Educational systems of different countries. Education system in different countries of the world
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "ORYOL STATE UNIVERSITY"
FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM AND CO
Essay
“Education systems in different countries of the world”
UK classical education
Great Britainrightfully has a reputation as a country of high-quality classical education, the history of which goes back hundreds of years. The diplomas issued are valued all over the world. In the UK, an extensive system has been created that allows you to get a good education and professional training at any level. There are about 30 thousand schools in the country, of which 2,500 are private, and more than 170 higher educational institutions. One of the country's traditions is the openness of the education system to foreigners. Of the 2 million students, 214 thousand are people who came from abroad. According to the British Council, as of September 12, 2001, 13.4 thousand Russian citizens were receiving education in various educational institutions in the UK. Of these, 1,360 people are university students. The education system is built in such a way that a foreigner can “enter” it at almost any stage. But the requirements are high, and this is not so easy to do. In addition, it must be taken into account that the Russian matriculation certificate is not recognized as equivalent to the British one (to obtain it, you need to study for 11 years in a Russian school, and 13 in a British one). Schools. English children start school at age 5 and finish at age 16, receiving a General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). Until the age of 14, they study basic general education subjects according to a mandatory unified state program. Then, for two years, there is preparation for passing GCSE exams in 6-10 subjects. After passing these examinations, the compulsory secondary education program is considered completed. But this is not enough to enter the university. You need to study for another two years at the A-level program, which provides in-depth study of three to six subjects. The results of A-level exams serve both the British and foreigners as a “start in life” to continue their education: through a competition of certificates, you can enter a university. In order for a child from Russia to receive a high-quality English education, it would be a good idea to start straight from an English school. More than 90% of secondary schools in the UK are state and free. However, as a rule, foreigners are not accepted there, so the only option is to enroll in a private school. Although they are attended by only around 6% of all pupils, private schools provide around 50% of applicants to elite Oxford and Cambridge. In general, 90% of graduates of English private schools easily enter leading universities in the UK, USA, and Canada. Private schools accept foreigners aged 8 to 18 years, boarding schools - from 7 to 16 years. Colleges. English youth receive secondary and specialized education in colleges. Foreigners are also accepted there. You can enroll in an English college after graduating from a Russian school. Colleges provide vocational training and represent an intermediate step between school and university. College curricula are focused primarily on practical preparation for professional activities. But increasingly, they are also used to prepare for university, and the highest qualification they award is equivalent to the A-level certificate. In fact, these colleges allow students to complete a two-year A-level program at an accelerated pace - in a year. A number of British colleges and universities operate Foundation preparatory courses. Their duration is one year, the program includes in-depth study of the English language and basic major subjects. Universities. UK higher education institutions are divided into three types. There are colleges (Colleges of Higher Education), which, like universities, award academic degrees (bachelor's level only) and issue higher education diplomas. But unlike universities, they are highly specialized educational institutions in areas such as painting and design, music, theater arts, and education. There are polytechnic institutes where engineering specialties are usually acquired. There are university colleges, which are usually part of universities. Finally, there are classical universities, which, as before, remain centers of academic education and scientific work. Language schools. In the UK there are about 1,500 educational institutions teaching English to foreigners, about 800 of them are private specialized language schools. More than 370 schools are accredited by the British Council, meaning they meet stringent quality standards and are recommended for international students. Irish education system
In Ireland there are more than 3,000 primary, over 800 secondary, more than 150 language schools, 14 institutes of technology, several private pedagogical and business colleges, and seven universities. All educational institutions are controlled at the state level by special bodies that monitor the compliance of the educational process with accepted standards. Rich traditions, high quality of education, and the opportunity to earn money legally attract many foreigners to Ireland. More than 150 thousand students attend Irish language schools alone every year. The proportion of overseas students in Irish universities varies from five to ten percent, depending on the institution. Secondary schools in Ireland are public and private, mixed and separate, day and boarding. Most secondary schools in Ireland are private. Children from abroad are accepted into both private and public schools. In the latter case, the fees are very reasonable and lower than in private schools. After 6-8 years of primary school, a test is usually taken to assess general development and knowledge of the basic subjects of the school curriculum. At the age of 12, an Irish child goes to secondary school, where for six years he studies English and Irish, mathematics, economics and natural sciences. Those wishing to obtain higher education must spend an additional three years in school. Over the past two years, Irish schoolchildren have been studying 6-8 subjects in which they take exams to obtain a certificate of complete secondary education - Leaving Certificate. Boarding schools for Russian schoolchildren available already at the age of 9-12 years. Colleges. The specificity of Ireland is that colleges and universities are not separated in its educational system, considering that they together form the so-called “third level”. Therefore, many undergraduate programs are organized on the basis of colleges. Vocational education is available at institutes of technology and private independent colleges. Here you can study information technology, hotel management, accounting and other applied areas. Universities. There are seven universities in Ireland, and most of them are built on the classical model, i.e. offer bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in a wide range of disciplines. Scientific research is actively conducted at universities. The Advanced Technologies Program finances research projects in the fields of biotechnology, optoelectronics, information technology and telecommunications. Teacher training colleges train primary school teachers. In them you can get a bachelor's degree in three years. A university degree or diploma is required to teach at secondary schools, so many colleges are either affiliated with, or have agreements with, Irish universities. The second option is preparatory departments (Foundation), which first appeared in Ireland not so long ago. This program is accredited by NCEA and is recognized by both Irish and overseas educational institutions. Language schools. The backbone of Irish education is made up of schools that are members of the MEI-RELSA (Marketing English in Ireland - Recognized English Language Schools Association), created to strengthen the prestige of Irish education abroad. Quality control and accreditation of schools is carried out by the Advisory Council for English Language Schools (ACELS). In terms of the number of higher educational institutions, and therefore the number of students receiving education in them, the United States ranks first in the world. More than 15 million people study at American universities, 500 thousand of whom are foreigners. They are attracted by the high standard of living, a huge selection of educational programs, and decent quality of academic preparation. Education in the USA educational training college university It is believed that the USA is the best option for master's and doctoral studies. Many American universities play a leading role in research projects of international importance. Their level is determined by the excellent laboratory and technical base, the college’s easy access to all imaginable sources (scientific periodicals, library collections, etc.) and the presence of world-famous teachers. Schools. American children start school at age 6 and study until age 18, i.e. 12 years old. Schools are divided into public and private. Due to the lack of a unified national curriculum, secondary school graduates have different levels of preparation. Students of prestigious private boarding schools receive the best knowledge. Preparation for entering a university is carried out in the senior classes of an American high school, where a wide range of general education subjects is studied - English and foreign languages, history, natural sciences, etc. Many private schools offer an International Baccalaureate program as an alternative. Colleges. A characteristic feature of the American education system is its developed college system. There are more than 3,000 colleges in the United States, which are divided into several main types: two-year technical, community and four-year colleges, which are equivalent in status to universities. The latter can be either independent higher education institutions or part of other universities. Foreigners often prefer Community Colleges because they are easier to get into. These institutions not only teach trades, but also offer academic preparation programs corresponding to the first two years of university. Typically, community colleges have agreements with their state's public universities for transfer students. Universities. American universities are divided into private and public. Both can be of different levels: along with the brilliant Yale and Harvard, there are a number of small and unremarkable educational institutions. Science course They cost much less, but the diploma is valued much lower. Obtaining a bachelor's degree requires four years of study. The curricula of American universities are distinguished by the ability to combine elective subjects as widely as possible. Foreign students prefer to study business administration, management, economics, i.e. disciplines in which Americans occupy an undisputed leading position in the world. MBA programs from American business schools are very popular. Language classes. One of the main requirements for those planning to study in the USA is excellent knowledge of the English language. You will have to take the TOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Language, which requires extensive special preparation. The test is aimed at testing the ability to understand spoken and written language, formulate your thoughts and compose an essay. Usually, to enter the university you need to score 550-600 points. All major international linguistic centers - LAL, Aspect, EF, International House, Regent, etc. - have their branches in different regions of the United States. Many branded language programs provide a combination of study and relaxation at American resorts. Canadian education system
