Musical instruments of the Caucasian peoples. Traditional musical culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus: Folk musical instruments and problems of ethnocultural contacts

The highlanders are a musical people; songs and dances are as familiar to them as a burka and a hat. They are traditionally demanding of melody and words, because they know a lot about them.

The music was performed on a variety of instruments - wind, bowed, plucked and percussion.

The arsenal of mountain performers included pipes, zurna, tambourine, string instruments pandur, chagana, kemang, tar and their national varieties; balalaika and domra (among the Nogais), basamey (among the Circassians and Abazins) and many others. In the second half of the 19th century, Russian factory-made musical instruments (accordion, etc.) began to penetrate into the musical life of the highlanders.

According to Sh. B. Nogmov, in Kabarda there was a twelve-string instrument of the “dulcimer type.” K. L. Khetagurov and composer S. I. Taneyev also report on a harp with 12 horsehair strings.

N. Grabovsky describes some of the instruments that accompanied the dances of the Kabardians: “The music to which the youth danced consisted of one long wooden pipe, called “sybyzga” by the mountaineers, and several wooden rattles - “khare” (the hare consists of a rectangular oblong plank with with a handle; near the base of the handle, several more smaller boards are loosely tied to the board, which, hitting one another, make a cracking sound).”

There is a lot of interesting information about the musical culture of the Vainakhs and their national instruments in the book by Yu. A. Aidaev “The Chechens: History and Modernity”: “One of the oldest string instruments among the Chechens is the dechik-pondur. This instrument has an elongated wooden body, hollowed out from one piece of wood, with a flat top and a curved bottom. The neck of the dechik-pondura has frets, and the frets on ancient instruments were rope or vein cross bands on the neck. Sounds on a dechik-pondur are produced, as on a balalaika, with the fingers of the right hand by striking the strings from top to bottom or bottom to top, tremolo, rattling and plucking. The sound of the old boy-pondur has a soft, rustling timbre. Another folk stringed bowed instrument, the adhoku-pondur, has a rounded body - a hemisphere with a neck and a supporting leg. The adhoku-pondur is played with a bow, and during playing the body of the instrument is in a vertical position; supported by the fingerboard with his left hand, he rests his foot on the player’s left knee. The sound of the adhoku-pondur resembles a violin... Among the wind instruments in Chechnya, one can find the zurna, which is ubiquitous in the Caucasus. This instrument has a unique and somewhat harsh sound. Of the keyboard and wind instruments in Chechnya, the most common instrument is the Caucasian harmonica... Its sound is unique, in comparison with the Russian button accordion, it is harsh and vibrating.

A drum with a cylindrical body (vota), which is usually played with wooden sticks, but sometimes with fingers, is an integral part of Chechen instrumental ensembles, especially when performing folk dances. The complex rhythms of Chechen lezginkas require from the performer not only virtuoso technique, but also a highly developed sense of rhythm. Another percussion instrument, the tambourine, is no less widespread...”

Dagestan music also has deep traditions.

The most common instruments of the Avars: a two-stringed tamur (pandur) - a plucked instrument, a zurna - a woodwind instrument (resembling an oboe) with a bright, piercing timbre, and a three-stringed chagana - a bowed instrument similar to a flat frying pan with a top covered with animal skin or fish bladder. Women's singing was often accompanied by the rhythmic sound of a tambourine. The favorite ensemble that accompanied dances, games, and sports competitions of the Avars was the zurna and the drum. Militant marches are very typical when performed by such an ensemble. The masterly sound of the zurna, accompanied by the rhythmic blows of the sticks on the tightly stretched skin of the drum, cut through the noise of any crowd and was heard throughout the entire village and far beyond. The Avars have a saying: “One zurnach is enough for a whole army.”

The main instrument of the Dargins is the three-string agach-kumuz, six-fret (in the 19th century twelve-fret), with great expressive capabilities. Musicians tuned its three strings in various ways, obtaining all sorts of combinations and sequences of consonances. The reconstructed agach-kumuz was borrowed from the Dargins by other peoples of Dagestan. The Dargin musical ensemble also included a chungur (plucked string instrument), and later a kemancha, mandolin, harmonica and common Dagestan wind and percussion instruments. Common Dagestan musical instruments were widely used in music making by the Laks. This was noted by N.I. Voronov in his essay “From a trip to Dagestan”: “During dinner (in the house of the former Kazimukh khansha - Author) music was heard - the sounds of a tambourine, accompanied by the singing of women’s voices and clapping of hands. At first they sang in the gallery, because the singers seemed somewhat embarrassed and did not dare to enter the room where we had dinner, but then they entered and, standing in the corner, covering their faces with a tambourine, gradually began to stir... Soon a musician joined the singers, who played the pipe (zurna - Author). The dances were arranged. The knights were the Khansha's servants, and the ladies were maids and women invited from the village. They danced in pairs, a man and a woman, smoothly following one after the other and describing circles, and when the tempo of the music accelerated, they began to squat, and the women made very funny steps.” One of the most popular ensembles among Lezgins is the combination of zurna and drum. However, unlike, say, an Avar duet, the Lezgin ensemble is a trio, which includes two zurnas. One of them always maintains the supporting tone (“zur”), and the other leads an intricate melodic line, as if wrapping around the “zur.” The result is a kind of two-voice.

Other Lezgin instruments are tar, kemancha, saz, chromatic harmonica and clarinet. The main musical instruments of the Kumyks are the agach-kumuz, similar to the Dargin one in design, but with a different tuning than in Nagorno-Dagestan, and the “argan” (Asian accordion). The harmonica was played predominantly by women, and the agach-kumuz by men. Kumyks often used zurna, shepherd's pipe and harmonica to perform independent musical works. Later they added a button accordion, an accordion, a guitar and partly a balalaika.

A Kumyk parable has been preserved that reveals the value of national culture.

How to break people

In ancient times, one powerful king sent his spy to Kumykia, ordering him to find out whether the Kumyks were a large people, whether their army was strong, what weapons they used to fight, and whether they could be conquered. Returning from Kumykia, the spy appeared before the king:

- Oh, my lord, the Kumyks are a small people, and their army is small, and their weapons are daggers, checkers, bows and arrows. But they cannot be conquered while they have a small tool in their hands...

- What is it that gives them such strength?! - the king was surprised.

- This is kumuz, a simple musical instrument. But as long as they play it, sing and dance to it, they will not break spiritually, which means they will die, but will not submit...

Singers and songs

Singers and storytellers-ashugs were people's favorites. Karachais, Circassians, Kabardians, Adygs called them Dzhirchi, Dzheguako, Geguako; Ossetians - Zaraegians; Chechens and Ingush - Illanchi.

One of the themes of the musical folklore of the mountaineers was the struggle of disadvantaged people against the tyranny of the feudal nobility, for land, freedom and justice. On behalf of the class of oppressed peasants, the story is told in the Adyghe songs “The Cry of the Serfs”, “The Prince and the Plowman”, the Vainakh - “Song from the times of the struggle of the free highlanders with the feudal lords”, “Prince Kagerman”, the Nogai - “The Singer and the Wolf”, the Avar - “ The Dream of the Poor", Dargin - "Plowman, Sower and Reaper", Kumyk ballad "Biy and Cossack". In Ossetia, the song and legend about the famous hero Chermen became widespread.

A feature of mountain musical folklore were epic poems and legends about the struggle against foreign conquerors and local feudal lords.

Historical songs were dedicated to the Caucasian War: “Beibulat Taimiev”, “Shamil”, “Shamil and Hadji Murat”, “Hadji Murat in Aksai”, “Buk-Magomed”, “Sheikh from Kumukh”, “Kurakh Fortress” (“ Kurugyi-yal Kaala"), etc. The mountaineers composed songs about the uprising of 1877: “The Capture of Tsudahar”, “The Ruin of Chokh”, “About Fataali”, “About Jafar”, etc.

About the songs and music of the Vainakhs, the book by Yu. A. Aidaev says: “The folk music of the Chechens and Ingush consists of three main groups or genres: songs, instrumental works - the so-called “music for listening,” dance and marching music. Heroic and epic songs of the nature of epics or legends, speaking about the people’s struggle for their freedom or praising heroes, folk tales and legends are called “illi”. Songs without lyrics attached to them are sometimes also called "illi". Love songs with fixed lyrics and songs with humorous content, such as ditties that only women sing, are called “esharsh”. Works, usually of program content, performed on folk instruments, are called “ladugu yishch” - a song for listening. Songs with lyrics created by the performers themselves are “yish”. Pir is Russian and other non-Chechen songs common among Chechens.

...Thousands of Illanchi folk song performers remained unknown. They lived in every village and aul, they inspired their fellow countrymen to feats of arms for the freedom and independence of the people, and were the spokesmen of their thoughts and aspirations. They were well known among the people, the names of many are still remembered and remembered. Legends live about them. In the 19th century, they became known to Russia through representatives of their culture who ended up in the Caucasus. Among the first was M. Yu. Lermontov. In the poem “Izmail-Bey,” written in 1832, pointing out that such a dramatic plot of the poem was suggested to him by “an old Chechen, a poor native of the Caucasus ranges,” the poet portrays a folk singer:

Around the fire, listening to the singer,
Daring youth crowded together,
And gray-haired old men in a row
They stand with silent attention.
On a gray stone, unarmed,
An unknown alien sits -
He doesn't need a war outfit,
He is proud and poor, he is a singer!
Child of the steppes, favorite of the sky,
He is without gold, but not without bread.
Here it begins: three strings
They began to jingle under my hand.
And vividly, with wild simplicity
He sang old songs.

In Dagestan, the Avars were famous for their singing art. Their songs are characterized by masculine severity combined with strength and passion. The poets and singers Ali-Gadzhi from Inkho, Eldarilav, Chanka were highly revered by the people. Among the khans, on the contrary, freedom-loving songs denouncing injustice aroused blind rage.

The khans ordered the singer Ankhil Marin to sew up her lips, but her songs still continued to sound in the mountains.

An Avar men's song is usually a story about a hero or a historical event. It is three-part: the first and last parts serve as an introduction (beginning) and conclusion, and the middle one sets out the plot. The Avar women's lyrical song “kech” or “rokyul kech” (love song) is characterized by throat singing with an open sound in a high register, giving the melody an intensely passionate shade and somewhat reminiscent of the sound of a zurna.

The Avars have a prominent legend about the hero Khochbar, which has analogues among other peoples. Khochbar was the leader of the free Gidatlin society. For many years the hero resisted Khan Avaria. He distributed “one hundred sheep” from the khan’s flocks to thousands of poor people, and “six cows to eight hundred cowless people” from the khan’s herds. Khan tried to deal with him and with society itself, but nothing worked out for him. Then the insidious Nutsal Khan decided to deceive him by inviting him to visit him, supposedly for a truce.

Here is an excerpt from the legend translated by P. Uslar:

“A messenger came from the Avar Khan to call Gidatlin Khochbar. “Should I go, mother, to Khunzakh?”

- “Don’t go, my dear, the bitterness of shed blood does not disappear; Khans, may they be exterminated, are tormenting people with treachery.”

- “No, I’ll go; otherwise the despicable Nutsal will think that I was cowardly.”

Khochbar drove a bull as a gift to Nutsal, took a ring for his wife, and came to Khunzakh.

- “Hello to you, Avar Nutsal!”

- “Hello to you too, Gidatlinsky Khochbar! You have finally come, the wolf who exterminated the sheep!..."

While Nutsal and Khochbar were talking, the Avar herald shouted: “Whoever has a cart, carry firewood from the pine forest above the village on the cart; whoever does not have a cart, load a donkey; If you don't have a donkey, drag it on your back. Our enemy Khochbar has fallen into our hands: let’s make a fire and burn it.” The herald has finished; six rushed and tied up Khochbar. On the long Khunzakh climb, a fire was lit so that the rock became hot; They brought Khochbar. They brought his bay horse to the fire and cut him down with swords; They broke his pointed spear and threw him into the flames. Even the hero Khochbar didn’t blink!...”

Mocking the captive, the Avar Khan ordered to untie Khochbar so that he could sing his dying song. Reminding the people of his exploits and calling for the continuation of the struggle against the khans, the hero himself threw himself into the fire, taking with him two sons of Nutsal Khan, who came to watch the execution... Such was revenge for the unheard-of violation of the sacred laws of hospitality.

The musical folklore of the Laks was very vibrant and diverse. It combines melodic richness with a breadth of modal means. The song tradition of the Laks gave preference to singers in performance.

Long, extended songs of the Laks were called “balai”. They stood out for their depth of poetic content and developed, sing-song melody. These are original ballad songs telling about the fate of ordinary people, about otkhodniks, the events of the national liberation movement (for example, the song “Vai qi khhitri khulliykhsa” - “What kind of dust is on the road”) dedicated to the 1877 uprising, etc.

A special group consisted of the epic songs “tatt-tahal balay” (“song of the grandfathers”), performed to the accompaniment of a tambourine or other musical instrument as a melodic recitation. Each of these songs had a special melody, called “tattahal lakvan” (“melody of the grandfathers”).

Short, fast songs were called “shanly”. Lak joke songs “sham-mardu”, similar to Russian ditties, were especially popular, especially among young people. The playful, temperamental nature of the melody corresponded well with the cheerful lyrics of “shammard”, which boys and girls often improvised during the performance, competing in wit. The original part of the “shanly” also consisted of children’s joke songs, the heroes of which were animals: magpie, fox, mouse, cow, donkey, etc.

A remarkable monument to the Lak heroic epic is the song “Partu Patima”, which tells about the Dagestan Joan of Arc, under whose leadership in 1396 the highlanders defeated the hordes of Tamerlane:

- "Hooray!" announces ravines and valleys
And thunder thunders on the mountain side,
And the Mongols groan, the Mongols shake,
Seeing Partha Patima on a horse.
Twisting his thick braids around his helmet,
Rolling up your sleeves to the elbows,
Where the opponents are the most evil,
She flies with the proud fearlessness of a lion.
Swing to the right and decapitate the enemy,
He swings to the left and cuts the horse.
"Hooray!" he will shout and send the horsemen,
"Hooray!" will scream and rush forward.
And time passes, and time passes,
The Mongol horde rushed back.
The horses don't find their riders,
Timurov's army is fleeing...

Heroic songs also include “Hunna Bava” (“Old Mother”), “Byarnil kkurkkai Raikhanat” (“Raiganat at the Edge of the Lake”), “Murtazaali”. The latter tells about the struggle of the highlanders of Dagestan against the Persian conquerors in the 30-40s of the 18th century.

P. Uslar, who studied folk tales well, wrote: “On the Chokhsky Descent, according to the mountain poet, Nadir Shah, seeing the approaching Andalalians, shouted: “What kind of mice are they climbing on my cats?!” To which Murtazaali, the leader of the Andals, objected to the ruler of the demi-world, the conqueror of Hindustan: “...Look at your partridges and my eagles; on your pigeons and my falcons!” The answer was completely opportune, because, indeed, Nadir Shah suffered a strong defeat at Chokhsky Descent...”

Popular among the people were songs about Kaydar (“Gyukh’allal Kaydar”), a brave and courageous fighter for freedom and independence, “Sultan from Khun” (“Hunainnal Sultan”), “Said from Kumukh” (“Gumuchiyal Said”), “Davdi from Balkhara" ("Balkhallal Davdi"), etc.

Here is an example of rhymed prose telling about the dedication of the mountaineers in battle:

“We will ask - they will(enemies - Author) But they won’t let me in; Let's bow - they won't let us go. Today let the brave show themselves; Today whoever dies, his name will not die. Be brave, well done! Cut the turf with daggers, build a blockade; Where the rubble does not reach, cut the horses and bring them down. Whoever is overcome by hunger, let him eat horse meat; whoever is overcome by thirst, let him drink horse blood; Whoever is overcome by a wound, let him lie down in the rubble. Lay down the cloaks and pour gunpowder on them. Don't shoot too much, aim well. Whoever is timid today will have a clean warrior put on him; whoever fights timidly, let his beloved die. Shoot, good fellows, from the long Crimean rifles until the smoke curls in a cloud at the muzzles; cut with steel swords until they break, until only the hilts remain.”

During the battle, the mountain warriors show miracles of courage: “One rushed like an eagle with its wings tucked in; the other burst into the midst of the enemies, like a wolf into a sheepfold. The enemy flees like leaves driven by the autumn wind...” As a result, the mountaineers return home with booty and glory. The poet concludes his song with the wish: “May every mother have such sons!”

Dargin singers were famous for their virtuoso playing of the chungur and poetic improvisations. O. Batyray enjoyed popular love. The nobility, who were afraid of his accusatory songs, demanded a fine of one bull for each performance of Batyray before the people. People bought a bull together to hear their favorite singer, his songs about an unfair life, about an unhappy homeland, about the desired freedom:

Will difficult times come?
Against a hundred - you will go alone,
Taking the Egyptian blade,
Sharpened like a diamond.
If trouble comes,
You will enter into an argument with thousands,
Taking a flintlock
Everything in the notch is gold.
You will not yield to your enemies.
Not filled yet
Dark leather boots
Red blood over the edge.

Batyrai sang about the miracle of love like no one else:

There are in Egypt, they say
Our old love:
There are master tailors
They cut patterns using it.
There is, according to rumors, in Shemakha
The passion that was ours:
Merchants exchanged it for her
White people take money.

Yes, so that he is completely blind,
Lak coppersmith-sorcerer:
Your sparkling jug
Blinding all the guys!
Yes, so that your hands are taken away
From Kaitag craftswomen:
Your shawl is burning with fire -
At least fall on your face on the spot!

They say that, having heard his voice, the woman who was preparing khinkal came to the square with dough in her hands. Then the nobility also accused Batyray of seducing someone else’s wife. But the people did not give their beloved singer any offense; they gave him horses and lands. The author of “Essays on the History of Dagestan Soviet Music” M. Yakubov noted that in vocal music the Dargins are characterized by monophony and occasionally choral unison singing. Unlike the Avars, who have equally developed male and female performances, in the musical folklore of the Dargins a more important place belonged to male singers and, accordingly, male song genres: slow recitative heroic songs, similar in type to Avar and Kumyk, as well as songs -reflections called “dard” (sorrow, sadness). Dargin everyday (lyrical, humorous, etc.) songs called “dalai” are characterized by relief and simplicity of melodic design, as in the love song “Vahvelara dilara” (“Oh, why was our love destined to be born?”). Lezgins and other peoples living in the south of Dagestan were influenced by Azerbaijani musical folklore. Ashug poetry also developed.

The names of popular poet-singers are known: Gadzhiali from Tsakhur, Gumen from Mishlesh, etc.

Georgian historian P. Ioseliani wrote: “The people of Akhtyn are fond of singing, accompanied by playing the chungur and the balaban (a pipe like a clarinet). Singers (ashugs) sometimes organize competitions, which attract singers from Cuba (who are famous), from Nukha, and sometimes from Elisavetpol and Karabakh. Songs are sung in Lezgin, and more often in Azerbaijani. Ashug, having defeated his opponent, takes away the chungur from him and receives the agreed upon fine. Ashig, who has lost his chungur, is covered in shame and moves away if he wants to act again as a singer.”

The musical art of the Kumyks had its own specific song genres, some characteristic instruments, and unique forms of performance (choral polyphony).

Epic tales about batyrs (heroes) were performed to the accompaniment of the musical agach-kumuz by male singers called “yyrchi” (singer, storyteller). The men's song of a recitative-declamatory type (“yyr”) was most often also associated with themes of an epic, heroic, historical nature; however, there were “yyrs” of comic, satirical and even love-lyrical content.

“Yyrs” also include male choral songs of Kumyks. The most common is two-voice, in which the upper voice, the soloist, leads the melody, and the lower voice, performed by the entire choir, sings one sound. The soloist always starts the song, and the choir joins later (for example, the choral song “Vai, gichchi kyz” - “Ah, little girl”).

Another group of “yyrs” consisted of mourning non-ritual songs about the dead, which contain expressions of grief, sad reflections about the deceased, memories of his life, and often praising his virtues.

Another, no less extensive genre area of ​​Kumyk songwriting is “saryn”. “Saryn” is an everyday song of a love-lyrical, ritual or comic nature, performed with a clear rhythm at a moderately active tempo. The Kumyk ditty (“erishivlu sarynlar”) is also stylistically connected with “saryn” - a genre adopted as a result of long-standing communication between Kumyks and Russians.

In addition to the two main genre areas described, Kumyk songs are known related to labor (cooking, working in the field, kneading adobe to build a house, etc.), ancient pagan rituals (making rain, plotting illness, etc.), and national customs and holidays (songs of the spring holiday Navruz, “buyanka” - that is, collective help to a neighbor, etc.), children's and lullabies.

An outstanding Kumyk poet was Yirchi Kozak. His captivating songs about love, about the heroes of the past and the heroes of the Caucasian War, about the plight of the peasants and the injustice of life have become truly popular. The authorities considered him a rebel and exiled him to Siberia, just as Russian poets were exiled to the Caucasus for freedom-loving poetry. The poet continued to work in Siberia, denouncing injustice and the oppressors of his native people. He died at the hands of unknown killers, but his work became part of the spiritual life of the people.

