Character traits positive and negative list. Positive qualities for relationships with other people

Studying the personality of a person, whether it be a woman, a man or a child, one can always reveal a bad inclination to unseemly behavior due, for example, to mistakes in education, psychological trauma. But even bad heredity can be secured. Consider the main negative traits of human character.

Authoritarianism

The desire to dominate everything, ignoring any needs of other people. Explicit or implicit demand for submission and discipline from everyone with whom a person intersects. Someone else's opinion is not taken into account, any disobedience is stopped without an attempt to find a mutually beneficial solution. It is believed that this is a typical negative trait of the Russian character.

Aggressiveness

The desire to conflict with others. In early childhood, this is an obligatory negative character trait of a child who is learning ways to protect his interests. For an aggressive adult, provocative, sometimes deliberately false statements, raised tone, and insults are typical. Sometimes attempts are made to influence the opponent physically.

gambling

A painful desire to achieve the set goal, regardless of the size of the risks, ignoring one's own and others' logical arguments about the excess of spending over the value of the desired result. Often becomes the cause of situations leading to death, loss of health or significant financial losses.

Greed

Pathological desire for personal material gain in any situation. Gaining profit at any cost becomes the only source of positive emotions in life. At the same time, the duration of pleasant sensations from the benefits received is extremely short-lived - due to the uncontrolled constant desire to enrich oneself even more.

apathy

The absence of an emotional reaction to most external stimuli due to a particular temperament or due to the body's defensive reaction to stress. It is one of the reasons for the impossibility of achieving even simple goals due to the inability or unwillingness to concentrate, to make strong-willed efforts.

carelessness

Careless fulfillment of obligations due to unwillingness to act according to the rules already known to all or misunderstanding of the algorithms necessary for the quick and least costly achievement of existing goals. Often this is a typical negative character trait of a woman who has just escaped from excessive parental care.

Indifference

Real or deliberately demonstrated lack of interest in a particular subject, object, event, duties due to innate emotional coldness, experienced severe stress or, instilled from infancy, a sense of superiority over people with a different social status, a different faith, nationality, race.

Irresponsibility

Consciously chosen, imposed during upbringing or due to moral immaturity, the position of refusal from a real awareness of the consequences of one's own actions, unwillingness to make decisions that affect one's own and others' quality of life. In difficult everyday situations, active actions are not carried out because of the expectation that the problem will resolve itself.

Facelessness

The absence of individual traits, because of which an individual subject is easily “lost” in the general mass of people like him. In the process of communication, the “gray man” does not arouse sympathy because of his obsession with uninteresting topics, in the team he is uninitiative, boring, afraid of innovations and opposes them in every possible way.

Ruthlessness

Emotional indifference to other people's troubles, inability or unwillingness to sympathize, sympathize with people in particular and living beings in general, experiencing physical or emotional pain. Sometimes it is deliberate inhumanity in actions that cause suffering and even death of the objects chosen as victims.

impudence

Intentional or unconscious violation of the norms, the sequence of actions adopted in a given society in relation to a particular situation. The reason for intentional swagger may be the desire to provoke a conflict or draw attention to one's own person, unconscious - errors in education, emotional immaturity.

talkativeness

A painful need to constantly participate in a dialogue with one or more interlocutors, regardless of the content of the conversation, the degree of enthusiasm for it by other participants, the relevance of the conversation. The main goal of such an interlocutor is not to receive new information, but the role of the narrator when in contact with someone. At the same time, he can disseminate information that others would prefer to keep secret.

Windiness

The inability to keep any promises and take into account the interests of others, the lack of the ability to move for a long time in order to achieve one goal, the desire for a constant change in the circle of friends, partners. The absence of principles and clear behavioral boundaries, the rapid fading of interest in a particular occupation, a person.

lust for power

Passionate desire for control over all and the expectation of unquestioning obedience, the desire for unlimited power, especially over the more educated and skillful. Intoxication with one's own superior position in situations where others are forced to seek help or seek protection, material support.

Suggestibility

In a pathological form, this is a subconscious tendency to perceive behavior imposed from outside without one's own conscious understanding and weighing the results of one's actions performed under the influence of someone else's authority. However, reduced suggestibility can cause learning difficulties.

Vulgarity

The inability to find a balance between originality and vulgarity in communication, when choosing clothes, social guidelines, and so on. For example, during a dialogue, the interlocutor communicates in raised tones, mannerisms, and does not disdain greasy jokes. When choosing an outfit, she prefers catchy things, and the constituent elements often do not fit well with each other.

stupidity

The inability or unwillingness to determine logically correct conclusions even from the simplest everyday problems, the tendency to see a healthy grain in pseudoscientific and populist statements, the inability to subject information from sources that are independently elevated to authoritative status to a reasonable critical analysis.

Pride

Confidence in the social, moral, mental insignificance of others, the inability to forgive for personal and other people's mistakes, the denial of the possibility of having worthy features in other subjects of society. It develops against the background of distortions made in education, degradation of the personality due to illness, immaturity of the personality, coupled with a high social status.

Coarseness

Unwillingness to adhere to a polite, accepted in a normal society format of communication with interlocutors due to personality deformation due to illness, injury, stress, or the frequent need to take a defensive position when encroaching on territory and rights. Typical manifestations: communication in raised tones, rudeness, obscene language.

Greed, avarice

The desire to minimize costs even to the detriment of health, basic hygiene and common sense. The pathological pursuit of material stability can manifest itself in the form of a refusal to get rid of garbage, rubbish, ignoring the reasonable requests of a loved one to purchase essentials.

Cruelty

The desire to cause discomfort to living subjects for the sake of personal moral satisfaction. The impact on the victim can be both intangible - in the form of insults and refusal to satisfy some important emotional needs, and physical - through causing pain, torment, encroachment on life.

Forgetfulness

The inability to remember some data necessary in everyday life, a combination of actions to achieve a specific goal, an algorithm for starting or turning off the device. It occurs due to age-related changes in the brain, information overload. May be the result of a stressful situation that you want to forget.

Addiction

The desire to enjoy the performance of actions or the use of a certain substance, even if the source of pleasant emotions is harmful to health, relationships with others, leads to large amounts of money, pushes to a crime because of the desire to achieve a "high", in the absence of legal access to it.

Envy

Inability to enjoy any personal benefits, achievements, qualities. The tendency to constantly compare the values ​​of oneself and others. Moreover, the “crumbs” on the other side always seem larger, tastier and more desirable than their own “placers”. In a pathological form, it deprives of cheerfulness, the ability to soberly assess one's own and other people's merits.

Complexity

Constant belittling in one's own eyes of one's own natural talents, trained abilities, denial of the value of personal developments, inability to force oneself to declare personal achievements in a circle of authoritative persons. It is formed due to excessively strict upbringing, psychological trauma or a disease of the nervous system.

boredom

The habit of teaching everyone and everywhere, repeatedly discussing the same topic, despite the obvious lack of interest in it among people who are trying to be drawn into a dialogue. The reason lies in the pathological love of attention and endless conversations on any topic, even if the instigator of the conversation is a complete layman in the topic under discussion.

Anger

An emotional manifestation of strong dissatisfaction with something, a landmark indicating the presence of conditions that are clearly uncomfortable for a person. In the absence of actions that eliminate the cause of the formation of feelings, over time it can push to commit an offense, so you should not ignore the manifestations of anger.

pampered

It is a bad habit to demand the fulfillment of one's desire as soon as possible, without taking into account the capabilities of the one to whom the claim is made. The refusal to control and restrain one's own needs, to endure the slightest inconvenience, and to personally make emotional and physical efforts to achieve what one wants.

Laziness

Lack of desire to strain for personal needs, a tendency to idle pastime all day long. In behavior, there is a desire to obtain comfort at the expense of the work of others, a deep aversion to useful activity, even in minimal volumes. When applying for a job, this negative character trait for a resume should not be indicated.

deceitfulness

Conscious systematic statement of unreliable information to interlocutors for slanderous purposes, for their own benefit or masking personal mistakes in some activity. The pathological form is inherent in self-doubt individuals who try to impress others with fictional stories about themselves.

Hypocrisy

Feigned assurances of love, sincere admiration and goodwill towards the interlocutor during a conversation with him. The purpose of such behavior is fawning and the desire to flatter for one's own benefit, while hiding the true, perhaps even malicious, moods towards the participant in the dialogue or the object of the conversation.

Flattery

The tendency to excessive constant praise aloud of other people's real and imaginary virtues, virtues, for the sake of their own self-interest. Knowingly negative actions, the actions of an influential person, specially whitewashed by a flatterer and voiced by him as the only correct decision in the situation under consideration, can also turn out to be an object of exaltation.