Canada is one of the countries whose diplomas are valued all over the world. This is not surprising: Canada spends more money on the development of its education system than many other developed countries. Canada is one of the world leaders in the field of high technology, aerospace industry, and microelectronics. As a result, all these areas are taught here at a very high level. Canadian engineering education, as well as programs in business and natural sciences, enjoy a good reputation. Diplomas from Canadian educational institutions are recognized throughout the world. All these advantages attract more than 100 thousand foreign students per year to Canada. Since Canada has two foreign languages - English and French, a foreign student can study at a university where teaching is conducted in any of them. English is more widely spoken (in Quebec - French). Among Canadian educational institutions there are both public and private. The quality of education they provide is approximately the same. But the content of educational programs in one province or another may vary somewhat, because According to the Canadian Constitution, education issues are the responsibility of local authorities. Schools. More than 5 million students study in Canadian schools. For foreigners - training is paid. The amount of payment is determined by the educational institution itself. Private schools offer paid programs. The choice of such schools is very large - with separate or coeducational education for boys and girls, with full board or only daytime education. There are relatively few private schools in Canada and they are quite competitive. On average, private boarding schools are better equipped than public schools. Graduates of famous Canadian private schools easily enter leading Canadian universities in the UK, USA and Canada. Children go to first grade at the age of 6. Education in primary and secondary schools is conducted in one of the official languages of the country - English or French. In most provinces, complete secondary education, which opens the way to a university, takes 12 years, then those who want to prepare for entering a university study for another 2 years in the preparatory department at a college. Colleges. There are approximately 175 public and private colleges in Canada. About 300 thousand people study in the vocational education system. Representatives of the ACCC (Association of Canadian Community Colleges) monitor the quality of education. Canadian colleges are divided into public, technical and the already mentioned CEGEP colleges. The main task of colleges is to train professional personnel for industry and business. In particular, technical colleges are something like Russian vocational schools, whose students receive a profession in a short time. Typically, college is a two-year course, and most of the study time is spent not in classrooms, but in laboratories and workshops. Upon completion, students will receive certificates and professional diplomas. Many colleges have undergraduate degree programs with universities. Graduates of such a college are immediately enrolled in the second year of the partner university. Universities. There are no private higher education institutions in Canada (with the exception of a few closed religious universities); all of them are financed two-thirds from the state budget and public funds. All universities are members of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC). Canadian universities are equipped with modern material and technical equipment and have good libraries. The strength of Canadian higher education is the close connection between science and practice. University clinics are considered the best in the country, and business schools are actively involved in advising entrepreneurs and taxpayers. According to official statistics, Canadian university science creates 150-200 thousand jobs in the country every year. In total, more than 1.5 million students study at Canadian universities, including about 30 thousand foreigners. Students from abroad make up approximately 5% of the total student population. But among graduates of educational institutions such as Windsor University and New Brunswick University, every fourth is a foreigner. Study in Australia
Australia In recent decades, it has become one of the leaders in the international educational market. Studying on the “green continent” has many advantages: English as the state language, a high standard of living, and the opportunity to enjoy all the delights of a warm climate all year round. Therefore, more than 160 thousand students from abroad come to this country every year. Today in Australia there are about 10 thousand schools, more than 300 public colleges and 40 universities, two of which are private. All educational institutions - both public and private - are under the control of the Ministry of Education, comply with state standards and guarantee high quality education. The education system has some differences depending on the state. On average, Australian children start school from the age of 6. Up to 12 years of age they study at the first stage, up to 16 years at the second stage, and up to 18 years at the third stage of secondary education. In general, it is designed for 12 years, which is why the Russian certificate of secondary education is not recognized as equivalent to the Australian one. There are not many foreign students in Australia - they make up about 5% (approximately 15 thousand). For children coming to Australia from overseas, boarding schools are most suitable. The vast majority of foreign schoolchildren are concentrated in the last two graduating classes. Their goal is to obtain an Australian Higher School Certificate and enter university on a general basis. A foreigner wishing to receive an Australian education must provide completed application forms, a certificate of grades in a Russian school, and pass an English language test. The most prestigious schools sometimes also require tests in core subjects. Colleges. Australian colleges provide vocational training in a wide range of areas. Colleges are divided into public and private. State ones, united in the TAFE (Technical and Further Education) system, are considered more prestigious. A typical college offering includes programs in business, management, marketing, accounting, information technology, secretarial science, design, and tourism and hotel management. The training has a pronounced practical orientation. In a number of specialties, you can undergo an internship (most often paid). Universities. Australian universities occupy leading positions in the Pacific region, their degrees are recognized throughout the world. More than 680 thousand students study at the country's universities. The list of bachelor's programs alone includes more than 2,000 positions. Preparatory courses (Foundation) are available for foreign applicants. They are designed for an average of 24 weeks of training. Successful completion of the Foundation program guarantees a place in the first year. New Zealand education system
Until 1907, New Zealand remained a British colony, so the British influence is felt here in everything, even in the education system, built on the British model. Foreigners love to study in this country. Every year about 30 thousand students from abroad come here. They are attracted to New Zealand by safety, high standard of living and excellent ecology. Schools. There are about 440 schools in New Zealand, about 20 of which are private. As in many European countries, schools are either single-sex (girls-only or boys-only) or co-ed. Most of them are state-owned and therefore free, but as a rule they do not accept foreigners. Along with state schools, there are private boarding schools, which are also open to schoolchildren from abroad. These schools offer foreigners a very good education and basic training with which they can easily enter the best universities in English-speaking countries. They usually go to school from the age of 5-6. Education in primary school lasts 8 years - from first to eighth grade. At age 13, children move to one of the secondary schools, which are sometimes called "colleges" or "tertiary schools." In grades 9-13, children are prepared to enter universities and polytechnic institutes. In high school, students will have to choose 6 major subjects. The full list of disciplines includes up to 30 positions and is approved by the New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA). At the end of the 11th grade, students who successfully pass the exams receive a certificate of secondary education. The 12th grade ends with passing the Sixth Form Certificate exams, and at the end of the 13th grade, students take final exams, which are also entrance exams to universities. These exams - in fact, they are an analogue of the British A-level - test knowledge in 4-6 major subjects. Colleges. Vocational and technical educational institutions - "polytechnics" - are very popular among young people in New Zealand. They offer professional qualifications or bachelor's degrees. Study lasts from six months to two years. Classes are held in small groups. After completing each level, the student receives the appropriate document: a certificate, professional diploma or bachelor's diploma (the latter is issued after completing a three-year program). The programs are structured in such a way that students, after studying for one year, can immediately enter the second year of a university that has a partnership with the institute. In addition to traditional programs in hotel management, tourism, and information technology, some educational institutions offer less common options. For example, at the Eastern Institute of Technology you can take the course “Vticulture and Winemaking.” Universities. The total number of students at New Zealand universities exceeds 110 thousand, 3-10% are foreigners. The first universities in New Zealand arose about a century and a half ago. The British model was taken as the basis for their creation. Since the duration of study in a Russian secondary school does not correspond to that accepted in New Zealand, it is not yet possible to enter a university in this country with a Russian matriculation certificate. As a rule, applicants need to complete one or two courses at a Russian university or study in another city in New Zealand - at a preparatory department or at a vocational school. Another way is to graduate from a New Zealand high school. Tuition fees in New Zealand are significantly lower than in European countries and Australia. At the same time, diplomas from New Zealand universities are recognized in most countries of the world (70% of graduates work outside of New Zealand). Anyone who likes life in New Zealand has the opportunity, after three years of study, to obtain permission to stay here to work in the acquired specialty for a period of two years. Language classes. In New Zealand, there are both language centers organized at schools and universities, and individual private language schools. “English + sports” programs have become widespread in New Zealand language schools. The variety of sports that can be practiced in New Zealand all year round is amazing: skiing, scuba diving, mountaineering, sailing, golf, horse riding.
