. It was created in 1863 from the special classes of the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps, which transferred its banner to the school. The school was located on Bolshaya Spasskaya Street, next to the 2nd Cadet Corps and the Military Topographic School. The Pavlovsk School was what is called "the first of the first." A. Markov, the author of the well-known book Cadets and Junkers, wrote: “The Pavlovsk military school had its own, inherent face and its own special spirit. It was as if the spirit of the stern Emperor, who gave him his name, reigned here. It was felt in everything that this, indeed, was the military school from which the best combatants of our glorious army came out.

Mikhailovsky Artillery School. Eye photography.

Over the 50 years of its existence, from 1863 to 1913, the Pavlovsk School graduated 7730 officers, 52 former cadets of the school became holders of the Order of St. George the Victorious. Over 200 officers were killed in action and died of their wounds. By 1913, 1/4 of the available officers of the General Staff consisted of former "Pavlons". The chiefs of the school were emperors, starting with Alexander II and ending with Nicholas II.

In combat terms, the Pavlovsk Infantry School consisted of a battalion of 4 companies, and by 1914 its staff consisted of 400 cadets and 66 in excess of the set. With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to the practice of 4-month accelerated graduations. The staff of the school was increased to 1000 cadets.

The junkers had scarlet epaulettes without piping with the yellow cypher of Emperor Paul I "П I" and the gold applied cypher of Emperor Nicholas II "Н II" in His Majesty's company.

The school did not take part in the October battles in Petrograd, because on the night of October 25 it was surrounded by soldiers of the reserve Grenadier Regiment and the Red Guards of the Putilov and Obukhov factories, and under the threat of machine-gun fire, was disarmed. The entire command staff, together with the head of the school, General Melnikov, was arrested and sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The school was disbanded on November 6, 1917.

Alekseevsky military school

The Alekseevsky Military School was founded in 1864 as the Moscow Infantry Junker School and existed under this name until 1897, when it was renamed the Moscow Military School.

In 1886, 2 departments were opened in it: with a one-year course for young people with higher education and a two-year course for people who graduated from high school. At first, the school was under the jurisdiction of the General Staff, and in 1897 it was transferred to a two-year military school course. Thus, the opportunity opened up for young people from the outside to enter the school, without first being enrolled in the regiments as volunteers. At the end of the course, the pupils were promoted directly to officers, and did not return to their regiments as ensigns, as was the case before.

Nikolaev Engineering School. Camp guard at the banner.

In 1897, the school was subordinated to the chief head of military educational institutions. In 1906, the heir to the crown prince, Grand Duke Alexei Nikolaevich, became the chief of the Moscow Military School. Since then, the school was called Alekseevsky.

The school was located in the Red barracks, next to the 3rd Moscow Emperor Alexander II Cadet Corps. The camp of the school was located on Khodynka, in Serebryany Bor.

During its existence from 1864 to 1913. the school gave the Russian army about 8150 officers, to this figure it is still necessary to add those released, starting from July 12, 1914 - 200 people, October 1, 1914 (thirteen-month course) - 200 people, December 1, 1914 (4 months) - 200 people, February 1, 1915 - 300 people; 4 editions of 1915: May, July, September and October - 1200 people; 6 issues in 1916 - 3600 people. In just 52 years of its existence, about 13,850 officers were trained at the school.

The junkers had scarlet epaulettes without edging with the yellow monogram of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "A" and with a gold applied monogram at the company of His Highness.

Before the outbreak of the First World War, the staff of the school consisted of 500 cadets, who were distributed among the 4th companies. With the outbreak of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased by 700 people and amounted to 1200 cadets. The school turned into a two-battalion structure.

During the days of the October battles in Moscow, the school took active steps against the Bolsheviks. In November 1917 it was disbanded.

The 1st Soviet Moscow Infantry Command Courses were located in its building.

Kiev military school

The Kiev military school was established in 1897 on the basis of the Kyiv infantry cadet school, founded in 1865. This school was open to military junkers and volunteers with insufficient education. It consisted of 4 companies, and the total number of cadets numbered 400 people. The school had a banner, the highest granted on May 6, 1896.

Fencing lesson at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

On October 1, 1914, the last graduation of junkers with the rank of second lieutenant took place. The school switched to the practice of four-month accelerated graduations. The staff was increased to 630 junkers. Combat officers, in addition to their direct work, were involved in lecturing on tactics and topography. Due to the fact that with the outbreak of World War I, 3 more military schools were opened in Kyiv, on September 26, 1914, the school was given the name "1st Kyiv Military School".

The junkers wore light blue epaulettes, with scarlet edging, without encryption.

In November 1920, due to the complete evacuation of the Crimea, the school left its homeland. The last - the 69th graduation of the school took place already in exile, in Bulgaria, in 1923.

Junker at the review of gymnasts in Tsarskoye Selo.

Vilna military school

The school was opened in 1864 as an infantry cadet school. The training course was divided into senior and junior. Initially, the staff of the school was defined as 200 cadets. From 1874 the staff was increased to 300 people. It should be emphasized here that since 1868, in the school, along with the infantry junkers, Cossack officers were preparing to receive the officer rank. In 1876, they were separated into a special cavalry platoon - the Cossack department - with a staff of 35 cadets, and three years later a preparatory class was opened for volunteers with poor training. However, in 1885 the Cossack department and the preparatory class were closed.

In 1901, the school was reorganized into a three-year school, programs in the main subjects were equalized with military schools, cadets began to be issued as second lieutenants. In 1904–1905 the staff of the school was increased to 400 cadets, divided into 4 companies. In 1906, second lieutenants, ensigns, promoted to these ranks for military distinctions due to wartime circumstances, were allowed to enter the school to take a course in science. In 1910, the school was renamed into a military one. Equality has always been a hallmark of the Vilnius people.

The junkers wore scarlet epaulettes, with white edging, without encryption.

With the outbreak of the First World War, a four-month accelerated course of study was introduced at the school. The staff has been increased from 500 to 900 junkers.

In 1915 the school was evacuated to Poltava.

The building of the Pavlovsk military school in St. Petersburg.

Vladimir Military School

The school was opened on December 1, 1869; Initially, it had 1 company of 200 cadets and was divided into 2 classes - junior and senior. In 1880, by order of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions, another preparatory class was added, which, however, was closed in 1881 and the school again became a two-class class. On September 1, 1901, the school was reorganized according to a new type, and its composition increased to 400 cadets, with a division into 4 companies. On November 18, 1908, the Sovereign Emperor, the Highest, ordered from September 1, 1909 to call the school "St. Petersburg Military School." A year later, it was given the name "Vladimir Military School" in honor of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, the former commander of the St. Petersburg Military District, who had been in charge of the school for 24 years. The school was located in the building of the former military gymnasium.