Curiosity

In a pathological form, this is the desire to find out information of interest, regardless of decency, personal feelings of the interrogated and the situation of the situation in which communication takes place. The cause of unhealthy curiosity is a painful desire to be aware of even those events that are not related to the person showing interest.

Pettiness

The habit of attaching great importance to their insignificant statements, actions. The widespread sticking out of their imaginary achievements as opposed to the really important and heroic deeds of the people around them. Attention to mediocre details at the expense of values, the desire for reporting on household expenses up to "one thousandth".

revenge

The tendency to focus personal attention on all minor and major troubles, worldly conflicts, far-fetched grievances, so that over time, it is imperative to pay handsomely to each of the offenders. At the same time, the duration of the time period from the moment of receiving a real or imaginary insult does not matter.

Impudence

Unceremonious behavior in any situation, the desire to achieve what you want at minimal cost and "over the heads" of others. Such behavior is formed due to improper upbringing, because of a difficult childhood, or, conversely, because of spoiledness, which has consolidated the habit of always getting what you want at any cost.

Arrogance

The perception of the majority of others as subjects of a deliberately lower category due to a fictitious difference in social status or a real difference in material, national, racial or other grounds. The reason may be a defensive reaction to the wounding of self-esteem in the past or distortions in education.

Annoyance

Inability or unwillingness to independently deal with emerging problems, have fun or relax. The reason may lie in emotional immaturity, fear of loneliness, the desire to increase self-esteem through active participation in the lives of other people, even if they experience obvious discomfort from this and openly declare it.

narcissism

Unreasonable and unreasonable self-praise, narcissism under any circumstances, the desire to embellish the results of their actions and the actions taken themselves, selfishness, indifference not only to strangers, but also to close people, only interested in personal comfort and benefit.

Negligence

Unwillingness to qualitatively fulfill the obligations taken or assigned, neglect in behavior with people in domestic or professional relations, insufficient attention to entrusted values, inability - due to poor education or personal deformation, to understand the importance of diligence when working on something.

Touchiness

An increased negative reaction to everyday troubles due to hypertrophied egoism. It is because of him that you want the world to spin at your feet, and those around you, forgetting about your own needs, meet your expectations around the clock and all year round: they are polite, generous and caring, striving to provide someone else's comfort.

Limitation

Confidence that the true picture of the world is available only to you, and other explanations of the structure of the universe and the principles of interaction between man and the environment are a complete invention of narrow-minded dorks. It arises due to insufficient education, a congenital developmental defect that prevents adequate assimilation of educational information.

Alarmism

The tendency to accept as reality the imaginary catastrophic consequences of any, even minor incidents in one's own life and the world as a whole. It is a manifestation of a bad upbringing by a reinsurer, an overly violent fantasy or a disorder of the nervous system due to stress, illness.

vulgarity

A penchant for frilly outfits, demonstrating real or ostentatious material security through the acquisition of unnecessary luxury items. Or, and sometimes both, passion for sebaceous jokes, obscene anecdotes, often voiced in an absolutely inappropriate environment for the sake of causing a feeling of embarrassment in the majority of listeners.

Irritability

A negative reaction to an irritant, expressed in an excessive manifestation of emotions, the saturation of which does not correspond to the strength of the impact of an unpleasant factor for some reason. The cause of irritability can be external or internal, caused by congestion of the nervous system or exhaustion of the body by a disease.

extravagance

The inability to rationally spend income, including the desire to systematically or constantly make acquisitions for the sake of the process itself, and not for the purpose of exploiting the purchased item or thing. It is based on the desire to feel like a "master of the world", to correspond to the status of a financially secure person.

Jealousy

Showing dissatisfaction or distrust of the subject, which has a certain value for the jealous. It is expressed as a suspicion of infidelity or a greater emotional predisposition to another person (in the place of the accused there may be not only a spouse, but also a mother, sister, friend - the list can be endless).

Samoyedism

The habit of justifiably and unreasonably accusing oneself of a multitude of sins of various magnitudes. For example, in insufficient attention to the performance of duties, although in reality at work or in relationships a person gives all the best. Possible reasons: low self-esteem, actively supporting an interested environment, perfectionism.

self-confidence

Unreasonable exaltation of one's abilities, supposedly allowing one to cope with a certain or any task. It is the cause of bragging and risky acts, often committed with a rejection of the rules of safety, the laws of physics and the arguments of logic. It is based on inexperience, dependence on the desire to live on the verge of a foul.

weak will

Lack of ability to perform an effort of will for the sake of a desired goal or to resist dangerous, illegal temptations, morally degraded individuals. The tendency to submit to other people's decisions, even when they require serious sacrifices. Such a negative character trait of a man can make him the object of ridicule in the team.

Cowardice

The inability to resist the opponent due to insufficiently developed willpower, susceptibility to a phobia. It can be expressed as a flight from the scene of some events due to an imaginary or real danger to one's own health, life, despite the fact that other possible participants in the incident are left in danger.

Vanity

The desire to receive praise for real and imaginary merits. The desire to first of all have a positive image, and not be worthy of compliments. Illegibility in the quality of voiced approvals - flattery is also perceived favorably. Moreover, it is not always possible to distinguish it from sincere statements.

Stubbornness

The desire to act only according to one's own ideas about the correctness of the chosen path, the rejection of authorities, ignoring the well-known rules, purely because of the habit of acting the way one has decided. Lack of ability to be flexible in the face of a conflict of interests, unwillingness or inability to take into account the goals and capabilities of others.

selfishness

Conscious selfishness, the desire to live in comfort, regardless of the possible inconvenience that follows from this for others. Their interests are always exalted above the desires of other people, the opinions of the latter on this and other occasions are never taken into account. All decisions are based solely on self-interest.

Before proceeding to the classification and enumeration of human character traits, it is necessary to understand what meaning and concept is attached to this term. Translated from Greek, "character" means a difference, sign or sign. The personality of each person is multifaceted and in each there is an interweaving of a large number of personal properties that determine the behavior of a person in a given situation. What are there?

Classification of personality traits

Conventionally, the main character traits are divided into three main groups.

The first characterizes emotions, the second characterizes the will, and the third characterizes the intellect. There is also a division according to the direction of influence.

First of all, this is characterized by the attitude to the external environment - society and the surrounding people.

In the second place - the attitude towards one's own person, and in the third place - to activity, that is, work and training.

The emotional group, which includes such traits as aggressiveness, apathy, artistry, irascibility, impressionability, good nature, cheerfulness, isolation, impulsiveness, capriciousness, lovingness, melancholy and others, is formed in early childhood, when the child's psyche undergoes a stage of formation under the influence of many various factors.

Volitional character traits are acquired throughout life - these are power, masculinity, assertiveness, resourcefulness, obsession, prudence, pedantry, devotion, etc. The intellectual group includes insight, reasonableness, prudence, independence, ingenuity, intelligence, intelligence, integrity, etc.

Of decisive importance here is the natural predisposition, which is influenced by hereditary genes and temperament.

However, the environment of the child cannot be discounted: it would be more correct to say that it plays the same role in the formation of the personality, as well as what is laid down by nature.

The kid grows, gains experience of interaction with the outside world and a set of positive and negative personality traits. This process continues throughout life and the list of existing character traits is constantly updated with new personality traits. And if at first this process occurs unconsciously, reflexively, then later, when a person is aware of his actions, he can already make a choice. This conscious choice opens up opportunities for character transformation, that is, personal growth.

Basic personality traits

To date, the list of character traits consists of several hundred different definitions.

Their most different combinations can be found in the same person. But in general, the personal properties that exist today are divided into positive and negative.

However, it is impossible to say with absolute certainty that this is a bad character trait, and this is a good one.

For example, adventurism can be called both a negative trait and a positive one, depending on what effect it has on human behavior.

If he is excessively and thoughtlessly carried away by various adventures of an incomprehensible nature, then this, most likely, will not bring him to good.

The healthy adventurism inherent in a successful businessman allows him to move forward, invest in promising projects and prosper. Or, for example, envy. Everyone will say that this trait is extremely negative.

But psychologists say that it is the engine of progress, forcing people to strive forward and achieve more than others have. In most cases, it is worth talking about certain sets of properties that, depending on the current situation, can have a greater impact on a person. But from a social and moral point of view, they can all be divided into positive and negative.

Negative character traits

Here are some of them:

The negative qualities of a person include rudeness, boasting, familiarity, gloom, vanity, obstinacy, bitchiness, arrogance, licentiousness, etc.