I'm terribly interested...
The Russian secondary education system will be radically reformed in the coming years. Discussion of this reform has been the most popular topic on the Russian agenda since the end of 2010, only high-profile disasters, revolutions and military actions are more popular. Meanwhile, neither the public, nor officials, nor experts can clearly and clearly talk about what kind of school Russia needs in 10 years.
Classical education or emphasis on high technology? Uniformity for the sake of national unity - or a kingdom of blossoming complexity? Free education of a good level - or will parents have to pay for almost everything except the notorious “physical education and life safety”? There is not only no consensus, but also no clarity about all this in Russian society: even experts, when speaking “to the public,” prefer to speak in long, meaningless phrases.
It may be easier to understand the desired direction of reform if we take a brief look at the most famous school systems in the world. These are the most developed European countries, former metropolises of the great colonial empires - as well as the current world leader of the United States and representatives of the two fastest growing educational systems in the world. ""
In a series of two publications, SP presents a brief overview of the national school traditions of France, Germany, Great Britain, the USA, South Korea and Finland.
The current secondary education system in France consists, like most European systems, of three levels - primary (ecole primaire, from 6 to 11 years) and senior (college, college - from 11 to 15 years, then lycee, lyceum - from 16 to 15 18). This is a fairly conservative system that has existed with minor changes for more than 100 years - since the 1890s. State-standard education is compulsory for children from 6 to 16 years of age (the lyceum, as an analogue of Russian grades 9–11, mainly prepares students for admission to universities). At the same time, education is free in public schools, but there are also private alternatives.
Private schools - mostly tuition fees for students, but less constrained by government restrictions - also provide their graduates with state-issued diplomas. There are two types of such schools, based on their relationship with the state: subsidized (sous contrat) and unsubsidized (hors contrat). In the first of them, the government pays salaries to teachers, and schools follow the national program and standard curriculum, in the second, there are no subsidies from the government, but there is an opportunity to educate children according to non-standard programs.
Among state-subsidized schools, there are also two categories: “contrat simple” and “contrat d’association”. Contrat simple: The school meets government requirements for curriculum and examinations while receiving subsidies for teachers' salaries. Contrat d'association: In addition to the contrat simple, the school is partly controlled by the state in terms of pedagogical methods and the selection of teachers, receiving funding for operating expenses and salaries. To receive funding under such a contract, schools must prove that they have a certain philosophy that is missing in the state system. Typically, private schools have a religious (Catholic) orientation. This system has been in effect in France since 1959 (the so-called Debray laws).
The cost of studying at private schools depends on many factors, but, in general, is not particularly prohibitive by European standards. Thus, education in one of the oldest and elite schools - Ecole de Roches - in 2008 cost 27,320 euros per academic year.
Let us also note that 80% of schools in France are public, and the smallest category is non-state-subsidized institutions; there are only about 20% of them in the country (less elementary, about 9%, secondary, just over 30%). There are also more teachers in public schools than in private ones - but in terms of the number of schools, non-state institutions win.
Non-state schools in France include almost all religious (Catholic) educational institutions, as well as schools for children with disabilities, etc. In other words, those schools that educate obviously non-standard people or do it in non-standard ways are being pushed into the private sector.
Primary school in France is not much different from the advanced version of Russian school - small classes, a playful approach to subjects, no grades in most schools. But at the age of 11, having completed primary school, young Frenchmen enter college, which is considered the first stage of secondary education. In college, grades are counted in reverse order: the student enters the sixth grade and four years later finishes the third. Then comes the final – and, unlike Russia, compulsory for everyone – stage of the lyceum, which takes two years. There are two main types of lyceums - general educational (general) and technological (technologique), but within each category there are many profiles and specializations - approximately what they are now trying to teach Russian schoolchildren to do.
The second grade of the lyceum (that is, the first in chronological order) is general education, here it does not yet reach specializations. The first grade already has many directions - branches of study leading to different types of bachelor's degrees (this is the name of the exam for an analogue of our matriculation certificate, in fact the first specialized work or project of the student). Some lyceums even offer programs such as astronautics or aeronautics as profiles.
Among the differences between French specialization and Russian projects is the special status of the French language as a subject. Everyone without exception takes the state language test after first grade. The score for this test is taken into account when taking the bachelor's degree exam.
The bachelor's exam itself is preceded by the last, “diploma” class, also known as the “terminal”. Preparation for the final exam is extremely serious, since its results are taken into account when entering universities. In general, during the three years of lyceum, the French have time to both decide on their future specialty and demonstrate their level to others and submit a kind of application for a future career.
Germany
Based on the same Prussian education system as the Russian school, the education system in Germany these days is much more diversified and, according to some analysts, less democratic. Critics of the German school system usually point to the fact that the main choice of a child’s future is made in elementary school - later, if the family’s capabilities initially did not allow them to choose a good school, it is extremely difficult, almost impossible, to break into the ranks of the elite.
So, primary school in Germany educates children from 6 to 10 years old (or up to 12 years old in Berlin and Brandenburg). In it, children learn to read, count, write, and study natural history. The differences among primary schools are mainly in the availability and quality of extracurricular activities. Then comes the turn of high school - from 10 to 19 years old. And here specialization and social stratification among schools becomes apparent.
The choice of the type of school, as German laws state, occurs individually for each student in accordance with the recommendation of the school, the wishes of the parents, the level of school grades, and the result of the entrance exams. Since the level of development and the availability of recommendations is related to the primary school the child attended, the choice of school often depends on the capabilities of the family.
The types of secondary schools in Germany are as follows: basic school (Hauptschule) - designed for 5-6 years of study and involves subsequent training in a vocational school; real school (Realschule) - designed for 6 years of study, and a high score obtained based on the results of studying in a real school allows you to enter the senior class of a gymnasium, and then to a university; finally, the most thorough education is provided by gymnasiums (Gymnasium) - where education lasts 8-9 years.
As a rule, a gymnasium specializes in three main areas: humanitarian (languages, literature, art), social (social sciences) and technical (natural sciences, mathematics, technology). Upon completion of training, a diploma of secondary education (Abitur) is issued. The German Abitur is the equivalent of the Russian certificate of complete secondary education and the British A-level diploma. Gymnasiums are aimed at entering the University.
In addition to these three types, there are also general schools (Gesamtschule) - they combine various features of a gymnasium and real schools, allowing you to receive both a humanitarian and technical education at the same time.