The Lak Budugal-Musa, the Ingush Mokyz and many others were exiled to Siberia for seditious songs.

The famous Lezginka, named after one of the peoples of Dagestan, is known throughout the world. Lezginka is considered a pan-Caucasian dance, although different nations perform it in their own way. The Lezgins themselves call this temperamental fast dance in 6/8 time “Khkadarday makyam”, that is, “jumping dance”.

There are many melodies of this dance with additional or local names: Ossetian Lezginka, Chechen Lezginka, Kabardian, “lekuri” in Georgia, etc. The Lezgins also have another dance, “zarb-makali,” performed at a slightly less agile tempo than the Lezginka. In addition, slow, smooth dances are common among them: “Akhty-chai”, “Perizat Khanum”, “Useynel”, “Bakhtavar”, etc.

During the war, the “Shamil Dance” became popular throughout the Caucasus, which began with a humble prayer and then turned into a fiery lezginka. The author of one of the versions of this dance (“Shamil’s Prayer”) is called the Chechen harmonica player and composer Magomayev. This dance, like the Lezginka, Kabardian and other dances, was adopted by the neighbors of the highlanders - the Cossacks, from whom they then came to Russia.

The great role of the instrumental-dance principle is manifested among Lezgins in a special genre of dance songs. Between the verses of such a song, the performers dance to the music.

P. Ioseliani wrote about the dances of the Akhtynts: “The so-called square is most often danced. Kare is a commonly used Lezginka among the highlanders. It is danced with different variations. If they dance very fast, it is called tabasaranka; if they dance slowly, it is called Perizade. The girls choose their own dancers, often challenging them to competitions. If the young man gets tired, he hands the chaush (screamer) a silver coin, which the latter ties into the corner of the dancer’s long head scarf thrown behind her, and she then stops the dance. They dance to the sounds of the zurna and dandam, and sometimes a huge tambourine.”

About the dances of the Chechens, Yu. A. Aidaev writes: “Folk dance melodies are called “khalkhar”. Often folk songs that begin in a moderate or slow movement, with a gradual acceleration of the tempo, turn into a fast, rapid dance. Such dances are very characteristic of Vainakh folk music...

But people especially love and know how to dance. People have carefully preserved the ancient melodies of “Dance of the Old Men”, “Dance of the Young Men”, “Dance of the Girls” and others... Almost every village or village has its own lezginka. Ataginskaya, Urus-Martan, Shalinskaya, Gudermesskaya, Chechenskaya and many, many other Lezginkas are popular among the people...

The music of folk marches, performed at the tempo of cavalry marches, is very original...

In addition to songs and dances, instrumental program works are very common among the Chechens, successfully performed on the harmonica or dechik-pondur. Usually the title of such works determines their content. “High Mountains,” for example, is a folk work of an improvisational nature, based on a harmonic texture, glorifying the beauty and grandeur of the mountains of Chechnya. There are many such works... Small breaks - short pauses - are very characteristic of instrumental folk Chechen music...”

The author also writes about the unique experience of using music in folk medicine: “Sharp pain during felon was calmed by playing the balalaika with special music. This motif, entitled “Motif to relieve an abscess on the hand,” was recorded by composer A. Davidenko and its musical notation was published twice (1927 and 1929). T. Khamitsaeva wrote about Ossetian dances: “...They danced to the accompaniment of a folk bowed instrument - the kisyn fandyr, and more often - to the choral singing of the dancers themselves. These were the traditional song-dances “Simd”, “Chepena”, “Vaita-wairau”.

“Chepena” was performed after the bride was brought to the groom’s house. The dancers, mostly elderly men, joined hands and closed the circle. The lead singer stood in the middle. It could have been a woman. There was also a “two-tier” dance: other dancers stood on the shoulders of those dancing in the previous row. They grabbed each other's belts and also closed the circle. “Chepena” began at an average tempo, but gradually the rhythm and, accordingly, the dance accelerated to the maximum possible speed, and then stopped abruptly.”

The Kabardian dance was described by N. Grabovsky: “... This whole crowd, as I said above, stood in a semicircle; here and there men stood between the girls, holding them by the arms, thus forming a long continuous chain. This chain slowly, stepping from foot to foot, moved to the right; Having reached a certain point, one extreme pair separated and, a little more quickly, doing simple steps in step, moved to the opposite end of the dancers and joined them again; behind them is another, the next pair, and so on, moving in this order until the music plays. Some couples, either out of a desire to inspire the dancers or to show off their own ability to dance, separated from the chain and went to the middle of the circle, separated and began to dance something like a Lezginka; at this time the music turned to fortissimo, accompanied by whoops and shots.”

The outstanding Russian composers M. A. Balakirev and S. I. Taneyev did a lot to study the song and musical culture of the mountain peoples. The first in 1862-1863 recorded works of mountain musical folklore in the North Caucasus, and then published 9 Kabardian, Circassian, Karachay and two Chechen melodies under the title “Notes of Caucasian folk music”. Based on his acquaintance with the music of the highlanders, M. A. Balakirev in 1869 created the famous symphonic fantasy “Ielamei”. S I. Taneyev, who visited Kabarda, Karachay and Balkaria in 1885, also recorded songs and published an article about the music of the peoples of the North Caucasus.

Representation

Theatrical performances were closely associated with the musical art of the peoples of the North Caucasus, without which not a single holiday was complete. These are performances of masks, mummers, buffoons, carnivals, etc. The customs of “walking as goats” (in goat masks) at the holidays of welcoming and seeing off winter, harvest, and haymaking were very popular; organize competitions for singers, dancers, musicians, poets, and reciters. Theatrical performances included Kabardian performances “shtopshako”, Ossetian “maymuli” (literally “monkey”), Kubachi masquerades “gulalu akubukon”, Kumyk folk game “syudtsmtayak”, etc.

In the second half of the 19th century, puppet theater became widespread in the North Caucasus. The famous singer Kuerm Bibo (Bibo Dzugutov) in North Ossetia in the 80s of the 19th century accompanied his performances with the performance of dolls (“chyndzytae”), dressed in Circassian coats or women’s attire. Set in motion by the singer's fingers, the dolls began to spin to his cheerful music. Other folk singers and improvisers also used dolls. The mask theater, where funny skits were performed, was a great success among the mountaineers.

Certain elements of the theatrical performances of the mountaineers later formed the basis of national professional theaters.

• Chapter I. Main aspects of the study of traditional stringed instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus
  • 1. Comparative characteristics of bowed musical instruments (description, measurements and manufacturing technology)
• §-2.Technical and musical expressive capabilities of instruments
• §-3.Plucked instruments
• §-4. The role and purpose of bowed and plucked instruments in the ritual and everyday culture of peoples
• North Caucasus
• Chapter. ¡-¡-.Characteristic features of wind and percussion instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus
• §-1.Description, parameters and methods of making wind instruments
• §-2.Technical and musically expressive capabilities of wind instruments
• §-3.Percussion instruments
• §-4. The role of wind and percussion instruments in the rituals and life of the peoples of the North Caucasus
• Chapter III. Ethnocultural ties of the peoples of the North Caucasus
• Chapter IV. Folk singers and musicians
• Chapter V Rituals and customs associated with traditional musical instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus

Cost of unique work

Traditional musical culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus: Folk musical instruments and problems of ethnocultural contacts (essay, coursework, diploma, test)

The North Caucasus is one of the most multinational regions of Russia; the bulk of the Caucasian (indigenous) peoples, mainly relatively small in number, are concentrated here. It has unique natural and social characteristics of ethnic culture.

The North Caucasus is primarily a geographical concept, covering the entire Ciscaucasia and the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus. The Northern Caucasus is separated from Transcaucasia by the Main or Watershed Range of the Greater Caucasus. However, the western tip is usually attributed entirely to the North Caucasus.

According to V.P. Alekseev, “The Caucasus, linguistically, is one of the most variegated regions of the planet. At the same time, according to anthropological data, the majority of North Caucasian ethnic groups (including Ossetians, Abkhazians, Balkars, Karachais, Adygs, Chechens, Ingush, Avars, Dargins, Laks), although they belong to different language families, belong to the Caucasian (residents mountainous regions of the Caucasus) and Pontic (Colchian) anthropological types and actually represent physically related, ancient autochthonous peoples of the Main Caucasus Range"1.

The North Caucasus is considered to be the most unique region in the world in many ways. This especially applies to its ethnolinguistic plan, since it is unlikely that there is such a high density of diverse ethnic groups in a relatively small area in the world.

Ethnogenesis, ethnic community, ethnic processes that are expressed in the spiritual culture of the people are one of the complex and

1 Alekseev V.P. Origin of the peoples of the Caucasus. - M., 1974. - p. 202−203. 5 interesting problems of modern ethnography, archeology, history, linguistics, folklore and musicology1.

The peoples of the North Caucasus, due to the similarity of their cultures and historical destinies with great diversity in linguistic terms, can be considered a North Caucasian regional community. This is evidenced by the research of archaeologists, historians, ethnographers, linguists: Gadlo A.B., Akhlakova A.A., Treskova I.V., Dalgat O.B., Korzun V.B., Autlev P.U., Meretukova M.A. and others.

There is still no monographic work on the traditional musical instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus, which greatly complicates the overall understanding of the instrumental culture of the region, the definition of general and national-specific in the traditional musical creativity of the numerous peoples of the North Caucasus, i.e. the development of such important problems as contact mutual influences, genetic relatedness, typological community, national and regional unity and originality in the historical evolution of genres, poetics, etc.

The solution to this complex problem must be preceded by an in-depth scientific description of the traditional folk musical instruments of each individual people or group of closely related peoples. In some North Caucasian republics, a significant step has been taken in this direction, but there is no such united and coordinated work in generalizing, holistically understanding the patterns of genesis and evolution of the system of genres of musical creativity of the peoples of the entire region.

This work is one of the first steps in the implementation of this difficult task. Studying traditional instruments in general

1 Bromley Yu. V. Ethnicity and ethnography. - M., 1973 - Same. Essays on the theory of ethnicity. -M., 1983- Chistov K.V. Folk traditions and folklore. - L., 1986. 6 different peoples leads to the creation of the necessary scientific, theoretical and factual base, on the basis of which a generalized picture of the folklore heritage of the peoples of the North Caucasus and a more in-depth study of issues general and nationally specific in the traditional culture of the population of the entire region is presented.

The North Caucasus is a multinational community that is connected to each other genetically, mostly by contact, and in general has similarities in historical and cultural development. For many centuries, particularly intense interethnic processes took place among numerous tribes and peoples, leading to complex and diverse cultural influences.

Researchers note the pan-Caucasian zonal proximity. As Abaev V.I. writes, “All the peoples of the Caucasus, not only those directly adjacent to each other, but also more distant ones, are connected among themselves by complex, whimsical threads of linguistic and cultural ties. One gets the impression that, despite all the impenetrable multilingualism, a cultural world that was united in essential features was taking shape in the Caucasus."1 Georgian folklorist and scientist M. Ya. Chikovani confirms a similar conclusion: "Many “centuries-old images” created by the Caucasian peoples have long gone beyond the national framework and, have become common property, despite language barriers. Deeply meaningful plots and images, with which sublime aesthetic ideals are associated, were often developed through collective creative efforts. The process of mutual enrichment of folklore traditions of the Caucasian peoples has a long history"2.

1 Abaev V.I. Ossetian language and folklore. -M., -L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1949. - P.89.

2 Chikovani M. Ya. Nart stories of Georgia (parallels and reflections) // The Legend of the Narts - the epic of the peoples of the Caucasus. - M., Nauka, 1969. - P.232. 7

An important part in the traditional musical life of the peoples of the North Caucasus is folklore. It serves as an effective means for a deeper understanding of the processes of development of musical culture. Fundamental works on the folk epic of V. M. Zhirmunsky, V. Ya. Propp, P. G. Bogatyrev, E. M. Meletinsky, B. N. Putilov show a new approach to the possibilities and ways of comparative historical research on this problem, reveal basic patterns of development of folklore genres. The authors successfully resolve issues of the genesis, specificity, and nature of interethnic ties.

In the work of A. A. Akhlakov, “Historical songs of the peoples of Dagestan and the North Caucasus”1, various aspects of the historical songs of the peoples of the North Caucasus are considered. The author talks in detail about the typology of rituals in historical song folklore and against this background describes the heroic beginning in the poetic folklore of the late Middle Ages and new time (approximately XVII-XIX centuries), shows the nature of the content and form of its manifestation in the poetry of the peoples of the North Caucasus. He clarifies the national-specific and general typologically unified or genetically related creation of the heroic image. At the same time, he uses various techniques for studying folklore of the Caucasus. The origins of the heroic traditions, reflected in historical and song folklore, go back to ancient times, as evidenced by the Nart epic, which exists in different forms among almost all the peoples of the North Caucasus. The author considers this problem, including the eastern part of the Caucasus, Dagestan, but let’s focus on the analysis his work in the part that examines the peoples of the North Caucasus.

1 Akhlakov A.A. Historical songs of the peoples of Dagestan and the North Caucasus “Science”. -M., 1981. -P.232. 8

Akhlakov A.A.1, based on a historical approach to the issues of typology of images in historical-song folklore in the North Caucasus, as well as in the typology of themes of plots and motifs on a large historical-ethnographic and folklore material, shows the origins of historical-heroic songs, patterns of their development, commonality and features in the creativity of the peoples of the North Caucasus and Dagestan. This researcher makes a significant contribution to historical and ethnographic science by revealing the problems of historicism in the song era, the originality of the reflection of social life.

Vinogradov B.S. in his work, using specific examples, he shows some features of language and folk music, revealing their role in the study of ethnogenesis. Touching upon the issue of relationships and mutual influence in the art of music, the author writes: “Family ties in the art of music are sometimes found in the music of peoples geographically distant from each other. But the opposite phenomena are also observed, when two neighboring peoples, having a common historical destiny and long-term, diverse ties in music, turn out to be relatively distant. There are frequent cases of musical kinship between peoples belonging to different language families."2 As V. S. Vinogradov points out, the linguistic kinship of peoples is not necessarily accompanied by the kinship of their musical culture, and the process of formation and differentiation of languages ​​differs from similar processes in music, determined by the very specifics of music3 .

The work of K. A. Vertkov “Musical instruments as

1 Akhlakov A.A. Decree. Job. — P. 232

Vinogradov B.S. The problem of the ethnogenesis of the Kirghiz in the light of some data from their musical folklore. // Questions of musicology. - T.Z., - M., 1960. - P.349.

3 Ibid. - P.250. 9 monuments of the ethnic and historical-cultural community of the peoples of the USSR"1. In it, K. A. Vertkov, relying on musical parallels in the field of folk musical instruments of the peoples of the USSR, argues that there are instruments that belong to only one people and exist only in one territory, but There are also identical or almost identical instruments among several peoples, geographically distant from each other... Being organically included in the musical culture of each of these peoples and performing in it a function equal, and sometimes more significant, than all other instruments, they are perceived by the people themselves as authentic national"2.

In the article “Music and Ethnogenesis” I. I. Zemtsovsky believes that if an ethnic group is taken as a whole, then its various components (language, clothing, ornament, food, music and others), developing in cultural and historical unity, but possessing immanent patterns and independent rhythms of movement, almost always do not evolve in parallel. The difference in verbal language does not prove to be an obstacle to the development of musical similarity. Interethnic boundaries In the field of music and art, whites are more fluid than linguistic ones3.

The theoretical position of Academician V. M. Zhirmunsky about three possible reasons and three main types of recurrence of folklore motifs and plots deserves special attention. As V. M. Zhirmunsky points out, similarity (similarity) can have at least three reasons: genetic (common origin of two or more peoples

1 Vertkov K. A. Musical instruments as monuments of the ethnic and historical-cultural community of the peoples of the USSR. // Slavic musical folklore - M., 1972.-P.97.

2 Vertkov K. A. Indicative work. — P. 97−98. l

Zemtsovsky I. I. Music and ethnogenesis. // Soviet ethnography. 1988. - No. 3. - p. 23.

10 and their cultures), historical and cultural (contacts that can facilitate the act of borrowing, or contribute to the convergence of forms of different origins), the action of general laws (convergence or “spontaneous generation”). The relatedness of peoples facilitates the emergence of similarity or resemblance for other reasons, as well as, for example, the duration of ethnocultural contacts1. This theoretical conclusion can undoubtedly serve as one of the main criteria for the study of ethnogenesis in the light of musical folklore.

Issues of interrelationships between folk musical cultures in the light of historical patterns are considered in the book by I. M. Khashba “Abkhazian folk musical instruments”2. In the study, I. M. Khashba turns to the musical instruments of the peoples of the Caucasus - Adygs, Georgians, Ossetians and others. Comparative the study of these instruments with the Abkhazian ones reveals their similarity both in form and function, which gives the author reason to come to the following conclusion: the Abkhazian musical instruments were formed from the original musical instruments ainkaga, abyk (reed), abyk (embouchure), ashyamshig, acharpyn, ayumaa, ahymaa, apkhyartsa3 and the introduced adaul, achamgur, apandur, amyrzakan4. The latter testify to ancient cultural relationships between the peoples of the Caucasus.

As I.M. Khashba notes, during a comparative study of Abkhaz musical instruments with similar Adyghe instruments

1 Zhirmunsky V. M. Folk heroic epic: Comparative historical essays. - M., - L., 1962. - p.94.

2 Khashba I.M. Abkhazian folk musical instruments. - Sukhumi, 1979. - P.114.

3 Ainkyaga - percussion instrument - abyk, ashyamshig, acharpyn - wind instruments - ayumaa, ahymaa - stringed-plucked apkhartsa - stringed-bowed.

4 Adaul - percussion instrument - achzmgur, apandur - plucked strings - amyrzakan - harmonica.

11 tribes are observed to be similar both externally and functionally, which confirms the genetic relatedness of these peoples. Such similarity in the musical instruments of the Abkhazians and the Adyghe people gives reason to believe that they, or at least their prototypes, arose in a very long time, at least before the differentiation of the Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples. The original purpose, which they have retained in their memory to this day, confirms this idea.

Certain issues of the relationship between the musical cultures of the peoples of the Caucasus are covered in the article by V.V. Akhobadze1. The author notes the melodic and rhythmic similarity of Abkhaz folk songs with Ossetian ones2. The kinship of Abkhaz folk songs with Adyghe and Ossetian songs is indicated by V. A. Gvakharia. V. A. Gvakharia considers two-voices to be one of the common characteristic features of the relationship between Abkhazian and Ossetian songs, but three-voices sometimes appear in Abkhazian songs. This hypothesis is also confirmed by the fact that the alternation of fourths and fifths, less often octaves, is inherent in Ossetian folk songs, and is also characteristic of Abkhazian and Adyghe songs. As the author suggests, the two-voice nature of North Ossetian songs may be the result of the influence of the musical folklore of the Adyghe peoples, because Ossetians belong to the Indo-European group of languages4. V.I. Abaev points out the relationship between Abkhazian and Ossetian songs5

1 Akhobadze V.V. Preface // Abkhazian songs. - M., - 1857. - P.11.

Gvakharia V.A. About the ancient relationships between Georgian and North Caucasian folk music. // Materials on the ethnography of Georgia. - Tbilisi, 1963, - P. 286.

5 Abaev V.I. Trip to Abkhazia. // Ossetian language and folklore. - M., - JL, -1949.-S. 322.

1 O and K. G. Tskhurbaeva. According to V.I. Abaev, the melodies of Abkhazian songs are very close to Ossetian ones, and in some cases are completely identical. K. G. Tskhurbaeva, noting the common features in the manner of solo-choral performance of Ossetian and Abkhaz songs in their intonation structure, writes: “Undoubtedly, there are similar features, but only individual ones. A more thorough analysis of the songs of each of these peoples clearly reveals the unique national features of two-voices, which among the Abkhazians do not always resemble Ossetian, despite the severity of the sound of the same quarto-fifth harmonies. In addition, their mode-intonation system differs sharply from the Ossetian and only in isolated cases does it show some similarity with it"3.

Balkar dance music is distinguished by the richness and variety of melody and rhythm, as S.I. Taneyev writes. the dances were accompanied by the singing of a male choir and playing the pipe: the choir sang in unison, repeating the same two-bar phrase several times, sometimes with slight variations, this unison phrase, which had a sharp, definite rhythm and rotated in the volume of a third or fourth, less often a fifth or sixths, is a sort of repeated basso basso ostinato, which served as the basis for a variation that one of the musicians played on the pipe. The variations consist of quick passages, change frequently and, apparently, depend on the arbitrariness of the player. The “sybsykhe” pipe is made from a gun barrel, and it is also made from reed. Participants in the choir and listeners beat the beat by clapping their hands. This clapping is combined with the clicking of a percussion instrument,

1 Tskhurbaeva K. G. About Ossetian heroic songs. - Ordzhonikidze, - 1965. -S. 128.

2 Abaev V.I. Decree work. — P. 322.

3 Tskhurbaeva K. G. Decree. Job. — P. 130.

13 called "khra", consisting of wooden planks threaded into a rope. In the same song there are tones, semitones, eighth notes, and triplets.