List of positive personality traits

Here are some of them:

The positive qualities of a person include meekness, sincerity, caring, gullibility, restraint, politeness, nobility, accuracy, etc.

Dear readers! In our blog you will learn a lot of interesting things about the personal characteristics of a person. As you know, human qualities can be positive and negative. In this article, we will analyze in more detail what qualities are considered positive. From birth, children are endowed with individual, their own temperament and character. From childhood, parents try to instill in them the positive qualities of a person.

Personal characteristics can be either genetically innate or acquired. Certain personal qualities of a person are formed under the influence of the environment and upbringing, or are the result of independent work on oneself. A child can inherit some traits of his parents, and some will show them, while others will not. The list of positive and negative qualities of a person is very long. In this article we will try to analyze the main features of a positive personality.

A person with many positive traits is an example to follow. But the division of all people into "good" and "bad" is rather arbitrary.

Positive Personality Characteristics

Based on this, 4 groups of positive traits can be distinguished. Consider the best human qualities:

Qualities necessary for work, which reveals a simple job interview. Attitude to society, team:

1. Sociability - focus on communication, the ability of a person to get in touch (synonymous - sociability).
2. Sensitivity is the ability of a person to sympathize, to feel the state of mind of another (a synonym for this quality is attentiveness).
3. Responsiveness is a very multifaceted quality that includes cordiality, generosity and compassion.
4. Respect for people is a respectful attitude.
5. Kindness is a very high strong moral quality, which is the subject of thousands of articles, books, films, musical works, paintings, and so on. It is the ability and desire to bring joy to others. People who have a good character always have many true friends.
6. Kindness is the ability to do something nice for another person.
7. Loyalty is perseverance and immutability in feelings, relationships, in the performance of one's duty.
8. Optimism - looking at life from a positive point of view, confidence in a better future.
9. Cheerfulness as a personal quality is the ability to never lose heart, to treat life optimistically and cheerfully, to see happiness in small things.
10. Altruism - “alter” in Latin means “other”. This is the principle of human behavior, implying disinterestedness in actions aimed at meeting the needs of other people, with a willingness to put their own interests in the background. This quality is possessed by noble people.

Attitude towards activity:

1. Diligence - a positive attitude of the individual to the labor process, love for work.
2. Conscientiousness is the honest performance by an individual of his duties.
3. Diligence is a positive moral quality, which consists in the readiness to fulfill duties according to instructions, charter, etc.
4. Discipline is a person's tendency to follow the rules of work and norms of behavior. Often a person asks to enter this quality there for a characteristic in order to increase his chances of finding a job in the desired company.
5. Responsibility is the ability and ability to take responsibility for one's actions and actions.
6. Purposefulness is a conscious and active orientation of a person to a specific result of his work. Great resume item!
7. Diligence - the ability to show great diligence, zeal and diligence, to go beyond the scope of one's duties.
8. Stress resistance is a set of personal qualities that allow a person to calmly endure any irritant, without bursts of emotion. Now this quality is very important for employees of dynamic, rapidly developing companies and, in interviews, this quality is paid attention to.

Self attitude:

1. Self-esteem is the awareness of a person's own worth.
2. Modesty is a character trait of a person, implying moderation in everything.
3. Pride is a feeling of strength, freedom, the height of one's position. This quality should not be confused with pride, which is a biblical sin. It is akin to arrogance and can refer to negative character traits.
4. Self-criticism is the ability to soberly evaluate one's actions. A self-critical person knows that his opinion is not the only correct one. But in this matter it is impossible to go too far, since excessive self-criticism indicates low self-esteem.
5. Honesty is the inadmissibility of deceit, and in particular, fraud, in relationships with other people.

attitude towards things:

• frugality as a personality trait - the ability to comply with the measure in the use of any resources;
• accuracy - external neatness, cleanliness, diligence and accuracy in accordance with ethics, aesthetics;
• generosity - a virtue associated with the ability to provide selfless help to others, the antonym of stinginess and stinginess;
• selflessness - the absence of greed, self-interest, unwillingness to use to the detriment of others.

Positive qualities in men and women

Manifestations of positive moral qualities in males and females are sometimes very different.
For example, when it comes to sociability, women are seen as more talkative, more open, and more trusting of strangers. Men, on the contrary, communicate only with well-known people, and to the point and to the point. It is more difficult for them to start a conversation, but it is easier to end it at the right time for them. As for discipline, the female sex has been distinguished by this since childhood.

Girls can easily follow instructions, do everything as required. And boys differ in this only at a more mature age, when they turn into men. If we talk about neatness, then women are always more neat both in appearance and in their affairs.

In the matter of spending money, girls are considered spenders, and young people are thrifty. But the generosity of a man, a woman is attributed to the best human qualities.

And, finally, there are positive character traits to which the weaker half is more prone. These are the following important spiritual qualities of a good person:

• patience;
• tenderness;
• empathy;
• mystery.

But the good qualities that distinguish men to a greater extent:

• masculinity;
• persistence;
• selflessness, altruism;
• stress resistance.

Thus, parents from the very beginning should instill in their children moral values, the qualities of a good person, and be an example for them. Then our society will consist only of decent and kind people.

We examined all the positive qualities of a person from different positions. What do you think? Share your opinion with our readers, because you have something to say. Recommend us on social networks, everyone knows that truth is born only in a dispute. We are ready to listen to your opinion, only together we will come to the truth! See you again.

A person's qualities are a set of stable mental formations of a person, with the help of which he influences society, is active, interacts with other people. To describe a person as a person, it is necessary to characterize his qualities, how he reveals himself to others through actions and deeds.

Personal qualities of a person

Genetic predisposition in the development of personal qualities plays an important role, but the environment in which a person develops cannot be ruled out. Surrounded by other people, the child absorbs different patterns of behavior, learns to read the reactions to certain actions and to realize which qualities are welcomed in society and which are not. The personal qualities of a person develop throughout life and a person often has a choice to prove himself from a good or worse side.

Good qualities of a person

The qualities of a kind person always evoke a response in people and find approval in society. These qualities can be listed indefinitely, some are inherited from ancestors, others, if desired, need to be developed. Positive qualities of a person - a list:

• sincerity;
• cheerfulness;
• altruism;
• reliability;
• tenderness;
• charm;
• sociability;
• punctuality;
• loyalty;
• decency;
• caring.

Bad qualities of a person

Negative traits or qualities are inherent in every person, even the ancient sages pointed to the duality of a person and compared “good” and “evil” in him with two wolves - good and evil, fighting among themselves, and the one whom the person feeds more wins. Bad qualities manifest themselves to the fullest if the child has not learned the moral values ​​of society, often such children grow up in dysfunctional families, but it happens that bad things are inherent in a person from the very beginning by nature.

Negative qualities of a person - a list:

• envy;
• selfishness;
• arrogance;
• pride;
• hypocrisy;
• laziness;
• aggressiveness;
• cruelty;
• greed;
• vanity;
• deceit;
• indifference.

What is the relationship between activity and human qualities?

All human qualities stem from basic needs - to be accepted, respected, to live in safety, to fulfill oneself, so the connection is direct. Needs give rise to activity, and in order to satisfy needs, certain qualities of a person are needed, for example, professional ones, they are needed for recognition. Endurance, self-discipline and perseverance are essential to winning in sports. Choosing a direction of activity, a person cultivates in himself those qualities that are necessary for its implementation.

What are the qualities of a person?

The physical qualities of a person are determined by his endurance and natural data, other qualities of a higher order relate to character traits, disposition. Both are formed throughout life, many of them are important to develop for the formation of personality in childhood. Qualities are moral, volitional, professional - they all reflect the inner world of a person, what he is.

The moral qualities of a person

Morality and morality are closely related and these qualities stem from one another. The qualities of a cultured person such as courtesy, tact, respect for one's heritage and nature are the basis of well-being in society. Among the moral qualities, the following can be distinguished:

• philanthropy - kindness to people, help to the weak and disadvantaged;
• respect for others - understanding that everyone is different and each person has something to respect;
• fidelity - a quality that relates both to oneself (to be true to one's principles), and a more global concept - loyalty to the Motherland;
• selflessness - the performance of actions from good intentions, without seeking benefits for oneself;
• spirituality is a quality that includes all moral aspects and religiosity that exalt the human spirit.

Moral qualities of a person

The qualities of a disciplined person are important for the existence of society. The norms and values ​​of society form a kind of common framework or basis that people are guided by and pass on to their children. A person expresses his inner "I" through behavior and manners - these are the moral qualities that are formed through the intellect, emotions and will. Conventionally, the moral qualities of a person can be divided into 3 categories "necessary", "possible", "impossible".

