How many wives did the writer Fyodor Dostoevsky have. Biography of the writer
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Biography, life story of Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich
Origin
On the father's side, the Dostoevskys are one of the branches of the Rtishchev family, which originates from Aslan-Chelebi-Murza, baptized a Moscow prince. The Rtishchevs were part of the inner circle of Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Serpukhov and Borovsky, who in 1456, having quarreled with Vasily the Dark, left for Lithuania. There Ivan Vasilyevich became Prince of Pinsky. He granted Stepan Rtishchev the villages of Kalechino and Lepovitsa. In 1506, the son of Ivan Vasilievich, Fyodor, granted Danila Rtishchev a part of the village of Dostoeva in the Pinsk region. Hence the "Dostoevsky". The writer's paternal ancestors from 1577 received the right to use the Radwan - the Polish noble coat of arms. Dostoevsky's father drank heavily and was extremely cruel. “My grandfather Mikhail,” says Lyubov Dostoevskaya, “always treated his serfs very strictly. The more he drank, the more ferocious he became, until they eventually killed him." Dostoevsky's mother, Maria Fedorovna (1800-1837), came from a wealthy Russian merchant family, the Nechaevs. She was a wonderful and kind woman. Her image greatly influenced the worldview of the writer.
Writer's youth
He was the second of 7 children left alive.
When Dostoevsky was 16 years old, his mother died of consumption, and his father sent his eldest sons, Fyodor and Mikhail (later also a writer), to K. F. Kostomarov's boarding house in St. Petersburg.
1837 was an important date for Dostoevsky. This is the year of his mother's death, the year of death, the work of which he (like his brother) has been credited with since childhood, the year of moving to St. Petersburg and entering the Main Engineering School, and now the Military Engineering and Technical University. Thanks to this, he received not only a high-quality engineering education, but also the opportunity to continue cultural development. In 1839, he receives news of the murder of his father by serfs. Dostoevsky participates in the work of Belinsky's circle. A year before his dismissal from military service, Dostoevsky first translated and published Balzac's Eugene Grande (1843). A year later, his first work, Poor People, was published, and he immediately became famous: V. G. Belinsky highly appreciated this work. But the next book, The Double, runs into misunderstandings.
CONTINUED BELOW
Shortly after the publication of White Nights, the writer was arrested (1849) in connection with the Petrashevsky case. Although Dostoevsky denied the charges against him, the court recognized him as "one of the most important criminals."
"The military court finds the defendant Dostoevsky guilty of the fact that, having received in March of this year from Moscow from the nobleman Pleshcheev ... a copy of the criminal letter of the writer Belinsky, he read this letter in meetings: first with the defendant Durov, then with the defendant Petrashevsky. And therefore, the military court sentenced him for failure to report on the distribution of a criminal letter about religion and the government of the writer Belinsky ... to deprive, on the basis of the Code of Military Decrees ... ranks and all the rights of the state and subject him to death by shooting".
The trial and the harsh sentence of death (December 22, 1849) on the Semyonovsky parade ground was staged as a mock execution. At the last moment, the convicts were pardoned, having been sentenced to hard labor. One of those sentenced to death, Grigoriev, went mad. The feelings that he could experience before the execution, Dostoevsky conveyed the words of Prince Myshkin in one of the monologues in the novel The Idiot.
During a short stay in Tobolsk on the way to the place of hard labor (January 11-20, 1850), the writer met with the wives of the exiled Decembrists: Zh. A. Muravyova, P. E. Annenkova and N. D. Fonvizina. Women gave him the Gospel, which the writer kept all his life.
Dostoevsky spent the next four years in hard labor in Omsk. The memoirs of one of the eyewitnesses of the hard labor life of the writer have been preserved. In 1854, Dostoevsky was released and sent as a private to the seventh line Siberian battalion. It must be understood that the improvement of social status, even in the position of a private, was influenced by the fact that he had an education received at a Higher Engineering Educational Institution. While serving in Semipalatinsk, he became friends with Chokan Valikhanov, a future famous Kazakh traveler and ethnographer. There, a common monument was erected to a young writer and a young scientist. Here he began an affair with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, who was married to a gymnasium teacher Alexander Isaev, a bitter drunkard. After some time, Isaev was transferred to the place of an assessor in Kuznetsk. On August 14, 1855, Fyodor Mikhailovich received a letter from Kuznetsk: the husband of M. D. Isaeva died after a long illness.