The rhythmic structure is very complex; phrases of different numbers of bars are often juxtaposed; there are sections of five, seven and ten bars. All this gives the mountain melodies a unique character, unusual for our ears."1

One of the main riches of the spiritual culture of the people is the musical art they created. Folk music has always given birth and gives birth in social practice to the highest spiritual feelings of man - serving as the foundation for the formation of a person’s idea of ​​​​the beautiful and sublime, of the heroic and tragic. It is in these interactions of a person with the world around him that all the riches of human feelings, the strength of his emotionality are revealed and the basis is created for the formation of creativity (including music) according to the laws of harmony and beauty.

Each nation makes its worthy contribution to the treasury of general culture, making extensive use of the riches of the genres of oral folk art. In this regard, the study of everyday traditions, in the depths of which folk music develops, becomes of no small importance. Like other genres of folk art, folk music has not only an aesthetic, but also an ethnic function2. In connection with issues of ethnogenesis, much attention is paid to folk music in the scientific literature3. Music is closely related to ethnic

1 Taneyev S.I. About the music of the Mountain Tatars // In memory of S. Taneyev. - M. - L. 1947. -P.195.

2 Bromley Yu. V. Ethnicity and ethnography. - M., 1973. - P.224−226. l

Zemtsovsky I. I. Ethnogenesis in the light of musical folklore // People's stavalashstvo. T.8- St. 29/32. Beograd, 1969 - His own. Music and ethnogenesis (research prerequisites, tasks, paths) // Soviet ethnography. - M., 1988, No. 2. - P. 15−23 and others.

14 history of the people and consideration of it from this point of view is of a historical and ethnographic nature. Hence the source study significance of folk music for historical and ethnographic research1.

Reflecting the work and life of the people, music has accompanied their lives for thousands of years. In accordance with the general development of human society and the specific historical conditions of life of a particular people, its musical art developed2.

Each people of the Caucasus developed its own musical art, which is part of the general Caucasian musical culture. Over the centuries, gradually he ". developed characteristic intonation features, rhythm, and melody structure, created original musical instruments"3 and thus gave birth to his own national musical language.

In the course of dynamic development, some instruments, responding to everyday conditions, were improved and preserved for centuries, others grew old and disappeared, while others were created for the first time. “Music and performing arts, as they developed, required appropriate means of implementation, and more advanced instruments, in turn, influenced music and performing arts and contributed to their further growth. This process is happening especially vividly in our days."4 It is from this angle with historical

1 Maisuradze N. M. Georgian folk music and its historical and ethnographic aspects (in Georgian) - Tbilisi, 1989. - P. 5.

2 Vertkov K. A. Preface to the “Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR”, M., 1975.-S. 5.

15 From an ethnographic point of view, the rich musical instrumentation of the North Caucasian peoples should be considered.

Instrumental music among mountain peoples is developed at a sufficient level. The materials identified as a result of the study showed that all types of instruments - percussion, wind and plucked string instruments originate from ancient times, although many have already fallen out of use (for example, plucked string instruments - pshchinetarko, ayumaa, duadastanon, apeshin, dala-fandir , dechig-pondar, wind instruments - bzhamiy, uadynz, abyk, stily, syryn, lalym-uadynz, fidiug, shodig).

It should be noted that due to the gradual disappearance of some traditions from the life of the peoples of the North Caucasus, instruments closely associated with these traditions are falling out of use.

Many folk instruments of this region have retained their primitive form to this day. Among them, first of all, we should mention tools made from a hollowed out piece of wood and a reed trunk.

Studying the history of the creation and development of North Caucasian musical instruments will enrich knowledge not only of the musical culture of these peoples as a whole, but will also help reproduce the history of their everyday traditions. A comparative study of the musical instruments and everyday traditions of the North Caucasian peoples, for example, Abkhazians, Ossetians, Abazas, Vainakhs and the peoples of Dagestan, will help to identify their close cultural and historical relationships. It must be emphasized that the musical creativity of these peoples gradually improved and developed, depending on changing socio-economic conditions.

Thus, the musical creativity of the North Caucasian peoples is the result of a special social process, initially associated

16 with the life of the people. It contributed to the overall development of national culture.

All of the above confirms the relevance of the research topic.

The chronological framework of the study covers the entire historical period of the formation of the traditional culture of the North Caucasian peoples of the 19th century. — I half of the 20th century. Within this framework, the issues of the origin and development of musical instruments, their functions in everyday life are covered. The object of this study is traditional musical instruments and associated everyday traditions and rituals of the peoples of the North Caucasus.

Some of the first historical and ethnographic studies of the traditional musical culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus include the works of scientific educators S.-B. Abaev, B. Dalgat, A.-Kh. Dzhanibekov, S.-A. Urusbiev, Sh. Nogmov, S. Khan-Gireya, K. Khetagurova, T. Elderkhanova.

Russian scientists, researchers, travelers, and journalists V. Vasilkov, D. Dyachkov-Tarasov, N. Dubrovin, L. Lhuillier, K. Stahl, P. Svinin, L. Lopatinsky, F. Tornau, V. Potto, N. Nechaev, P. Uslar1.

1 Vasilkov V.V. Essay on the life of Temirgoyevites // SMOMPC. — Vol. 29. - Tiflis, 1901 - Dyachkov-Tarasov A. N. Abadzekhi // ZKOIRGO. - Tiflis, 1902, book. XXII. Vol. IV- Dubrovin N. Circassians (Adyghe). — Krasnodar. 1927-Lyulye L.Ya. Cherke-sia. - Krasnodar, 1927 - Steel K. F. Ethnographic sketch of the Circassian people // Caucasian collection. - T. XXI - Tiflis, 1910 - Nechaev N. Travel notes in South-Eastern Russia // Moscow Telegraph, 1826 - Tornau F. F. Memoir of a Caucasian officer // Russian Bulletin, 1865. - M. - Lopatinsky L. G. Song about the Battle of Bziyuk // SMOMPC, - Tiflis, Vol. XXII - His own. Prefaces to Adyghe songs // SMOMPC. — Vol. XXV. - Tiflis, 1898- Svinin P. Celebrating Bayram in a Circassian village // Domestic Notes. - No. 63, 1825- Uslar P.K. Ethnography of the Caucasus. — Vol. II. — Tiflis, 1888.

The appearance of the first educators, writers, and scientists among the peoples of the North Caucasus even in pre-revolutionary times became possible thanks to the rapprochement of the North Caucasian peoples with the Russian people and their culture.

Among the literary and artistic figures from among the North Caucasian peoples in the 19th - early 20th centuries. scientists, writers and educators should be named: Circassians Umar Bersey, Kazi Atazhukin, Tolib Kashezhev, Abaza Adil-Girey Keshev (Kalambia), Karachais Immolat Khubiev, Islam Teberdich (Krymshamkhazov), Balkars Ismail and Safar-Ali Urusbievs, Ossetians: poets Temyrbolat Mamsurov and Blashka Gurdzhibekov, prose writers Inal Kanukov, Sek Gadiev, poet and publicist Georgy Tsagolov, educator Afanasy Gasiev.

Of particular interest are the works of European authors who partially addressed the topic of folk instruments. Among them are the works of E.-D. d" Ascoli, J.-B. Tavernier, J. Bella, F. Dubois de Montpéré, C. Koch, I. Blaramberg, J. Potocki, J.-V.-E. Thébout de Marigny, N. Witsen1 , which contain information that makes it possible to restore forgotten facts bit by bit and identify musical instruments that have fallen out of use.

The study of the musical culture of mountain peoples was carried out by Soviet musical figures and folklorists M. F. Gnesin, B. A. Galaev, G. M. Kontsevich, A. P. Mitrofanov, A. F. Grebnev, K. E. Matsyutin,

1 Adygs, Balkars and Karachais in the news of European authors of the 13th-19th centuries - Nalchik, 1974 (19, https://site).

T.K.Scheibler, A.I.Rakhaev1 and others.

It is necessary to note the content of the work of Autleva S. Sh., Naloev Z. M., Kanchaveli L. G., Shortanov A. T., Gadagatl A. M., Chich G. K.2 and others. However, the authors of these works do not provide a complete description of the problem we are considering.

A significant contribution to the consideration of the problem of the musical culture of the Circassians was made by art historians Sh. S. Shu3, A.N. Sokolova4 and R.A. Pshizova5. Some of their articles concern the study of Adyghe folk instruments.

For the study of Adyghe folk musical culture, the publication of the multi-volume book “Folk Songs and

1 Gnessin M. F. Circassian songs // Folk art, No. 12, 1937: ANNI Archive, F. 1, P. 27, house Z - Galaev B. A. Ossetian folk songs. - M., 1964 - Mitrofanov A.P. Musical and song creativity of the highlanders of the North Caucasus // Collection of materials from the North Caucasus Mountain Research Institute. T.1. - Rostov State Archive, R.4387, op.1, d. ZO-Grebnev A.F. Adyge oredher. Adyghe (Circassian) folk songs and melodies. - M.,-L., 1941 - Matsyutin K. E. Adyghe song // Soviet music, 1956, No. 8 - Scheibler T. K. Kabardian folklore // Academic. notes of KENYA - Nalchik, 1948. - T. IV - Rakhaev A.I. Song epic of Balkaria. — Nalchik, 1988.

2 Autleva S. Sh. Adyghe historical and heroic songs of the 16th—19th centuries. - Nalchik, 1973 - Naloev Z. M. Organizational structure of the dzheguako // Culture and life of the Circassians. - Maykop, 1986 - His own. Dzheguako in the role of hatiyako // Culture and life of the Circassians. - Maykop, 1980. Vol. III-Kanchaveli L.G. On the specifics of reflecting reality in the musical thinking of the ancient Circassians // Bulletin of KENYA. -Nalchik, 1973. Issue. VII- Shortanov A. T., Kuznetsov V. A. Culture and life of the Sinds and other ancient Circassians // History of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. - T. 1 - M., 1967 - Gadagatl A.M. The heroic epic “Narts” of the Adyghe (Circassian) peoples. - Maykop, 1987 - Chich G.K. Heroic-patriotic traditions in the folk song creativity of the Circassians // Abstract. PhD thesis. - Tbilisi, 1984.

3 Shu Sh. S. Formation and development of Adyghe folk choreography // Abstract. Candidate of Art History. - Tbilisi, 1983.

4 Sokolova A. N. Folk instrumental culture of the Circassians // Abstract. Candidate of Art History. - St. Petersburg, 1993.

5 Pshizova R. Kh. Musical culture of the Circassians (folk song creativity: genre system) // Abstract. Candidate of Art History. -M., 1996.

19 instrumental tunes of the Circassians" edited by E. V. Gippius (compiled by V. Kh. Baragunov and Z. P. Kardangushev)1.

Thus, the relevance of the problem, the great theoretical and practical significance of its study, determined the choice of topic and chronological framework of this study.

The purpose of the work is to highlight the role of musical instruments in the culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus, their origin and methods of production. In accordance with this, the following tasks are set: to determine the place and purpose of tools in the everyday life of the peoples under consideration -

- explore previously existing (out of use) and currently existing (including improved) folk musical instruments -

- to establish their performing, musical and expressive capabilities and design features -

- show the role and activities of folk singers and musicians in the historical development of these peoples -

— consider the rituals and customs associated with the traditional instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus; establish the initial terms that characterize the design of folk instruments.

The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the folk instruments of the North Caucasus peoples have been studied monographically; the folk technology for making all types of musical instruments has been most fully studied; the role of master performers in the development of folk instrumental music has been identified.

1 Folk songs and instrumental tunes of the Circassians. - T.1, - M., 1980, -T.P. 1981,-TLI. 1986.

20 cultures - the technical, performing and musically expressive capabilities of wind and string instruments are covered. The work examines ethnocultural relationships in the field of musical instruments.

The National Museum of the Republic of Adygea is already using our descriptions and measurements of all folk musical instruments located in the funds and exhibitions of the museum. The calculations made on the technology of manufacturing folk instruments are already helping folk craftsmen. The described methods of playing folk instruments are embodied in practical elective classes at the Folk Culture Center of the Adyghe State University.

We used the following research methods: historical-comparative, mathematical, analytical, content analysis, interviewing method and others.

When studying the historical and ethnographic foundations of culture and life, we rely on the works of historians and ethnographers V. P. Alekseev, Yu. V. Bromley, M. O. Kosven, L. I. Lavrov, E. I. Krupnov, S. Tokarev. A., Mafedzeva S. Kh., Musukaeva A. I., Inal-Ipa Sh. D., Kalmykova I. Kh., Gardanova V. K., Bekizova L. A., Mambetova G. Kh., Dumanova Kh. M., Alieva A. I., Meretukova M. A., Bgazhnokova B. Kh., Kantaria M. V., Maisuradze N. M., Shilakadze M. I.,

1 Alekseev V.P. Origin of the peoples of the Caucasus - M., 1974 - Bromley Yu.V. Ethnography. - M., ed. “Higher School”, 1982- Kosven M. O. Ethnography and history of the Caucasus. Research and materials. - M., ed. “Oriental Literature”, 1961 - Lavrov L.I. Historical and ethnographic essays of the Caucasus. - L., 1978- Krupnov E.I. Ancient history and culture of Kabarda. - M., 1957 - Tokarev S.A. Ethnography of the peoples of the USSR. - M., 1958 - Mafedzev S. Kh. Rituals and ritual games of the Circassians. - Nalchik, 1979- Musukaev A.I. About Balkaria and the Balkars. - Nalchik, 1982 - Inal-Ipa Sh. D. About Abkhaz-Adyghe ethnographic parallels. // Scientist. zap. ANII. — T.1U (history and ethnography). - Krasnodar, 1965 - Same. Abkhazians. Ed. 2nd - Sukhumi, 1965 - Kalmykov I. Kh. Circassians. - Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkess branch of the Stavropol book publishing house, 1974 - Gardanov V. K. Social system of the Adyghe peoples. - M., Science, 1967 - Bekizova L. A. Folklore and creativity of Adyghe writers of the 19th century. // Proceedings of KCHNII. — Vol. VI. - Cherkessk, 1970 - Mambetov G. Kh., Dumanov Kh. M. Some questions about the modern Kabardian wedding // Ethnography of the peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria. - Nalchik. - Issue 1, 1977 - Aliev A.I. Adyg Nart epic. - M., - Nalchik, 1969 - Meretukov M.A. Family and family life of the Circassians in the past and present. // Culture and life of the Circassians (ethnographic research). — Maykop. - Issue 1, 1976 - Bgazhnokov B. Kh. Adyghe etiquette. -Nalchik, 1978- Kantaria M.V. Some questions of the ethnic history and economy of the Circassians //Culture and life of the Circassians. - Maykop, - Vol. VI, 1986- Maisuradze N. M. Georgian-Abkhaz-Adyghe folk music (harmonic structure) in a cultural and historical light. Report at the XXI scientific session of the Institute of History and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the GSSR. Abstracts of reports. - Tbilisi, 1972- Shilakadze M.I. Georgian folk instrumental music. dis. Ph.D. history Sciences - Tbilisi, 1967 - Kodzhesau E. L. About the customs and traditions of the Adyghe people. // Scientist. zap. ANII. -T.U1P.- Maikop, 1968.

2 Balakirev M. A. Recordings of Caucasian folk music. //Memories and letters. - M., 1962- Taneyev S.I. About the music of the Mountain Tatars. //In memory of S.I. Taneyev. -M., 1947- Arakishvili (Arakchiev) D.I. Description and measurement of folk musical instruments. - Tbilisi, 1940 - His own. Georgian musical creativity. // Proceedings of the Musical Ethnographic Commission. - THAT. - M., 1916- Aslani-shvili Sh. S. Georgian folk song. - T.1. - Tbilisi, 1954- Gvakharia V. A. About the ancient relationships of Georgian and North Caucasian folk music. Materials on the ethnography of Georgia. — T.VII. — T.VIII. - Tbilisi, 1963- Kortua I. E. Abkhaz folk songs and musical instruments. - Sukhumi, 1957- Khashba I.M. Abkhazian folk musical instruments. - Sukhumi, 1967- Khashba M. M. Labor and ritual songs of the Abkhazians. - Sukhumi, 1977 - Alborov F. Sh. Traditional Ossetian musical instruments (wind) // Problems

The main objects of the study were musical instruments that have survived in practice to this day, as well as those that have fallen out of use and exist only as museum exhibits.

Some valuable sources were extracted from museum archives, and interesting data were obtained during interviews. Most of the materials extracted from archival sources, museums, measurements of instruments, and their analysis are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

The work uses published collections of scientific works of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after N.N. Miklukho-Maclay of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography named after I.A. Javakhishvili of the Georgian Academy of Sciences, the Adyghe Republican Institute of Humanitarian Research, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republican Institute Humanitarian Research under the Cabinet of Ministers of the KBR, Karachay-Cherkess Republican Institute for Humanitarian Research, North Ossetian Institute for Humanitarian Research, Abkhaz Institute for Humanitarian Research named after D.I. Gulia, Chechen Institute for Humanitarian Research, Ingush Institute for Humanitarian Research, materials from local periodicals, magazines, general and special literature on history, ethnography and culture of the peoples of Russia.

Meetings and conversations with folk singers and storytellers, craftsmen and folk performers (see appendix), and heads of departments and cultural institutions provided some assistance in highlighting a number of research issues.

Of great importance are the field ethnographic materials that we collected in the North Caucasus from the Abkhazians, Adygeis,

23 Kabardians, Circassians, Balkars, Karachais, Ossetians, Abazas, Nogais, Chechens and Ingush, to a lesser extent among the peoples of Dagestan, in the period from 1986 to 1999 in the regions of Abkhazia, Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Ossetia, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan and the Black Sea Shapsugia of the Krasnodar Territory. During ethnographic expeditions, legends were recorded, sketches were made, photographs were taken, musical instruments were measured, and folk songs and tunes were recorded on tape. A map of the distribution of musical instruments in areas where instruments exist has been compiled.

At the same time, materials and documents from museums were used: the Russian Ethnographic Museum (St. Petersburg), the State Central Museum of Musical Culture named after M. I. Glinka (Moscow), the Museum of Theater and Musical Art (St. Petersburg), the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography named after . Peter the Great (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg), funds of the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea, the Teuchezh Tsug Museum in the village of Gabukay of the Republic of Adygea, a branch of the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea in the village of Dzhambechiy, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republican Museum of Local Lore, the North Ossetian State United Local History Museum of History, Architecture and Literature, Chechen-Ingush Republican Museum of Local Lore. In general, the study of all types of sources allows us to cover the chosen topic with sufficient completeness.

In world musical practice, there are several classifications of musical instruments, according to which it is customary to divide instruments into four groups: idiophones (percussion), membranophones (membrane), chordophones (strings), aerophones (wind). At the core

24 classifications are based on the following characteristics: the source of sound and the method of its extraction. This classification was formed by E. Hornbostel, K. Sachs, V. Maillon, F. Gevart and others. However, this classification did not take root in folk musical practice and theory and did not even become widely known. Based on the classification system of the above principle, the Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR1 was compiled. But since we are studying existing and non-existing North Caucasian musical instruments, we proceed from their inherent specificity and make certain adjustments in this classification. In particular, we have arranged the musical instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus based on the degree of prevalence and intensity of their use, and not in the sequence given in the Atlas. Consequently, folk instruments are presented in the following order: 1. (Chordophones) string instruments. 2. (Aerophones) wind instruments. 3. (Idiophones) self-sounding percussion instruments. 4. (Membranophones) membrane instruments.

The work consists of an introduction, 5 chapters with paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of sources, studied literature used and an appendix with photo illustrations, a map of the distribution of musical instruments, a list of informants and tables.

1 Vertkov K., Blagodatov G., Yazovitskaya E. Indicative work. — P. 17−18.

CONCLUSION

The richness and diversity of folk instruments and the color of everyday traditions show that the peoples of the North Caucasus have a unique national culture, the roots of which go back centuries. It developed in the interaction and mutual influence of these peoples. This was especially evident in the manufacturing technology and shapes of musical instruments, as well as in the techniques of playing them.

Musical instruments and associated everyday traditions of the North Caucasian peoples are a reflection of the material and spiritual culture of a certain people, whose heritage includes a variety of wind, string and percussion musical instruments, the role of which is great in everyday life. This relationship has served the people’s healthy lifestyle for centuries and developed their spiritual and moral aspects.

Over the centuries, folk musical instruments have come a long way along with the development of society. At the same time, certain types and subtypes of musical instruments have fallen out of use, others have survived to this day and are used as part of ensembles. Bowed instruments have the largest distribution area. These instruments are more fully represented among the peoples of the North Caucasus.