The cadets of this school wore white epaulettes, with scarlet edging, with the scarlet monogram of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in the form of the letter "B".

With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to the practice of 4-month accelerated graduations. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign. The staff of the school was increased from 400 to 885 cadets.

During the days of the October battles of 1917, the Vladimir Military School put up fierce resistance to the Bolsheviks, who could not cope with the half-disarmed Vladimir residents during the day. The school was subjected to the most severe artillery shelling, and after the surrender - a pogrom. According to the data cited by the Menshevik newspaper Novaya Zhizn, during the siege of the Vladimir Military School, about 200 cadets were wounded and died, and 71 people became victims of lynching.

According to the decree of November 6, 1917, signed by the People's Commissar for Military Affairs N.V. Krylenko, the Vladimir Military School, among others, was disbanded. At the expense of the school, the 1st Soviet Infantry Petrograd Courses of the Red Army were opened in the premises of the Military Topographic School.

Canteen in the camp of the Pavlovsk military school.

Kazan military school

The Kazan Infantry Cadet School (since September 1, 1909 - the Kazan Military School) was founded on September 1, 1866 according to the type of cadet schools opened on the basis of an order from the military department dated September 20, 1864 No. 285.

The school was intended to recruit officers not only for two divisions that were quartered in the Kazan Military District, but it was supposed to accept lower ranks and cadets from the troops of the Moscow District, who, due to lack of vacancies, could not be accepted into the Moscow cadet school. Therefore, the staff of the school was set at 200 cadets.

The first head of the school was appointed battalion commander of the Alexander Military School, Lieutenant Colonel Loboda.

Since 1904, junkers were produced upon graduation to second lieutenants, and from 1904 to 1909, 768 junkers were promoted to second lieutenants. The staff of the school in 1870 was increased to 300, and in 1876 it was increased to 400 cadets. The course was originally a two-year course, in 1879 a preparatory class was added, closed in 1886. In 1901, the school was reorganized. A three-year course of study was established, with 2 classes of special and one general. Young people with a complete secondary education were admitted to the 1st special class without an exam, and a general class was opened for those who had the rights of volunteers of the second category. Reception was allowed not only from the troops, but also from outside. This measure gave an excess of applicants to enter the school, as a result of which a competitive entrance examination was introduced. In 1905, on the occasion of hostilities and significant losses of officers, a supernumerary was allowed, which reached 112 people.

January 27, 1903 the banner was granted to the school. In 1906, 89 warrant officers were additionally admitted to the school, partly into the general, partly into special classes. On September 1, 1909, the Kazan Infantry Cadet School was renamed the Kazan Military School.

The junkers had scarlet shoulder straps with a light blue edging.

Since the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school has increased from 470 to 600 people.

The school took part in the fighting against the Bolsheviks in Kazan. According to the decree of November 6, 1917, it was disbanded. On February 10, 1918, the 1st Soviet Kazan Infantry Command Courses were opened in the building and at the expense of the school.

Tiflis military school

The school was founded in 1864 during the reign of Alexander II by the governor of the Caucasus, Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich.

At first, the staff of junkers was defined as 50 people. In the autumn of 1865, the reception began. The study lasted 2 years; volunteers and junkers from the troops were allowed to receive. For the camp time, the junkers were seconded to the nearest military units, and at the end of the course they returned to their units with the rank of junker belts and were promoted to officers on the recommendation of their superiors.

In 1866, the staff of junkers was increased to 200 people, and in combat terms, the school was one company. In 1871, the staff was determined to be 300 people. And the cadets are divided into two companies. In 1879, a camp was opened especially for the school near the village of Suram, and the sending of cadets to the troops for camp time was stopped.

In 1901 the school was reorganized; and 3 classes are open; general - the purpose of which was to give the junkers a complete general education, and the first and second special, in which military subjects were studied according to the programs of military schools. Both volunteers and young people from the outside were allowed to receive. At the end of the course, the cadets were promoted to second lieutenants of the army infantry.

Before the start of the First World War, the school had 4 companies, junior officers - 11, full-time cadets - 400, supernumerary - 31.

The junkers had blue epaulettes, with a white edging, with the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "M".

With the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased to 700 cadets.

The Tiflis military school was disbanded in 1918.

Band of the Junkers of the Pavlovsk Military School.

Chuguev Military School

The school was founded on September 1, 1865. On January 27, 1903, it was granted a banner, which was consecrated on June 29, 1905.

The school was reorganized from a two-hundred to a four-hundred staff by order of the military department No. 218 of 1888, and by order of the military department No. 197 of 1901, the two-year course was replaced by a three-year course, and the cadets from the school began to be issued immediately as officers, and not ensigns.

Before the start of the First World War, the school had 4 companies, full-time junkers - 400, supernumerary - 44.

From the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased to 1200 cadets. During the war years, accelerated releases were made. A four-month course of study was established.

The cadets of the school opposed the establishment of Soviet power. The school was disbanded on December 15, 1918.

Odessa military school

The Odessa school was opened in 1865 as an infantry cadet school. The junkers, who entered it from volunteer combat units, wore the uniform of their regiments and, at the end of the course of study, were released as ensigns in their own units. Since 1902, there were 2 special classes in the school, where people with completed secondary education were admitted, and 1 general class, in which young people who did not have a secondary education were admitted. In 1903 the school was granted a banner. Beginning in 1904, cadets who graduated from college were no longer issued ensigns, but were promoted by the Highest Order to second lieutenants in part of the troops, according to the selected vacancies. In 1908, the general class was abolished, and on September 1, 1910, the school was renamed the Odessa Military School. The school token was approved by Nicholas II on May 1, 1908, and the badge - in 1913. Since 1909, the illustrated magazine Junker Leisures was published at the school, which reflected the glorious traditions of this educational institution.

The junkers wore white epaulettes, with a light blue edging, without encryption.

From 1866 to 1902 The school released 4701 ensigns as ensigns. On the eve of the First World War, the school consisted of 4 companies, there were 11 junior officers, 400 full-time junkers and 35 supernumeraries.

The school was disbanded at the beginning of 1918, and its pupils took an active part in the Civil War in the South of Russia.