Moral qualities from the “need” category are the ability to act for the common good:

• duty;
• responsibility;

Qualities from the category of “possible” are all those manifestations of a personality that do not conflict with internal beliefs and principles:

• honor;
• dignity;
• conscience;
• sense of justice.

• envy;
• shamelessness;
• cunning;
• propensity to lie.

Volitional qualities of a person

The strong qualities of a person are stable mental formations that define a person as mature with a high level of conscious self-regulation of behavior, controlling himself in different situations. Doctor of Psychology V.K. Kalin, exploring the emotional-volitional qualities of a person, divided them into 2 large groups: basal and systemic.

Basal (primary) volitional qualities:

• patience - the ability not to force events and pursue a quick result, but to support work with additional effort, to go at a given pace, even if circumstances do not develop properly (obstacles, delays, internal fatigue);
• courage - confronting fear, the ability to take risks, maintaining calm in stressful situations;
• energy - a quality that allows you to raise activity to the desired level by an effort of will;
• self-control and endurance - the ability not to go beyond feelings, impulsive actions, self-control, emotions, behavior.

Systemic volitional qualities:

• purposefulness- striving for the goal, supporting the "internal compass" leading to the result;
• persistence- the ability to overcome difficulties;
• subsequence- following a single guiding principle, not exchanging for a secondary one;
• initiative- the ability to embody the ideas that have arisen;
• adherence to principles- the quality of a person that allows you to be guided by certain moral principles and not change them.

Social qualities of a person

A person cannot exist outside of society, as individuals are revealed in society by interacting with each other. A person influences society, and society influences a person - this process is always two-way. Each person performs several social roles, and for each role there is a set of qualities that reveal it. The positive qualities of a person help him to reveal himself in society from the best side and bring harmony.

Social qualities of people:

• self-awareness is an important ability that allows a person to be aware of himself in the social system;
• social identification - the ability of a person to self-identify with other people consciously or emotionally;
• self-esteem - the ability to adequately evaluate oneself without exceeding or belittling one's own merits, is an important component of the self-concept;
• social activity - skills and abilities to perform socially significant actions for the development of society;
• worldview - a set of views, values, norms and attitudes that determines a person's attitude to society and the world as a whole.

Business qualities of a person

The professional qualities of a person show his competence and are defined as a specialist; they are formed on the basis of existing qualities and abilities. When applying for a job, the employer without fail looks at what qualities and skills the applicant possesses. Qualities important for a person’s business activities (each type of profession may have its own requirements):

• fast learner;
• organizational skills;
• sociability;
• independence in work;
• initiative;
• ability to work within multitasking;
• the ability to speak in front of an audience;
• experience in business negotiations;
• accuracy;
• ability to plan a working day;
• high stress resistance;
• tact and courtesy in interpersonal relationships;
• Analytical mind;
• literacy;
• organizational skills.

What qualities are necessary for a person to achieve the goal?

If you ask any person what helps him achieve his goals and objectives, everyone will have different answers - this is such an individual process and depends on a number of circumstances and character traits, values ​​laid down in childhood. The qualities of a creative person are inspiration and creativity, while a “mundane” person needs self-discipline and diligence. What advances some towards the goal is not even a help to others, everyone has their own path to success and yet there is a standard idea of ​​​​people about what these qualities should be.

INTRODUCTION

)The relevance of research.

Man, unlike animals, has a dual nature - biological and social. From a biological point of view, his behavior is determined by the need to preserve vital internal conditions, but the forms of satisfaction of the needs that arise in this case are determined socially. The social essence of a person is manifested in the presence of his personality. One of the individual psychological characteristics of a person is character. Character traits are manifested in the educational and professional activities of a person, in his actions in specific life situations, in the features of communication with different people in different situations. Therefore, the manager needs knowledge of psychology. Just by imagining what kind of person is in front of him, you can imagine how he will work and interact in a team. This problem is relevant and is especially acute right now - in the era of scientific and technological progress and a market economy.

)Purpose of the study.

Reveal ideas about the character and its structure, learn about the features of character formation.

)Object of study.

The object of our study is the character of a person.

)Subject of study.

We explore representations, structure, and character formation.

)Research hypotheses.

I think that the type of character determines the line of behavior of a person, his attitude to the world around him. And in the process of his life, his character changes, but not as dramatically as his appearance or mood. Initially, I believe that the character is inherent in a person from birth and the formation of the main features occurs in the family in childhood. Over time, it is influenced by the society that surrounds a person, and gradual changes occur.

) Research objectives.

Reveal the essence of the concept of "character"

To study the structural properties of character

To study the types and traits of a person's character

To study personality accentuations

Reveal the characteristics of a person's character

Study character formation

) Research methods.

In my research, I analyzed the sources of information, applied the method of observation. Observation is a scientifically targeted and in a certain way fixed perception of the object under study.

CHAPTER 1. The concept of character

Each person differs from any other in his individual psychological originality. In this sense, one usually speaks of traits characteristic of a given person. But in psychology, the word "character" has a narrower and more specific meaning. Not every individual feature of a person is called a character trait. For example, such individual mental characteristics as visual acuity and hearing, the speed and duration of memorization, the depth of the mind, are not character traits.

1.1The essence of the concept of character and features of its formation

The word "character" in Greek means "seal", "chasing". In the character, as it were, the main, most essential features of a given personality are imprinted, minted, which are steadily manifested in human behavior. Thus, character can be defined as a hierarchized, ordered set of stable individual psychological characteristics of a person, which are formed in the process of life and manifest themselves in the ways of a typical response of a person in activity, behavior and communication.

Character traits are manifested in life, at work, in his actions in various situations. Depending on the characteristics of the character, people can react differently, for example, to failure in a particular type of activity. One, having failed, falls into despondency, the other simply refuses to solve the problem and happily takes on something else, the third - failure will only spur him on, and he will get down to business with even greater energy and perseverance.

When we say that character traits are stable personality traits, we certainly should not understand this as immutability of character traits. In the process of life, certain character traits can undergo certain, sometimes significant changes. However, character traits cannot change quickly and easily, such as, for example, a person's mood. Change of character is most often a complex and lengthy process. The character can change under the influence of a new experience of human life, as well as as a result of purposeful education and self-education of the individual.

Character is closely connected with the system of relations of the individual to the world, to the surrounding reality. Sometimes they even say that character is a certain system of human relations, only these relations have become quite stable. Still, there is an important difference between the character and attitude of a person to something. Human relationships are, in general, more dynamic, more mobile, and character traits are more unchanged, more static.

2From the history of the doctrines of character

The word "characteristics" was first used by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus (IV - III century BC) to describe the individual characteristics of a person. His "characteristics", however, contain only a description of the moral character of a person. In the same sense, the term "character" was used by La Bruyère (17th century). Thus, from the very beginning, the word “character” denotes something that reflects the socio-moral face of a person, and in this meaning it acquired a meaning that is directly opposite to temperament, due to the properties of the organism. In the 19th century starting with A. Ben, character began to be understood in a purely psychological sense - as individual characteristics of either intellect, feelings and will (A. Ben), or feelings and will (Ribot), or only will (P.F. Lesgaft). In the XX century. character began to be understood not as the features of individual areas of the psyche, but as the properties of a holistic personality. These properties were understood either as basic motives (L. Klages), or as inclinations and attitudes (A.F. Lazursky). Of greatest importance in the struggle between materialism and idealism was the question of the hereditary or acquired origin of character. I. Kant (XVIII century) considered character, in contrast to temperament, to be acquired. However, when describing individual characteristics, he did not distinguish between congenital and acquired properties. Ribot understood character as hereditary. Malaper, Fulier and others distinguished in character both hereditary and acquired properties. Polan argued that the character is entirely determined by the conditions of life. The struggle between these two views continues to the present day.

1.3Character traits as motivations

Many character traits are deep and active urges that determine the actions and deeds of a person. In the same circumstances, guided by similar or identical motives and attitudes, striving for the same goals, different people experience a distinct tendency to different ways of acting characteristic of them to achieve goals. It is in these inclinations that the motivating force of character traits is manifested. Thanks to such a motivating force of character traits, a person often uses completely inappropriate methods of action that contradict objective conditions. Sometimes he himself is not happy with his character, but he is not able to do otherwise. So, in the studies of one foreign psychologist, it was found that some people in work value their achievements much more than they fear failure. Therefore, they tend to choose more difficult experimental problems, even if they fail at them. They tend to take objectively unjustified risks. Others, on the contrary, are more afraid of failure than they value achievements. Therefore, they are overly cautious and choose easy tasks even when they are convinced that they can perform more difficult ones.