The study of the technology for making string instruments of the North Caucasian peoples showed the originality of their folk craftsmen, which affected the technical, performing and musically expressive capabilities of musical instruments. The methods of making stringed instruments reflect empirical knowledge of the acoustic properties of wood material, as well as the principles of acoustics, the rules for the relationship between the length and height of the sound produced.

Thus, the bowed instruments of most North Caucasian peoples consist of a wooden boat-shaped body, one end of which is extended into a stem, the other end goes into a narrow neck with a head, except for the Ossetian kisyn-fandir and the Chechen adhoku-pondur, which have a bowl-shaped body covered with a leather membrane. Each master made the length of the neck and the shape of the head differently. In the old days, craftsmen made folk instruments using handicraft methods. The material for production was such tree species as boxwood, ash and maple, as they were more durable. Some modern craftsmen, trying to improve the instrument, made deviations from its ancient design.

Ethnographic material shows that bowed instruments occupied a significant place in the life of the peoples under study. Evidence of this is the fact that not a single traditional celebration could take place without these instruments. It is also interesting that the harmonica has now replaced bowed instruments with its brighter and stronger sound. However, the bowed instruments of these peoples are of great historical interest as musical instruments accompanying the historical epic, dating back to the ancient times of the existence of oral folk art. Note that the performance of ritual songs, for example, lamentations, joyful, dance, heroic songs, always accompanied a specific event. It was under the accompaniment of adhoku-pondur, kisyn-fandir, apkhary-tsy, shichepshchina that song writers conveyed to this day a panorama of various events in the life of the people: heroic, historical, Nart, everyday. The use of stringed instruments in rituals associated with the cult of the dead indicates the antiquity of the origin of these instruments.

A study of the Circassian string instruments shows that ape-shin and pshinetarko have lost their function in folk life and have fallen out of use, but there is a tendency towards their revival and use in instrumental ensembles. These instruments were used for some time in the privileged strata of society. It was not possible to find complete information about playing these instruments. In this regard, the following pattern can be traced: with the disappearance of court musicians (jeguaco), these instruments went out of everyday life. And yet, the only copy of the apeshin plucked instrument has survived to this day. It was mainly an accompanying instrument. To his accompaniment, Nart songs, historical-heroic, love, lyrical, as well as everyday songs were performed.

Other peoples of the Caucasus also have similar instruments - it has close similarities with the Georgian chonguri and panduri, as well as the Dagestan agach-kumuz, Ossetian dala-fandir, Vainakh dechik-pondur and Abkhazian achamgur. These instruments are close to each other not only in their appearance, but also in the manner of execution and the structure of the instruments.

According to ethnographic materials, specialized literature and museum exhibits, a plucked instrument like the harp, which has survived to this day only among the Svans, was also used by the Abkhazians, Circassians, Ossetians and some other peoples. But not a single copy of the Adyghe harp-shaped instrument pshinatarko has survived to this day. And the fact that such an instrument existed and was in use among the Circassians was confirmed by analyzing photographic documents from 1905-1907 stored in the archives of the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea and Kabardino-Balkaria.

Family ties of pshinatarko with the Abkhazian ayumaa and Georgian changi, as well as their proximity to the Central Asian harp-shaped instruments

281 mentami, indicates the ancient origin of the Adyghe Pshine-Tarko.

The study of wind instruments of the North Caucasian peoples in various periods of history shows that of all those that existed previously, starting from the 4th century. BC, such as bzhamy, syryn, kamyl, uadynz, shodig, acharpyn, uashen, styles have been preserved: kamyl, acharpyn, styles, shodig, uadynz. They have survived to this day unchanged, which further enhances the interest in their study.

There was a group of wind instruments related to signal music, but now they have lost their significance, some of them remained in the form of toys. For example, these are whistles made from corn leaves, from onions, and whistles carved from pieces of wood in the shape of small birds. Flute wind instruments are a thin cylindrical tube, open at both ends with three to six playing holes drilled at the lower end. The tradition in the manufacture of the Adyghe instrument kamyl is manifested in the fact that a strictly legalized material is used for it - reed (reed). Hence its original name - Kamyl (cf. Abkhazian acharpyn (hogweed). Currently, the following trend has emerged in their production - from a metal tube due to a certain durability.

The history of the emergence of such a special subgroup as keyboard-reed instruments - the accordion - clearly demonstrates the displacement of traditional instruments from the life of the North Caucasian peoples in the second half of the 19th century. However, accompanying historical and heroic songs was not included in its functional purpose.

The development and spread of the harmonica in the 19th century was facilitated by the expansion of trade and economic ties between the Circassians and Russia. With extraordinary speed, the harmonica gained popularity in folk music.

282 fecal culture. In this regard, folk traditions, rituals, and rituals have been enriched.

It is necessary to highlight the fact in the technique of playing the pshina that, despite limited funds, the accordion player manages to play the main melody and fill the pauses with a characteristic, repeatedly repeated texture in the upper register, using bright accents, scale-like and chord-like movement from top to bottom.

The originality of this instrument and the performing skills of the harmonica player are interconnected. This relationship is enhanced by the virtuosic manner of playing the harmonica, when during the dance the harmonica player, with all sorts of movements of the harmonica, either emphasizes the guest of honor, or encourages the dancers with vibrating sounds. The technical capabilities of the harmonica, together with rattles and accompanied by voice melodies, allowed and allow folk instrumental music to show the brightest colors with the greatest dynamism.

So, the spread of such an instrument as the harmonica in the North Caucasus indicates its recognition by local peoples, therefore this process is natural in their musical culture.

Analysis of musical instruments shows that some of their types retain their original principles. Folk wind musical instruments include kamil, acharpyn, shodig, styles, uadynz, pshine; string instruments include shichepshin, apkhartsa, kisyn-fandir, adhoku-pondur; self-sounding percussion instruments include phachich, hare, pkharchak, kartsganag. All of the listed musical instruments have structure, sound, technical and dynamic capabilities. Depending on this, they belong to solo and ensemble instruments.

At the same time, measuring the length of various parts (linear measurement) of the instruments showed that they correspond to natural folk measures.

A comparison of Adyghe folk musical instruments with Abkhaz-Georgian, Abaza, Vainakh, Ossetian, Karachay-Balkar ones revealed their family ties in form and structure, which indicates a common culture that existed among the peoples of the Caucasus in the historical past

It should also be noted that circles for making and playing folk instruments in the cities of Vladikavkaz, Nalchik, Maikop and in the village of Assokolai of the Republic of Adygea have become a creative laboratory in which new directions are being formed in the modern musical culture of the North Caucasian peoples, the richest traditions of folk music are being preserved and creatively developed. art. More and more new performers on folk instruments are appearing.

It should be pointed out that the musical culture of the peoples under study is experiencing a new rise. Therefore, it is important here to restore obsolete instruments and expand the use of rarely used instruments.

The traditions of using tools in everyday life among the North Caucasian peoples are the same. When performing, the composition of the ensemble is determined by one string (or wind) and one percussion instrument.

It should be noted here that an ensemble of numerous instruments, and especially an orchestra, are not characteristic of the musical practice of the peoples of the region under study.

From the middle of the 20th century. In the autonomous republics of the North Caucasus, orchestras of improved folk instruments were created, but neither instrumental ensembles nor orchestras took root in folk musical practice.

Study, analysis and conclusions on this issue allow, in our opinion, to make the following recommendations:

Firstly: we believe that it is impossible to go through the improvement and modernization of ancient musical instruments that have survived to this day, as this will lead to the disappearance of the original national instrument. In this regard, there is only one way left in the development of musical instruments - the development of new technology and new technical and performance qualities, new types of musical instruments.

When composing musical works for these instruments, composers need to study the features of a particular type or subspecies of an ancient instrument, which will facilitate the method of writing it, thereby preserving folk songs and instrumental tunes, and performing traditions of playing folk instruments.

Secondly: in our opinion, in order to preserve the musical traditions of peoples, it is necessary to create a material and technical base for the manufacture of folk instruments. For this purpose, create a manufacturing workshop using specially developed technology and descriptions of the author of this study, with the selection of appropriate master manufacturers.

Thirdly: the correct techniques for playing ancient folk musical instruments are of great importance in preserving the authentic sound of bowed instruments and the musical and everyday traditions of the people.

Fourthly, it is necessary:

1. Revive, disseminate and promote, arouse people’s interest and spiritual need for musical instruments and, in general, in the musical culture of their ancestors. This will make the cultural life of the people richer, more interesting, more meaningful and brighter.

2. Establish mass production of instruments and their widespread use both on the professional stage and in amateur performances.

3. Develop teaching aids for initial learning to play all folk instruments.

4. Provide for the training of teachers and the organization of training in playing these instruments in all music educational institutions of the republics.

Fifthly: it is advisable to include special courses on folk music in the programs of music educational institutions in the Republics of the North Caucasus. For this purpose, it is necessary to prepare and publish a special textbook.

In our opinion, the use of these recommendations in scientific practical work will contribute to a deeper study of the history of the people, their musical instruments, traditions, customs, which will ultimately preserve and further develop the national culture of the North Caucasian peoples.

In conclusion, it should be said that the study of folk musical instruments is still the most important problem for the North Caucasus region. This problem is of increasing interest to musicologists, historians, and ethnographers. The latter are attracted not only by the phenomenon of material and spiritual culture as such, but also by the possibility of identifying patterns in the development of musical thinking and the value orientations of the people.

The preservation and revival of folk musical instruments and everyday traditions of the peoples of the North Caucasus is not a return to the past, but indicates a desire to enrich our present and future, the culture of modern man.

Cost of unique work

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289. Tsey I. S. Chapshch // Revolution and the Highlander. Rostov-on-Don, 1929. No. 4 (6). - P.41−47.
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291. Chistalev P. I. Sigudek, a bowed string instrument of the Komi people// Folk musical instruments and instrumental music. Part II. - M.: Soviet composer, 1988. - P.149−163.
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296. Sheykin Yu. I. Practice of traditional Ude music playing on a single-string bowed instrument// Folk musical instruments and instrumental music Part II. - M.: Soviet composer, 1988. - P. 137−148.
297. Shortanov A. T. Heroic epic of the Circassians “Narts”// Tales of the Narts, an epic of the peoples of the Caucasus. - M.: Nauka, 1969. - P.188−225.
298. Shu Sh. S. Music and dance art // Culture and life of the collective farm peasantry of the Adygea Autonomous Region. M.-JL: Science, 1964. - P.177−195.
299. Shu Sh. S. Adyghe folk musical instruments // Culture and life of the Adygs. Maykop, 1976. Issue 1. - P. 129−171.
300. Shu Sh. S. Adygean dances // Collection of articles on the ethnography of Adygea. Maykop, 1975. - P.273−302.
301. Shurov V. M. On regional traditions in Russian folk music// Musical folkloristics. No. 3. - M., 1986. - P. 11−47.
302. Emsheimer E. Swedish folk musical instruments// Folk musical instruments and instrumental music. Part II. - M.: Soviet composer, 1988. - P.3−17.310
303. Yarlykapov A.A. The ritual of making rain among the Nogais// Islam and folk culture. M., 1998. - pp. 172−182.
304. Pshizova R. Kh. Musical culture of the Circassians(Folk song creativity-genre system). Abstract of thesis. .cand. art history M., 1996 - 22 p.
305. Yakubov M. A. Essays on the history of Dagestan Soviet music. -T.I. 1917 - 1945 - Makhachkala, 1974.
306. Kharaeva F. F. Traditional muses. instruments and instrumental music of the Circassians. Abstract of dissertation candidate. art history M., 2001. - 20.
307. Khashba M. M. Folk music of the Abkhazians and its Caucasian parallels. Author's abstract. dis. Doctor of History Sci. M., 1991.-50 p.
308. Ethnocultural aspects. Author's abstract. dis. Ph.D. ist. Sci. JI., 1990.-25 p. 1. DISSERTATIONS
309. Nevruzov M. M. Azerbaijani folk instrument kemancha and forms of its existence: Dis. Ph.D. art history Baku, 1987. - 220 p.
310. Khashba M. M. Abkhaz labor songs: Dis. Ph.D. ist. Sci. -Sukhumi, 1971.
311. Shilakadze M. I. Georgian folk instrumental music. dis. candidate of history Sci. Tbilisi, 1967.1. ABSTRACTS
312. Jandar M. A. Everyday aspects of the family ritual songs of the Circassians: Abstract of thesis. Ph.D. ist. Sci. Yerevan, 1988. -16 p.
313. Sokolova A. N. Adyghe instrumental culture. Abstract of thesis. .candidate of art history. St. Petersburg, 1993. - 23 p.
314. Maisuradze N. M. Problems of the genesis, formation and development of Georgian folk music: Abstract of thesis. .cand. ist. Sci. -Tbilisi, 1983. 51 p.
315. Khakimov N. G. Instrumental culture of Iranian peoples: (Antiquity and early Middle Ages) // Abstract of thesis. Ph.D. art history M., 1986.-27p.
316. Kharatyan G. S. Ethnic history of the Circassian people: Abstract of thesis. Ph.D. ist. Sci. -JL, 1981. -29p.
317. Chich G.K. Heroic-patriotic traditions in the folk song creativity of the Circassians. Abstract of thesis. Ph.D. ist. Sci. Tbilisi, 1984. - 23 p.
318. Dictionary of musical terms
319. NAMES OF THE INSTRUMENT AND ITS PARTS ABAZINS ABKHAZ ADYGES NOGAI OSSETINS CHECHEN INGUSHS
320. STRING INSTRUMENTS msh1kvabyz aidu-phyartsa apkhyartsa shikypshchin dombra KISYM-fANDIF teantae kish adhoku-pomdur 1ad hyokkhush pondur lar. phsnash1. STRINGS a'ehu bzeps bow pshchynebz aerdyn 1ad
321. HEAD ahy pshyneshkh ball kortakozha aly moss pshchynethyek1um kuulak kas bas ltos merz chog archizh chadi
322. CASE apk a'mgua PSHCHYNEPK raw kus
323. GOST HOLE abjtga mek'egyuan guybynykhuyngyta chytog gays
324. NECK OF THE INSTRUMENT ahu pschynepsh khaed kye. charg
325. STAND a'sy pshchynek1et harag haeraeg jar jor
326. TOP Giva ahoa pshchinenyb qamak gae
327. HORSEHAIR chick! e melons khchis
328. LEATHER STRAP aacha bgyryph sarm1. LEGS ashyapy pschynepak!
329. WOOD RESIN MUSICAL INSTRUMENT kavabyz amzasha mysthyu PSHCHYNE PSHYNE kobyz fandyr ch1opilg pondur
330. Comparative table of the main features of bowed instruments
331. INSTRUMENTS BODY SHAPE MATERIAL NUMBER OF STRINGS
332. BODY TOP STRINGS bow
333. ABAZINSKY boat-shaped ash maple plane tree ash vein horsehair hazelnut dogwood 2
334. ABKHAZIAN boat-shaped maple linden alder fir linden pine horsehair hazelnut dogwood 2
335. Adyghe boat-shaped ash maple pear boxwood hornbeam ash pear horsehair cherry plum dogwood 2
336. BALKARO-KARACHAY boat-shaped walnut pear ash pear horsehair nut cherry plum dogwood 2
337. OSSETIAN cup-shaped round maple birch goatskin horsehair walnut dogwood 2 or 3
338. Abaev Iliko Mitkaevich 90 l. /1992/, p. Tarskoe, North Ossetia
339. Azamatov Andrey 35 y.o. /1992/, Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia.
340. Akopov Konstantin 60 l. /1992/, p. Gizel, North Ossetia.
341. Alborov Felix 58 y.o. /1992/, Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia.
342. Bagaev Nestor 69 y.o. /1992/, p. Tarskoye, North Ossetia.
343. Bagaeva Asinet 76 l. /1992/, p. Tarskoye, North Ossetia.
344. Baete Inver 38 l. /1989/, Maykop, Adygea.
345. Batyz Mahmud 78 y.o. /1989/, Takhtamukai village, Adygea.
346. Beshkok Magomed 45 l. /1988/, Gatlukai village, Adygea.
347. Bitlev Murat 65 l. /1992/, Nizhny Ekanhal village, Karachaevo1. Circassia.
348. Genetl Raziet 55 l. /1988/, Tugorgoy village, Adygea. Zaramuk Indris - 85 l. /1987/, Ponezhukay village, Adygea. Zareuschuili Maro - 70 l. /1992/, p. Tarskoye, North Ossetia. Kereytov Kurman-Ali - 60 l. /1992/, Nizhny Ekanhal village, Karachay-Cherkessia.
349. Sikalieva Nina 40 l. /1997/, village Ikan-Khalk, Karachay-Cherkessia
350. Skhashok Asiet 51 /1989/, Ponezhukay village, Adygea.
351. Tazov Tlustanbiy 60 l. /1988/, village Khakurinokhabl, Adygea.
352. Teshev Murdin 57 y.o. /1987/, village. Shkhafit, Krasnodar region.
353. Tlekhusezh Guchesau 81 /1988/, Shendzhiy village, Adygea.
354. Tlekhuch Mugdin 60 l. /1988/, Assokalai village, Adygea.
355. Tlyanchev Galaudin 70 l. /1994/, Kosh-Khabl village, Karachaevo1. Circassia.
356. Toriev Hadzh-Murat 84 /1992/, p. First Dachnoye, North Ossetia319
357. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, FOLK SINGERS, STORYTELLERS, MUSICIANS AND INSTRUMENTAL ENSEMBLES
358. Adhoku-pondur under inv. No. 0С 4318 from the state. Museum of Local Lore, Grozny, Chechen Republic. Photo from 19921. L" rank" 1. Rear view324
359. Photo 3. Kisyn-fandyr under inv. No. 9811/2 from the North Ossetian state. museum. Photo from 19921. Front view Side view
360. Photo 7. Shichepshyi No. 11 691 from the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea.329
361. Photo 8. Shichepship M>I-1739 from the Russian Ethnographic Museum (Saikt-Petersburg).330
362. Photo 9. Shimepshin MI-2646 from the Russian Ethnographic Museum (St. Petersburg).331
363. Photo 10. Shichetiin X°922 from the State Central Museum of Musical Culture named after. M. I. Glinki (Moscow).332
364. Photo 11. Shichetiin No. 701 from the Museum of Musical Culture named after. Glinka (Moscow).333
365. Photo 12. Shichetiin No. 740 from the Museum of Musical Culture named after. Glinka. (Moscow).
366. Photo 14. Shichepshyi No. 11 949/1 from the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea.
367. Front view Side view Rear view
368. Photo 15. Shichepshin Adygea State University. Photo 1988 337
369. Photo 16. Shichepshii from the school museum aDzhambechii. Photo from 1988
370. Front view Side view Rear view
371. Photo 17. Pshipekab No. 4990 from the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea. Photo from 1988
372. Photo 18. Khavpachev X., Nalchik, KBASSR. Photo 1974 340
373. Photo 19. Jarimok T., a. Dzhidzhikhabl, Adygea, Photo 1989 341:
374. Photo 20. Cheech Tembot, a. Neshukai, Adygea. Photo 1987 342
375. Photo 21. Kurashev A., Nalchik. Photo 1990 343
376. Photo 22. Teshev M., a. Shkhafit, Krasnodar region. Photo from 1990
377. Ujuhu B., a. Teuchezhkha bl, Adygea. Photo 1989 345
378. Photo 24. Tlekhuch Mugdii, a. Asokolai, Adygea. Photo 1991 346
379. Photo 25. Bogus N&bdquo-a. Asokolai, Adygea. Photo from 1990
380. Photo 26. Donezhuk Yu., a. Asokolai, Adygea. Photo from 1989
381. Photo 27. Batyz Mahmud, a. Takhtamukay, Adygea. Photo 1992 350
382. Photo 29. Tazov T., a. Khakurinokhabl, Adygea. Photo 1990 351
383. Tuapsia district, Krasnodar region. Snapshot353
384. Photo 32. Geduadzhe G., a. Asokolai. Photo from 1989
385. Front view Side view Rear view
386. Photo 34. Kisyp-fapdyr of Khadartsev Elbrus from the station. Arkhoiskaya, North Ossetia. Photo from 1992
387. Photo 35. Kisyn-fandyr Abaeva Iliko from the village. Tarskoye North Ossetia. Photo from 1992
388. Photo 38. Adhoku-pondar from the collection of Sh. Edisultanov, Ny, Chechen Republic. Photo from 1992
389. Photo 46. Dala-fandir under inv. No. 9811/1 from the Northern State Museum. Photo from 1992.3681. FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW
390. Photo 47. Dala-fandir under inv. No. 8403/14 from the North Ossetian state. museum. Photo 1992 370
391. Photo 49. Dala-fandyr from the North Ossetian Republican National Medical Center for Science and Technology. Master maker Azamatov A. Photo from 1992
392. Stringed instrument duadastanon-fandyr under inv. No. 9759 from the North Ossetian state. museum.372
393. Photo 51. Stringed instrument duadastanon-fandyr under inv. No. 114 from the North Ossetian state. museum.
394. Front view Side view Rear view
395. Photo 53. Dechikh-popdar of Damkaevo Abdul-Wahida from the village. Maaz of the Chechen Republic. Photo from 1992
396. Front view Side view Rear view
397. Photo 54. Dechsh-popdar from the collection of Sh. Edisultaiov, Grozny, Chechen Republic. Photo from 19921. Front view
398. Photo 55. Poidar boy from collection 111. Edisultaiova, Grozny, Chechen Republic. Photo 1992 376
399. Photo 56. Kamyl No. 6477, 6482.377
400. Photo 57. Kamyl No. 6482 from AOKM.
401. Kamyl from the rural House of Culture, a. Pseituk, Adygea. Photo from 1986. 12-key iron-kandzal-fandyr under Made at the beginning of the 20th century. 3831. Front view1. Front view
402. Photo 63. 18-key iron-kandzal-fandyr under inv. No. 9832 from the North Ossetian state. museum. Made at the beginning of the 20th century.1. Side viewTop view
403. Photo 67. Harmonist Shadzhe M., a. Kunchukokhabl, Adygea Photo from 1989
404. Photo 69. Pshipe Zheietl Raziet, a. Tugurgoy, Adygea. Photo from 1986
405. Gemansh percussion instrument from the collection of Edisultan Shita, Grozny. Photo from 1991392
406. Pondar boy from the State Museum of Local Lore, Grozny, Chechen Republic. Photo from 1992
407. Front view Side view Rear view
408. Shichepshin from secondary school No. 1, a. Khabez, Karachay-Cherkessia. Photo from 1988
409. Front view Side view Rear view
410. Pshikenet Baete Itera, Maykop. Photo 1989 395
411. Harmonist Belmekhov Payu (Khaae/shunekor), a. Khataekukay, Adygea.396
412. Singer and musician. Shach Chukbar, p. Kaldakhvara, Abkhazia,
413. Gemansh percussion instrument from the collection of Sh. Edisultanov, Grozny, Chechen Republic. Photo 1992 399
414. Storyteller Sikaliev A.-G., A. Ikon-Khalk, Karachay-Cherkessia.1. Photo from 1996
415. Rite "Chapshch", a. Pshyzkhabl, Adygea. Photo from 1929
416. Rite "Chapshch", a. Khakurinokhabl, Adygea. Photo from 1927.403
417. Singer and kamylapsh Chelebi Hasan, a. Extinguish, Adygea. Photo from 1940.404
418. Pshinetarko ancient plucked instrument, type of corner harp Mamigia Kaziev (Kabardian), p. Zayukovo, Baksi district, Design Bureau of the SSR. Photo from 1935.405
419. Koblev Liu, a. Khakurinokhabl, Adygea. Photo from 1936 - storyteller A. M. Udychak, a. Neshukai, Adygea. Photo 1989 40 841 041 T
420. J and Mirza I., a. Afipsip, Adygea. Photo from 1930.412
421. Storyteller Habahu D., a. Ponezhukay, Adygea. Photo from 1989
422. During the author’s conversation with Habahu D. Photo from 1989414
423. Kisyn-fandyr performer Guriev Urusbi from Vladikavkaz, North. Ossetia. Photo from 1992
424. Orchestra of folk instruments of the Maikop School of Arts. Photo from 1987
425. Pshinetarko performer Tlekhusezh Svetlana from Maykop, Adygea. Photo 1990 417
426. Ulyapsky Dzheguak ensemble, Adygea. Photo from 1907.418
427. Kabardian Dzheguak ensemble, p. Zayuko, Kabardino-Balkaria. Photo from 1935.420
428. Master maker and performer of folk instruments max Andrey Azamatov from Vladikavkaz. Photo from 1992
429. Whistle wind instrument ushen Alborov Felix from Vladikavkaz, North. Ossetia. Photo from 1991
430. Performer on the dechik-pondar Damkaev Abdul-Vakhid, village. Maaz, Chechen Republic. Photo 1992 423
431. Kisyn-fandyr performer Kokoev Temyrbolat from the village. Nogir. North Ossetia. Photo from 1992
432. Membrane instrument tap from the collection of Edisultanov Shita, Grozny. Photo 19914.25
433. Membrane percussion instrument gaval from the collection of Edisultanov Shita, Grozny. Photo from 1991. Tap percussion instrument from the collection of Edisultanov Shita, Grozny. Photo 1991 427
434. Decig-pondar performer Valid Dagaev from Grozny, Chechen Republic.
435. Storyteller Akopov Konstantin from the village. Gizel Sev. Ossetia. Photo 1992 429
436. Storyteller Toriev Hadzh-Murat (Ingush) from the village. I Dachnoye, Sev. Ossetia. Photo 1992 430
437. Storyteller Lyapov Khusen (Ingush) from the village. Kartsa, Sev. Ossetia, 1. Photo 1992 431
438. Storyteller Yusupov Eldar-Khadish (Chechen) from Grozny. Chechen Republic. Snapshot 1992.432
439. Storyteller Bagaev Nestr from the village. Tarskoye North Ossetia. Photo 1992 433
440. Storytellers: Khugaeva Kato, Bagaeva Asinet, Khugaeva Lyuba from the village. Tarskoye, Sev. Ossetia. Photo 1992 435
441. Harmonist Ensemble, a. Asokolai “Adygea. Photo from 1988
442. Storyteller and performer of kisyf-fandyr Tsogaraev Sozyry ko from SKhidikus, North. Ossetia. Photo from 1992
443. Kisyn-fandyr performer Khadartsev Elbrus from Art. Arkhonskoy, Sev. Ossetia. Photo 1992 438
444. Storyteller and kisyn-fandyr performer Abaev Iliko from the village. Tarskoye, Sev. Ossetia. Photo from 1992
445. Folklore and ethnographic ensemble “Kubady” (“Khubady”) of the Palace of Culture named after. Khetagurova, Vladikavkaz.1. Photo from 1987
446. Storytellers Anna and Iliko Abaev from the village. Tarskoye, Sev. Ossetia.1. Photo from 1990
447. A group of musicians and singers from a. Afipsip, Adygea. Photo from 1936.444
448. Bzhamye performer, Adygea. Photo II half. XIX century.
449. Harmonist Bogus T., a. Gabukay, Adygea. Photo 1989 446,
450. Orchestra of Ossetian folk instruments, Vladikavkaz, 1. North Ossetia
451. Folklore and ethnographic ensemble, Adygea. Photo from 1940.450