On February 18, 1855, Emperor Nicholas I dies. Dostoevsky writes a loyal poem dedicated to his widow, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and as a result becomes a non-commissioned officer. October 20, 1856 Dostoevsky was promoted to ensign.
On February 6, 1857, Dostoevsky married Maria Isaeva in the Russian Orthodox Church in Kuznetsk. Immediately after the wedding, they go to Semipalatinsk, but on the way Dostoevsky has an epileptic seizure, and they stop in Barnaul for four days. February 20, 1857 Dostoevsky and his wife return to Semipalatinsk.
The period of imprisonment and military service was a turning point in Dostoevsky's life: from a "seeker of truth in man" who had not yet decided in life, he turned into a deeply religious person, whose only ideal for the rest of his life was Christ.
In 1859 Dostoevsky published his novels The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants and Uncle's Dream in Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1859.
On June 30, 1859, Dostoevsky was given a temporary ticket number 2030, allowing him to travel to Tver, and on July 2 the writer left Semipalatinsk. In 1860, Dostoevsky, with his wife and adopted son Pavel, returned to St. Petersburg, but secret surveillance of him did not stop until the mid-1870s. From the beginning of 1861, Fyodor Mikhailovich helped his brother Mikhail publish his own magazine, Vremya, after which the brothers began to publish the Epoch magazine in 1863. On the pages of these magazines, such works by Dostoevsky as "Humiliated and Insulted", "Notes from the Dead House", "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" and "Notes from the Underground" appear.
Dostoevsky undertakes a trip abroad with a young emancipated special Apollinaria Suslova, in Baden-Baden he is fond of a ruinous game of roulette, he is in constant need of money and at the same time (1864) he loses his wife and brother. The unusual way of European life completes the destruction of the socialist illusions of youth, forms a critical perception of bourgeois values and rejection of the West.
Six months after the death of his brother, the publication of the Epoch ceases (February 1865). In a desperate financial situation, Dostoevsky writes the chapters of Crime and Punishment, sending them to M. N. Katkov directly into the magazine set of the conservative Russkiy Vestnik, where they are printed from issue to issue. At the same time, under the threat of losing the rights to his publications for 9 years in favor of the publisher F. T. Stellovsky, he undertook to write a novel for him, for which he did not have enough physical strength. On the advice of friends, Dostoevsky hires a young stenographer, Anna Snitkina, to help him cope with this task. In October 1866, the novel The Gambler was written in twenty-one days and completed on the 25th.
The novel "Crime and Punishment" was paid by Katkov very well, but in order to prevent creditors from taking this money, the writer goes abroad with his new wife Anna Snitkina. The trip is reflected in the diary, which Snitkina-Dostoevskaya began to keep in 1867. On the way to Germany, the couple stopped for a few days in Vilna.
The heyday of creativity
Snitkina arranged the life of the writer, took over all the economic issues of his activities, and since 1871 Dostoevsky gave up roulette forever.
For the last 8 years, the writer has lived in the city of Staraya Russa, Novgorod province. These years of life were very fruitful: 1872 - "Demons", 1873 - the beginning of the "Diary of a Writer" (a series of feuilletons, essays, polemical notes and passionate journalistic notes on the topic of the day), 1875 - "Teenager", 1876 - "Meek", 1879 -1880 - "The Brothers Karamazov". At the same time, two events became significant for Dostoevsky. In 1878, Emperor Alexander II invited the writer to his place to introduce him to his family, and in 1880, just a year before his death, Dostoevsky delivered his famous speech at the opening of the monument
1821 1881 Russian writer.