Irkutsk military school

The school was founded in 1874 for volunteers from the Cossacks. From 1878 to 1901 there was a preparatory class at the school - due to the low level of education of the Cossack population of Siberia. By order of the military department No. 197 of 1901, the school was transformed into a three-class infantry school for 100 cadets, and the Cossack cadets were transferred to the Orenburg Cossack School. The military school began to be called from 1909. An interesting fact is that during the war of 1904-1905. with Japan, junkers trained state militia warriors in various Siberian garrisons. The graduation of the school in 1905 joined the ranks of the 4th Siberian Army Corps, which operated in Manchuria. In 1905, the school was granted a banner, solemnly consecrated on November 26 of the same year.

The cadet oath of the school, unlike most Russian military schools, was taken not in October, but on December 6 on the day of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, and after the accession to the throne of Nicholas II, on the day of his namesake. In this school, the use of alcohol by the Junkers threatened with expulsion. The camp of the school was located 5 km from the city, on the river. Ushakovka. After the first course, the cadets carried out summer maneuvers 60 km from Irkutsk, in the Usolye region, after the second - in the Baikal region. The Irkutsk military school was replenished not only with Siberians. Almost half of the junkers came from the Baltics (Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Germans), some from the Western Territory: Belarusians and Poles, some from the Caucasus (Armenians, Georgians) and many young people from northern Russia.

Junker of the Nikolaev Engineering School in the camp. The construction of the bridge.

School graduates served in the garrisons of Omsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk.

The junkers of this school had white epaulettes without piping and without encryption.

From the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased to 490 cadets. The cadets of the school during the First World War were released into the Siberian rifle regiments, which over the years have lost up to 85% of their composition.

In December 1917, the school took an active part in the hostilities against the Bolsheviks in Siberia and ceased to exist in early 1918.

Nikolaev Military School

After the outbreak of the First World War, the school was formed in Kyiv as the 2nd Kiev. On October 15, 1914, it was renamed into Nikolaevskoye. Initially, the staff of the school was set at 440 junkers, later expanded to 530 junkers.

The junkers of this school wore white epaulettes with scarlet edging and the scarlet stenciled cypher of Emperor Nicholas II (“N II”) and with a gold applied cypher in the company of His Majesty.

The cadets of the school opposed the establishment of Soviet power in Kyiv. This military educational institution was disbanded in November 1917.

Tashkent military school

The youngest school was the Tashkent military. It opened at the end of 1914. Initially, its staff consisted of 176 cadets, later it was expanded to 220. The construction of its own building was only in the project, so the 1st company occupied the building of the Public Assembly, the 2nd was engaged in the Pushkin School. In December 1916 the school was granted a banner. In the same year, the badge of the Tashkent Military School was approved. It was a silver Bukhara star with a six-pointed golden cross on it, placed above a golden crescent and a corresponding inscription. The junkers of this school wore crimson epaulettes.

From October 28 to November 1, 1917, the cadets of the Tashkent Military School, together with the cadets of the Tashkent Cadet Corps, fought hard battles with the Bolsheviks in the city.

Delivery of "rehearsals" at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

MILITARY TOPOGRAPHICAL SCHOOL

On Bolshaya Spasskaya Street in St. Petersburg there was a white long building of the most modest of the St. Petersburg military schools - the Military Topographic.

On January 28, 1822, the Corps of Military Topographers was created, for the recruitment of which, nine months later, the St. Petersburg School of Topographers was opened. It was renamed several times: from 1832 it was called the School of Topographers, from 1863 - the School of Topographers, and finally, on August 1, 1867, it was renamed the Military Topographic School.

The school accepted young people from 17 to 22 years old who graduated from secondary schools, according to a competitive exam consisting of the Russian language, algebra, arithmetic, rectilinear trigonometry, geometry and physics. Cadets, at their request, could be credited for competitive examinations with the grades obtained upon graduation from the corps.

In combat terms, the school was 1 company. The staff of junkers was small, and on the eve of World War I consisted of only 100 people. The course of study was three years and very intense. In addition to topography, higher geodesy, artillery and fortification, Junker topographers studied spherical trigonometry, analytical geometry, differential and integral calculus, and physics. Many hours were devoted to practical work on geodetic calculations, topographic drawing, cartography, calligraphy, surveying and geodetic work. Junkers got acquainted with the order of office work and accounting, with photography, electroplating and lithography.

Unlike other military schools in the capital, leaving for camps in Krasnoe Selo, topographers from April 29 to August 15 were at practical work in the Vitebsk region, near the town of Rezhitsa.

At the end of the school, second lieutenants-topographers were seconded to the infantry regiments of the guard and the army for 6 months to get acquainted with the military service, and at the end of this period they were enlisted to shoot in St. Petersburg, Riga, Grodno, Odessa, Tiflis, Tashkent, Khabarovsk and Omsk.

The junkers wore black epaulets with light blue piping and a yellow cipher in the form of the letter "T".

With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to an eight-month course of study. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.

The school did not take part in the performance of the Junkers in Petrograd on October 29, 1917, since it was surrounded by the Bolsheviks. It was disbanded on November 6, 1918. In February 1918, the 1st Soviet Infantry Command Courses of the Red Army were opened in its premises.

The unsatisfactory training of this part of the officers became clear even before the Crimean War, and at the same time, at some headquarters, on the private initiative of military commanders, cadet schools were opened. At the end of the war of 1853-56. it was supposed to arrange cadet schools in all army corps, but, due to lack of funds and the inconvenience of organizing military schools at corps headquarters, moving along with the troops from place to place, only three such schools were opened. Only with the transformation of the senior classes of the cadet corps into military schools, when some savings in cash were obtained, in 1864-1865. it was begun to open district cadet schools in the newly formed military districts; the passage of the course of cadet schools was made mandatory for all volunteers (and from 1875 - and casting lots) who wished to acquire the right to be promoted to officers, and since 1868 the production of lower ranks to officers for length of service was discontinued.

The lower ranks of all classes and confessions (except the Jewish one) were accepted into the cadet schools, when they were honored with that by the closest authorities. The course in schools lasted 2 years, and those who had certificates of graduation from secondary educational institutions (7- and 8-grade gymnasiums and real schools) could enter directly into the senior class, but most entered the junior class or with a verification exam in the Russian language (passed 6 classes of secondary educational institutions), or with an exam in special lightweight programs (not having this qualification).