• Specialty of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation07.00.07
• Number of pages 450

Chapter I. Main aspects of the study of traditional stringed instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus.

§1. Comparative characteristics of bowed musical instruments (description, measurement and manufacturing technology).

§2.Technical and musically expressive capabilities of instruments.

§3.Plucked instruments.

§4. The role and purpose of bowed and plucked instruments in the ritual and everyday culture of peoples

North Caucasus.

Chapter ¡¡.Characteristic features of wind and percussion instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus.

§1.Description, parameters and methods of manufacturing wind instruments.

§2.Technical and musically expressive capabilities of wind instruments.

§3.Percussion instruments.

§4. The role of wind and percussion instruments in the rituals and life of the peoples of the North Caucasus.

Chapter III. Ethnocultural connections of the peoples of the North Caucasus.

Chapter IV. Folk singers and musicians.

Chapter U. Rituals and customs associated with traditional musical instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus

Recommended list of dissertations

• Heroic-patriotic traditions in the folk song creativity of the Circassians (based on historical and ethnographic material) 1984, Candidate of Historical Sciences Chich, Gissa Karovich

• National harmonica in the traditional musical culture of the Circassians of the second half of the 19th - late 20th centuries. 2004, Candidate of Historical Sciences Gucheva, Angela Vyacheslavovna

• Adyghe folk polyphony 2005, Doctor of Art History Ashkhotov, Beslan Galimovich

• Dance, song and music culture of Kabardians in the second half of the 20th century 2004, Candidate of Historical Sciences Kesheva, Zarema Mukhamedovna

• North Caucasian vocal polyphony: typology of singing models 2012, Doctor of Art History Vishnevskaya, Liliya Alekseevna

Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) on the topic “Traditional musical culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus: Folk musical instruments and problems of ethnocultural contacts”

The North Caucasus is one of the most multinational regions of Russia; the bulk of the Caucasian (indigenous) peoples, mainly relatively small in number, are concentrated here. It has unique natural and social characteristics of ethnic culture.

The North Caucasus is primarily a geographical concept, covering the entire Ciscaucasia and the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus. The Northern Caucasus is separated from Transcaucasia by the Main or Watershed Range of the Greater Caucasus. However, the western tip is usually attributed entirely to the North Caucasus.

According to V.P. Alekseev, “The Caucasus, linguistically, is one of the most diverse regions of the planet. At the same time, according to anthropological data, the majority of North Caucasian ethnic groups (including Ossetians, Abkhazians, Balkars, Karachais, Adygs, Chechens, Ingush, Avars, Dargins, Laks), although they belong to different language families, belong to the Caucasian (residents mountainous regions of the Caucasus) and Pontic (Colchian) anthropological types and actually represent physically related, ancient autochthonous peoples of the Main Caucasus Range”1.

The North Caucasus is considered to be the most unique region in the world in many ways. This especially applies to its ethnolinguistic plan, since it is unlikely that there is such a high density of diverse ethnic groups in a relatively small area in the world.

Ethnogenesis, ethnic community, ethnic processes that are expressed in the spiritual culture of the people are one of the complex and

1 Alekseev V.P. Origin of the peoples of the Caucasus. - M., 1974. - p. 202-203. 5 interesting problems of modern ethnography, archeology, history, linguistics, folklore and musicology1.

The peoples of the North Caucasus, due to the similarity of their cultures and historical destinies with great diversity in linguistic terms, can be considered a North Caucasian regional community. This is evidenced by the research of archaeologists, historians, ethnographers, linguists: Gadlo A.B., Akhlakova A.A., Treskova I.V., Dalgat O.B., Korzun V.B., Autleva P.U., Meretukova M.A. and others.

There is still no monographic work on the traditional musical instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus, which greatly complicates the overall understanding of the instrumental culture of the region, determining what is common and nationally specific in the traditional musical creativity of the numerous peoples of the North Caucasus, i.e. development of such important problems as contact mutual influences, genetic relatedness, typological community, national and regional unity and originality in the historical evolution of genres, poetics, etc.

The solution to this complex problem must be preceded by an in-depth scientific description of the traditional folk musical instruments of each individual people or group of closely related peoples. In some North Caucasian republics, a significant step has been taken in this direction, but there is no such united and coordinated work in generalizing, holistically understanding the patterns of genesis and evolution of the system of genres of musical creativity of the peoples of the entire region.

This work is one of the first steps in the implementation of this difficult task. Studying traditional instruments in general

1 Bromley S.V. Ethnicity and ethnography. - M., 1973; It's him. Essays on the theory of ethnicity. -M., 1983; Chistov K.V. Folk traditions and folklore. - L., 1986. 6 different peoples leads to the creation of the necessary scientific, theoretical and factual base, on the basis of which a generalized picture of the folklore heritage of the peoples of the North Caucasus and a more in-depth study of issues general and nationally specific in the traditional culture of the population of the entire region are presented.

The North Caucasus is a multinational community that is connected to each other genetically, mostly by contact, and in general has similarities in historical and cultural development. For many centuries, particularly intense interethnic processes took place among numerous tribes and peoples, leading to complex and diverse cultural influences.

Researchers note the pan-Caucasian zonal proximity. As V.I. Abaev writes. “All the peoples of the Caucasus, not only those directly adjacent to each other, but also more distant ones, are connected among themselves by complex, intricate threads of linguistic and cultural ties. One gets the impression that, despite all the impenetrable multilingualism, a cultural world that was united in its essential features was taking shape in the Caucasus”1. Georgian folklorist and scientist M.Ya. Chikovani confirms a similar conclusion: “Many “centuries-old images” created by the Caucasian peoples have long gone beyond national boundaries and have become common property, despite linguistic barriers. Deeply meaningful plots and images, with which sublime aesthetic ideals are associated, were often developed through collective creative efforts. The process of mutual enrichment of folklore traditions of the Caucasian peoples has a long history.”2

1 Abaev V.I. Ossetian language and folklore. -M., -L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1949. - P.89.

2 Chikovani M.Ya. Nart stories of Georgia (parallels and reflections) // The Legend of the Narts - the epic of the peoples of the Caucasus. - M., Science, 1969. - P.232. 7

An important part in the traditional musical life of the peoples of the North Caucasus is folklore. It serves as an effective means for a deeper understanding of the processes of development of musical culture. Fundamental works on the folk epic by V.M. Zhirmunsky, V.Ya. Propp, P.G. Bogatyrev, E.M. Meletinsky, B.N. Putilov show a new approach to the possibilities and ways of comparative historical research on this problem, reveal basic patterns of development of folklore genres. The authors successfully resolve issues of the genesis, specificity, and nature of interethnic ties.

The work of A.A. Akhlakov “Historical songs of the peoples of Dagestan and the North Caucasus”1 examines various aspects of the historical songs of the peoples of the North Caucasus. The author talks in detail about the typology of rituals in historical song folklore and, against this background, describes the heroic principle in the poetic folklore of the late Middle Ages and modern times (approximately 16th-19th centuries), shows the nature of the content and form of its manifestation in the poetry of the peoples of the North Caucasus. He clarifies the nationally specific and general typologically unified or genetically related creation of the heroic image. At the same time, he uses various techniques to study the folklore of the Caucasus. The origins of the heroic traditions, reflected in historical song folklore, go back to ancient times, as evidenced by the Nart epic, which exists in different forms among almost all the peoples of the North Caucasus. The author examines this problem, including the eastern part of the Caucasus, Dagestan, but let us dwell on the analysis of his work in the part that considers the peoples of the North Caucasus.

1 Akhlakov A.A. Historical songs of the peoples of Dagestan and the North Caucasus “Science”. -M., 1981. -P.232. 8

Akhlakov A.A.1, based on a historical approach to the issues of typology of images in historical-song folklore in the North Caucasus, as well as in the typology of themes of plots and motifs on a large historical-ethnographic and folklore material, shows the origins of historical-heroic songs, patterns of their development, commonality and features in the creativity of the peoples of the North Caucasus and Dagestan. This researcher makes a significant contribution to historical and ethnographic science by revealing the problems of historicism in the song era, the originality of the reflection of social life.

Vinogradov B.S. in his work, using specific examples, he shows some features of language and folk music, revealing their role in the study of ethnogenesis. Touching upon the issue of relationships and mutual influence in the art of music, the author writes: “Family ties in the art of music are sometimes found in the music of peoples geographically distant from each other. But the opposite phenomena are also observed, when two neighboring peoples, having a common historical destiny and long-term, diverse ties in music, turn out to be relatively distant. There are frequent cases of musical kinship between peoples belonging to different language families."2 As V.S. Vinogradov points out, the linguistic kinship of peoples is not necessarily accompanied by the kinship of their musical culture, and the process of formation and differentiation of languages ​​differs from similar processes in music, determined by the very specifics of music3 .

The work of K. A. Vertkov “Musical instruments as

1 Akhlakov A.A. Decree. Job. - P. 232

Vinogradov B.S. The problem of the ethnogenesis of the Kirghiz in the light of some data from their musical folklore. // Questions of musicology. - T.Z., - M., 1960. - P.349.

3 Ibid. - P.250. 9 monuments of the ethnic, historical and cultural community of the peoples of the USSR”1. In it, K.A. Vertkov, relying on musical parallels in the field of folk musical instruments of the peoples of the USSR, argues that there are instruments that belong to only one people and exist only in one territory, but there are also identical or almost identical instruments among several peoples, geographically distant from each other. Entering organically into the musical culture of each of these peoples and performing a function in it that is equal, and sometimes more significant, than all other instruments, they are perceived by the people themselves as truly national”2.

In the article “Music and Ethnogenesis” I.I. Zemtsovsky believes that if an ethnos is taken as a whole, then its various components (language, clothing, ornament, food, music and others), developing in cultural and historical unity, but possessing immanent patterns and independent rhythms of movement, almost always do not evolve in parallel. The difference in verbal language does not prove to be an obstacle to the development of musical similarity. Interethnic boundaries In the field of music and art, whites are more fluid than linguistic ones3.

The theoretical position of Academician V.M. deserves special attention. Zhirmunsky about three possible reasons and three main types of repetition of folklore motifs and plots. As V.M. Zhirmunsky points out, similarity (similarity) can have at least three reasons: genetic (common origin of two or more peoples

1 Vertkov K.A. Musical instruments as monuments of the ethnic, historical and cultural community of the peoples of the USSR. // Slavic musical folklore - M., 1972.-P.97.

2 Vertkov K. A. Indicative work. - pp. 97-98. l

Zemtsovsky I. I. Music and ethnogenesis. // Soviet ethnography. 1988. - No. 3. - p.23.

10 and their cultures), historical and cultural (contacts that can facilitate the act of borrowing, or contribute to the convergence of forms of different origins), the action of general laws (convergence or “spontaneous generation”). The relatedness of peoples facilitates the emergence of similarity or resemblance for other reasons, as well as, for example, the duration of ethnocultural contacts1. This theoretical conclusion can undoubtedly serve as one of the main criteria for the study of ethnogenesis in the light of musical folklore.

Issues of interrelationships between folk musical cultures in the light of historical patterns are considered in the book by I.M. Khashba “Abkhazian folk musical instruments”2. In the study, I.M. Khashba turns to the musical instruments of the peoples of the Caucasus - Adygs, Georgians, Ossetians and others. A comparative study of these instruments with the Abkhaz ones reveals their similarity both in form and function, which gives the author reason to come to the following conclusion: the Abkhaz musical instruments were formed from the original musical instruments ainkaga, abyk (reed), abyk (embouchure), ashyamshig, acharpyn , ayumaa, ahymaa, apkhyartsa3 and introduced adaul, achamgur, apandur, amyrzakan4. The latter testify to ancient cultural relationships between the peoples of the Caucasus.

As I.M. Khashba notes, during a comparative study of Abkhaz musical instruments with similar Adyghe instruments

1 Zhirmunsky V.M. Folk heroic epic: Comparative historical essays. - M., - L., 1962. - p.94.

2 Khashba I.M. Abkhazian folk musical instruments. - Sukhumi, 1979. - P.114.

3 Ainkyaga - percussion instrument; abyk, ashyamshig, acharpyn - wind instruments; ayumaa, ahymaa - stringed-plucked apkhartsa - stringed-bowed.

4 Adaul - percussion instrument; achzmgur, apandur - plucked strings; amyrzakan - harmonica.

11 tribes are observed to be similar both externally and functionally, which confirms the genetic relatedness of these peoples. Such similarity in the musical instruments of the Abkhazians and the Adyghe people gives reason to believe that they, or at least their prototypes, arose in a very long time, at least before the differentiation of the Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples. The original purpose, which they have retained in their memory to this day, confirms this idea.

Certain issues of the relationship between the musical cultures of the peoples of the Caucasus are covered in the article by V.V. Akhobadze1. The author notes the melodic and rhythmic similarity of Abkhaz folk songs with Ossetian ones2. The kinship of Abkhaz folk songs with Adyghe and Ossetian ones is indicated by V.A. Gvakharia. V.A. Gvakharia considers two-voices to be one of the common characteristic features of the relationship between Abkhazian and Ossetian songs, but three-voices sometimes appear in Abkhazian songs. This hypothesis is also confirmed by the fact that the alternation of fourths and fifths, less often octaves, is inherent in Ossetian folk songs, and is also characteristic of Abkhazian and Adyghe songs. As the author suggests, the two-voice nature of North Ossetian songs may be the result of the influence of the musical folklore of the Adyghe peoples, because Ossetians belong to the Indo-European group of languages4. V.I. Abaev points out the relationship between Abkhazian and Ossetian songs5

1 Akhobadze V.V. Preface // Abkhazian songs. - M., - 1857. - P.11.

Gvakharia V.A. About the ancient relationships between Georgian and North Caucasian folk music. // Materials on the ethnography of Georgia. - Tbilisi, 1963, - P. 286.

5 Abaev V.I. Trip to Abkhazia. // Ossetian language and folklore. - M., - JL, -1949.-S. 322.

1 O and K.G. Tskhurbaeva. According to V.I. Abaev, the melodies of Abkhazian songs are very close to Ossetian ones, and in some cases are completely identical. K.G. Tskhurbaeva, noting the common features in the manner of solo-choral performance of Ossetian and Abkhaz songs in their intonation structure, writes: “Undoubtedly, there are similar features, but only individual ones. A more thorough analysis of the songs of each of these peoples clearly reveals the unique national features of two-voices, which among the Abkhazians do not always resemble Ossetian, despite the severity of the sound of the same quarto-fifth harmonies. In addition, their mode-intonation system differs sharply from the Ossetian and only in isolated cases does it show some similarity with it”3.