Russian writer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1877). In the stories "Poor People" (1846), "White Night" (1848), "Netochka Nezvanova" (1846, unfinished) and others, he described the suffering of the "little man" as a social tragedy. In the story "Double" (1846) he gave a psychological analysis of the split consciousness. A member of the circle of M. V. Petrashevsky, Dostoevsky was arrested in 1849 and sentenced to death, commuted to hard labor (1850 54), followed by service as a private. In 1859 he returned to St. Petersburg. "Notes from the House of the Dead" (1861 62) about the tragic fate and dignity of a person in hard labor. Together with his brother M. M. Dostoevsky, he published the "soil" journals Vremya (1861-63) and Epoch (1864-65). In the novels "Crime and Punishment" (1866), "The Idiot" (1868), "Demons" (1871 72), "Teenager" (1875), "The Brothers Karamazov" (1879 80) and others philosophical understanding of the social and the spiritual crisis of Russia, the dialogic clash of original personalities, the passionate search for social and human harmony, deep psychologism and tragedy. Journalistic "Diary of a Writer" (1873 81). Dostoevsky's work had a powerful influence on Russian and world literature.
Biography
Born on October 30 (November 11 NS) in Moscow in the family of the head physician of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor. Father, Mikhail Andreevich, nobleman; mother, Maria Feodorovna, from an old Moscow merchant family.
He received an excellent education in the private boarding school of L. Chermak, one of the best in Moscow. The family loved to read, subscribed to the magazine "Library for Reading", which made it possible to get acquainted with the latest foreign literature. Of the Russian authors, they loved Karamzin, Zhukovsky, Pushkin. Mother, a religious nature, from a young age introduced the children to the Gospel, took them on a pilgrimage to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
Hardly having survived the death of his mother (1837), Dostoevsky, by the decision of his father, entered the St. Petersburg Military Engineering School, one of the best educational institutions of that time. A new life was given to him with a great strain of strength, nerves, ambition. But there was another life inner, secret, unknown to others.
In 1839, his father died unexpectedly. This news shocked Dostoevsky and provoked a severe nervous attack, a harbinger of future epilepsy, to which he had a hereditary predisposition.
He graduated from college in 1843 and was enlisted in the drawing room of the engineering department. A year later he retired, convinced that his vocation was literature.
Dostoevsky's first novel, Poor People, was written in 1845 and published by Nekrasov in the Petersburg Collection (1846). Belinsky proclaimed "the appearance ... of an extraordinary talent ...".
The novels The Double (1846) and The Mistress (1847) were rated lower by Belinsky, noting the length of the narrative, but Dostoevsky continued to write in his own way, disagreeing with the critic's assessment.
Later, White Nights (1848) and Netochka Nezvanova (1849) were published, which revealed the features of Dostoevsky's realism that distinguished him from among the writers of the "natural school": in-depth psychologism, exclusivity of characters and situations.
Successfully begun literary activity is tragically interrupted. Dostoevsky was one of the members of the Petrashevsky circle, which united adherents of French utopian socialism (Fourier, Saint-Simon). In 1849, for participating in this circle, the writer was arrested and sentenced to death, which was then replaced by four years of hard labor and a settlement in Siberia.
After the death of Nicholas I and the beginning of the liberal reign of Alexander II, the fate of Dostoevsky, like many political criminals, was mitigated. His noble rights were returned to him, and in 1859 he retired already with the rank of second lieutenant (in 1849, standing at the scaffold, he heard a rescript: "... a retired lieutenant ... to hard labor in fortresses for ... 4 years, and then ordinary").
In 1859 Dostoevsky received permission to live in Tver, then in St. Petersburg. At this time, he published the stories "Uncle's Dream", "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants" (1859), the novel "Humiliated and Insulted" (1861). Nearly ten years of physical and moral torment sharpened Dostoevsky's susceptibility to human suffering, intensifying his strenuous search for social justice. These years became for him years of spiritual change, the collapse of socialist illusions, the growth of contradictions in his worldview. He actively participated in the public life of Russia, opposed the revolutionary democratic program of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, rejecting the theory of "art for art's sake", asserting the social value of art.
After hard labor, "Notes from the House of the Dead" were written. The writer spends the summer months of 1862 and 1863 abroad, visiting Germany, England, France, Italy and other countries. He believed that the historical path that Europe took after the French Revolution of 1789 would be disastrous for Russia, as well as the introduction of new bourgeois relations, the negative features of which shocked him during his trips to Western Europe. Russia's special, original path to "earthly paradise" is the socio-political program of Dostoevsky in the early 1860s.