In addition to public schools, private educational institutions also issue state-issued certificates. These are, as a rule, religious, elite, closed schools. The range of educational services provided by private companies is wider than the state one - for example, only in such schools can a foreign student receive a German certificate.
Private schools in Germany (public education is expected to be free) charge more for tuition than French schools - for example, in prestigious German schools the full cost of the academic year is about 40,000 euros.
Great Britain
The British secondary school is perhaps the most distinctive education system in Western Europe. And, at the same time, perhaps the most prestigious - regardless of tests like PISA, British schools magnetically attract students from all over the world, not excluding Russians.
“Many people teach, we educate gentlemen,” this phrase is attributed to the director of one of the most prestigious British schools. In fact, this is the essence of the carefully built brand of British secondary education.
Education in the UK is compulsory for all citizens aged 5 to 16 years. There are two sectors of education: public (free education) and private (paid educational institutions, where a year costs 40 - 50 thousand US dollars). In addition, there is a big difference between the education systems of different parts of Britain: one system has developed in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the second in Scotland.
One of the most characteristic types of secondary school in the United Kingdom is the Boarding School, whose tradition dates back to the early Middle Ages. Initially, these schools appeared at monasteries, in particular Benedictine ones. Although monastery boarding schools were charitable, British boarding schools have been fee-paying for half a millennium.
Now boarding schools have a reputation as “aristocratic” - the fact is that once upon a time it was schools of this type that raised several generations of British people who subjugated half the world. And now some of the boarding houses that have existed for many hundreds of years under one roof and one name can be called clubs for the descendants of the most aristocratic families of the former empire.
Apart from these schools, there are many other types of educational institutions in the kingdom. According to the age of the students, they are divided into full-cycle schools (All-Through schools), this is an approximate analogue of our educational complexes “from kindergarten to graduation”; and for schools for each individual age: preparatory schools - nurseries, from 2 to 7 years, in which, in addition to regular kindergarten classes, they also teach reading and writing, junior schools - primary schools, from 7 to 13 years, ending with a special exam Common Entrance Examination, without which the path further is closed. In addition, there is an alternative system - Primary School from 4 to 11 years old, with a further transition to the Secondary School stage.
Next after Junior comes the high school, Senior School - teenagers from 13 to 18 years old study there. Here, children first undergo two years of training to pass GCSE exams, followed by another two-year program: A-Level or International Baccalaureate.
In a parallel system, this age is “closed” by Secondary school, which teaches children aged 11 years and older. An analogue of the Russian gymnasium, Grammar school is an education for children aged 11 years and older according to an in-depth program. Graduation classes for those entering universities in Britain are called Sixth Form, these are 2 senior years of study (16 - 18 years old).
In Britain, the tradition of separate education for boys and girls is still strong. This is especially noticeable in the world of traditional boarding schools, of which the majority are “separate”. However, schools of the “new formation” are mostly, on the contrary, mixed.
In terms of ownership, both private and public schools are widely represented in the UK. Free secondary education is, of course, guaranteed by the state, however (similar to Germany) for a successful career you need to graduate from the “right” school. And such schools are traditionally private (this was the prevailing form of ownership until the twentieth century) and are quite expensive for parents.
Compulsory education in Britain applies to children up to 16 years of age. Then (after receiving A-Levels) the system of educational loans begins to operate. Moreover, a university graduate begins to pay them only when he gets a job with earnings of at least 21 thousand pounds a year. If there is no such work, there is no need to repay the debt. USA
The length and age at which children begin compulsory education in the United States varies by state. Children begin their education between the ages of 5 and 8 and finish between the ages of 14 and 18.
At the age of about 5 years, American children go to elementary school (kindergarten). This zero-grade class is optional in some states—nevertheless, almost all American children attend kindergarten. Although kindergarten literally means “kindergarten” in German, kindergartens exist separately in the United States and are literally called “preschool”.
Elementary school continues through fifth or sixth grade (depending on the school district), after which the student goes to middle school, which ends with eighth grade. High school is grades nine through twelve, so Americans, like Russians, typically finish secondary education at age 18.
Those who complete a high school education may enroll in community colleges, also called junior colleges, technical colleges, or city colleges, which award an associate's degree after two years of study. ) comparable to secondary specialized education. Another option to continue your education is to attend colleges or universities, where you can earn a bachelor's degree, usually in four years. Those who have received a bachelor's degree can study further to obtain a master's degree (2-3 years) or PhD (analogous to the Russian candidate of sciences, 3 years or more). Separately accredited faculties and universities issue degrees of Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Law, for which special training is required at the bachelor's level.
Free public schools are governed primarily by democratically elected school boards, each of which has jurisdiction over a school district, whose boundaries often coincide with those of a county or city, and which contain one or more schools at each level. School boards set school programs, hire teachers, and determine program funding. States regulate education within their borders by setting standards and testing students. State funding for schools is often determined by how much their students' test scores have improved.
Money for schools comes primarily from local (city) property taxes, so the quality of schools depends heavily on home prices and how much in taxes parents are willing to pay for good schools. This often leads to a vicious circle. Parents flock to counties where schools have earned a good reputation, eager to provide their children with a good education. Home prices are rising, and the combination of money and motivated parents is taking schools to an even higher level. The opposite occurs at the other end of the spectrum, in poor areas of the so-called “inner cities”.
Some large school districts establish "magnet schools" for particularly talented children living in their jurisdiction. Sometimes in one district there are several such schools, divided by specialty: a technical school, a school for children who have shown talent in the arts, etc.
Approximately 85% of children are educated in public schools. Most of the rest go to fee-paying private schools, many of which are religious. The most widespread is the network of Catholic schools, which was started by Irish immigrants in the second half of the 19th century. Other private schools, often very expensive and sometimes highly competitive, exist to prepare students for admission to prestigious universities. There are even boarding schools that draw students from all over the country, such as Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire. The cost of education in such schools is about 50,000 US dollars per year for parents.
Less than 5% of parents decide to homeschool their children for various reasons. Some religious conservatives do not want their children to be taught ideas with which they disagree, most commonly the theory of evolution. Others believe that schools cannot meet the needs of their underperforming or, conversely, brilliant children. Still others want to protect children from drugs and crime, which are problems in some schools. In many places, parents who homeschool their children form groups in which they help each other, and sometimes even different parents teach the children different subjects. Many also supplement their lessons with distance learning programs and classes at local colleges. However, critics of homeschooling argue that homeschooling is often substandard and that children raised this way do not acquire normal social skills.
Primary schools (elementary schools, grade schools, or grammar schools) usually educate children from the age of five until they are eleven or twelve. One teacher teaches all subjects except fine arts, music and physical education, which are taught once or twice a week. Academic subjects taught are usually arithmetic (occasionally elementary algebra), reading and writing, with an emphasis on spelling and vocabulary development. Natural and social sciences are taught little and not in variety. Often social science takes the form of local history.
Often in elementary school, learning consists of art projects, field trips, and other forms of learning through fun. This arose from the progressive education movement of the early 20th century, which taught that students should learn through work and everyday actions and the study of their consequences.
Secondary schools (middle schools, junior high schools, or intermediate schools) typically educate children between the ages of 11 or 12 and 14 years old—grades six or seven through eight. Recently, sixth grade has increasingly been included in secondary school. Typically, in a secondary school, unlike in a primary school, one teacher teaches one subject. Students are required to take classes in math, English, science, social studies (often including world history), and physical education. Students choose one or two classes themselves, usually in foreign languages, arts and technology.