Balkar dance music is distinguished by the richness and variety of melody and rhythm, as S.I. Taneev writes “. the dances were accompanied by the singing of a male choir and playing the pipe: the choir sang in unison, repeating the same two-bar phrase several times, sometimes with slight variations, this unison phrase, which had a sharp, definite rhythm and rotated in the volume of a third or fourth, less often a fifth or sixths, is a sort of repeated basso basso ostinato, which served as the basis for a variation that one of the musicians played on the pipe. The variations consist of quick passages, change frequently and, apparently, depend on the arbitrariness of the player. The “sybsykhe” pipe is made from a gun barrel, and it is also made from reed. Participants in the choir and listeners beat the beat by clapping their hands. This clapping is combined with the clicking of a percussion instrument,

1 Tskhurbaeva K.G. About Ossetian heroic songs. - Ordzhonikidze, - 1965. -S. 128.

2 Abaev V.I. Decree.work. - P. 322.

3 Tskhurbaeva K.G. Decree. Job. - P. 130.

13 called "khra", consisting of wooden planks threaded into a rope. In the same song there are tones, semitones, eighth notes, and triplets.

The rhythmic structure is very complex; phrases of different numbers of bars are often juxtaposed; there are sections of five, seven and ten bars. All this gives the mountain melodies a unique character that is unusual for our ears.”1

One of the main riches of the spiritual culture of the people is the musical art they created. Folk music has always given birth and gives birth in social practice to the highest spiritual feelings of man - serving as the foundation for the formation of a person’s idea of ​​​​the beautiful and sublime, of the heroic and tragic. It is in these interactions of a person with the world around him that all the riches of human feelings, the strength of his emotionality are revealed and the basis is created for the formation of creativity (including music) according to the laws of harmony and beauty.

Each nation makes its worthy contribution to the treasury of general culture, making extensive use of the riches of the genres of oral folk art. In this regard, the study of everyday traditions, in the depths of which folk music develops, becomes of no small importance. Like other genres of folk art, folk music has not only an aesthetic, but also an ethnic function2. In connection with issues of ethnogenesis, much attention is paid to folk music in the scientific literature3. Music is closely related to ethnic

1 Taneev S.I. About the music of the Mountain Tatars // In memory of S. Taneev. - M. - L. 1947. -P.195.

2 Bromley S.V. Ethnicity and ethnography. - M., 1973. - P.224-226. l

Zemtsovsky I.I. Ethnogenesis in the light of musical folklore // Narodno stvaralashstvo. T.8; St. 29/32. Beograd, 1969; His own. Music and ethnogenesis (research prerequisites, tasks, paths) // Soviet ethnography. - M., 1988, No. 2. - P.15-23 and others.

14 history of the people and consideration of it from this point of view is of a historical and ethnographic nature. Hence the source study significance of folk music for historical and ethnographic research1.

Reflecting the work and life of the people, music has accompanied their lives for thousands of years. In accordance with the general development of human society and the specific historical conditions of life of a particular people, its musical art developed2.

Each people of the Caucasus developed its own musical art, which is part of the general Caucasian musical culture. Over the centuries, he gradually “developed characteristic intonation features, rhythm, and melody structure, created original musical instruments”3 and thus gave birth to his own national musical language.

In the course of dynamic development, some instruments, responding to everyday conditions, were improved and preserved for centuries, others grew old and disappeared, while others were created for the first time. “Music and performing arts, as they developed, required appropriate means of implementation, and more advanced instruments, in turn, had an impact on music and performing arts and contributed to their further growth. This process is happening especially clearly in our days”4. It is from this angle with historical

1 Maisuradze N.M. Georgian folk music and its historical and ethnographic aspects (in Georgian) - Tbilisi, 1989. - P. 5.

2 Vertkov K.A. Preface to the “Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR”, M., 1975.-P. 5.

15 From an ethnographic point of view, the rich musical instrumentation of the North Caucasian peoples should be considered.

Instrumental music among mountain peoples is developed at a sufficient level. The materials identified as a result of the study showed that all types of instruments - percussion, wind and plucked string instruments originate from ancient times, although many have already fallen out of use (for example, plucked string instruments - pshchinetarko, ayumaa, duadastanon, apeshin, dala-fandyr , dechig-pondar, wind instruments - bzhamiy, uadynz, abyk, stily, syryn, lalym-uadynz, fidiug, shodig).

It should be noted that due to the gradual disappearance of some traditions from the life of the peoples of the North Caucasus, instruments closely associated with these traditions are falling out of use.

Many folk instruments of this region have retained their primitive form to this day. Among them, first of all, we should mention tools made from a hollowed out piece of wood and a reed trunk.

Studying the history of the creation and development of North Caucasian musical instruments will enrich knowledge not only of the musical culture of these peoples as a whole, but will also help reproduce the history of their everyday traditions. A comparative study of the musical instruments and everyday traditions of the North Caucasian peoples, for example, Abkhazians, Ossetians, Abazas, Vainakhs and the peoples of Dagestan, will help to identify their close cultural and historical relationships. It must be emphasized that the musical creativity of these peoples gradually improved and developed, depending on changing socio-economic conditions.

Thus, the musical creativity of the North Caucasian peoples is the result of a special social process, initially associated

16 with the life of the people. It contributed to the overall development of national culture.

All of the above confirms the relevance of the research topic.

The chronological framework of the study covers the entire historical period of the formation of the traditional culture of the North Caucasian peoples of the 19th century. - I half of the 20th century. Within this framework, the issues of the origin and development of musical instruments, their functions in everyday life are covered. The object of this study is traditional musical instruments and associated everyday traditions and rituals of the peoples of the North Caucasus.

Some of the first historical and ethnographic studies of the traditional musical culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus include the works of scientific educators S.-B. Abaev, B. Dalgat, A.-Kh. Dzhanibekov, S.-A. Urusbiev, Sh. Nogmov, S. Khan-Gireya, K. Khetagurova, T. Elderkhanova.

Russian scientists, researchers, travelers, journalists V. Vasilkov, D. Dyachkov-Tarasov, N. Dubrovin, L. Lhulier, K. Stahl, P. Svinin, L. Lopatinsky, F. .Tornau, V.Potto, N.Nechaev, P.Uslar1.

1 Vasilkov V.V. Essay on the life of Temirgoyevites // SMOMPC. - Vol. 29. - Tiflis, 1901; Dyachkov-Tarasov A.N. Abadzekhi // ZKOIRGO. - Tiflis, 1902, book. XXII. Vol. IV; Dubrovin N. Circassians (Adyghe). - Krasnodar. 1927; Lyulye L.Ya. Cherke-siya. - Krasnodar, 1927; Steel K.F. Ethnographic sketch of the Circassian people // Caucasian collection. - T.XXI - Tiflis, 1910; Nechaev N. Travel records in South-Eastern Russia // Moscow Telegraph, 1826; Tornau F.F. Memoirs of a Caucasian officer // Russian Bulletin, 1865. - M.; Lopatinsky L.G. Song about the Battle of Bziyuk // SMOMPC, - Tiflis, Vol. XXII; His own. Prefaces to Adyghe songs // SMOMPC. - Vol. XXV. - Tiflis, 1898; Svinin P. Celebrating Bayram in a Circassian village // Otechestvennye zapiski. - No. 63, 1825; Uslar P.K. Ethnography of the Caucasus. - Vol. II. - Tiflis, 1888.

The appearance of the first educators, writers, and scientists among the peoples of the North Caucasus even in pre-revolutionary times became possible thanks to the rapprochement of the North Caucasian peoples with the Russian people and their culture.

Among the literary and artistic figures from among the North Caucasian peoples in the 19th - early 20th centuries. scientists, writers and educators should be named: Circassians Umar Bersey, Kazi Atazhukin, Tolib Kashezhev, Abaza Adil-Girey Keshev (Kalambia), Karachais Immolat Khubiev, Islam Teberdich (Krymshamkhazov), Balkars Ismail and Safar-Ali Urusbievs, Ossetians: poets Temyrbolat Mamsurov and Blashka Gurdzhibekov, prose writers Inal Kanukov, Sek Gadiev, poet and publicist Georgy Tsagolov, educator Afanasy Gasiev.

Of particular interest are the works of European authors who partially addressed the topic of folk instruments. Among them are the works of E.-D. d" Ascoli, J.-B. Tavernier, J. Bella, F. Dubois de Montpéré, K. Koch, I. Blaramberg, J. Potocki, J.-V.-E. Thébout de Marigny, N. Witsen1 , which contain information that makes it possible to restore forgotten facts bit by bit and identify musical instruments that have fallen out of use.

Soviet musical figures and folklorists M.F. Gnesin, B.A. studied the musical culture of mountain peoples. Galaev, G.M.Kontsevich, A.P.Mitrofanov, A.F.Grebnev, K.E.Matsyutin,

1 Adygs, Balkars and Karachais in the news of European authors of the 13th-19th centuries - Nalchik, 1974.

T.K.Scheibler, A.I.Rakhaev1 and others.

It is necessary to note the content of the work of Autleva S.Sh., Naloev Z.M., Kanchaveli L.G., Shortanov A.T., Gadagatlya A.M., Chich G.K.2 and others. However, the authors of these works do not provide a complete description of the problem we are considering.

A significant contribution to the consideration of the problem of the musical culture of the Circassians was made by art historians Sh.S.Shu3, A.N.Sokolova4 and R.A.Pshizova5. Some of their articles concern the study of Adyghe folk instruments.

For the study of Adyghe folk musical culture, the publication of the multi-volume book “Folk Songs and

1 Gnesin M.F. Circassian songs // Folk art, No. 12, 1937: ANNI Archive, F.1, P.27, d.Z; Galaev B.A. Ossetian folk songs. - M., 1964; Mitrofanov A.P. Musical and song creativity of the highlanders of the North Caucasus // Collection of materials from the North Caucasus Mountain Research Institute. T.1. - Rostov State Archive, R.4387, op.1, d.ZO; Grebnev A.F. Adyghe oredkher. Adyghe (Circassian) folk songs and melodies. - M.,-L., 1941; Matsyutin K.E. Adyghe song // Soviet music, 1956, No. 8; Scheibler T.K. Kabardian folklore // Academic notes of KENYA - Nalchik, 1948. - T. IV; Rakhaev A.I. Song epic of Balkaria. - Nalchik, 1988.

2 Outleva S.Sh. Adyghe historical and heroic songs of the 16th-19th centuries. - Nalchik, 1973; Naloev Z.M. Organizational structure of the dzheguako // Culture and life of the Circassians. - Maykop, 1986; His own. Dzheguako in the role of hatiyako // Culture and life of the Circassians. - Maykop, 1980. Issue. III; Kanchaveli L.G. On the specifics of reflecting reality in the musical thinking of the ancient Circassians // Bulletin of KENYA. -Nalchik, 1973. Issue. VII; Shortanov A.T., Kuznetsov V.A. Culture and life of the Sinds and other ancient Circassians // History of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. - T. 1; - M., 1967; Gadagatl A.M. The heroic epic “Narts” of the Adyghe (Circassian) peoples. - Maykop, 1987; Cheech G.K. Heroic-patriotic traditions in the folk song creativity of the Circassians // Abstract. PhD thesis. - Tbilisi, 1984.

3 Shu Sh.S. Formation and development of Adyghe folk choreography // Abstract. Candidate of Art History. - Tbilisi, 1983.

4 Sokolova A.N. Folk instrumental culture of the Circassians // Abstract. Candidate of Art History. - St. Petersburg, 1993.

5 Pshizova R.Kh. Musical culture of the Circassians (folk song creativity: genre system) // Abstract. Candidate of Art History. -M., 1996.

19 instrumental tunes of the Circassians" edited by E.V. Gippius (compiled by V.Kh. Baragunov and Z.P. Kardangushev)1.

Thus, the relevance of the problem, the great theoretical and practical significance of its study, determined the choice of topic and chronological framework of this study.

The purpose of the work is to highlight the role of musical instruments in the culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus, their origin and methods of production. In accordance with this, the following tasks are set: to determine the place and purpose of tools in the everyday life of the peoples in question;

Explore previously existing (out of use) and currently existing (including improved) folk musical instruments;

Establish their performing, musical and expressive capabilities and design features;

Show the role and activities of folk singers and musicians in the historical development of these peoples;

Consider the rituals and customs associated with the traditional instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus; establish the initial terms characterizing the design of folk instruments.

The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the folk instruments of the North Caucasian peoples have been studied monographically; the folk technology for making all types of musical instruments has been most fully studied; the role of master performers in the development of folk instrumental music has been identified

1 Folk songs and instrumental tunes of the Circassians. - T.1, - M., 1980, -T.P. 1981,-TLI. 1986.

20 crops; The technical-performing and musical-expressive capabilities of wind and string instruments are highlighted. The work examines ethnocultural relationships in the field of musical instruments.

The National Museum of the Republic of Adygea is already using our descriptions and measurements of all folk musical instruments located in the funds and exhibitions of the museum. The calculations made on the technology of manufacturing folk instruments are already helping folk craftsmen. The described methods of playing folk instruments are embodied in practical elective classes at the Folk Culture Center of the Adyghe State University.

We used the following research methods: historical-comparative, mathematical, analytical, content analysis, interviewing method and others.

When studying the historical and ethnographic foundations of culture and life, we rely on the works of historians and ethnographers V.P. Alekseev, Yu.V. Bromley, M.O. Kosven, L.I. Lavrov, E.I. Krupnov, S. Tokarev. A., Mafedzeva S.Kh., Musukaeva A.I., Inal-Ipa Sh.D., Kalmykova I.Kh., Gardanova V.K., Bekizova L.A., Mambetova G.Kh., Dumanova Kh. M., Alieva A.I., Meretukova M.A., Bgazhnokova B.H., Kantaria M.V., Maisuradze N.M., Shilakadze M.I.,

1 Alekseev V.P. Origin of the peoples of the Caucasus - M., 1974; Bromley S.V. Ethnography. - M., ed. "Higher School", 1982; Kosven M.O. Ethnography and history of the Caucasus. Research and materials. - M., ed. "Oriental Literature", 1961; Lavrov L.I. Historical and ethnographic essays of the Caucasus. - L., 1978; Krupnov E.I. Ancient history and culture of Kabarda. - M., 1957; Tokarev S.A. Ethnography of the peoples of the USSR. - M., 1958; Mafedzev S.Kh. Rituals and ritual games of the Circassians. - Nalchik, 1979; Musukaev A.I. About Balkaria and the Balkars. - Nalchik, 1982; Inal-Ipa Sh.D. About Abkhaz-Adyghe ethnographic parallels. // Scientist. zap. ANII. - T.1U (history and ethnography). - Krasnodar, 1965; It's him. Abkhazians. Ed. 2nd - Sukhumi, 1965; Kalmykov I.Kh. Circassians. - Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkess branch of the Stavropol book publishing house, 1974; Gardanov V.K Social system of the Adyghe peoples. - M., Nauka, 1967; Bekizova L.A. Folklore and creativity of Adyghe writers of the 19th century. // Proceedings of KCHNII. - Vol. VI. - Cherkessk, 1970; Mambetov G.Kh., Dumanov Kh.M. Some questions about the modern Kabardian wedding // Ethnography of the peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria. - Nalchik. - Issue 1, 1977; Aliev A.I. Adyghe Nart epic. - M., - Nalchik, 1969; Meretukov M.A. Family and family life of the Circassians in the past and present. // Culture and life of the Circassians (ethnographic research). - Maykop. - Issue 1, 1976; Bgazhnokov B.Kh. Adyghe etiquette. -Nalchik, 1978; Kantaria M.V. Some questions of the ethnic history and economy of the Circassians //Culture and life of the Circassians. - Maykop, - Issue VI, 1986; Maisuradze N.M. Georgian-Abkhaz-Adyghe folk music (harmonic structure) in a cultural and historical light. Report at the XXI scientific session of the Institute of History and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the GSSR. Abstracts of reports. - Tbilisi, 1972; Shilakadze M.I. Georgian folk instrumental music. dis. . Ph.D. history Sciences - Tbilisi, 1967; Kojesau E.L. About the customs and traditions of the Adyghe people. // Scientist. zap. ANII. -T.U1P.- Maikop, 1968.

2 Balakirev M.A. Recordings of Caucasian folk music. //Memories and letters. - M., 1962; Taneev S.I. About the music of the Mountain Tatars. //In memory of S.I.Taneev. -M., 1947; Arakishvili (Arakchiev) D.I. Description and measurement of folk musical instruments. - Tbilisi, 1940; His own. Georgian musical creativity. // Proceedings of the Musical Ethnographic Commission. - THAT. - M., 1916; Aslani-shvili Sh.S. Georgian folk song. - T.1. - Tbilisi, 1954; Gvakharia V.A. About the ancient relationships between Georgian and North Caucasian folk music. Materials on the ethnography of Georgia. - T.VII. - T.VIII. - Tbilisi, 1963; Courtois I.E. Abkhazian folk songs and musical instruments. - Sukhumi, 1957; Khashba I.M. Abkhazian folk musical instruments. - Sukhumi, 1967; Khashba M.M. Labor and ritual songs of the Abkhazians. - Sukhumi, 1977; Alborov F.Sh. Traditional Ossetian musical instruments (wind) // Problems

The main objects of the study were musical instruments that have survived in practice to this day, as well as those that have fallen out of use and exist only as museum exhibits.

Some valuable sources were extracted from museum archives, and interesting data were obtained during interviews. Most of the materials extracted from archival sources, museums, measurements of instruments, and their analysis are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

The work uses published collections of scientific works of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after N.N. Miklouho-Maclay of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography named after I.A. Javakhishvili Academy of Sciences of Georgia, Adyghe Republican Institute of Humanitarian Studies, Kabardino-Balkarian Republican Institute of Humanitarian Studies under the Cabinet of Ministers of the KBR, Karachay-Cherkess Republican Institute of Humanitarian Studies, North Ossetian Institute of Humanitarian Studies, Abkhaz Institute of Humanitarian Studies named after D.I. Gulia, Chechen Institute of Humanitarian Studies research, Ingush Institute of Humanitarian Research, materials from local periodicals, magazines, general and specialized literature on history, ethnography and culture of the peoples of Russia.

Meetings and conversations with folk singers and storytellers, craftsmen and folk performers (see appendix), and heads of departments and cultural institutions provided some assistance in highlighting a number of research issues.

Of great importance are the field ethnographic materials that we collected in the North Caucasus from the Abkhazians, Adygeis,

23 Kabardians, Circassians, Balkars, Karachais, Ossetians, Abazas, Nogais, Chechens and Ingush, to a lesser extent among the peoples of Dagestan, in the period from 1986 to 1999. in the regions of Abkhazia, Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Ossetia, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan and the Black Sea Shapsugia of the Krasnodar Territory. During ethnographic expeditions, legends were recorded, sketches were made, photographs were taken, musical instruments were measured, and folk songs and tunes were recorded on tape. A map of the distribution of musical instruments in areas where instruments exist has been compiled.

At the same time, materials and documents from museums were used: the Russian Ethnographic Museum (St. Petersburg), the State Central Museum of Musical Culture named after M.I. Glinka (Moscow), the Museum of Theater and Musical Art (St. Petersburg), the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography named after . Peter the Great (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg), funds of the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea, the Teuchezh Tsug Museum in the village of Gabukay of the Republic of Adygea, a branch of the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea in the village of Dzhambechiy, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republican Museum of Local Lore, the North Ossetian State United Local History Museum of History, Architecture and Literature, Chechen-Ingush Republican Museum of Local Lore. In general, the study of all types of sources allows us to cover the chosen topic with sufficient completeness.

In world musical practice, there are several classifications of musical instruments, according to which it is customary to divide instruments into four groups: idiophones (percussion), membranophones (membrane), chordophones (strings), aerophones (wind). At the core

24 classifications are based on the following characteristics: the source of sound and the method of its extraction. This classification was formed by E. Hornbostel, K. Sachs, V. Maillon, F. Gewart and others. However, this classification did not take root in folk musical practice and theory and did not even become widely known. Based on the classification system of the above principle, the Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR1 was compiled. But since we are studying existing and non-existing North Caucasian musical instruments, we proceed from their inherent specificity and make certain adjustments in this classification. In particular, we have arranged the musical instruments of the peoples of the North Caucasus based on the degree of prevalence and intensity of their use, and not in the sequence given in the Atlas. Consequently, folk instruments are presented in the following order: 1. (Chordophones) string instruments. 2. (Aerophones) wind instruments. 3. (Idiophones) self-sounding percussion instruments. 4. (Membranophones) membrane instruments.

The work consists of an introduction, 5 chapters with paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of sources, studied literature used and an appendix with photo illustrations, a map of the distribution of musical instruments, a list of informants and tables.

1 Vertkov K., Blagodatov G., Yazovitskaya E. Indicative work. - pp. 17-18.

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Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic “Ethnography, ethnology and anthropology”, Kagazezhev, Baizet Shatbievich

CONCLUSION

The richness and diversity of folk instruments and the color of everyday traditions show that the peoples of the North Caucasus have a unique national culture, the roots of which go back centuries. It developed in the interaction and mutual influence of these peoples. This was especially evident in the manufacturing technology and shapes of musical instruments, as well as in the techniques of playing them.