In 1864, Notes from the Underground were written, an important work for understanding the writer's changed outlook. In 1865, while abroad, in the resort of Wiesbaden, to improve his health, the writer began work on the novel Crime and Punishment (1866), which reflected the whole complex path of his inner quest.
In 1867, Dostoevsky married Anna Grigorievna Snitkina, his stenographer, who became his close and devoted friend.
Soon they went abroad: they lived in Germany, Switzerland, Italy (1867 71). During these years, the writer worked on the novels The Idiot (1868) and Demons (1870-71), which he completed in Russia. In May 1872, the Dostoevskys left St. Petersburg for the summer for Staraya Rusa, where they subsequently bought a modest dacha and lived here with their two children even in winter. The novels The Teenager (1874-75) and The Brothers Karamazov (1880) were almost entirely written in Staraya Rusa.
Since 1873, the writer became the executive editor of the magazine "Grazhdanin", on the pages of which he began to print the "Diary of a Writer", which at that time was a teacher of life for thousands of Russian people.
At the end of May 1880, Dostoevsky arrived in Moscow for the opening of the monument to A. Pushkin (June 6, the birthday of the great poet), where all of Moscow gathered. Turgenev, Maikov, Grigorovich and other Russian writers were here. Dostoevsky's speech was called by Aksakov "a brilliant, historical event."
The writer's health was deteriorating, and on January 28 (February 9, NS), 1881, Dostoevsky died in St. Petersburg. He was buried at the cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
“When the children reached a more or less conscious age, Fyodor Mikhailovich charged them with the duty to mix two types of tobacco”
The fact that Dmitry Andreevich Dostoevsky is a descendant of the great writer can be seen at first sight. They are very similar - Fedor Mikhailovich and his great-grandson. He lives in St. Petersburg. And we met in Gatchina at the Literature and Cinema festival. The great-grandson of Dostoevsky turned out to be a temperamental person and did not let anyone get bored.
Dmitry Andreevich Dostoevsky
“I have mastered 21 professions, starting with the tram driver”
Mikhail Sholokhov's grandson Alexander Sholokhov told how he once met the descendants of Radishchev. They struck him with their resemblance to the famous ancestor. You are also very similar to your great-grandfather. Have you ever dealt with representatives of other glorious families?
At one time, I was the leader of the Nobility Assembly, which, unlike the main one, united serving nobles. There were many representatives of famous families, including the Karamzins. They are also very similar to their famous relative.
When meeting a descendant of a famous person, first of all, you pay attention to his appearance, and when you get to know him better, you study his character. Many internal qualities are passed down from generation to generation. If we talk about Fedor Mikhailovich, then it is impossible not to mention that he had a sweet tooth. In me, this inclination manifested itself to a lesser extent, but my son and granddaughter are fine with this. I have seen references to the love of sweets in letters from my father and grandfather.
Fyodor Mikhailovich smoked intensively. I did a study of the immediate ancestors and found out that they also had this tendency. Dostoevsky's wife, Anna Grigoryevna, mentions that her husband took cigarette after cigarette. And it was a whole act. When the children reached a more or less conscious age, Fyodor Mikhailovich charged them with the duty to mix two types of tobacco in certain proportions. The kids seemed to enjoy twirling the mixture. They were also busy stuffing cigarettes. According to modern concepts, they prepared poison for their father, especially since he suffered from a lung disease. Antibiotics did not yet exist, so he was ruining himself, and the children helped him in this.
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
- Noble kinship predetermined your life?
Certainly. When they ask me if I am related to a famous writer, I look the person in the eye and decide whether to communicate with him. But you can always say, “No. namesake." People, having learned that you are a descendant of a famous person, are trying to understand: what are you yourself? And it can become a tragedy of life.
The daughter of Fyodor Mikhailovich, Lyuba, could say: why is everyone talking about my father, why are they not talking about me, I will write too. And she wrote. But I would not say that she had talent. With great difficulty I forced myself to read what she had written.