In high school, the division of students into ordinary and advanced streams also begins. Students who do better than others in a given subject may be placed in an advanced ("honor") class, where they cover the material faster and are assigned more homework. Recently, such classes, especially in the humanities, have been abolished in some places: critics believe that isolating high-performing students prevents low-performing students from catching up.
High school is the last stage of secondary education in the United States, lasting from ninth to twelfth grade. In high school, students can choose their classes more freely than before and only have to meet the minimum graduation criteria set by the school board. Typical minimum requirements are:
3 years of natural sciences (a year of chemistry, a year of biology and a year of physics);
3 years of mathematics, up to second year algebra (mathematics in middle and high schools is typically divided into first year algebra, geometry, second year algebra, introduction to calculus, and calculus, and taken in that order);
4 years of literature;
2-4 years of social sciences, usually including US history and government;
1-2 years of physical education.
For admission to many universities, a more complete program is required, including 2-4 years of a foreign language.
Students must choose the remaining classes themselves. The range of such classes varies greatly in quantity and quality, depending on the financial situation of the school and the inclinations of the students. A typical set of optional classes is:
Additional sciences (statistics, computer science, environmental science);
Foreign languages (most often Spanish, French and German; less often Japanese, Chinese, Latin and Greek);
Fine arts (painting, sculpture, photography, cinema);
Performing arts (theater, orchestra, dance);
Computer technology (computer use, computer graphics, web design);
Publishing (journalism, yearbook editing);
Labor (woodworking, car repair).
In some cases, the student may not be enrolled in any classroom at all.
In high school, especially in the last two years, a new type of advanced class has emerged. Students can take classes that are designed to prepare them for the Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate exams. Most universities count a good grade on these exams as entry into the relevant subject.
Grades, both at school and at universities, are issued according to the A/B/C/D/F system, where A is the best grade, F is unsatisfactory, and D can be considered satisfactory or unsatisfactory depending on the circumstances. All marks except F can be appended with “+” or “−”. In some schools, A+ and D− grades do not exist. From these marks, the average (grade point average, abbreviated GPA) is calculated, in which A is considered 4, B is considered 3, and so on. Grades for advanced classes in school are often raised by a point, meaning an A counts as a 5, and so on.
South Korea
Children aged 8 to 14 years attend primary school. The list of subjects studied in primary school includes (but does not exhaust it):
Korean
Mathematics
Exact sciences
Social Sciences
art
Usually all these subjects are taught by one class teacher, although some specialized disciplines may be taught by other teachers (for example, physical education or foreign languages).
Advancement through the levels of the educational system from primary to higher school is not determined by the results of passing various exams, but solely by the age of the student.
Until the late 1980s, English was usually taught in secondary school, but now it begins to be taught in the third grade of primary school. The Korean language is strikingly different from English in terms of grammar, so mastering English occurs with great difficulty, but with relatively little success, which fact is often a topic of thought for parents. Many of them end up sending their children to further education in private educational institutions called hagwons. More and more schools in the country are beginning to attract foreigners for whom English is their native language.
In addition to public primary schools, there are a number of private schools in Korea. The curriculum of such schools more or less corresponds to the state one, however, it is implemented at a higher level: more teachers are offered for fewer students, additional subjects are introduced and higher standards of education are established in general. This explains the natural desire of many parents to enroll their children in such schools, which, however, is stopped by the relatively high cost of education in them: $130 per month of classes. This cannot be compared with the prestigious countries of Europe and the USA, but relative to the income of Koreans this is quite decent money.
Elementary schools are called "chodeung hakkyo" in Korean, which means "elementary school." The South Korean government changed the name in 1996 from the former "gukmin hakkyo", which translates to "civic school". It was above all a gesture of restoring national pride.
Korean school education is divided into secondary and tertiary (secondary and high school education, respectively).
Secondary school entrance examinations were abolished in 1968. In the late 1980s, students still had to take entrance exams (but not against other candidates), and admission was determined either randomly or by location relative to the institution. Schools, whose rank was previously determined by the level of students, were equalized in receiving government support and the number of poor students distributed. However, this reform did not completely level out schools. In Seoul, students who did well on entrance exams were allowed to enroll in more prestigious schools without regard to their district, while everyone else was admitted to a school in “their” district. The reforms were applied equally to public and private schools, admission to which was strictly controlled by the Ministry of Education.
Unlike the United States, where the class number usually increases incrementally from 1 to 12, in South Korea the class number starts from one each time you enter elementary, middle, and high school. To differentiate between them, the class number is usually indicated along with the educational level. For example, the first year of high school will be called "First Year of High School", "chunghakkyo il haknyeon".
high school
In Korean, high school is called "chunhakyo", which literally means "middle school".
There are 3 classes in a Korean high school. Most students enter at the age of 12 and graduate by age 15 (by Western standards). These three years correspond approximately to grades 7-9 in the North American and grades 2 and 4 (form) in the British educational systems.
Compared to elementary school, South Korean high school places much higher demands on its students. Dress and hairstyles are almost always strictly regulated, as are many other aspects of a student's life. As in elementary school, students spend most of the day in the same classroom with their classmates; however, each subject is taught by a different teacher. Teachers move from class to class and only some of them, excluding those who teach “special” subjects, have their own classroom, where the students go themselves. Class teachers play a very important role in the lives of students and have significantly more authority than their American colleagues.
Students in high school have six periods a day, usually preceded by a special block of time in the early morning, and a seventh period specific to each major.
Unlike a university, the curriculum does not vary much from one high school to another. The core of the curriculum is formed:
Mathematics
Korean and English
Also close to the exact sciences.
"Additional" items include:
Various arts
Physical Culture
History
Hancha (Chinese characters)
Managing a Home Economy
Computer literacy lessons.
Which subjects and in what quantities are studied by students varies from year to year.
The duration of training sessions is 45 minutes. Immediately before the start of the first lesson, students have about 30 minutes at their disposal, which can be used at will for self-study, watching programs broadcast by a special educational channel (Educational Broadcast System, EBS) or for conducting personal or class affairs. In 2008, students attended classes full day from Monday to Friday, as well as half a day every first, third and fifth Saturday of the month. On Saturday, students engage in additional activities in some clubs.
In the late 1960s, the government ended the practice of high school entrance examinations, replacing them with a system in which students from the same area were admitted to high school on a random basis. This was done to average out the standard of pupils across all schools, but to some extent differences between rich and poor areas remained. Until recently, most schools were open to one sex only, but recently new secondary schools are accepting children of both sexes and older schools are also becoming mixed.
As in primary school, students move from class to class regardless of their performance, as a result of which the same subject in the same class can be studied by students with completely different levels of preparation. Grades begin to play a very important role in the last year of high school, since they influence the student's chances of entering a particular university, for those who primarily want to pursue a scientific rather than a professional technical career. In other cases, grades are needed simply to please parents or teachers (or to avoid their righteous anger). There are several standard examination forms for certain subjects, and teachers of "science" subjects are required to follow the recommended teaching aids, however, usually secondary school teachers have more authority over the course program and teaching method than teachers in universities.
Many high school students also take additional classes ("hagwon") after school or are tutored by private tutors. Particular emphasis is placed on English and mathematics. Some hagwons specialize in only one subject, while others specialize in all key subjects, which can turn into a second round of school classes with often an even greater load on the student immediately after the end of the first (official) And, in addition to this, especially persistent ones also attend martial arts clubs or music schools.