Those who completed the course were released into their regiments as ensigns, standard junkers and under-horungers and were promoted to officers only by honoring their immediate superiors: those classified by success in sciences to the 1st category were promoted to officers in the very year of graduation from the school, after camp fees, and in the case lack of vacancies in their regiment could be transferred to other regiments; those assigned to the II category were promoted to officers not earlier than in the year following graduation, just as well as for vacancies, and during production it was allowed to transfer to other parts only those of them who had an education not lower than secondary. In the total number of those graduating from cadet schools, those graduating in the 1st category made up a very small percentage, and most of those graduating in the 2nd category did not have the required educational qualification and for many years waited in the rank of lieutenant for promotion to officers for vacancies in their unit, reaching the rank of ensign (later second lieutenant) then when their peers graduated from military schools managed to go far ahead along the path of a service career.

If in their service training and knowledge of the life of the lower ranks, the ensigns graduating from the cadet schools for the most part surpassed the officers who graduated from the course of military schools, then in their mental development, general education and theoretical military training they were significantly inferior to them, as a result of which the composition of the infantry and cavalry troops officers fell into two groups - those who graduated from military and cadet schools; the latter were appointed to responsible positions of commanders of individual units relatively rarely and usually ended their careers with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Recently, to eliminate this heterogeneity in the composition of the corps of officers and to improve the training of officers in general, new schools have been established - the Moscow and Kiev infantry (in 1900) and the Elizavetgrad cavalry (in 1902), for young people with higher and secondary general education ; the staff of military schools, henceforth appointed exclusively for pupils of cadet corps, was expanded (the number of corps was significantly increased, and their staff was expanded), and finally, in 1901, all district cadet schools were transformed.

As of June 5, 1901, 7 infantry (Petersburg, Vilna, Tiflis, Odessa, Kazan, Chuguev and Irkutsk), 1 cavalry (Tver) and 3 Cossack (Novocherkassk, Stavropol and Orenburg) cadet schools were formed, and they are no longer called district; in each school, from 100 (in Irkutsk) to 400 (in St. Petersburg, Vilna and Tiflis) junkers are assigned according to the state, which are divided in combat terms into companies, squadrons and hundreds.

The training course lasts three years and is divided into 3 classes - 1 general and 2 special. The following are allowed to be admitted to schools: 1) young people of all classes who have reached the age of 16 and have the right to enter the service of volunteers, and 2) the lower ranks of all classes, awarded by the authorities. The following are admitted to the general class: those who have not completed the course of 6 classes of gymnasiums and real schools, after holding the entrance exam for special programs from the course of 6 classes, and those who have completed 6 classes, but who do not have the right to enter military schools (where completion of the full course is required), - with a verification exam in the Russian language; in the first special class are accepted: without an exam - persons who have the right to enter military schools, and with a verification exam in the Russian language, mathematics and physics - persons who have completed 6 classes; exams are held in the month of August and applicants are accepted according to the seniority of the points received, and the main headquarters, by the number of available vacancies, determines in advance how many young people of one or another category of education can be admitted to schools.

The general class serves to supplement secondary education; it teaches the Law of God, the Russian language, mathematics, physics and chemistry, geography, history, hygiene, drawing and one of the foreign languages; some of these items end up in special classes. Of the specialized military subjects, tactics, military history, topography, fortification, artillery, military administration, jurisprudence, military geography and military regulations are taught, according to programs almost the same as in military schools, and in cavalry and Cossack schools, in addition, equestrian sapper business and hippology. There are 27 lessons per week (50 minutes each); in addition, practical classes have been established in tactics, topographical drawing, military administration, jurisprudence and equestrian engineering, as well as weapons training in workshops. In the summer, the cadets are taken to camps, where, regardless of drill exercises, they are engaged in military-eye surveys in the field, solving tactical problems and sapper work. Those who have completed the full course of cadet schools, according to the results of final exams, combat education and behavior, are divided into 3 categories and are promoted to officers on the same basis as cadets of military schools, but exclusively to infantry and cavalry units; the first category is issued by second lieutenants and cornets with one year of seniority, the second category - by the same ranks without seniority, the third category - by non-commissioned officers with the right to be promoted to officers without an exam, but not earlier than a year later and only after honoring the combatant authorities.

All cadet schools are under the jurisdiction of the chief commanders of the military districts and are subordinate to the chiefs of the district headquarters; the highest supervision of the educational part in all schools belongs to the chief head of military educational institutions, and for the special cavalry business - to the inspector general of the cavalry.

See I. O. Bobrovsky, "Junker Schools" (3 volumes, St. Petersburg, 1872-76); “Regulations on the Junker Schools” (new edition, art. 892, 993 book XV of the Code of Military Decrees of 1869, ed. 2) and instructions for the educational and educational part, announced in orders for the military department, 1901, No. 197 , 318 and 319.

UDK 355.23(47)"18/19":94(47).081/.083

Grebenkin A.N.,

Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration

under the President of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Historical Sciences (Russian Federation, Oryol)

RULES FOR ADMISSION TO MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1863-1917

The article analyzes the rules for admission to Russian military schools in 1863-1917. The author considers the main trends in social policy in the field of training, officer cadres on the example of changing requirements for social origin and. level of preparation. entering military schools. The article concludes that the government is gradually moving away from. principle "military school - for. noblemen" and makes a bet on the creation of a corps of hereditary officers, which would. constantly replenished with talented representatives of all classes.

Key words: Russian, empire, military education, cadet corps, nobility, officer.

The system of military schools established in Russia in the first half of the 19th century was designed to provide the army and navy with well-educated officers. In addition, the cadet corps also carried out an important social function, giving a "start in life" to the children of ruined nobles and orphans of officers who died in the war. For the cadets and junkers themselves, getting a military education was the first step towards a successful career, and not only a military one. The knowledge gained in the cadet corps and special schools could be useful in the civil service. However, despite the fact that not only the heads of the military department, but also Nicholas I himself paid much attention to military educational institutions, by the middle of the 19th century. the crisis in the military educational department became obvious. The cadet corps gave the army only a third of the officers it needed, the rest received military training directly during the service. Among the cadets and junkers there were quite a few overgrown depraved undergrowths who were tolerated within the walls of

ennoi schools only because they belonged to the noble class. At the same time, non-nobles, even talented ones, had no access to military education1.

The Milyutin military educational reform, aimed at separating general education from military special education and humanizing the relationship between teachers and pupils, provided for a radical reorganization of the old cadet corps. In 1863 - 64 years. their transformation into military gymnasiums and military schools began. For the newly created military educational institutions, new admission rules were also developed. These rules gave non-nobles, albeit on a very limited scale, the opportunity to receive a military education.