Anna Grigorievna has a confession where she says that nature rests on the descendants of geniuses. Lyuba lived a hard life all her life, never married, did not give birth to children. The family line was interrupted on her. She considered herself a special woman, she was afraid to sell cheap with her chosen one, for which there are two written confirmations.
She wanted to marry the governor of Staraya Russa, but he did not pay attention to her. Her communication with Leo Lvovich Tolstoy also did not develop into a romance.
When her mother was told, why don't you, a young widow, get married, she answered that after Dostoevsky you can only go for Leo Tolstoy himself, but he is already busy. And Luba had something similar. Together with Lev Lvovich, she wrote some plays, but in the end they broke up.
Dostoevsky has a prophecy regarding his own family. Already on his deathbed, he called his children to him and read them the parable of the prodigal son. Both of his children were away from home. He knew that he could not influence them. Lyuba leaves Russia when not a single Russian person even thought of leaving: In 1912, she told her mother that she was going to Europe for treatment, and then she would return, and she herself lived abroad until her death and died there. And she lived on the money received from the publication of her father's books, which her mother carefully sent to her.
There is a tragic letter where Anna Grigorievna asks Lyuba not to play in the casino, reminds her of her father's sad example (I have not seen any mention of this again). Maybe Lyuba pulled herself together and didn't play anymore.
Abroad, on the anniversary of her father's death, she wrote memoirs. French. We published them in 1928. Lyuba was born in Dresden, so she was drawn to Europe. And her brother Fedya was born in St. Petersburg, and when his mother wrote to him: “Go to Europe, unwind, have a rest,” he answered: “What didn’t I see there?”
All his life he was involved in racehorses, he kept a stable, and when it burned down, he barely managed to save the best horses. Interestingly, the sisters of Fyodor Mikhailovich remained in Moscow, while the brothers went to St. Petersburg. Dostoevsky in his last days, and he was not going to die, wrote in a notebook and in a letter to Anna Grigoryevna about preparations for moving to Moscow.
How old were you when you found out who you are?
At the age of 15. As soon as my mother felt that she could tell me about it, she added: “Just talk less about it.” There was such a time.
And I was in no hurry to tell my eldest granddaughter Anya about her famous ancestor. On New Year's Eve we went to the Dostoevsky Museum. Nearby is a monument to him. We approached. Anya already knew how to read, she ran her finger through the letters: “Oh, and I am Dostoevskaya.” Then I explained to her that this uncle was a relative, promised to show how many books he had written. Two days later, we found a small book in her place, which she sewed herself, filled with sinusoids. Anya wrote a book.
And your son...
He is gradually replacing me. I immediately decided that I would not put pressure on him with my attitude towards Fedor Mikhailovich, let him form on his own. He did not slip books with the words: "Read your great-great-grandfather." He formed himself.
- Who he is by profession?
He studied in pedagogy, but did not work as an English teacher. And it is also in our genes.
Fedor Mikhailovich received a higher education, was a topographical engineer, but six months later he resigned, became a free man, began to write and live on it. Then it was difficult to subsist on literary works. Turgenev, Tolstoy had villages, peasants who plowed on them. Dostoevsky had no such help. Son Fedor was not a single day in the public service. Andrei's grandson, my father, spent most of his life in Soviet times.
He graduated from the industrial, and now the Polytechnic Institute in Leningrad, studied forest management. Then the war began, he actually went to the front in the first days, was wounded and in 1946 received an early pension for medical reasons. I basically refused to get higher education.
- What is the principle?
I thought it was not interesting to be an engineer for 80 rubles a month. I wanted to learn a lot. I have 21 professions. In Soviet times, I was generally considered a flyer. In the personnel department, looking at my work book, they were wary of me. Looked carefully into the eyes, in the end they accepted. It is clear that he is not a drunkard.
- I know that you drove a tram, but what else did you do?
The range of professions - from technical to artistic.
- And what is the most artistic?
Application of diamond facets on crystal vases. This is one of my first jobs. Compulsory vocational education was introduced in the upper grades. I went to school on the Fontanka, where half of my classmates studied at an art glass factory, and the other engraved shafts, with the help of which a pattern was applied to fabric. From early childhood he was fond of radio engineering, collecting receivers.