They usually return home late in the evening.
Korean schools pay special attention to technical support. By 2011, according to the declarations of the Korean government, the country's schools completely switched from paper textbooks to electronic ones.
Finland
In Finland, every child has the right to pre-primary education, which generally begins one year before the start of compulsory education, that is, in the year in which the child has his sixth birthday. Pre-primary education may be received at a school or kindergarten, family kindergarten or other suitable location. This is decided by the municipality.
A child begins compulsory education the year he turns seven and continues until he is 16 or 17 years old. The state guarantees free basic education. This includes tuition, textbooks, notebooks, basic stationery, and school meals are also free.
In the 3rd grade, the study of English begins; in the 4th grade, the child chooses an optional foreign language (French, German or Russian). Compulsory Swedish begins in 7th grade.
Second step
Oulun Suomalaisen Yhteiskoulun lukio
After receiving basic education, students are faced with a choice:
Receive vocational education, after which start working in your specialty. Training takes place in vocational schools (Finnish: ammatillinen oppilaitos): in particular, a vocational school (Finnish: ammattiopisto), or you can also opt for on-the-job training under a contract (Finnish: oppisopimuskoulutus).
Continue your studies at the lyceum, where serious preparation for entering higher school is underway. Students who go to the lyceum must show a fairly high degree of preparedness (the average score of grades received in basic school will be this definition). In Finland, lyceum graduates are applicants - they apply to higher school while still lyceum students.
It is interesting that, like in Russia, “hidden fees” for some types of secondary education are practiced in Finland. So, if in a general school textbooks are provided free of charge, then in a gymnasium you need to buy them - this is about 500 euros per year, and you need to pay the entire amount at once. As for private schools, you will have to spend 30 - 40 thousand euros per year on training there.
Which system is more suitable than others as a guide for Russian secondary education? Irina Abankina, director of the Institute for Educational Development at the Higher School of Economics (HSE), briefly spoke about this for SP:
This is a very difficult question. In short, perhaps no system suits us completely. On the one hand, the historical roots of our education system go to Germany, this is well known. At the same time, in Germany itself there is now an active reform of secondary schools. In the UK, their traditional model is now also being changed - Michael Barber is doing this. Despite the fact that these are magnificent and prestigious systems, there are still many questions there.
On the other hand, according to the results of international tests - the same PISA - the countries of Southeast Asia have taken the lead in recent years. Shanghai, the vanguard of Chinese education, showed miracles and impressed Taiwan; Previously, South Korea and Japan rushed forward no less actively.
This means that the Eastern model of education is also worth taking an interest in. And this eastern model, frankly speaking, is not as pleasant for the observer as the European or American one. These are full classes - up to 40 people! This is strict discipline, reminiscent of the golden years of the Soviet school. But this is also a factor that was missing in our old school - universal tutoring, that is, tutoring. Without individual - paid - lessons, it is very difficult to prepare a student there well. According to Professor Mark Breir, who works at Shahnai University, the size of the tutoring market in Shanghai reaches 2.5% of GDP. In the budgets of most families, expenses for additional educational services are a significant item.
As for Russia, I repeat, none of the existing systems in the world are suitable for us without adaptation. When building a new school for the country, it will be necessary to combine solutions from all over the world. ""
Http://www.svpressa.ru/society/article/40314/
The public education system in Great Britain began to take shape in 1870, and in 1944 a system of free compulsory primary and secondary education was established. Public schools in England are publicly funded and run by local educational organizations. Private schools in England are also called "independent" and "public". They exist solely on the money that parents pay for their children's education.
The national program is developed by the state and is mandatory for all schools. Most private schools follow the national curriculum, but have the right to vary the teaching of subjects. The national program includes the following subjects: · English · Technology and design · Geography · Mathematics · Computer science · Music · Natural science · Foreign languages · Art · Phys. Preparation · History
School education in England includes two modules: Primary - for children aged 4 to 11 years (up to 7 years old - in an infant school, and from 7 to 11 years old - in a junior school) Secondary - for children from 11 to 16 years. There are three main types of junior high schools: "grammatical" schools "modern" schools "Integrated" schools
The academic year is from September 1 to August 31. Typically, the academic year is divided into semesters: autumn (until Christmas), spring (until Easter) and summer (until the end of June). Schools are usually open from 9.00 to 16.00, the school week is usually 5 days. There are no parent meetings. The parents of each child are given 5–10 minutes for individual communication with the teacher. School uniform is required. Much attention is paid to charity in educational institutions. From an early age, children are taught to help those who need it. Pupils in many British schools are required to undertake social work, for example at petrol stations or in nursing homes.
There is no unified state education system in the United States; each state has the right to determine its structure independently. School boards set school programs, hire teachers, and determine program funding. States regulate education within their borders by setting standards and testing students.
Preschool institutions where children aged 3-5 years are educated; primary school (grades 1-8), which educates children aged 6-13 years, secondary school (grades 9-12), with the task of educating boys and girls aged 6-13 years; educational institutions of the last level of education that are part of the higher education system.
An elementary school is an independently existing educational institution where one teacher conducts all classes with the class, but often there is also an assistant teacher. A characteristic feature of an elementary school is that classes are assigned according to the abilities of the students. After determining the “IQ”, groups A, B and C appear - “gifted”, “normal” and “incapable” and training is differentiated.
High school in the USA is usually divided into two levels - junior and senior, each lasting three years. There is also a four-year secondary school, based on the eight-year elementary school. In the 8th grade, a system of choosing subjects appears. There are different types of secondary schools: “academic”, “vocational” and “multidisciplinary”.
A – 15% of students – constantly high level of readiness, deep knowledge and originality (excellent). B - 25% of students - a level that is frankly higher than average (good). C – 35% of students – average level of task completion (average). D – 15% of students – minimum level of knowledge (below average). F – 10% of students – unsatisfactory results or complete ignorance of the educational material.
The school year continues in American school days; children study 5 days a week. The duration of training sessions per day is 5-6 hours (from 8.30 to 15.30). The composition of the class changes every year to make them approximately equal in both gender and racial composition, as well as in the level of preparation, knowledge, skills and behavior of the students. Teachers are highly specialized: a 1st grade teacher spends his entire professional life teaching only 1st grade children, a 5th grade teacher only teaches 5th grade children, etc.
Graduates must have completed credit in 16 academic courses during their final four years of study. Each such course consists of one lesson daily for 18 or 36 weeks. For the last four years, compulsory study of modern achievements in five “basic disciplines” is recommended: English (4 years), mathematics (3 years), natural sciences (3 years), social sciences (3 years), computer literacy (0.5 years) In addition, students wishing to continue their studies at a higher education institution must take a 2-year foreign language course.
In these countries, the state guarantees free secondary education. All school education systems are divided into several levels: primary school, basic and high school. However, the distribution of teaching time is different. Russia has a state standard of education, the UK has a national program, and the USA does not have a unified state program. However, in all countries there is a mandatory list of subjects to study. In all countries, school education ends with written exams. Along with public schools, there are private ones, where education is provided on a fee basis.
Select a country from the list provided and find out all the features of studying there. Read detailed reviews of the education system and levels of study, the most popular educational institutions, advice on admission and home improvement.
Europe
North America
Asia and Oceania
Studying abroad opens up many attractive prospects for students: the opportunity to gain tremendous international experience, make new friends from different countries, master at least one foreign language, get a good world-class education and get acquainted with another culture. Now that geographical boundaries between countries are becoming more of a convention due to the high mobility of people around the world, everyone has a chance to get an education abroad.