Military gymnasiums, created on the basis of the general classes of the cadet corps, had the goal of “providing the children of the nobility destined for military service with preparatory general education and upbringing”2; thus, they, like the cadet corps, retained the status of privileged noble educational institutions. However, an exception was made to this rule - the Orenburg-Neplyuevskaya and Siberian military gymnasiums were not noble boarding schools. In the first of them, the sons of persons of exempt classes of the Orenburg Territory studied, in the second - the sons of officers and officials who served and served in the Siberian Territory. The special status of these two gymnasiums was also emphasized by the fact that their graduates had to study at the specially established Fourth Military School in Orenburg.

Pupils of military gymnasiums were divided into state, private and visiting.

The following were credited to the state account: at the expense of the government - juvenile nobles in accordance with the merits of their fathers and the degree of orphanhood according to the seniority of the ranks (as was the case in the old cadet corps), at the expense of the government and various institutions - juvenile nobles according to special decrees (some - annually in a certain number, others - for special vacancies provided to them) and, finally, for specially donated capital - minor nobles on the grounds that were

determined by patrons when donating these capitals3. In addition, young nobles aged 14 to 17 who successfully passed the exam were enrolled in the gymnasium at public expense, if before that they had received education at the expense of their parents4.

Own and visiting pupils received education on a paid basis: a fee of 200 rubles was relied on for one. per year (in the Orenburg-Neplyuev and Siberian gymnasiums - 125 rubles); the fee for a visitor was equated to the fee charged from a student of a civilian gymnasium located in the same city. In the Siberian Military Gymnasium, the fee for natives was 25 rubles. silver per year. At the same time, the sons of people of all classes were allowed to come to the Orenburg-Neplyuevsky and Siberian gymnasiums.

Applications for admission to the state account were submitted to the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions (for admission to the Siberian and Orenburg gymnasiums - to the local governors-general), requests for the definition of self-employed and incoming - to the directors of the gymnasiums. The nobles had to provide a certificate of nobility from the heraldry or a copy from the protocol of the noble deputy meeting on sending documents to the heraldry, on the basis of which the minor was entered in the noble genealogy book; for the children of persons who received the nobility by ranks and orders, the fathers' service records or decrees on their resignation were required. From juveniles of non-noble origin, certificates of the rights of the state were required. In addition, it was necessary to provide a birth and baptismal certificate and a signature of the applicant with the obligation to take the minor back at the request of the gymnasium.

Applicants passed the entrance exam for the program of the class in which they were supposed to enter in accordance with their age (10-12 years old - in the 1st grade, 11-13 - in the 2nd, 12-14 - in the 3rd, 13-15 - in the 4th, 14-16 - in the 5th and 15-17 - in the 6th). Kirghiz children were admitted to the Siberian Military Gymnasium without an exam.

In two-year military schools (1st Pavlovsky, 2nd Konstantinovsky and 3rd

Alexandrovskoye), created on the basis of special classes of cadet corps, applicants were accepted both with an exam and without an exam.

Without an exam, the following were accepted: 1) graduates of military gymnasiums; 2) hereditary nobles who received a secondary education; 3) young people of all classes who have received education in civil and spiritual higher educational institutions. Graduates of military gymnasiums were transferred to schools by order of the Chief Head of military educational institutions. Graduates of civilian educational institutions were admitted on preferential terms, since there were too few graduates of military gymnasiums to ensure enrollment in schools. At the same time, applicants with higher education entered the 2nd Konstantinovsky Military School for 1 year in a special military class established for them5.

All applicants who did not have a certificate of secondary education were examined at the military schools themselves according to the programs established for the junior class of special schools.

Thus, the doors of military schools were wide open to non-nobles.

Young people who wanted to enter the school came personally to the head and submitted a petition to the highest name, attaching a birth certificate and baptismal certificate and documents of origin; those who entered without an exam had to submit certificates and diplomas. Those entering military schools had to be at least 16 years old; for health reasons, they had to be fit for military service.

Three-year special schools (Nikolaev Engineering and Mikhailovskoye Artillery) also admitted applicants both with and without an exam6.

According to the exam, all 3 classes (junior, middle and senior) were admitted to young people who belonged to hereditary nobles or enjoyed the rights of volunteers of the first category when entering the military service, as well as cadets and volunteers of the first category who were already in the service.

be in the troops. Those entering the junior and middle classes had to be between 16 and 20 years old; those entering the senior class - from 17 to 24 years.

Without an exam, they were admitted: in the junior class - graduates of military gymnasiums, in the senior class - harness-junkers and junkers who graduated from military schools and refused to be promoted to officers in order to continue their education.

The documents that young people who were not in military service had to submit were identical to those submitted by the parents of minors entering a military gymnasium (metric certificate and documents on origin). In addition, it was required to pass a medical examination for fitness for military service.

Those entering the junior class were examined in knowledge of the Law of God, the Russian language, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, general and Russian history, geography, drawing, and one of the foreign languages ​​of their choice - French, German or English.

In order to be enrolled, it was necessary to get at least 8 points on average in all subjects of the exam (on a 12-point scale) and not have less than 6 points in any of the mathematical subjects7.

Those who entered the middle class were additionally examined in the junior class program, those who entered the senior class - in the programs of the junior and middle classes8.

At the same time, graduates of secondary and higher educational institutions took the exam only in the military, natural and mathematical sciences, graduates of the mathematical departments of universities were examined only in the military and natural sciences, graduates of the natural departments - only in the military and mathematical.

All those admitted to special schools were admitted to full state support.

Finally, in 1864, two-year junker schools were established, primarily designed to train officers 9 from persons who did not have a secondary education (who served in the regular troops of the junkers and volunteers, and

also officers and chief officers' children of irregular troops)10. It was possible to enter the exam, depending on the level of initial training, both in the junior and in the senior class. Without an exam, those who had a higher or secondary education (including graduates of military gymnasiums), as well as those expelled from military schools for failure in the sciences, were admitted to the senior class11. Those who had an incomplete secondary education (in the amount of 6 classes of a gymnasium) were accepted out of competition, passing only one exam - in the Russian language. After the introduction of all-class military service in 1874, “junker schools became the gates through which people from a non-noble environment, including peasant and petty-bourgeois children, entered the officer corps”12. At the same time, representatives of the lower classes, who received their primary education in pro-gymnasiums and city schools and, thanks to their abilities and perseverance, entered the cadet schools, were a more advantageous contingent than those who were expelled from secondary schools for failure or bad behavior. However, it should be noted that graduates of cadet schools, who did not have good training and had almost no chance of getting a higher military education, found it difficult to make a good career - the ceiling for most of them was the position of a company commander in the infantry and the rank of captain.