In the 90s, difficulties came, I found myself without a job. I was invited to Germany to open the Dostoevsky Society, and I stayed there to work, repairing the first video recorders and televisions. He received money and sent parcels to his family in order to somehow feed them.
- So you lived there alone?
First one. I brought the whole family to Germany when I realized that I could easily get a job, and if necessary, I would go drive a Munich tram.
The high-quality knitting of my wife Luda came in handy. I took her to the park, she sat on a bench and knitted. There was an opportunity to earn money, and we did not refuse anything. We returned home in a foreign car.
They left Germany in an amazing way. Happened GKChP. They announce on TV that they are ready to provide political asylum in a simplified form, automatically extending the visa to Russians who are in Germany. We got together as a family council, thought - suddenly the border will be closed, and that’s it, and we will be stuck here. We packed up and went home. Although we had a rented apartment in Germany, a permanent job, albeit an unofficial one. Live and be happy. But my nostalgia came in the third month.
- You could live happily ever after by creating the Dostoevsky Foundation.
Even in my youth, I thought: I am the great-grandson of a great man, but will I live off this or will I become independent? My life was divided into two parts: one belonged to Fyodor Mikhailovich, and the second was my own. But the thought of creating something specially did not occur to me. The only thing I did was to protect the name itself as a trademark, so that it would not appear everywhere, so that the Dostoevsky casino would not appear.
But there is a hotel.
I got the corresponding paper later than the name of the hotel. In hindsight, we have no way to change anything.
I was informed from Staraya Russa that the Muscovites had purchased four plots, built a hotel, and called it "Dostoevsky". They asked me how I feel about it. I replied, "So be it." Even Anna Grigorievna was not against the steamer of the same name on the Volga. Traveling along the river, she wrote: “The Dostoevsky steamer passed me by. And she lived on Dostoevsky Street in Yalta. When the metro station in St. Petersburg was called "Dostoevskaya", I thought: so be it. In honor of Anna Grigorievna.
Anna Grigorievna Dostoevskaya
"Fyodor Mikhailovich loved beer"
- When you are invited to different cities and countries for events dedicated to Dostoevsky, what do they want from you?
Basically representing oneself as a direct descendant. Roughly speaking, they are called as a wedding general. This does not suit me, and I make reports: for example, about the life of children, based on a thousand letters from Anna Grigoryevna to children and their letters to her. They are stored in the Pushkin House, but no one except me has attacked them so far.
From them I learned that Fyodor Mikhailovich was very fond of beer. Anna Grigorievna wrote that in every city where they stopped there was some kind of nice place. There they sat, admired the scenery and drank beer, he mentions light beer. This drink was an important product in my family. I myself left him, but my son loves him.
- So, you can still extract new facts, make discoveries?
It happens. We have a chance to find the draft manuscript of The Brothers Karamazov. Some traces remained, as did the assumption that it was stolen and moved through the insurgent Russia in 1918 towards Georgia. Ultimately, I think, she went abroad and is hiding somewhere, assuming that the manuscripts do not burn. It contains priceless edits of the writer for textual work.
Many things are missing, for example, the manuscript of "Demons", and the letters are gone. I found references to the fact that Dostoevsky's children Fedya and Lyuba did not study well. Fedya honestly writes to his mother that he skips classes and somehow, walking in the garden, he ended up on a bench next to a gray-haired general. We talked, and it turned out that during his service in Siberia he had letters from Fyodor Mikhailovich, about twenty. But they all burned down. And when the Dostoevskys bought a house in Staraya Russa, it turned out that the owner hid the fact that from time to time the plot was flooded. Somehow, Lyuba was left there alone, but things from the first floor were not moved upstairs, and the suitcases with Dostoevsky's letters got wet. She threw them away.
"Dostoevsky's nephew was sent to build the White Sea-Baltic Canal"
Let's recreate the family tree.
Fedor Mikhailovich had four children. The first and the last died in infancy. Lyuba, as we have already said, had no offspring. Fedor remained, whose pedigree stretches to this day. After him, Fedor and Andrei were next again. Fedor III died at the age of 16. Mom saved his poems. They were published in the Chronicle of the Dostoevsky family. When I showed them to the poets, told them that they were written by a 16-year-old boy, everyone was shocked. How mature is that.