In fact, in every country there are universities and colleges that are willing to host international students and offer special programs and scholarship schemes for foreign applicants. Having such a wide choice - almost the entire globe - it is not so easy for a future student to decide on a future place of study. If you have already started to think about how to choose a country for further study, there are several key factors to take into account.
The most important thing is to evaluate how highly rated universities in a particular country are in the field you plan to study.
Many European countries are traditionally strong in the humanitarian sector. Italy and France are very popular among future art critics, cultural experts, historians and, of course, fashion designers. The UK is also famous for its strong design schools, which, however, deservedly ranks among the first in terms of the quality of education in all areas. Do you dream of making a career in business, economics or finance? There are many good business schools in Europe, but the undisputed leader in this area is the United States. Many promising opportunities will open up for future engineers and specialists in the field of exact sciences in Germany, especially if you are planning a scientific career in the future.
Another important factor for choosing a country of study is the language. Sometimes students choose a particular country precisely because they already speak the relevant foreign language. Some, on the contrary, first decide on the country of study, and then begin to master the language. By the way, in many countries, for example in Holland, Germany, China or Singapore, education is conducted in both the state language and English. In any case, good command of the language is essential and provides additional advantages when applying, so it is worth paying more attention to language practice.
Your attitude to the mentality of the country where you will study also plays an important role. As in the case of language, for some students it is the love of local culture that becomes the decisive criterion when choosing a place to study. Thanks to their centuries-old rich culture, countries such as Great Britain, France and Italy are extremely popular among students. But it should be taken into account that this concept includes not only history and art, but also traditions, cuisine, religion, style of dressing, mentality and much more. Therefore, for successful cultural adaptation, it is necessary not only to know the language and past of the country, but also to have a good understanding of its modern lifestyle, and to assess how well you can fit into it.
Studying abroad is somewhat of a challenge.
Especially for very young people who are leaving home for the first time. This is a serious test of strength and readiness for adult life, but at the same time one of the best, unforgettable periods for any student. If you want to expand your horizons, get a new source of inspiration and explore the world, then the best way to do this is to go to study in another country.
The education system is a kind of hierarchical structure of educational institutions that allows a person to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities in the learning process.
The education system is individual for each country. In this article we will try to provide information about the main systems that exist in the modern world. We hope that this information will be useful and will help you choose a quality study program abroad.
Education system in Australia
Australia's education system is built on the British model. Educational institutions in this country offer courses that can satisfy any needs. The Australian education system has a good reputation throughout the world, which is the result of careful control over all educational institutions in the country. Currently, foreign citizens have the opportunity to study at any level of the Australian education system except preschool education.
Australians go to school for 12 years. In Australia, public schools predominate. 70% of schoolchildren study in public schools, the rest in private schools. School graduates receive a state certificate called Year 12. To enter the most prestigious universities, a child not only needs to speak English but also pass entrance exams. Australians study at government TAFE colleges. Higher education can be obtained at a university. The learning process is divided into 2 parts, a bachelor's program and a master's program.
UK education system
The British education system has the right to be called the most traditional and highest quality. Having developed many centuries ago, the education system in Britain has not changed today. By law, all British children are required to study from 5 to 16 years of age. Education at school begins with pre-preparatory school, after a year, two students move to primary school, where education continues until the age of 11-13. After this, the secondary school stage begins, which ends with passing the GCSE certificate of secondary education exams. This is where compulsory secondary education ends, so you can then go to work or go to college. In order to enter the university, students need to pass A-level exams. The IB program is becoming increasingly popular in British schools. The English education system ends with higher education, which, like most countries, is divided into a bachelor's program (3-4 years) and a master's program (1-2 years).
Education system in Ireland
Education in Ireland at all levels is one of the highest quality in the world. School education in Ireland, as in other countries, consists of three stages: primary, middle and high school. At the last stage, 6-8 selected subjects are studied in depth, in which, ultimately, matriculation exams are taken. This certificate is similar to the British A-level or IB. Higher education consists of 2 levels: bachelor's degree, master's degree. Upon completion of the master's program, students can receive an academic degree.
The education system in Europe varies by country
Education system in Poland
Secondary education in Poland lasts 12 years, the first 8 grades are the basic level, and the four upper grades are the lyceum. There are two types of lyceums - general education and technical.
The higher education system, as in many countries, consists of universities and vocational colleges. The program of colleges and academies is designed for 3-4 years, upon completion a diploma of a licentiate, engineer or bachelor is issued - depending on the educational institution and specialty. Complete university education leads to a master's degree. The doctorate degree is awarded after passing certain exams and defending a dissertation.
Education system in the Czech Republic
The Czech education system is similar to other European countries. Czechs begin education at the age of 6-7 and study in basic school until the age of 10. When children turn 11 years old, they move to the school. The gymnasium program includes compulsory disciplines and elective subjects. General education continues until the age of 16. After this, schoolchildren either go to special colleges or stay in the gymnasium to receive a diploma and enter the university.
After finishing school, most students enter universities.
Education system in Japan
Schooling in Japan lasts a full 12 years, more than half of which is spent in primary school due to the extreme difficulty of learning the native language. At a minimum, each student must master 1850 characters (these requirements were established by the Japanese Ministry of Education). Throughout their education, children not only learn their own language, they also have to spend a lot of time studying the history of their native country.
After studying in secondary school, students enter higher education. For foreign students, studying in English is provided at universities in Japan. The Japanese education system is adapted for foreign students. Educational institutions in this country offer not only Japanese language learning programs but also bachelor's and master's degree programs.
Chinese education system
The education system in educational institutions of the People's Republic of China includes: - preschool education, primary school, junior high school, senior high school, university, graduate school.
The education system in China begins with preschool education. Kindergartens accept children aged 3 years and older. Primary education in China starts at age 6 and lasts for 6 years. The main subjects of study are: Chinese language, mathematics, science, foreign language, moral education, music, etc. Sports education is considered an important part of primary education.
Secondary education in China has three levels. The first stage is free, students have the opportunity to study the following subjects: mathematics, Chinese, foreign languages, physics, chemistry, moral education, computer science, etc. The second stage is three years of study. The third stage, the final one, consists of 2 years of study. At the last stage, schoolchildren study in vocational and specialized schools.
Students from Ukraine have the opportunity to receive a diploma of secondary education of an international standard, which is taught in English. Chinese is studied as an elective. In China there are three types of higher education: courses with special curricula (course duration 2-3 years), bachelor's degree (4-5 years), master's degree (additional 2-3 years). Recently, China has been actively developing international cooperation in the field of education. Universities in China are actively accepting foreign students and adapting teaching.
Education system in the USA
Historically, America has not had a unified national education system. Each of the 50 American states has its own department of education, which sets educational standards in the state. The education system is highly decentralized. According to the 10th Amendment to the Constitution (“the rights not delegated by the Constitution to the Government of the United States, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States”), the federal government does not have the power to establish a national educational system, determine policies and curricula for schools, and universities Decisions on these issues are made at the state or county level.
And yet, educational programs in the 50 states are very similar. Americans explain this as a result of such general factors as the social and economic needs of the country, the frequent movement of students and teachers from one part of the country to another, and the role of national agencies.
The American education system is organized around three basic levels: primary (including preschool and primary school), secondary and higher. It is compulsory at age seven in 29 states, at age six in 18 states, and at age five in three states.