In 1867, the Regulations on military schools were approved: First (Pavlovsky), Second (Konstantinovsky), Third (Alexandrovsky), Fourth (in the city of Orenburg), Nikolaevsky Cavalry, Mikhailovsky Artillery and Nikolaev Engineering13. Persons from estates not obligated to recruit duty were admitted to the schools, and, in addition, junkers and non-commissioned officers of these estates who were in the service in the troops. Graduates of military gymnasiums, as well as those who graduated from secondary educational institutions (the latter - within a year after receiving a certificate) were admitted without exams. The advantage was enjoyed by applicants who graduated from military gymnasiums. Graduates

military schools had the right to refuse to be promoted to officers and be transferred as junkers to the senior class of special schools14. Young people of all classes who received a higher education were admitted to special classes of military schools (which were to be created in the image of a special military class at the Konstantinovsky School)15. Those who received a higher physical and mathematical or natural science education could, having passed an exam in military sciences, enter the senior classes of special schools.

In 1873, two military gymnasiums were opened exclusively for incoming students (3rd St. Petersburg and Simbirsk); representatives of all classes were admitted to them. In 1874, the 3rd Moscow Military Gymnasium was added to them.

In 1877, the rules for admission to military gymnasiums were changed. The categories of minors who have the right to education at the expense of the government have undergone a revision; children of military personnel who did not belong to the estate of hereditary nobles were admitted to the gymnasium, in accordance with the merits of their fathers and the degree of orphanhood (for example, the sons of military chief officers who lost their father or mother enjoyed an advantage over the sons of colonels, and orphans of the chief officers - an advantage over the sons of generals)17.

Recreated in 1882 on the basis of military gymnasiums, the cadet corps had the goal of “delivering to minors destined for military service in the officer rank, and mainly to the sons of honored officers, a general education and upbringing appropriate to their purpose”18. Thus, secondary military educational institutions lost their pro-noble character and began to focus on the children of officers, the proportion of hereditary nobles among whom was steadily falling.

All cadets were divided into interns, who were fully supported by the corps, and externals, who only attended classes. In turn, the interns were divided into state-owned, supported by government funds, scholarship holders, supported by interest on capital donated

various institutions and persons, and self-employed, kept at their own expense. Only fellows and fellows could be externals; an exception was made for the sons of persons in the military training service - they could be free external students of those corps in which their fathers served.

The sons of military and some non-military persons could become state-owned interns (according to the ranks, the orphans of generals and officers who died in the war belonged to the highest, the sons of chief officers and priests who served at least 10 years in the military department belonged to the lowest), as well as enlisted out of turn, according to the decrees, minors belonging to the following categories: 12 pupils from the children of officers of the Don Cossack army, 2 pupils from the children of officers of the Astrakhan Cossack army, 77 pupils from the children of officials who served in the Turkestan region, etc.19. The sons of officers and officials who served in Siberia or in the Turkestan region were enrolled in the Siberian Corps, in the Donskoy - the sons of serving and retired officers and officials who belonged to the Cossack class of the Don army.

Fellows were juveniles who met the requirements contained in the position of one of the scholarships.

All those who could be enlisted as state-owned, and, in addition, the sons of all officers, the sons of officials of the military and civil departments who belonged to the hereditary nobility, and the sons of non-serving hereditary nobles, could become their own. In addition to this, the sons of personal nobles, merchants and honorary citizens were accepted into the Nikolaev Corps. In the Siberian Cadet Corps, the sons of civil officials who did not belong to the hereditary nobility were allowed among their own interns.

The sons of officers, officials of the military and civil departments, who belonged to the hereditary nobility, and the sons of non-serving hereditary nobles, could become externs of the cadet corps. In the externs of the Nikolaev cadet

the sons of personal nobles, merchants and honorary citizens, in addition, the Simbirsk corps could get the sons of persons of all classes.

The fee for self-employed interns ranged from 550 rubles. (in the Nikolaevsky building) up to 125 rubles. (in the Orenburg and Siberian buildings).

Those entering the cadet corps had to be between the ages of 10 and 18; they were enrolled in classes corresponding to their age and success in the entrance exam20.

The changes made to the rules for admission to the cadet corps in the reign of Alexander III were aimed at their unification and the creation of a hereditary military corps.

Particular attention was paid to external students, who, coming to the corps only for classes, studied poorly, hardly succumbed to the influence of educators and caused many problems. Under Alexander III, the number of external cadets was reduced to a minimum, and the cadet corps, converted from military gymnasiums, established at one time exclusively for those who came, were either closed or transferred to a boarding school. So, in 1886, the Alexander Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg was transferred to the boarding school, in 1887 the general admission rules were extended to the Simbirsk Corps21. The 3rd Moscow Cadet Corps was closed in 1892. Since 1887, only those who had the right to enter the state kosht began to be enrolled in the externs of the cadet corps; after the fourth grade they had to be transferred to interns. Thus, the sons of non-serving hereditary nobles lost the right to externship22. In 1890, it was explained that only the sons of hereditary nobles who served in these corps in class ranks enjoyed the right to enter the cadet corps free of charge.

The regulations on military schools of 1894 established a new procedure for admission. From now on, the schools were staffed with graduates of the cadet corps and young people who belonged to the category ^ of persons who were granted the right to

admission to the cadet corps, who have reached the age of 17 and received a certificate of knowledge of the full course of the cadet corps or other secondary educational institution24. Graduates of the cadet corps enjoyed the advantage in admission. They were enrolled in schools in the first place, and those who graduated from civilian secondary educational institutions - only for the remaining vacancies after the enrollment of cadets25. Thus, admission to military schools "from outside" was limited. In addition to the desire to create a corps of hereditary officers, this measure was dictated by the fact that the annual graduation from the cadet corps by that time was quite sufficient to ensure the filling of all vacancies in military schools, and the need to recruit graduates of gymnasiums and real schools, who, in contrast from former cadets who did not have prior military training, disappeared.

At the same time, measures were taken to improve the level of training of officers. In 1886, a department with a military school course was created at the Moscow Junker School. Applicants who had an education of at least 6 grades of a gymnasium were accepted there according to the exam. Subsequently, such departments were created at other cadet schools.