Such a tendency to choose an inexpedient, but characteristic for a person, mode of action is especially clearly manifested in conditions of great tension, in so-called stressful situations.

At the same time, if a person's characteristic mode of action is expedient in a given situation, then he shows much greater energy, perseverance and ability to work compared to those cases when he is forced to use methods of action that do not correspond to his character.

Thus, character traits can interfere with a person if they induce him to act contrary to the requirements of objective circumstances. If the properties of character correspond to the requirements for a person in a given situation, then they play a positive role, since only under this condition is a person able to work creatively and to the best of his ability.

Since character traits induce a person to act in a certain way, sometimes contrary to circumstances, they are best found in difficult moments of life. Truthfulness, directness, courage encourage the Komsomol member to reveal the existing shortcomings, no matter how unpleasant the consequences may be for him.

Character is tested in the fight against opposing circumstances. The activity of character is manifested in the motivating force with which adverse circumstances are overcome. The activity of the character as a motivation significantly affects the willpower. The more active the property of character, the more willpower the person, prompted by this property, reveals. A strong will is impossible without active character traits.

Character education is one of the central and most important tasks of educating a person who is a fighter for communist society.

Conclusion on the first chapter

Character, along with temperament, is one of the most significant forms of personality manifestation. If temperament determines the dynamic side of personality, then character is its content. Character leaves its mark on all the actions, thoughts and feelings of a person, by which we judge personality traits. Not all of its features are part of the character, but only essential and stable.

1 Character property systems

In Soviet psychology, four systems of character traits are distinguished, determined by various personality relationships.

Properties that express the attitude towards the team and individuals (kindness, responsiveness, exactingness, arrogance).

Properties that express the attitude towards things (neatness or carelessness, careful or careless handling of things).

Properties that express the attitude towards oneself (self-love, ambition, vanity, pride, conceit, modesty).

Properties expressing the attitude to work (industriousness, laziness, conscientiousness, responsible or irresponsible attitude to work).

In addition to these most important properties of character, which depend not on one, but on several different personality relationships. The system of properties "personality - surrounding people" includes a number of those that express not so much a different attitude towards oneself, for example: some people have self-confidence, arrogance, complacency, boastfulness, while others, on the contrary, have self-doubt, a tendency to everyone blame themselves, timidity.

Consequently, the same system of properties, referred to as "personality - surrounding people", includes properties that depend both on the attitude towards people and the team, and on the attitude of a person to different aspects of reality, they also do not exist in the individual, each in itself and independently. from another. The various relationships are also mutually related. For example, the attitude towards work, things, and even oneself largely depends on the attitude towards people and the team. The consciousness of one's labor duty to the collective also depends on proximity to the work collective, for example, conscientiousness in work, careful handling of things for public use. Even the attitude towards oneself largely depends on the attitude towards the team. So, a person close to his work team is not prone to arrogance.

In the interconnection of various personality relationships, some general patterns of the structure of the personality's character are manifested. First, due to this interrelationship, there is hardly a property of character that would depend solely on any one relationship of personality. Rather, we should speak of certain groups of properties that depend only primarily on a certain attitude of the personality. Secondly, due to the mutual connection of personality relationships, not only character traits that depend on one and the same relationship, for example, attitudes towards people or work, are interconnected, but all character properties that depend on different relationships are mutually interconnected to a greater or lesser extent. The character of a person is relatively complete. Thirdly, in the mutual connection of personality relationships, there are core relationships and derivatives that depend on them.

2.2 Types and traits

When they talk about character, they usually mean by this just such a set of properties and qualities of a personality that impose a certain imprint on all its manifestations and deeds. Character traits are those essential properties of a person that determine a particular way of behavior, way of life. The static character is determined by the type of nervous activity, and its dynamics is determined by the environment.

Character is understood as

§ a system of stable motives and ways of behavior that form a behavioral type of personality;

§ a measure of the balance of the inner and outer worlds, the features of an individual's adaptation to the reality around him;

§ distinctly expressed certainty of the typical behavior of each person.

In the system of personality relations, four groups of character traits are distinguished, forming symptom complexes:

· the attitude of a person towards other people, a team, society (sociability, sensitivity and responsiveness, respect for others - people, collectivism and opposite features - isolation, callousness, callousness, rudeness, contempt for people, individualism);

· traits that show a person’s attitude to work, their work (hard work, a penchant for creativity, conscientiousness in work, a responsible attitude to business, initiative, perseverance and their opposite features - laziness, a tendency to routine work, dishonesty, irresponsible attitude to work, passivity) ;

· traits that show how a person relates to himself (self-esteem, correctly understood pride and self-criticism associated with it, modesty and its opposite traits - self-conceit, sometimes turning into arrogance, vanity, arrogance, touchiness, shyness, egocentrism as a tendency to consider center of events

· oneself and one's experiences, selfishness - the tendency to care primarily about one's own personal welfare);

· traits that characterize a person's attitude to things (neatness or carelessness, careful or careless handling of things).

One of the most famous character theories is the theory proposed by the German psychologist E. Kretschmer. According to this theory, character depends on physique.

Kretschmer described three types of physique and three types of character corresponding to them :) Asthenics (from Greek - weak) - people are thin, with an elongated face. long arms and legs, flat (ore cell and weak muscles. The corresponding type of character is schizotimics - people are closed, serious, stubborn, difficult to adapt to new conditions. With mental disorders, they are prone to schizophrenia;) Athletes (from Greek - peculiar to wrestlers) - people are tall, broad-shouldered, with a powerful chest, a strong skeleton and well-developed muscles. The corresponding type of character is xotimics - people are calm, unimpressive, practical, domineering, restrained in gestures and facial expressions; They do not like change and do not adapt well to it. With mental disorders prone to epilepsy;) Picnics (from Greek - dense. fat) - people of medium height, overweight or prone to obesity, with a short neck, a large head and a wide face with small features. The corresponding type of character is cyclothymics - people are sociable, contact, emotional, easily adapting to new conditions. With mental disorders, they are prone to manic-depressive psychosis.

2.3 Character structure

In the most general form, all character traits can be divided into main, leading, setting the general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and secondary, determined by the main ones. So, if we consider such traits as indecision, timidity and altruism, then with the predominance of the first, a person, first of all, constantly fears no matter what happens and all attempts to help one's neighbor usually end in inner feelings and the search for justification. If the leading feature is the second trait - altruism, then the person outwardly shows no hesitation, immediately comes to the rescue, controlling his behavior with the intellect, but at the same time he may sometimes have doubts about the correctness of the actions taken.

Knowledge of the leading features allows you to reflect the main essence of the character, to show its main manifestations. Writers, artists, wanting an idea of ​​the character of the hero, first of all describe his leading, pivotal features. So, A. S. Pushkin put into the mouth of Vorotynsky (in the tragedy Boris Godunov ) an exhaustive description of Shuisky - crafty courtier . Some heroes of literary works so deeply and truly reflect certain typical character traits that their names become common nouns (Khlestakov, Oblomov, Manilov, etc.).

Although every character trait reflects one of the manifestations of a person's attitude to reality, this does not mean that any attitude will be a character trait. Only some relationships, depending on the conditions, become features. From the totality of the relationship of the individual to the surrounding reality, it is necessary to single out the character-forming forms of relations. The most important distinguishing feature of such relations is the decisive, paramount and general vital importance of those objects to which a person belongs. These relationships simultaneously serve as the basis for the classification of the most important character traits.

The character of a person is manifested in the system of relations:

· In relation to other people (at the same time, such character traits as sociability - isolation, truthfulness - deceit, tact - rudeness, etc. can be distinguished).

· In relation to the case (responsibility - dishonesty, diligence - laziness, etc.).

· In relation to oneself (modesty - narcissism, self-criticism - self-confidence, pride - humiliation, etc.).

· In relation to property (generosity - greed, frugality - wastefulness, accuracy - slovenliness, etc.). It should be noted a certain conventionality of this classification and a close relationship, the interpenetration of these aspects of relations. So, for example, if a person shows rudeness, then this concerns his relationship to people; but if at the same time he works as a teacher, then here it is already necessary to talk about his attitude to the matter (bad faith), about his attitude towards himself (narcissism).

Despite the fact that these relationships are the most important from the point of view of character formation, they do not simultaneously and immediately become character traits. There is a certain sequence in the transition of these relations into character traits, and in this sense it is impossible to put in one row, say, the attitude towards other people and the attitude towards property, since their very content plays a different role in the real existence of a person. A decisive role in the formation of character is played by the attitude of a person to society, to people. The character of a person cannot be revealed and understood outside the team, without taking into account his attachments in the form of camaraderie, friendship, love.