Musical instruments and associated everyday traditions of the North Caucasian peoples are a reflection of the material and spiritual culture of a certain people, whose heritage includes a variety of wind, string and percussion musical instruments, the role of which is great in everyday life. This relationship has served the people’s healthy lifestyle for centuries and developed their spiritual and moral aspects.

Over the centuries, folk musical instruments have come a long way along with the development of society. At the same time, certain types and subtypes of musical instruments have fallen out of use, others have survived to this day and are used as part of ensembles. Bowed instruments have the largest distribution area. These instruments are more fully represented among the peoples of the North Caucasus.

The study of the technology for making string instruments of the North Caucasian peoples showed the originality of their folk craftsmen, which affected the technical, performing and musically expressive capabilities of musical instruments. The methods of making stringed instruments reflect empirical knowledge of the acoustic properties of wood material, as well as the principles of acoustics, the rules for the relationship between the length and height of the sound produced.

Thus, the bowed instruments of most North Caucasian peoples consist of a wooden boat-shaped body, one end of which is extended into a stem, the other end goes into a narrow neck with a head, except for the Ossetian kisyn-fandir and the Chechen adhoku-pondur, which have a bowl-shaped body covered with a leather membrane. Each master made the length of the neck and the shape of the head differently. In the old days, craftsmen made folk instruments using handicraft methods. The material for production was such tree species as boxwood, ash and maple, as they were more durable. Some modern craftsmen, trying to improve the instrument, made deviations from its ancient design.

Ethnographic material shows that bowed instruments occupied a significant place in the life of the peoples under study. Evidence of this is the fact that not a single traditional celebration could take place without these instruments. It is also interesting that the harmonica has now replaced bowed instruments with its brighter and stronger sound. However, the bowed instruments of these peoples are of great historical interest as musical instruments accompanying the historical epic, dating back to the ancient times of the existence of oral folk art. Note that the performance of ritual songs, for example, lamentations, joyful, dance, heroic songs, always accompanied a specific event. It was under the accompaniment of adhoku-pondur, kisyn-fandir, apkhary-tsy, shichepshchina that song writers conveyed to this day a panorama of various events in the life of the people: heroic, historical, Nart, everyday. The use of stringed instruments in rituals associated with the cult of the dead indicates the antiquity of the origin of these instruments.

A study of the Circassian string instruments shows that ape-shin and pshinetarko have lost their function in folk life and have fallen out of use, but there is a tendency towards their revival and use in instrumental ensembles. These instruments were used for some time in the privileged strata of society. It was not possible to find complete information about playing these instruments. In this regard, the following pattern can be traced: with the disappearance of court musicians (jeguaco), these instruments went out of everyday life. And yet, the only copy of the apeshin plucked instrument has survived to this day. It was mainly an accompanying instrument. To his accompaniment, Nart songs, historical-heroic, love, lyrical, as well as everyday songs were performed.

Other peoples of the Caucasus also have similar instruments - it has close similarities with the Georgian chonguri and panduri, as well as the Dagestan agach-kumuz, Ossetian dala-fandir, Vainakh dechik-pondur and Abkhazian achamgur. These instruments are close to each other not only in their appearance, but also in the manner of execution and the structure of the instruments.

According to ethnographic materials, specialized literature and museum exhibits, a plucked instrument like the harp, which has survived to this day only among the Svans, was also used by the Abkhazians, Circassians, Ossetians and some other peoples. But not a single copy of the Adyghe harp-shaped instrument pshinatarko has survived to this day. And the fact that such an instrument existed and was in use among the Circassians was confirmed by analyzing photographic documents from 1905-1907, stored in the archives of the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea and Kabardino-Balkaria.

Family ties of pshinatarko with the Abkhazian ayumaa and Georgian changi, as well as their proximity to the Central Asian harp-shaped instruments

281 mentami, indicates the ancient origin of the Adyghe Pshine-Tarko.

The study of wind instruments of the North Caucasian peoples in various periods of history shows that of all those that existed previously, starting from the 4th century. BC, such as bzhamy, syryn, kamyl, uadynz, shodig, acharpyn, uashen, styles have been preserved: kamyl, acharpyn, styles, shodig, uadynz. They have survived to this day unchanged, which further enhances the interest in their study.

There was a group of wind instruments related to signal music, but now they have lost their significance, some of them remained in the form of toys. For example, these are whistles made from corn leaves, from onions, and whistles carved from pieces of wood in the shape of small birds. Flute wind instruments are a thin cylindrical tube, open at both ends with three to six playing holes drilled at the lower end. The tradition in the manufacture of the Adyghe instrument kamyl is manifested in the fact that a strictly legalized material is used for it - reed (reed). Hence its original name - Kamyl (cf. Abkhazian acharpyn (hogweed). Currently, the following trend has emerged in their production - from a metal tube due to a certain durability.

The history of the emergence of such a special subgroup as keyboard-reed instruments - the accordion - clearly demonstrates the displacement of traditional instruments from the life of the North Caucasian peoples in the second half of the 19th century. However, accompanying historical and heroic songs was not included in its functional purpose.

The development and spread of the harmonica in the 19th century was facilitated by the expansion of trade and economic ties between the Circassians and Russia. With extraordinary speed, the harmonica gained popularity in folk music.

282 fecal culture. In this regard, folk traditions, rituals, and rituals have been enriched.

It is necessary to highlight the fact in the technique of playing the pshina that, despite limited funds, the accordion player manages to play the main melody and fill the pauses with a characteristic, repeatedly repeated texture in the upper register, using bright accents, scale-like and chord-like movement from top to bottom.

The originality of this instrument and the performing skills of the harmonica player are interconnected. This relationship is enhanced by the virtuosic manner of playing the harmonica, when during the dance the harmonica player, with all sorts of movements of the harmonica, either emphasizes the guest of honor, or encourages the dancers with vibrating sounds. The technical capabilities of the harmonica, together with rattles and accompanied by voice melodies, allowed and allow folk instrumental music to show the brightest colors with the greatest dynamism.

So, the spread of such an instrument as the harmonica in the North Caucasus indicates its recognition by local peoples, therefore this process is natural in their musical culture.

Analysis of musical instruments shows that some of their types retain their original principles. Folk wind musical instruments include kamil, acharpyn, shodig, styles, uadynz, pshine; string instruments include shichepshin, apkhartsa, kisyn-fandir, adhoku-pondur; self-sounding percussion instruments include phachich, hare, pkharchak, kartsganag. All of the listed musical instruments have structure, sound, technical and dynamic capabilities. Depending on this, they belong to solo and ensemble instruments.

At the same time, measuring the length of various parts (linear measurement) of the instruments showed that they correspond to natural folk measures.

A comparison of Adyghe folk musical instruments with Abkhaz-Georgian, Abaza, Vainakh, Ossetian, Karachay-Balkar ones revealed their family ties in form and structure, which indicates a common culture that existed among the peoples of the Caucasus in the historical past

It should also be noted that circles for making and playing folk instruments in the cities of Vladikavkaz, Nalchik, Maikop and in the village of Assokolai of the Republic of Adygea have become a creative laboratory in which new directions are being formed in the modern musical culture of the North Caucasian peoples, the richest traditions of folk music are being preserved and creatively developed. art. More and more new performers on folk instruments are appearing.

It should be pointed out that the musical culture of the peoples under study is experiencing a new rise. Therefore, it is important here to restore obsolete instruments and expand the use of rarely used instruments.

The traditions of using tools in everyday life among the North Caucasian peoples are the same. When performing, the composition of the ensemble is determined by one string (or wind) and one percussion instrument.

It should be noted here that an ensemble of numerous instruments, and especially an orchestra, are not characteristic of the musical practice of the peoples of the region under study.

From the middle of the 20th century. In the autonomous republics of the North Caucasus, orchestras of improved folk instruments were created, but neither instrumental ensembles nor orchestras took root in folk musical practice.

Study, analysis and conclusions on this issue allow, in our opinion, to make the following recommendations:

Firstly: we believe that it is impossible to go through the improvement and modernization of ancient musical instruments that have survived to this day, as this will lead to the disappearance of the original national instrument. In this regard, there is only one way left in the development of musical instruments - the development of new technology and new technical and performance qualities, new types of musical instruments.

When composing musical works for these instruments, composers need to study the features of a particular type or subspecies of an ancient instrument, which will facilitate the method of writing it, thereby preserving folk songs and instrumental tunes, and performing traditions of playing folk instruments.

Secondly: in our opinion, in order to preserve the musical traditions of peoples, it is necessary to create a material and technical base for the manufacture of folk instruments. For this purpose, create a manufacturing workshop using specially developed technology and descriptions of the author of this study, with the selection of appropriate master manufacturers.

Thirdly: the correct techniques for playing ancient folk musical instruments are of great importance in preserving the authentic sound of bowed instruments and the musical and everyday traditions of the people.

Fourthly, it is necessary:

1. Revive, disseminate and promote, arouse people’s interest and spiritual need for musical instruments and, in general, in the musical culture of their ancestors. This will make the cultural life of the people richer, more interesting, more meaningful and brighter.

2. Establish mass production of instruments and their widespread use both on the professional stage and in amateur performances.

3. Develop teaching aids for initial learning to play all folk instruments.

4. Provide for the training of teachers and the organization of training in playing these instruments in all music educational institutions of the republics.

Fifthly: it is advisable to include special courses on folk music in the programs of music educational institutions in the Republics of the North Caucasus. For this purpose, it is necessary to prepare and publish a special textbook.

In our opinion, the use of these recommendations in scientific practical work will contribute to a deeper study of the history of the people, their musical instruments, traditions, customs, which will ultimately preserve and further develop the national culture of the North Caucasian peoples.

In conclusion, it should be said that the study of folk musical instruments is still the most important problem for the North Caucasus region. This problem is of increasing interest to musicologists, historians, and ethnographers. The latter are attracted not only by the phenomenon of material and spiritual culture as such, but also by the possibility of identifying patterns in the development of musical thinking and the value orientations of the people.

The preservation and revival of folk musical instruments and everyday traditions of the peoples of the North Caucasus is not a return to the past, but indicates a desire to enrich our present and future, the culture of modern man.

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304. Shurov V.M. On regional traditions in Russian folk music // Musical folkloristics. No. 3. - M., 1986. - P. 11-47.

305. Emsheimer E. Swedish folk musical instruments // Folk musical instruments and instrumental music. Part II. - M.: Soviet composer, 1988. - P.3-17.310

306. Yarlykapov A.A. The ritual of making rain among the Nogais // Islam and folk culture. M., 1998. - pp. 172-182.

307. Pshizova R.Kh. Musical culture of the Circassians (Folk song creativity-genre system). Abstract of thesis. .cand. art history M., 1996 - 22 p.

308. Yakubov M.A. Essays on the history of Dagestan Soviet music. -T.I. 1917 - 1945 - Makhachkala, 1974.

309. Kharaeva F.F. Traditional musical instruments and instrumental music of the Circassians. Abstract of dissertation candidate. art history M., 2001. - 20.

310. Khashba M.M. Folk music of the Abkhazians and its Caucasian parallels. Author's abstract. dis. Doctor of History Sci. M., 1991.-50 p.

312. Nevruzov M.M. Azerbaijani folk instrument kemancha and forms of its existence: Dis. . Ph.D. art history Baku, 1987. - 220 p.

313. Khashba M.M. Labor songs of the Abkhazians: Dis. . Ph.D. ist. Sci. -Sukhumi, 1971.

314. Shilakadze M.I. Georgian folk instrumental music. dis. candidate of history Sci. Tbilisi, 1967.1. ABSTRACTS

315. Jandar M.A. Everyday aspects of family obryal songs of the Circassians: Abstract of dissertation. . Ph.D. ist. Sci. Yerevan, 1988. -16 p.

316. Sokolova A.N. Adyghe instrumental culture. Abstract of thesis. .candidate of art history. St. Petersburg, 1993. - 23 p.

317. Maisuradze N.M. Problems of genesis, formation and development of Georgian folk music: Abstract of thesis. .cand. ist. Sci. -Tbilisi, 1983. 51 p.

318. Khakimov N.G. Instrumental culture of Iranian peoples: (Antiquity and early Middle Ages) // Abstract of thesis. . Ph.D. art history M., 1986.-27p.

319. Kharatyan G.S. Ethnic history of the Circassians: Abstract of thesis. . Ph.D. ist. Sci. -JL, 1981. -29p.

320. Cheech G.K. Heroic-patriotic traditions in the folk song creativity of the Circassians. Abstract of thesis. . Ph.D. ist. Sci. Tbilisi, 1984. - 23 p.

321. Dictionary of musical terms

322. NAMES OF THE INSTRUMENT AND ITS PARTS ABAZINS ABKHAZ ADYGES NOGAI OSSETINS CHECHEN INGUSHS

323. STRING INSTRUMENTS msh1k'vabyz aidu-phyartsa apkhyartsa shyk'pshchin dombra KISYM-fAND'f teantae kish adhoku-pomdur 1ad hyokkhush pondur lar.phsnash1. STRINGS a"ehu bzeps bow pshchynebz aerdyn 1ad

324. HEAD ahy pshynashkh ball kortakozh aly moss pshchynethyek1um kulak kas bas ltos merz chog archizh chadi

325. CASE apk a "mgua PSHCHYNEPK raw kus

327. NECK OF THE INSTRUMENT ahu pschynepsh khaed ke.charg

328. STAND a "sy pshchynek1et harag haeraeg jar jor

329. UPPER DECK

330. HORSE HAIR shik!e melon khchis

331. LEATHER STRAP aacha bgyryph sarm1. LEGS ashyapy pschynepak!

332. WOOD RESIN MUSICAL INSTRUMENT kavabyz amzasha mysthyu PSHCHYNE PSHYNE kobyz fandyr ch1opilg pondur

333. Comparative table of the main features of bowed instruments

334. INSTRUMENTS BODY SHAPE MATERIAL NUMBER OF STRINGS

335. BODY TOP STRINGS bow

336. ABAZINSKY boat-shaped ash maple plane tree ash vein horsehair hazelnut dogwood 2

337. ABKHAZIAN boat maple linden alder fir linden pine horsehair hazelnut dogwood 2

338. Adyghe boat-shaped ash maple pear boxwood hornbeam ash pear horsehair cherry plum dogwood 2

339. BALKARO-KARACHAY boat-shaped walnut pear ash pear horsehair nut cherry plum dogwood 2

340. OSSETIAN cup-shaped round maple birch goatskin horsehair walnut dogwood 2 or 3

341. CHECHEN-INGUSH cup-shaped round linden pear mulberry leather horsehair dogwood 2 or 33171. LIST OF INFORMANTS

342. Abaev Iliko Mitkaevich 90 l. /1992/, Tarskoe village, North Ossetia

343. Azamatov Andrey 35 years old. /1992/, Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia.

344. Akopov Konstantin 60 l. /1992/, Gizel village, North Ossetia.

345. Alborov Felix 58 years old. /1992/, Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia.

346. Bagaev Nestor 69 l. /1992/, Tarskoe village, North Ossetia.

347. Bagaeva Asinet 76 l. /1992/, Tarskoe village, North Ossetia.

348. Baete Inver 38 l. /1989/, Maikop, Adygea.

349. Batyz Mahmud 78 l. /1989/, Takhtamukai village, Adygea.

350. Beshkok Magomed 45 l. /1988/, Gatlukai village, Adygea.

351. Bitlev Murat 65 l. /1992/, Nizhny Ekanhal village, Karachaevo1. Circassia.

352. Genetl Raziet 55 l. /1988/, Tugorgoy village, Adygea. Zaramuk Indris - 85 l. /1987/, Ponezhukay village, Adygea. Zareuschuili Maro - 70 l. /1992/, Tarskoe village, North Ossetia. Kereytov Kurman-Ali - 60 l. /1992/, Nizhny Ekanhal village, Karachay-Cherkessia.

353. Sikalieva Nina 40 l. /1997/, village Ikan-Khalk, Karachay-Cherkessia

354. Skhashok Asiet 51 /1989/, Ponezhukay village, Adygea.

355. Tazov Tlustanbiy 60 l. /1988/, village Khakurinokhabl, Adygea.

356. Teshev Murdin 57 l. /1987/, Shhafit village, Krasnodar region.

357. Tlekhusezh Guchesau 81 /1988/, Shendzhiy village, Adygea.

358. Tlekhuch Mugdin 60 l. /1988/, Assokalai village, Adygea.

359. Tlyanchev Galaudin 70 l. /1994/, Kosh-Khabl village, Karachaevo1. Circassia.

360. Toriev Hadzh-Murat 84 /1992/, village of Pervoe Dachnoe, North Ossetia 319

361. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, FOLK SINGERS, STORYTELLERS, MUSICIANS AND INSTRUMENTAL ENSEMBLES

362. Adhoku-pondur under inv. No. 0С 4318 from the state. Museum of Local Lore, Grozny, Chechen Republic. Photo 1992.1. L" rank ""1. Rear view324

363. Photo 3. Kisyn-fandyr under inv. No. 9811/2 from the North Ossetian state. museum. Photo 1992.1. Front view Side view

364. Photo 7. Shichepshyi No. 11691 from the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea.329

365. Photo 8. Shichepship M>I-1739 from the Russian Ethnographic Museum (Saikt-Petersburg).330

366. Photo 9. Shimepshin MI-2646 from the Russian Ethnographic Museum (St. Petersburg).331

367. Photo 10. Shichetiin X°922 from the State Central Museum of Musical Culture named after. M.I. Glinka (Moscow).332

368. Photo 11. Shichetiin No. 701 from the Museum of Musical Culture named after. Glinka (Moscow).333

369. Photo 12. Shichetiin No. 740 from the Museum of Musical Culture named after. Glinka. (Moscow).

370. Front view Side view Rear view

371. Photo 14. Shichepshyi No. 11949/1 from the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea.

372. Front view Side view Rear view

373. Photo 15. Shichepshin Adygea State University. Photo from 1988.337

374. Photo 16. Shichepshii from the school museum aDzhambechii. Photo from 1988

375. Front view Side view Rear view

376. Photo 17. Pshipekab No. 4990 from the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea. Photo from 1988

377. Photo 18. Khavpachev X., Nalchik, KBASSR. Photo 1974.340

378. Photo 19. Jarimok T., a. Dzhidzhikhabl, Adygea, Photo 1989.341:

379. Photo 20. Cheech Tembot, a. Neshukai, Adygea. Photo from 1987.342

380. Photo 21. Kurashev A., Nalchik. Photo 1990.343

381. Photo 22. Teshev M., a. Shhafit, Krasnodar region. Photo from 1990.

382. Udzhuhu B., a. Teuchezhkhabl, Adygea. Photo from 1989. 345

383. Photo 24. Tlekhuch Mugdii, a. Asokolai, Adygea. Photo 1991.346

384. Photo 25. Bogus N„a. Asokolai, Adygea. Photo from 1990

385. Photo 26. Donezhuk Yu., a. Asokolai, Adygea. Photo from 1989.

386. Photo 27. Batyz Mahmud, a. Takhtamukay, Adygea. Photo 1992.350

387. Photo 29. Tazov T., a. Khakurinokhabl, Adygea. Photo from 1990. 351

388. Tuapsia district, Krasnodar region. Snapshot353

389. Photo 32. Geduadzhe G., a. Asokolai. Photo from 1989.

390. Front view Side view Rear view

391. Photo 34. Kisyp-fapdyr of Khadartsev Elbrus from the station. Arkhoiskaya, North Ossetia. Photo from 1992

392. Photo 35. Kisyn-fandyr Abaeva Iliko from the village. Tarskoye North Ossetia. Photo from 1992

393. Photo 38. Adhoku-pondar from the collection of Sh. Edisultanov, ny, Chechen Republic. Photo from 1992

394. Photo 46. Dala-fandyr under inv. No. 9811/1 from the Northern State Museum. Photo 1992.3681. FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW

395. Photo 47. Dala-fandyr under inv. No. 8403/14 from the North Ossetian state. museum. Photo from 1992.370

396. Photo 49. Dala-fandir from the North Ossetian Republican National Medical Center for Science and Technology. Master maker Azamatov A. Photo from 1992.