In total, there are about two and a half thousand four-year colleges and universities in the United States. Almost 15 million students study there. Along with private higher education in the United States, there is a state form in the form of public (public) universities and colleges. Each of the 50 states has at least one public university and several colleges. Just 40 years ago, half of school graduates entered universities.
There are four academic degrees in the USA: Associate's- this degree is awarded to a graduate of a secondary specialized educational institution or technical school; Bachelor's- bachelor degree; Master's- master's degree; Doctorate- doctor degree.
In order to obtain a specialty at a college or university, you need to take a certain number of compulsory subjects and several electives. The education system in America is adapted for students from Ukraine. School graduates can directly enter the first year of university by submitting an English language exam and a certificate of secondary education. If the level of English is not enough to start studying, students can take a preparatory program at a university or college.
Education system in Spain
Spain is a country not only of warm seas, passionate flamenco and famous paella. This is also a prestigious European education. Every year, thousands of students from all over the world come to Spain to receive a prestigious Spanish education. Every year thousands of students come to Spain to receive higher education. Higher education in Spain meets high European standards and is very affordable.
In the process of obtaining higher education in Spain, special emphasis is placed on professional orientation in training. Subjects directly related to the future specialty are studied from the 1st year. Public universities in Spain are the oldest academic traditions combined with modern teaching methods, including the most advanced technologies. Huge scientific libraries and high-quality laboratories.
Education system in Switzerland
Switzerland is a small country in the very center of Europe. Despite its small territory, it borders on five European countries: Germany, France, Italy, Austria and the Principality of Liechtenstein. Such a convenient location attracts many tourists here, as well as those wishing to receive a European education. Approximately 8% of the country's population are foreigners.
Secondary education: In addition to the inevitable close communication with speakers of the main European languages, a healthy climate, and opportunities to engage in any kind of sports, Swiss boarding houses can be considered the most comfortable in Europe. Children live here in rooms for one or two people, have a varied and tasty diet (French, Swiss, Italian cuisine, and, if necessary, kosher food). This is probably why studying in a Swiss boarding school is 30% more expensive than in the UK.
Switzerland is Europe in miniature. Is it any wonder at the variety of school programs and certificates of secondary education offered there: from the Swiss Matura to the English A-level, from the German Abitur, Italian Maturita and French Baccalaureat to the International Baccalaureate program, while all programs include the study of 2-3 foreign languages .
Higher educationSwitzerland: There are 12 official higher education institutions in Switzerland (10 cantonal universities: in the German-speaking part of the country: in Basel, Berne, Zurich, St. Gallen, Lucerne; in the French-speaking part of the country: in Geneva, Lausanne, Friborg, Neuchatel; in Italian-speaking part of the country: in Ticino - and 2 federal institutes of technology: in Zurich and Lausanne).
Turkish education system
The education system in Turkey is identical to education in Ukraine. Primary education in Turkey, as in Ukraine, lasts 8 years, and secondary education 10 years. Thus, our Ukrainian students can receive higher education in Turkey, since our graduation certificate meets their university requirements.
Today in Turkey the most prestigious is the scientific lyceum, which trains future doctors, engineers, scientists, and researchers. Usually successful students choose it. There are also a number of other lyceums: translation, polytechnic, lyceum training computer technology specialists and others.
After graduating from school or lyceum, students take an entrance exam to the university where they want to study. If they achieve a passing grade, the state pays for their studies.
In Turkey, higher education is two-stage: bachelor's and master's degrees. Upon graduation, students receive a bachelor's or master's degree.
Today, specialties such as engineering, medicine, teaching and lawyers are in great demand in Turkey.
The organization that helps foreign students enroll in Turkish universities is called OSYM (Orgenci Sceme re Yerlrestime Merkeri). You can find the necessary information on the organization’s website (oysm.gov.tr).
Education system in Austria
Austria is a country of traditional winter tourism. Along with Switzerland, this country is a kind of ski “Mecca” for Europeans. Today, tourism is the main source of income for Austria, covering the traditionally negative trade balance.
In Austria, a tourist service system has long been formed and streamlined. Many towns and villages, such as Bad Gastein, Millstatt, Ischgl or Mayrhofen, have become the largest European resorts, and former villagers are engaged in the hotel business. Ski tourism has changed Austria and the Austrians - today for them it is life and hope for the future.
The Austrian education system has a high degree of freedom and offers a wide range of educational programs. Education at universities in Austria was free until 2001, the same year accreditation of private universities began. The largest universities are Vienna (the oldest university in Austria, founded in 1367), Vienna Economic University, Graz University, Innsbruck University, and Salzburg University. Since 2009, education at public universities in Austria is free. To enter universities in Austria, Ukrainian students must provide a Matura certificate of secondary education, as well as pass the OSD German language test (level C1 and C2).
Canadian education system
In Canada you can get an excellent education, enjoy a beautiful and tranquil environment, and learn a lot about this fascinating country. Canadian schools are known around the world for their academic excellence, career preparation, cutting-edge technology and exceptional English or French as a second language programs.
Canada has one of the highest standards of living in the world. In addition, this country is famous for its clean environmental friendliness and safety. The UN has repeatedly ranked Canada first in the ranking of countries in the world in terms of quality of life.
Canada has more than 350 universities and colleges offering a wide range of degrees and diplomas. Canada's universities are renowned for their academic and research programs, and the colleges are superior to other colleges in the world in the use of advanced technology and in meeting the latest requirements of industry and commerce. The degree, diploma or certificate you earn in Canada will help open doors to the best companies in the world.
Canadian universities are known throughout the world for the high quality of both teaching and research. They vary in student numbers from a few hundred to 50,000 and offer a full range of degrees, from bachelor's to doctorate in a variety of disciplines.
Education system in Greece
Education in Greece is public or private and is coordinated by the Ministry of National Education.
The oldest universities in Greece are Athens (founded in 1837) and Thessaloniki (founded in 1925). Athens is also home to the Athens Polytechnic Institute and a number of other higher education institutions, including the Graduate School of Economics and Business and the School of Political Science. However, classical universities are still quite closed to foreigners.
However, for foreign students wishing to study hospitality and tourism management, Greece provides an excellent opportunity to obtain an international diploma and paid internship in the best cruise companies in the world.
Education system in New Zealand
Thousands of students choose to study in New Zealand because of its unique nature. New Zealand not only offers high-quality educational programs, but also a magnificent environment.
New Zealand is almost the same size as the UK, but has only 3.8 million inhabitants. Stunning beauty, a temperate climate and a relaxing atmosphere make this country ideal for students and tourists.
New Zealand offers international students a complete education system, where every student will find their own program.
The New Zealand education system was created on the basis of the British one. New Zealand has 8 national universities and 20 polytechnics.
New Zealand offers a wide choice:
- English language courses
- preparatory courses for entering universities
- university undergraduate programs
- postgraduate programs
Each university has its own timetable, but in general the academic year begins in late February or early March and lasts until October.
Each year is divided into two semesters with a break in July. Some universities offer 'summer courses' from November to February, which will help you prepare for university or brush up on your language skills before starting your next stage of study.
The academic year at polytechnics usually runs from February to June and from July to November. Some six-month courses may begin in July.
Language schools offer a wide variety of courses, which can last from a few weeks to one year
Education system in Holland
The Netherlands is a prosperous industrialized country, and its education system was not borrowed from any state, but appeared and developed in Holland itself and is associated with all the traditions and customs of the country.