In the structure of character, one can distinguish traits that are common to a certain group of people. Even the most original person can find some trait (for example, unusual, unpredictable behavior), the possession of which allows him to be attributed to a group of people with similar behavior. In this case, we should talk about typical in character traits. N. D. Levitov believes that the type of character is a specific expression in the individual character of traits common to a certain group of people. Indeed, as noted, the character is not innate - it is formed in the life and work of a person as a representative of a certain group, a certain society. Therefore, the character of a person is always a product of society, which explains the similarities and differences in the characters of people belonging to different groups.

Diverse typical features are reflected in the individual character: national, professional, age. Thus, people of the same nationality are in the conditions of life that have developed over many generations, they experience the specific features of national life; develop under the influence of the existing national structure, language. Therefore, people of one nationality differ in their way of life, habits, rights, and character from people of another. These typical features are often fixed by everyday consciousness in various attitudes and stereotypes. Most people have a formed image of a representative of a particular country: an American, a Scot, an Italian, a Chinese, etc.

Conclusion on the second chapter

The content of the character, reflecting social influences, influences, constitutes the life orientation of the individual, i.e. her material and spiritual needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, etc. The orientation of the personality determines the goals, the life plan of a person, the degree of his life activity. The character of a person implies the presence of something significant for him in the world, in life, something on which the motives of his actions depend, the goals of his actions that he sets himself.

CHAPTER 3

1 Age features of character

Human Life Path Strategy

Already in the first year of life, the child is "drawn" into active interaction with the adult environment, begins to see the world through his eyes. The happiness of the first years of life (up to 7 years) of a person lies in the predominance of contemplation over the solution of life problems. The brain of a child, reaching its full volume by the age of seven, provides him with an intensive development of intelligence. Through active interaction with the world, children explore the essence of being, the necessary behavior. The impressionability of childhood does not miss anything that can be useful in life. Over the years, children's impressionability is dulled, but the experience and knowledge of childhood give youth stable forms of behavior.

In adolescence (8-14 years), an intensive orientation of the individual in socio-normative requirements at the environmental microlevel is carried out, his desire for the most successful social adaptation is actualized. Of great importance is the imitation of authoritative examples, the desire of a teenager for effective social self-realization.

Youth (15-18 years old) is categorical in its assessments, maximalistic in its requirements for life. The circle of needs of the young is expanding - the time is coming for volitional actions, suffering and torment. It is more difficult to interact with the world than to contemplate it. What looks great can be difficult in practice. Managing oneself is harder than managing things. In the whirlpool of life, one must be able to act, and in a number of cases - to act better than others. The world is filled with burdensome social demands and indispensable duties. There is a crisis of youth - decorative models of happiness are crumbling, the relativity of this very concept is known. The unquenchable thirst for happiness is gradually replaced in a person by the desire to avoid at least failures and defeats. But there is still a lot of strength and difficulties can be overcome. Expectations of happiness and faith in a radiant future are still strong. However, the feeling of abandonment, uselessness is already familiar. At the same time, the world has not yet been fully known, full of colors and sounds, the craving for it is enormous.

The further life of an adult (19-35 years old) is more calm and prudent. It is already clear that life is not an uninterrupted stream of happiness and pleasure, that one should be content with what is, finding pleasure in small joys. A person's understanding of the world becomes realistic, and in many cases, down-to-earth, pragmatic. The romantic fog of the past has been dispelled. The veil of the pink veil has been cast off most of life's phenomena, but not on all, and life still promises surprises. Forces are mobilized for new achievements - for what is real, useful and achievable. Few remain in captivity of dreams. Experience liberates the man of false ideas and dogmas. He distinguishes well between the dangers of delusion and maladaptive behavior. A person learns, as it were, the underside of life - its internal intricacies, the subtleties of human interaction. There is a social self-realization of the individual. He still judges others by himself, affirms himself in love, friendship, various forms of social interaction. His social maturity and life wisdom are growing.

But the elegy of fragility and frailty of being is increasingly heard in his soul. And flocks of birds flying away into the autumn distance are already leading him to sad thoughts.

The age of 36-40 years is considered a life watershed. From this time on, the vital forces begin to gradually decrease. But the process at first goes very slowly and is compensated by spiritual acquisitions.

The second half of active life (41-65 years) is predetermined by the capital created in its first half.

In the elderly and senile age (from the age of 66), many values ​​are overestimated, much is devalued, the life lived is presented as a bunch of individual events. Only the first quarter of life is remembered as the most expensive and happiest and the longest, the rest of the periods seem short and not very prosperous. A lot is being pushed out of memory. What used to torment and torment, becomes insignificant. Much depreciates, and time is already running without leaving traces. The past is shrouded in mist and becomes barely visible. However, individual personally intimate events from time to time flare up with a bright flame and warm the soul with life-giving life energy. And this once again proves that not all of our Self exists in time, but only its individual manifestations.

By the end of a person's life, illusions finally disappear, his character is exposed in immediacy, social role layers are weakened. And a person finally recognizes himself, his true world relations. Life again acquires a shade of contemplation. Passions subside (which sometimes did not bring much happiness even in youth). But just as youth does not avoid sadness, so old age does not avoid courage. Freed from many worldly hardships, a person in his declining years feels more free, knowing the true value of everything earthly.

Rejecting the tinsel of masquerade dresses and worldly fuss, old age more objectively relates to the true values ​​​​of life, including among them, first of all, the absence of acute suffering and spiritual and creative activity. And a person finally learns that the most valuable thing in him is himself.

A strong feeling of an old person is a sense of his significance in the affairs of the past days, self-realization, participation in the eternal flow of life. And even when leaving this world, a person knows that he does not disappear completely. His life ensured the continuity of human existence.

The nature of people can be most optimally manifested at different ages. Some people are especially attractive in their youth, while others are active, productive and beautiful in adulthood. Some are especially attractive in old age, when they become sincere, benevolent, compliant and useful in their wisdom and unselfish humanity. It is probable that there is something in the character of the individual which is destined for its fullest manifestation at a certain age.

Much changes in the human psyche throughout his life - the amount of his knowledge, way of thinking, behavioral skills, attitude to various phenomena of reality change. But his self-concept, his sense of life remains a very stable, stable mental formation. This stability of personal conceptuality, obviously, gave rise to the concept of the human soul.

The well-known American psychologist E. Erickson (1902-1994), carrying out a psychoanalytic study of the age periods of a person's life, divided the entire life cycle into eight phases. Each phase has its own specific features, in particular, it is characterized by certain conflict states that can be resolved favorably or unfavorably for the individual's mental makeup.

3.2 Sex-role (gender) character differences

Some features of the characters of people are due to their gender.

Sexual mental characteristics are associated not only with biological factors, but also with the historically established differentiation of male and female social roles, the division of labor according to gender, the difference in the traditional upbringing of girls and boys in accordance with cultural and historical stereotypes of femininity and masculinity.

Gender identification - the self-reference of an individual to a certain sex is associated with his sexual socialization, the development of the corresponding sexual self-awareness, and the mastery of a socio-gender role. An individual's sexual identity is formed in a social environment that reinforces "correct" sexual behavior and condemns possible deviations.

Gender-role norms, a system of male and female stereotypes of behavior form a person's "image of a man" or "image of a woman". Primary sexual self-identification is formed by the age of two, and at six or seven years of age, sexual attitudes are intensively formed, manifested in the choice of games, behavior, sexual segregation (the formation of communities of the same sex).

In adolescence, gender-role orientations are especially enhanced, they become leading in peer communication. At the same time, traditionally masculine (male) features are somewhat overestimated compared to feminine features.

Hormonal shifts cause at this age sexual changes in the structure of the body and puberty (from Latin pubertas - maturity, puberty) eroticism. Gender identity in adolescence is critically considered. In this case, a dysmorphic syndrome may occur - the fear of sexual inconsistency. The disharmony of physical and psychosocial development is acutely experienced, intense gender-role self-affirmation takes place, and the psychosexual orientation of the personality is formed. Defects in sex-role socialization, shortcomings in sex education can cause deviations in the behavior of an individual (transsexualism, homosexuality, etc.).

What psychological characteristics are associated with the gender of an individual? Some researchers believe that girls in general are superior to boys in speech abilities, boys have an advantage in visuo-spatial abilities; men are more aggressive and unstable than women, their intellect is more analytical. Girls and women perform better in routine monosyllabic activities. The perception of human appearance by women is more detailed. Women are more emotionally sensitive. The psyche of a woman is more determined by heredity, the psyche of men - by the influences of the environment.