397. Stringed instrument duadastanon-fandyr under inv. No. 9759 from the North Ossetian state. museum.372

398. Photo 51. Stringed instrument duadastanon-fandyr under inv. No. 114 from the North Ossetian state. museum.

399. Front view Side view Rear view

400. Photo 53. Dechikh-popdar of Damkaevo Abdul-Wahida from the village. Maaz of the Chechen Republic. Photo from 1992

401. Front view Side view Rear view

402. Photo 54. Dechsh-popdar from the collection of Sh. Edisultaiov, Grozny, Chechen Republic. Photo 1992.1. Front view

403. Photo 55. Poidar boy from collection 111. Edisultaiova, Grozny, Chechen Republic. Photo 1992 376

404. Photo 56. Kamyl No. 6477, 6482.377

405. Photo 57. Kamyl No. 6482 from AOKM.

406. Kamyl from the rural House of Culture, a. Pseituk, Adygea. Photo from 1986. 12-key iron-kandzal-fandyr under Made at the beginning of the 20th century. 3831. Front view1. Front view

407. Photo 63. 18-key iron-kandzal-fandyr under inv. No. 9832 from the North Ossetian state. museum. Made at the beginning of the 20th century.1. Side viewTop view

408. Photo 67. Harmonist Shadzhe M., a.Kunchukokhabl, Adygea Photo from 1989.

409. Photo 69. Pshipe Zheietl Raziet, a. Tugurgoy, Adygea. Photo from 1986

410. Gemansh percussion instrument from the collection of Edisultan Shita, Grozny. Photo 1991.392

411. Pondar boy from the State Museum of Local Lore, Grozny, Chechen Republic. Photo from 1992

412. Front view Side view Rear view

413. Shichepshin from secondary school No. 1, a. Khabez, Karachay-Cherkessia. Photo from 1988

414. Front view Side view Rear view

415. Pshikenet Baete Itera, Maykop. Photo from 1989.395

416. Harmonist Belmekhov Payu (Khaae/shunekor), a. Khataekukay, Adygea.396

417. Singer and musician. Shach Chukbar, p. Kaldakhvara, Abkhazia,

418. Gemansh percussion instrument from the collection of Sh. Edisultanov, Grozny, Chechen Republic. Photo from 1992.399

419. Storyteller Sikaliev A.-G., A.Ikon-Khalk, Karachay-Cherkessia.1. Photo from 1996

420. Rite “Chapshch”, a. Pshyzkhabl, Adygea. Photo from 1929

421. Ritual “Chapshch”, a. Khakurinokhabl, Adygea. Photo 1927.403

422. Singer and kamylapsh Chelebi Hasan, a. Extinguish, Adygea. Photo 1940.404

423. Pshinetarko ancient plucked instrument, type of corner harp Mamigia Kaziev (Kabardian), p. Zayukovo, Baksi district, Design Bureau of the SSR. Photo 1935.405

424. Koblev Liu, A. Khakurinokhabl, Adygea. Photo from 1936 - storyteller A.M. Udychak, a. Neshukai, Adygea. Photo 1989 40841041 T

425. Jamirze I., a. Afipsip, Adygea. Photo 1930.412

426. Storyteller Habahu D., a. Ponezhukay, Adygea. Photo from 1989

428. Kisyn-fandyr performer Guriev Urusbi from Vladikavkaz, North. Ossetia. Photo from 1992

429. Orchestra of folk instruments of the Maikop School of Arts. Photo from 1987

430. Pshinetarko performer Tlekhusezh Svetlana from Maykop, Adygea. Photo 1990.417

431. Ulyapsky Dzheguak ensemble, Adygea. Photo 1907.418

432. Kabardian Dzheguak ensemble, p. Zayuko, Kabardino-Balkaria. Photo 1935.420

433. Master maker and performer of folk instruments max Andrey Azamatov from Vladikavkaz. Photo from 1992

434. Whistle wind instrument Uashen Alborov Felix from Vladikavkaz, North. Ossetia. Photo from 1991

435. Performer on the dechik-pondar Damkaev Abdul-Vakhid, village. Maaz, Chechen Republic. Photo 1992.423

436. Kisyn-fandyr performer Kokoev Temyrbolat from the village. Nogir. North Ossetia. Photo from 1992

437. Tap membrane instrument from the collection of Edisultanov Shita, Grozny. Photo from 1991.4.25

438. Gaval membrane percussion instrument from the collection of Edisultanov Shita, Grozny. Photo from 1991. Tap percussion instrument from the collection of Edisultanov Shita, Grozny. Photo 1991.427

439. Decig-pondar performer Valid Dagaev from Grozny, Chechen Republic.

440. Storyteller Akopov Konstantin from the village. Gizel Sev. Ossetia. Photo 1992.429

441. Storyteller Toriev Hadzh-Murat (Ingush) from the village. I Dachnoye, Sev. Ossetia. Photo 1992.430

442. Storyteller Lyapov Khusen (Ingush) from the village. Kartsa, Sev. Ossetia, 1. Photo 1992.431

443. Storyteller Yusupov Eldar-Khadish (Chechen) from Grozny. Chechen Republic. Snapshot 1992.432

444. Storyteller Bagaev Nestr from the village. Tarskoye North Ossetia. Photo 1992.433

445. Storytellers: Khugaeva Kato, Bagaeva Asinet, Khugaeva Lyuba from the village. Tarskoye, Sev. Ossetia. Photo from 1992.435

446. Harmonist Ensemble, a. Asokolay » Adygea. Photo from 1988

447. Storyteller and performer on kisyf-fandyr Tsogaraev Sozyry ko from sKhidikus, North. Ossetia. Photo from 1992

448. Kisyn-fandyr performer Khadartsev Elbrus from Art. Arkhonskoy, Sev. Ossetia. Photo 1992.438

449. Storyteller and performer of the kisyn-fandyr Abaev Iliko from the village. Tarskoye, Sev. Ossetia. Photo from 1992

450. Folklore and ethnographic ensemble “Kubady” (“Khubady”) Palace of Culture named after. Khetagurova, Vladikavkaz.1. Photo from 1987

451. Storytellers Anna and Iliko Abaev from the village. Tarskoye, Sev. Ossetia.1. Photo from 1990

452. A group of musicians and singers from a. Afipsip, Adygea. Photo 1936.444

453. Bzhamye performer, Adygea. Photo II half. XIX century.

454. Harmonist Bogus T., a. Gabukay, Adygea. Photo 1989.446,

455. Orchestra of Ossetian folk instruments, Vladikavkaz, 1. North Ossetia

456. Folklore and ethnographic ensemble, Adygea. Photo from 1940.450

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Daily life of the highlanders of the North Caucasus in the 19th century Kaziev Shapi Magomedovich

Musical instruments

Musical instruments

The highlanders are a musical people; songs and dances are as familiar to them as a burka and a hat. They are traditionally demanding of melody and words, because they know a lot about them.

The music was performed on a variety of instruments - wind, bowed, plucked and percussion.

The arsenal of mountain performers included pipes, zurna, tambourine, string instruments pandur, chagana, kemang, tar and their national varieties; balalaika and domra (among the Nogais), basamey (among the Circassians and Abazins) and many others. In the second half of the 19th century, Russian factory-made musical instruments (accordion, etc.) began to penetrate into the musical life of the highlanders.

According to Sh. B. Nogmov, in Kabarda there was a twelve-string instrument of the “dulcimer type.” K. L. Khetagurov and composer S. I. Taneyev also report on a harp with 12 horsehair strings.

N. Grabovsky describes some of the instruments that accompanied the dances of the Kabardians: “The music to which the youth danced consisted of one long wooden pipe, called “sybyzga” by the mountaineers, and several wooden rattles - “khare” (the hare consists of a rectangular oblong plank with with a handle; near the base of the handle, several more smaller boards are loosely tied to the board, which, hitting one another, make a cracking sound).”

There is a lot of interesting information about the musical culture of the Vainakhs and their national instruments in the book by Yu. A. Aidaev “The Chechens: History and Modernity”: “One of the oldest string instruments among the Chechens is the dechik-pondur. This instrument has an elongated wooden body, hollowed out from one piece of wood, with a flat top and a curved bottom. The neck of the dechik-pondura has frets, and the frets on ancient instruments were rope or vein cross bands on the neck. Sounds on a dechik-pondur are produced, as on a balalaika, with the fingers of the right hand by striking the strings from top to bottom or bottom to top, tremolo, rattling and plucking. The sound of the old boy-pondur has a soft, rustling timbre. Another folk stringed bowed instrument, the adhoku-pondur, has a rounded body - a hemisphere with a neck and a supporting leg. The adhoku-pondur is played with a bow, and during playing the body of the instrument is in a vertical position; supported by the fingerboard with his left hand, he rests his foot on the player’s left knee. The sound of the adhoku-pondur resembles a violin... Among the wind instruments in Chechnya, one can find the zurna, which is ubiquitous in the Caucasus. This instrument has a unique and somewhat harsh sound. Of the keyboard and wind instruments in Chechnya, the most common instrument is the Caucasian harmonica... Its sound is unique, in comparison with the Russian button accordion, it is harsh and vibrating.

A drum with a cylindrical body (vota), which is usually played with wooden sticks, but sometimes with fingers, is an integral part of Chechen instrumental ensembles, especially when performing folk dances. The complex rhythms of Chechen lezginkas require from the performer not only virtuoso technique, but also a highly developed sense of rhythm. Another percussion instrument, the tambourine, is no less widespread...”

Dagestan music also has deep traditions.

The most common instruments of the Avars: a two-stringed tamur (pandur) - a plucked instrument, a zurna - a woodwind instrument (resembling an oboe) with a bright, piercing timbre, and a three-stringed chagana - a bowed instrument similar to a flat frying pan with a top covered with animal skin or fish bladder. Women's singing was often accompanied by the rhythmic sound of a tambourine. The favorite ensemble that accompanied dances, games, and sports competitions of the Avars was the zurna and the drum. Militant marches are very typical when performed by such an ensemble. The masterly sound of the zurna, accompanied by the rhythmic blows of the sticks on the tightly stretched skin of the drum, cut through the noise of any crowd and was heard throughout the entire village and far beyond. The Avars have a saying: “One zurnach is enough for a whole army.”

The main instrument of the Dargins is the three-string agach-kumuz, six-fret (in the 19th century twelve-fret), with great expressive capabilities. Musicians tuned its three strings in various ways, obtaining all sorts of combinations and sequences of consonances. The reconstructed agach-kumuz was borrowed from the Dargins by other peoples of Dagestan. The Dargin musical ensemble also included a chungur (plucked string instrument), and later a kemancha, mandolin, harmonica and common Dagestan wind and percussion instruments. Common Dagestan musical instruments were widely used in music making by the Laks. This was noted by N.I. Voronov in his essay “From a trip to Dagestan”: “During dinner (in the house of the former Kazimukh khansha - Author) music was heard - the sounds of a tambourine, accompanied by the singing of women’s voices and clapping of hands. At first they sang in the gallery, because the singers seemed somewhat embarrassed and did not dare to enter the room where we had dinner, but then they entered and, standing in the corner, covering their faces with a tambourine, gradually began to stir... Soon a musician joined the singers, who played the pipe (zurna - Author). The dances were arranged. The knights were the Khansha's servants, and the ladies were maids and women invited from the village. They danced in pairs, a man and a woman, smoothly following one after the other and describing circles, and when the tempo of the music accelerated, they began to squat, and the women made very funny steps.” One of the most popular ensembles among Lezgins is the combination of zurna and drum. However, unlike, say, an Avar duet, the Lezgin ensemble is a trio, which includes two zurnas. One of them always maintains the supporting tone (“zur”), and the other leads an intricate melodic line, as if wrapping around the “zur.” The result is a kind of two-voice.

Other Lezgin instruments are tar, kemancha, saz, chromatic harmonica and clarinet. The main musical instruments of the Kumyks are the agach-kumuz, similar to the Dargin one in design, but with a different tuning than in Nagorno-Dagestan, and the “argan” (Asian accordion). The harmonica was played predominantly by women, and the agach-kumuz by men. Kumyks often used zurna, shepherd's pipe and harmonica to perform independent musical works. Later they added a button accordion, an accordion, a guitar and partly a balalaika.

A Kumyk parable has been preserved that reveals the value of national culture.

How to break people

In ancient times, one powerful king sent his spy to Kumykia, ordering him to find out whether the Kumyks were a large people, whether their army was strong, what weapons they used to fight, and whether they could be conquered. Returning from Kumykia, the spy appeared before the king:

- Oh, my lord, the Kumyks are a small people, and their army is small, and their weapons are daggers, checkers, bows and arrows. But they cannot be conquered while they have a small tool in their hands...

- What is it that gives them such strength?! - the king was surprised.

- This is kumuz, a simple musical instrument. But as long as they play it, sing and dance to it, they will not break spiritually, which means they will die, but will not submit...

From the book of Inca. Life Culture. Religion by Boden Louis

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From the author's book

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Duduk is one of the oldest wind musical instruments in the world, which has survived to this day almost unchanged. Some researchers believe that the duduk was first mentioned in written monuments of the state of Urartu, located on the territory of the Armenian Highlands (XIII - VI centuries BC)

Others date the appearance of the duduk to the reign of the Armenian king Tigran II the Great (95-55 BC). In the works of the Armenian historian of the 5th century AD. Movses Khorenatsi talks about the instrument “tsiranapokh” (apricot wood pipe), which is one of the oldest written references to this instrument. Duduk was depicted in many medieval Armenian manuscripts.

Due to the existence of fairly extensive Armenian states (Great Armenia, Lesser Armenia, the Cilician Kingdom, etc.) and thanks to the Armenians who lived not only within the Armenian Highlands, the duduk became widespread in the territories of Persia, the Middle East, Asia Minor, and the Balkans , Caucasus, Crimea. Also, the duduk penetrated beyond its original distribution area thanks to existing trade routes, some of which passed through Armenia.

Having been borrowed from other countries and becoming an element of the culture of other peoples, the duduk has undergone some changes over the centuries. As a rule, this concerned the melody, the number of sound holes and the materials from which the instrument was made.

Many nations now have musical instruments similar to the duduk in design and sound to varying degrees:

• Balaban is a folk instrument in Azerbaijan, Iran, Uzbekistan and some peoples of the North Caucasus
• Guan - a folk instrument in China
• Mei - folk instrument in Turkey
• Hichiriki is a folk instrument in Japan.

Unique sound of duduk

History of duduk

A young wind was flying high in the mountains and saw a beautiful tree. The wind began to play with it, and wonderful sounds rushed over the mountains. The prince of the winds got angry at this and raised a great storm. The young wind defended its tree, but its strength quickly faded. He fell at the prince’s feet and asked him not to destroy his beauty. The ruler agreed, but punished: “If you leave the tree, it will die.” Time passed, the young wind got bored and one day rose into the sky. The tree died, only a twig remained, in which a piece of wind was entangled.

The young man found that twig and cut a pipe out of it. Only that little pipe’s voice was sad. Since then, in Armenia they have played the duduk at weddings, funerals, in war and in peace.

This is the legend about Duduk, the Armenian national musical instrument.

Design features of the duduk. Materials

The Armenian duduk is an ancient folk musical wind instrument, which is a wooden tube with eight playing holes on the front side of the instrument and two on the back. The components of the duduk are as follows: barrel, mouthpiece, regulator and cap.

It is created only from apricot tree of a certain variety, growing only in Armenia. Only the climate of Armenia is conducive to the growth of this apricot variety. It is no coincidence that apricot in Latin is “fructus armeniacus”, that is, “Armenian fruit”.

Great Armenian masters tried to use other types of wood. For example, in ancient times, duduk was made from plum, pear, apple tree, nut and even bone. But only apricot gave a unique velvety voice, similar to a prayer, characteristic of this unique wind instrument. Other wind musical instruments - shvi and zurna - are also made from apricot. A blooming apricot is considered a symbol of tender first love, and its wood is a symbol of strength of spirit, faithful and long-lasting love.

The performance of music on the duduk in a duet, where the leading duduk player plays the melody, and the accompaniment, also called “dam,” is played on the second duduk is widespread. When performing the part of a lady on the duduk, the musician is required to have the following qualities: circular (continuous) breathing technique and have a completely smooth sound transmission.

“Dam” is a continuously sounding tonic note, against which the main melody of the work develops. The art of performing by a musician (damkash) dama at first glance may not seem particularly complex. But, as professional duduk players say, playing just a few notes of a dama is much more difficult than the entire score of a solo duduk. The art of performing dama on the duduk requires special skills - correct positioning during the game, and special support from the performer, who continuously passes air through himself.
The even sound of notes is ensured by a special playing technique of the musician, who retains the air inhaled through the nose in the cheeks, providing a continuous flow to the tongue. This is also called the permanent breathing technique (or it is called circulated breathing).

It is believed that the duduk, like no other instrument, is capable of expressing the soul of the Armenian people. The famous composer Aram Khachaturian once said that the duduk is the only instrument that makes him cry.

Varieties of duduk. Care

Depending on the length, there are several types of tools:

The most common of the modern ones, the duduk is built in A, from 35 cm in length. It has a universal tuning, suitable for most melodies.

The instrument is built in C and is only 31 cm long, due to which it has a higher and more delicate sound and is more suitable for duets and lyrical compositions.
The shortest duduk, built in E, is used in folk dance music and its length is 28 cm.

Like any “live” musical instrument, the duduk requires constant care. Caring for the duduk involves rubbing its main part with walnut oil. In addition to the fact that apricot wood has a high density (772 kg/m3) and high wear resistance, walnut oil gives the duduk surface even greater strength, which protects it from the aggressive effects of climate and environment - humidity, heat, low temperatures. In addition, walnut oil gives the instrument a unique aesthetically beautiful appearance.

The tool must be stored in a dry, not damp place, but it is not advisable to keep it in closed and poorly ventilated places for a long time; contact with air is necessary. The same applies to canes. If the duduk reeds are stored in some small sealed case or box, then it is advisable to make several small holes on this case so that air can get in.

If the instrument is not used for several hours, the plates of the reed (mouthpiece) “stick together”; this is expressed in the absence of the necessary gap between them. In this case, fill the mouthpiece with warm water, shake it well, closing its back hole with your finger, then pour out the water and hold it in an upright position for some time. After about 10-15 minutes, due to the presence of moisture inside, a gap opens at the mouthpiece.

Once you start playing, you can adjust the pitch of the instrument (within a semitone) by moving the regulator (clamp) in the middle part of the mouthpiece; the main thing is not to overtighten it, since the tighter the regulator is tightened, the narrower the mouth of the reed becomes and, as a result, the more compressed timbre that is not saturated with overtones.

Modern heritage of duduk

What unites the names of Martin Scorsese, Ridley Scott, Hans Ziemer, Peter Gabriel and Brian May from the legendary group Queen? A person familiar with cinema and interested in music will easily draw a parallel between them, because all of them at one time or another collaborated with a unique musician who did more to recognize and popularize the “soul of the Armenian people” on the world stage than anyone else. We are, of course, talking about Jivan Gasparyan.
Jivan Gasparyan is an Armenian musician, a living legend of world music, a man who introduced the world to Armenian folklore and duduk music.

He was born in a small village near Yerevan in 1928. He picked up his first duduk at the age of 6. He took his first steps in music completely independently - he learned to play the duduk given to him, simply listening to the playing of the old masters, without any musical education or background.

At twenty he performed on the professional stage for the first time. Over the years of his musical career, he has repeatedly received international awards, including from UNESCO, but he gained wide world fame only in 1988.

And Brian Eno, one of the most talented and innovative musicians of his time, rightfully considered the father of electronic music, contributed to this. During his visit to Moscow, he accidentally heard Jivan Gasparyan play and invited him to London.

From this moment on, a new international stage began in his musical career, which brought him world fame and introduced the world to Armenian folk music. Jivan's name becomes known to a wide audience thanks to the soundtrack on which he worked with Peter Gabriel for Martin Scorsese's film The Last Temptation of Christ.

Jivan Gasparyan begins to tour around the world - he performs together with the Kronos Quartet, the Vienna, Yerevan and Los Angeles Symphony Orchestras, and tours throughout Europe and Asia. He performs in New York and gives a concert in Los Angeles with the local Philharmonic Orchestra.

In 1999 he worked on the music for the film “Sage”, and in 2000. - begins collaboration with Hans Zimmer on the soundtrack to the film “Gladiator”. The ballad “Siretsi, yares taran”, on the basis of which this soundtrack is “made”, brought Jivan Gasparyan a Golden Globe Award in 2001.

Here's what Hans Zimmer says about collaborating with him: “I always wanted to write music for Djivan Gasparyan. I think he is one of the most amazing musicians in the world. He creates a one-of-a-kind unique sound that immediately sticks in your memory.”

Returning to his homeland, the musician becomes a professor at the Yerevan Conservatory. Without giving up his touring activities, he begins to teach and produces many famous duduk performers. Among them is his grandson Jivan Gasparyan Jr.

Today we can hear duduk in many films: from historical films to modern Hollywood blockbusters. Music performed by Jeevan can be heard in more than 30 films. Over the past twenty years, a record amount of music with duduk recordings has been released in the world. People learn to play this instrument not only in Armenia, but also in Russia, France, Britain, the USA and many other countries. In 2005, modern society recognized the sound of the Armenian duduk as a masterpiece of the UNESCO World Intangible Heritage.

Even in the modern world, the soul of the apricot tree continues to resonate through the centuries.

“Duduk is my shrine. If I hadn't played this instrument, I don't know who I would have become. In the 1940s I lost my mother, and in 1941 my father went to the front. There were three of us, we grew up alone. Probably, God decided that I should play the duduk so that it would save me from all life’s trials,” says the artist.

Top photo courtesy of https://www.armmuseum.ru