At the beginning of the XX century. cadet schools began to be reorganized into military ones, and by 1910 this process was completed. The training of "second class" officers with primary general education and limited military training was discontinued. From now on, to become an officer, it was necessary to have at least a completed secondary education. At the same time, young people who were educated in the cadet corps or who had the right to do so were still admitted to the "old" military schools - Pavlovsk and Aleksandrovskoe, as well as the Nikolaev Cavalry School. However, their graduates did not enjoy any advantages during the service26.

At the beginning of the 20th century, as the class structure eroded and the tradition of officer dynasties was destroyed, the cadet corps lost the remnants of their elitism.

In 1906, the right to education in the cadet corps at the expense of the treasury was granted to the sons of serving and retired officers, military and naval doctors, military chaplains and persons who are or were in active educational and educational service in the military educational department, including number of assistants at the departments and clinics of hospital and academic and doctors of the clinic of nervous and mental illnesses of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, provided that their fathers have served 10 years or acquired the right to keep their uniform upon retirement27. The requirement of 10 years of service was not presented if: 1) the fathers of the applicants died in the service and their children remained complete orphans; 2) were killed or died from wounds received in battles28; 3) suddenly died or lost their sight or mind in the service; 4) were awarded the Order of St. George.

On the eve of the First World War, the government took a number of measures that were actually aimed at turning the buildings into all-class educational institutions. In October 1912, the children of ensigns who participated in battles and were awarded the military order insignia or under the auspices of the Alexander Committee for the Wounded in the 1st or 2nd class29 received the right to state education in the cadet corps. Since November 1912, the places remaining after the enrollment of cadets who had the right to state education were allowed to accept sons of all classes as their own pupils30. Similar changes were made to the rules for admission to individual military educational institutions. In the Khabarovsk Cadet Corps, 4 supernumerary self-employed vacancies were established for the sons of the Cossacks of the unprivileged class of the Amur Cossack army31. The privileged Naval Corps at the same time admitted children of civil officials not lower than VIII class, who graduated from one of the secondary educational institutions, as well as children of persons of all classes who received higher education32.

At the beginning of the First World War, in conditions of an acute shortage of junior officers, the requirements for the educational qualification of those entering military schools were lowered.

first up to the 6th grade of the gymnasium, then to the 5th grade, and finally to the city schools33. Soon, the schools turned into 4-month courses for the accelerated training of officers, which accepted half-educated students, men aged 40-45, and even girls. Undoubtedly, after the end of hostilities, the pre-war rules for recruiting military educational institutions would have been restored, but the revolution of 1917 led to the death of cadet corps and military schools.

Thus, the desire to create a professional officer corps that fully met the tasks facing it led the government to move away from its traditional reliance on the hereditary nobility and put the interests of the officer corporation at the forefront. If the military gymnasiums were positioned as educational institutions of the nobility, then the post-reform cadet corps were no longer such. In an effort to build a clear scheme for training an officer: a military gymnasium (cadet corps) is a military school, the government, however, in the 60s and 70s. 19th century was forced to resort to the admission to military schools of graduates of civilian educational institutions. But as soon as the annual graduation from the cadet corps

allowed to fill all the vacancies in military schools, access to schools for young people "from the outside" was practically terminated. The cadet schools that trained "second-class" officers had the same temporary character: at the first opportunity they were transformed into full-fledged military schools. At the same time, the interest in attracting people with higher education to the service prompted the creation of favorable conditions for them to receive military training in the shortest possible time.

At the beginning of the 20th century, when the processes in Russian society began to loosen the class barriers, it became clear that it was not possible to create an officer caste. The contingent of cadet corps began to expand at the expense of the children of those who had at least some relation to the army - they received the right to be educated in military educational institutions at the expense of the treasury. By the beginning of the First World War, the class system had completely disintegrated, there was no point in maintaining the former privileges, and the cadet corps began to turn into all-class educational institutions. Perhaps, over time, public military schools would have been created on their basis, but 1917 put an end to the history of military education in the Russian Empire.

1 Only since 1857, non-nobles who had a higher education could become external students of the cadet corps and study military sciences for a year before being promoted to officers. However, there were very few such people.

2 p. 2 of the Highest Approved Regulations on military gymnasiums // PSZRI. Sobr. 2nd. T. XLI. Dep. 2nd. 43738.

3 Ibid. P. 6.

4 Ibid. P. 7.

5 §§ 1, 2, 4 of the Highest approved Rules for admission to military schools: 1st Pavlovsky, 2nd Konstantinovsky and 3rd Alexander // PSZRI. Sobr. 2nd. T. XL. Dep. 1st. 42026.

6 p. 1 § 1 Rules for the admission of young people to the Nikolaev Engineering and Mikhailovskoe Artillery Schools approved on February 20, 1865 // PSZRI. Sobr. 2nd. T. XL. Dep. 1st. 41824.

7 Lit. "a" and "b" § 3 Highest approved on February 20, 1865 additional rules for admission to the Nikolaev Engineering and Mikhailovskoe Artillery Schools // PSZRI. Sobr. 2nd. T. XL. Dep. 1st. 41824.

8 Note. 1 to § 5 of the Rules for the admission of young people to the Nikolaev Engineering and Mikhailovskoe Artillery Schools approved on February 20, 1865 // PSZRI. Sobr. 2nd. T. XL. Dep. 1st. 41824.

9 Unlike military schools, cadet schools did not produce officers, but ensigns - candidate officers who were forced to wait for a vacancy in their regiment, sometimes for several years.

10 Art. 1 sec. I of the Highest Approved Regulations on cadet schools // PSZRI. Sobr. 2nd. T. XLIII. Dep. 1st. 45612.

11 Ibid. Art. 13.

12 Mikhailov A.A., Filyuk S.O. Reforms of Russian military educational institutions in the 1860s. Alternative projects and results // Military History Journal. 2011. No. 6. P. 35.

13 The highest approved Regulations on military schools: First (Pavlovsky), Second (Konstantinovsky), Third (Alexandrovsky), Fourth (in the city of Orenburg), Nikolaevsky Cavalry, Mikhailovsky Artillery and Nikolaev Engineering // PSZRI. Sobr. 2nd. T. XLII. Dep. 1st. 44723.

14 Ibid. Art. 10.

15 Ibid. Art. eleven.

16 Volkov S.V. Russian officer corps. M.: CJSC Tsentrpoligraf, 2003. S. 148.

17 lit. “g” part II of the schedule of minors accepted for education in military gymnasiums approved on July 11, 1877 // PSZRI. Sobr. 2nd. T. LII. Dep. 3rd. App. to 57565.