Opinions are expressed about gender differences in suggestibility, anxiety, competitiveness and dominance. For women, an emotionally expressive style of behavior is more characteristic, for men - an object-instrumental one.

Higher levels of cultural development of society are characterized by a tendency to overcome the opposition of men and women. The equality of men and women in social production, the mastery of "male" professions by women leads to the formation of appropriate mental qualities in them. However, this gives rise to some uncertainty in gender-role expectations, breaking the traditional stereotypes of gender roles, which can cause conflict in interpersonal relationships.

The images of the "ideal man" and "ideal woman" are currently less defined.

In connection with the emancipation of women in progressive social conditions, the spheres of joint activity of men and women are expanding more and more. This also leads to a decrease in mental differences between them. In different spheres of life, the manifestation of sexual mental differences is not the same. These differences are more noticeable in the psychophysiological sphere - the characteristics of sensorimotor reactions, the features of emotional and volitional manifestations.

3.3 National psychological characteristics of character

Nation, people, ethnos - a stable set of people historically formed in a certain territory, possessing common features of culture and mental make-up, consciousness of their unity and difference from other similar entities.

Ethnic features of the psyche of people are studied by ethnopsychology. However, within the framework of general psychology, national character traits are of significant importance.

The national characteristics of a person are manifested in his psychophysiology, emotional-volitional, behavioral characteristics. Each nation has its own name - its own name (ethnonym), as well as self-consciousness. But ethnic self-consciousness is a secondary phenomenon, it is derived from the objective conditions of the life of an ethnos.

Ethnic groups arise not by the will of people, but in the course of an objective historical process. Due to these objective circumstances, ethnic features of the way of life of the people, a special mental make-up of its representatives are formed.

Here is how the well-known historian V. O. Klyuchevsky characterizes the national psychological characteristics of the Russian people and the circumstances that determined them: This forces the Great Russian peasant to hurry, to work hard in order to do a lot in a short time and to get out of the field just in time, and then to remain idle through the autumn and winter. So the Great Russian got used to the excessive short-term exertion of his strength, got used to work quickly, feverishly and quickly, and then to rest during the forced autumn and winter idleness. Not a single people in Europe is capable of such a strain of work for a short time as a Great Russian can develop; but nowhere in Europe, it seems, can we find such an unaccustomed to even, moderate and measured, constant work, as in the same Great Russia.

“... The Great Russian works better alone when no one is looking at him, and with difficulty gets used to the friendly action by common forces. He is generally closed and cautious, even timid, always on his mind, unsociable, better with himself than in public ... ".

One can disagree with the categoricalness of individual judgments of the great connoisseur of Russian history and the soul of the Russian people. However, one cannot but agree with his general postulate: “It should be natural for every nation to perceive from the surrounding world, as well as from experienced destinies, and to translate into its character not all, but only known impressions, and hence comes the diversity of national warehouses or types. ..".

The character of a person, as noted above, is not a simple sum of traits, but a structurally organized system of mental qualities. The originality of the national character is determined not by a special organization of brain activity, but by cultural and historical conditions. Features of the national character - features of national self-consciousness, the historical memory of the people, the reflection in the minds of people of the most important social and national processes and, on this basis, the separation of oneself from other peoples. The historical conflicts of the past and major national and cultural achievements leave a deep imprint in the memory of the people.

A person of any nationality, born in his own cultural, historical and natural environment, from an early age is under a strong influence (there is an effect of dominance of the primary impact). The morning of life, that which surrounded man in his cradle and early childhood, has a special attraction; love for the Motherland is one of the strongest human feelings. On this basis, national pride is formed, which can be accentuated.

Nationalism, the ideology of the exclusivity of one nation, its superiority over other peoples, has no objective basis, is a distorted reflection of reality in the sphere of national self-consciousness.

Great thinkers were extremely skeptical about the self-exaltation of the national merits of individual peoples. For example, A. Schopenhauer wrote: “It must be admitted that there are few good features in the national character, because the crowd is its subject. Simply put, human limitations, perversity and corruption take different forms in different countries, which are called national character. When one becomes disgusted, we begin to praise the other, until the same thing happens to that one. Each nation mocks the other, and they are all equally right."

Conclusion on the third chapter

Needs, interests, inclinations, tastes, all kinds of tendencies and attitudes, as well as personal views and beliefs of a person are psychological forms of expression of the direction in which character is manifested; its content is the practical relation of a person to other people and through them to himself, to his work and to things of the objective world. The leading and defining moment in the formation of character is the relationship of a person with other people.

Since character is expressed primarily in relation to other people, in an essentially social relation to the world, it is manifested and formed mainly in actions. Depending on whether the character is formed in the closed shell of personal well-being or, on the contrary, in the general collective work and struggle, the basic properties of the human character develop in completely different ways. The relationship of a person with other people determines his attitude to his activity.

CHAPTER 4. Accentuations of character

1 Accentuation of personality character

Accentuations (from Latin accentus - stress, underline) - extreme variants of the norm, in which individual character traits are hypertrophied and manifest themselves in the form of "weak points" in the individual's psyche - its selective vulnerability to certain influences with good and even increased resistance to other influences .

The types of accentuated personalities have not yet been definitively determined. They are described by K. Leonhard and A. E. Lichko. However, these authors give an overly fractional classification of accentuations.

Fig.1. character structure

We distinguish only four types of accentuated personalities: excitable, affective, unstable, anxious.

Unlike psychopathy, character accentuations do not cause a general social maladjustment of the personality.

Intensively manifesting itself in adolescence, character accentuations can be compensated over time, and under adverse conditions, they can develop and transform into "marginal" psychopathy.

4.2 Types of character accentuations

The main types of character accentuation include:

·excitable;

affective;

·unstable;

anxiety;

Sometimes accentuation borders on various types of psychopathy, therefore, in its characterization, typology, psychopathological schemes and terms are used. Psychodiagnostics of the types and severity of accentuations is carried out using the "Pathocharacteristic Diagnostic Questionnaire" (developed by A. E. Lichko and N. Ya. Ivanov) and the MMPI personality questionnaire (the scales of which include zones of accentuated and pathological manifestations of character).

Character accentuation is the extreme version of the norm as a result of strengthening individual features. Accentuation of character under very unfavorable circumstances can lead to pathological disorders and changes in personality behavior, to psychopathy, but it is wrong to identify it with pathology. Character properties are determined not by biological laws (hereditary factors), but by social (social factors).

The physiological basis of character is an alloy of traits such as higher nervous activity and complex stable systems of temporary connections developed as a result of individual life experience. In this alloy, the systems of temporary connections play a more important role, since the type of the nervous system can form all the social qualities of the personality. But, firstly, the systems of connections are formed differently in representatives of different types of the nervous system and, secondly, these systems of connections manifest themselves in a peculiar way depending on the types. For example, decisiveness of character can be brought up both in a representative of a strong, excitable type of nervous system, and in a representative of a weak type. But it will be brought up and manifested differently depending on the type.

Attempts to construct a typology of characters have been repeatedly made throughout the history of psychology.

All typologies of human characters have proceeded and proceed from a number of general ideas.

The main ones are the following:

§ the character of a person is formed quite early in ontogenesis and manifests itself as more or less stable throughout the rest of his life;

§ those combinations of personality traits that enter into a person's character are not accidental. They form clearly distinguishable types that make it possible to identify and build a typology of characters.

Most of the people in accordance with this typology can be divided into groups.

One of the curious character classifications belongs to the famous Russian scientist A.E. Lichko. This classification is based on observations of adolescents.

Accentuation of character, according to Lichko, is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits (Fig. 6), in which deviations in psychology and human behavior that do not go beyond the norm, bordering on pathology, are observed. Such accentuations as temporary states of the psyche are most often observed in adolescence and early adolescence. The author of the classification explains this factor as follows: “... under the action of psychogenic factors addressing “the place of least resistance, temporary adaptation disorders, deviations in behavior may occur.” As the child grows up, the features of his character that manifest themselves in childhood remain quite pronounced, lose their sharpness, but with age they can again appear clearly (especially if a disease occurs).

In today's psychology, from 10 to 14 types (typologies) of character are distinguished.

They can be defined as harmonious and disharmonious.

Harmonious character types are characterized by a sufficient development of the main character traits without isolation, isolation, without exaggeration in the development of any one trait.

Disharmonious ones are manifested with the identification of different character traits and are called accentuated or accentuated.

In 20-50% of people, some character traits are so pointed that there is a “skew” of character - as a result, interaction with people worsens, difficulties and conflicts appear.

The severity of accentuation can be rickety: from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options, when you have to think about whether there is no disease - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of character (while maintaining the intellect of a person), as a result of which relationships with people around are sharply violated. But, unlike psychopathy, character accentuations appear inconsistently, over the years they can completely smooth out, approach the norm. Accentuations of character are most often found in adolescents and young men (50-80%), since it is these periods of life that are most critical for the formation of character, the manifestation of originality, and individuality.

Then accentuations can be smoothed out or, on the contrary, intensified, developing into neuroses or psychopathy.

Figure 2. Scheme of character accentuation according to E. Filatova and A.E. Testicle

We can consider twelve disharmonious (accentuated) character types (according to K. Leonhard's typology) and describe their positive and negative qualities that can affect a person's professional activity - we need this to confirm the foundations of personality differentiation in terms of a person's characterological properties.

Hyperthymic type

It is almost always distinguished by a good mood, high vitality, splashing energy, unstoppable activity. Strives for leadership, adventures. It is necessary to be reserved about his unreasonable optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Features attractive to interlocutors: vigor, thirst for activity, initiative, a sense of the new, optimism.

For the people around him, it is unacceptable: frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude to the duties assigned to him, irritability in the circle of close people.

The conflict is possible with monotonous work, loneliness, in conditions of strict discipline, constant moralizing. This causes the person to become angry. Such a person shows himself well in work related to constant communication. These are organizational activities, household services, sports, theater. It is typical for him to often change professions and jobs.

Dysthymic type

The opposite of the first type: serious. pessimist. Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, reticence. These people are burdened by noisy societies, they do not closely converge with colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts, more often they are a passive side in them. They greatly appreciate those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them.

People around like their seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and justice. But such features as passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, "separation from the team" repel others from acquaintance and friendship with them.

Conflicts are observed in situations that require violent activity. For these people, a change in their usual way of life has a negative impact. They are good at jobs that do not require a wide range of communication. Under unfavorable conditions, they tend to neurotic depression. This accentuation occurs most often in persons of melancholic temperament.

Cycloid type

The accentuation of character is manifested in cyclically changing periods of ups and downs in mood. During the period of mood rise, they manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, during the period of decline with dysthymic. During the recession, they perceive troubles more acutely. These frequent changes in mental state tire a person, make his behavior unpredictable, contradictory, prone to changing profession, place of work, interests.

excitable type

This type of people has increased irritability, a tendency to aggression, intemperance, gloom, boredom, but flattery, helpfulness, a tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, slowness in conversation are possible. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with superiors, are quarrelsome in a team, and are despotic and cruel in a family. Outside of fits of anger, these people are conscientious, accurate and show love for children.

People around do not like their irritability, irascibility, inadequate outbursts of rage and anger with assault, cruelty, weakened control over attraction. These people are well affected by physical labor, athletic sports. They need to develop endurance, self-control. Because of their quarrelsomeness, they often change jobs.

stuck type

People with this type of accentuation "get stuck" on their feelings, thoughts. They cannot forget insults and "settle scores" with their offenders. They have official and domestic intractability, a tendency to protracted squabbles. In the conflict, they are most often the active side and clearly define the circle of friends and enemies for the day. They show dominance.

The interlocutors like their desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on themselves, the thirst for justice, adherence to principles, strong, stable views. But at the same time, these people have features that repel others: resentment, suspicion, vindictiveness, arrogance, jealousy, ambition.

A conflict is possible with hurt pride, unfair resentment, an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals.

Pedantic type

These people have a pronounced "tediousness" in the form of experiencing the details, in the service they are able to torture them with formal requirements, exhaust the household with excessive accuracy.

For others, they are attractive conscientiousness, accuracy. seriousness, reliability in deeds and feelings. But such people have a number of repulsive character traits: formalism, "chicanery", "boring", the desire to shift decision-making to others.

Conflicts are possible in a situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, with an underestimation of their merits. They are prone to obsession, psychasthenia.

For these people, professions that are not associated with great responsibility, “paperwork”, are preferred. They are not inclined to change jobs.

alarm type

People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low mood, timidity, timidity, self-doubt. They constantly fear for themselves, their loved ones, experience failure for a long time and doubt the correctness of their actions. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role.

Conflicts are possible in situations of fear, threats, ridicule, unfair accusations.

People around like their friendliness, self-criticism and diligence. But timidity, suspiciousness sometimes serve as a target for jokes.

Such people cannot be leaders, make responsible decisions, as they are characterized by endless experience, weighing.

emotive type

A person of this type of character is overly sensitive, vulnerable and deeply worried about the slightest trouble. He is sensitive to comments, failures, so he most often has a sad mood. He prefers a narrow circle of friends and relatives who would understand him perfectly.

Rarely enters into conflicts and plays a passive role in them. Resentment does not splash out, but prefers to keep them in himself. Those around him like his compassion, pity, expression of joy about other people's successes. He is very executive and has a high sense of duty.

Such a person is usually a good family man. But extreme sensitivity, tearfulness repel others from him.

Conflicts with a loved one, death or illness, he perceives tragically. Injustice, rudeness, being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated for him. He achieves the most significant results in the field of art, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.

Demonstrative type

This person strives to be in the spotlight and achieves his goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. He easily forgets about his unseemly deeds. He has a high adaptability to people.

This person is attractive to others with courtesy, perseverance, purposefulness, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, as well as his originality. He has traits that repel people from him, these traits contribute to conflict: selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, a tendency to intrigue, shirking from work. A conflict by such a person occurs when his interests are infringed, his merits are underestimated, he is overthrown from the “pedestal”. These situations cause him hysterical reactions.

exalted type

People with this type of accentuation have a very changeable mood, talkativeness, increased distractibility to external events. Their emotions are pronounced and are reflected in amorousness.

Such traits as altruism, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings and attachment to friends are liked by interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair are not their best features. Failures and sad events are perceived tragically, such people are prone to neurotic depression.

Their environment of existence is the sphere of arts, artistic sports, professions associated with proximity to nature.

introverted type

People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low sociability, isolation. They are aloof from everyone and enter into communication with other people only if necessary, most often immersed in themselves and their thoughts. They are characterized by increased vulnerability, but they do not tell anything about themselves and do not share their experiences. Even to their loved ones, they are cold and reserved. Their behavior and logic are often not understood by others.

These people love solitude and prefer to be alone rather than in noisy company. They rarely enter into conflicts, only when trying to invade their inner world.

They are picky in choosing a spouse and are busy searching for their ideal.

They have a strong emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones.

The people around them like them for their restraint, degree, thoughtfulness of actions, the presence of strong convictions and adherence to principles. But the stubborn upholding of one's unrealistic interests, views and the presence of one's own point of view, which differs sharply from the opinion of the majority, repel people from them.

Such people prefer work that does not require a large circle of communication. They are prone to theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, science fiction, music.

Conformal type

People of this type are highly sociable, talkative to the point of talkativeness. Usually they do not have their own opinions and do not strive to stand out from the crowd.

These people are not organized and tend to obey others. In communication with friends and family, they give way to leadership to others. Surrounding in these people like their willingness to listen to another, diligence. But at the same time, these are people "without a king in their heads", subject to someone else's influence. They do not think about their actions and have a great passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in a situation of forced loneliness, lack of control.

These people have easy adaptability to a new job and do an excellent job with their job responsibilities when tasks and rules of conduct are clearly defined.

Conclusion on the fourth chapter

Separate accentuated character traits are usually quite compensatory. However, in difficult situations, a person with an accentuated character may experience a violation of behavior. Accentuations of character, his "weak points" can be obvious and hidden, manifested in extreme situations. Persons with personal accentuations are more malleable to the influences of the environment, more prone to mental trauma. And if an unfavorable situation strikes at a “weak spot”, then the entire behavior of such persons changes dramatically - accentuation features begin to dominate.

character personality age psychological

CONCLUSION

In the study, the essence and content of the concept of "character" were revealed, the features of its formation and structure.

The hypothesis that character is not a frozen formation, it is formed throughout a person's life path, was confirmed. Anatomical and physiological inclinations do not absolutely predetermine the development of a particular character. Recognition of the dependence of character on such factors as appearance, body constitution, date of birth, name, etc., leads to the recognition of the impossibility of changing and educating character in any significant way. However, the whole practice of education refutes the thesis of the constancy of character, such cases are possible only in the case of personality pathology.

Character, despite its versatility, is only one of the sides, but not the whole personality. A person is able to rise above his character, is able to change it. Therefore, years speak about predicting behavior, do not forget that it has a certain probability and cannot be absolute. A person can challenge circumstances and become different (unless, of course, she hides her powerlessness behind the phrase That's my character.)

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