18 h. 1 ch. I of the Highest Approved Regulations on the Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Sobr. 3rd. T. VI. 3517.

19 Appendices 1 and 2 to the Highest Approved Regulations on Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Sobr. 3rd. T. VI. 3517.

20 st. 7 and 11 ch. III of the Highest Approved Regulations on the Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Sobr. 3rd. T. VI. 3517.

21 On the application of general rules for the admission of minors to the Simbirsk Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Sobr. 3rd. T. VII. 4357.

22 On changing the rules for admission to the cadet corps of incoming pupils // PSZRI. Sobr. 3rd. T. VII. 4770.

23 On the right to enter the cadet corps free of charge external students of class officials serving in military educational institutions (Circular on military educational institutions of 1890, No. 18) // Pedagogical collection. 1890. No. 8. Official part. S. 34.

24 st. 11 ch. II of the Highest Approved Regulations on Military Schools // PSZRI. Sobr. 3rd. T. XIV. 11007.

25 Ibid. Art. 13.

26 Suryaev V.N. Officers of the Russian Imperial Army. 1900-1917. M .: "Russian Historical Society", "Russian Panorama", 2012. S. 17.

27 art. 2 of the Highest Approved Rules on Admission to the Cadet Corps of State-Owned and Private Interns and on the Transfer of Private and Incoming Cadets for State Support // PSZRI. Sobr. 3rd. T. XXVI. Part 1. 28159.

28 Children of class officials of all departments who died in the war or died from wounds received in battles also received the right to state education in the cadet corps.

29 Order of the military department of October 26, 1912 No. 583 // Pedagogical collection. 1913. No. 2. Official part. pp. 15-18.

30 Order of the military department of November 15, 1912 No. 628 // Pedagogical collection. 1913. No. 5. Official part. S. 55.

31 On the establishment in the Khabarovsk Count Muravyov-Amursky Cadet Corps of 4 supernumerary self-employed vacancies for the sons of the Cossacks of the unprivileged class of the Amur Cossack Host // PSZRI. Sobr. 3rd. T. XXXIII. Dep. 1st. 40706.

32 On changing the conditions for the admission of pupils to the Marine Corps // PSZRI. Sobr. 3rd. T. XXXIII. Dep. 1st. 40543.

33 "Chuguevtsy". Historical and everyday collection of the association of the Chuguev military school. Issue edited by I.A. Zybin. Belgrade, 1936 // GARF. F. R-6797. Op. 1. D. 2. L. 39v.

Grebenkin A.N., e-mail: [email protected]

Associate professor of the department of theory and history of state and law of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Civil Service under the President of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Historical Sciences (Russian Federation, Orel). The paper analyzes the rules of admission to Russian military schools in 1863-1917. The author discusses the main trends of social policy in the field of officer training as an example of change of requirements to social background and the level of applicants" knowledge entering military schools. RULES OF ADMISSION TO MILITARY SCHOOLS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1863-1917 The article concludes that the government is moving away from the principle of "military school - for the gentry" and relies on the creation of the body of hereditary officers that would be constantly replenished with talented representatives of all classes.

Key words: Russian Empire, military education, military school, the nobility, officer.

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Pavlovsk military school (1894−6 November 1917) - infantry military school of the Russian Empire, in St. Petersburg. The temple holiday of the school is May 21, the day of memory of Saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Constantine and Helena. School holiday - December 23. Created in August 1863 by decree of Emperor Alexander II from the special classes of the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps, who transferred their banner to the school. The future Minister of War, Major General Pyotr Semyonovich Vannovsky, was appointed head of the school.

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Lieutenant General A.N. Kuropatkin with his son. 1910


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Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk military school on August 25, 1913. Pole vaulting


Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk military school on August 25, 1913. Demonstration of bayonet fighting skills.


Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk military school August 25, 1913 Overcoming wire obstacles.


Junkers of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School during field exercises. Red Village. 1913

Officers' Court of Honor of the Life Guards of the 1st Artillery Brigade. 1913


Band of the Naval Guards crew on the parade ground before going to the parade. May 1912


A group of officers of the Life Guards of the Jaeger Regiment on the day of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Kulm. 1913


Marine guard crew. Officers in a car on Palace Square. 1914


Reception hall of the Smolny Institute. Among the visitors are pupils of military educational institutions. 1913.


Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, chief of the 3rd Elisavetgrad Hussar Regiment, with the wives of the regiment's officers. Peterhof. August 5, 1913.


Speech by the orchestra of the 4th rifle imperial family of the battalion on the stage of the Lower Park in Peterhof. 1913.


Minister of the Imperial Court and Destinies Count V.B. Frederiks in the uniform of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. 1913

A group of officers of the 8th Ulan Voznesensky Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna Regiment in front of the large Peterhof Palace. August 5, 1913


Before departure. Gatchina Aviation School. 1913.


Military aircraft competition. Aviators I.I. Sikorsky (right), Lieutenant General N.V. Kaultbars (center) in the world's first multi-engine airplane "Russian Knight". 1913


Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich and the commander of the Life Guards Cossack Regiment, Major General S.V. Evreinov. 1914

Sergeant of the Siberian fifty of the third hundred of the Life Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment in full dress uniform. 1914


Fanfarists of the Life Guards Horse Regiment. 1914


Monument to the commander-in-chief of the Russian army on the Danube, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (senior) on Manezhnaya Square in St. Petersburg on the day of its opening on January 13, 1914


Baron P.N. Wrangel. 1914

Naval Minister Admiral, Adjutant General I.K. Grigorovich (center) with the engineers of the Baltic Shipyard. 1914


Major General, commander of his own e.i.v. convoy, Prince Yu.I. Trubetskoy. 1914


General of Infantry A.A. Brusilov. 1914

A platoon of palace grenadiers on Palace Square. 1914


A platoon of mounted officers and a cadet of the Nikolaev Cavalry School during a riding exercise. 1914


Head of the Academy Major General D.G. Shcherbakov with a group of professors and teachers. 1914


Emperor Nicholas II and King Friedrich-August III of Saxony bypass the guard of honor of the Life Guards of the Cuirassier Regiment at the Tsarskoselsky railway station. June 7, 1914


A group of officers and soldiers with relatives before being sent to the active army. 1916


Home of the Army and Navy. A group of officers on the stairs. March 1916