- It is interesting that three Fedor in a row.
This is an old Russian tradition - to call the eldest son by the name of his father. Andrei also had two children - my pre-war sister and me, post-war. The fact that I am Dmitry - most likely, my mother insisted on this in memory of her brother who died early. My sister Tatiana and I are almost ten years apart. We are from different generations. Her life largely repeated the fate of Lyuba. I don't know whose life I'm living.
What is your grandson's name?
Fedya. Fedor fourth. I insisted on Ivan. I liked that there is Alexei, Dmitry, let there be Ivan. I believe that for Fyodor Mikhailovich, three brothers are hypostases of one person: a rebel, a believer and a doubter. My son Alexei became the captain of the monastery fleet on Valaam. He served in the army there and stayed. Everyone then worried that their children might be sent to Chechnya. He did not yet have a family, but it is necessary to continue the family line. And then Fyodor Mikhailovich, together with the Lord, helped.
It turned out that the son was late for the autumn call, there was already a kit. And he stayed for the winter at the monastery, came to the court. The abbot gave him an eternal blessing - the rarest case. My son has been living there for almost twenty years.
During one of his trips, Alexei met with Vladyka Tomsky, and it turned out that he dreamed of turning the ship into a church so that it would cruise along the rivers of Siberia. He invited his son to become his captain. There are only a few churches in the villages, and there is no money for the construction of new ones. And on the ship you can get married and have a funeral service.
I got a call from the archbishop's office and asked, as a father, if I bless my son for further action. I fired up, said I didn't mind. And the son decided otherwise: “I have not yet been filled with the spirit of Valaam.”
- If you honor your ancestors, then they support you?
I have my own experience in this regard. I got cancer at a young age. I want to live, but I need to be operated on. There was no guarantee that I would survive. But he's alive.
Although my mother was reforged into a Soviet person, she remembered that she came from the nobility. Her grandfather Shestakov was the head of the artillery of the Peter and Paul Fortress, the governor-general of Vilna (now Vilnius). In Soviet times, my mother was forced to hide this, in the column "social origin" she indicated that she was from the middle class.
Then she joined Dostoevsky's archaic surname - according to the definition of Ulyanov-Lenin. She escaped arrest herself, but my father spent a month in prison on Shpalernaya. The file says that he was arrested three days after the murder of Kirov.
The fact that he was in prison became known abroad. They began to write there: the grandson of the great writer is in prison. And my father was released. Fyodor Mikhailovich saved. And they could have sewn on anything, as they did in relation to Andrei Andreevich, the nephew of Fyodor Mikhailovich, the son of his brother: he was taken away in 1931.
There are documents about these arrests that no one but me has seen. Her hair stood on end, everything was far-fetched. Andrei Andreevich was sent to build the White Sea-Baltic Canal, and he was 64 years old. Saved Lunacharsky, although he was no longer a minister. Andrei Andreevich died two years later. I first read his first explanation after his arrest in the Geneva archives, having permission to read from the FSB. That's where the terry demonism is.
- Your surname attracted to you, probably, the most different people?
Constantly. But I am also a relative of Pushkin through Pavlishchev, on the female line. And perhaps closer to him than some of today's descendants.
- And what kind of history is connected in your family with Hollywood?
I am burning with this topic, I would like the script about Anna Grigorievna to be staged. My grandmother Ekaterina Petrovna wrote it, defined it as a feature documentary. According to my research, it is based on her conversations with Anna Grigoryevna about Fyodor Mikhailovich.
Grandmother, of course, did not see him: Dostoevsky died when she met his son. She sent the script to Hollywood in 1956, and died in 1957.
Ekaterina Petrovna talked with Nina Berberova. So she claimed that the script was accepted. It was necessary to conclude an agreement, but Ekaterina Petrovna was no longer in the world. The script has been archived. I wish I could find him - I think that he did not disappear in the archives of Hollywood.
Grandmother was engaged in private lessons, taught the Bolshevik growth, because she knew four languages. She lived on this. And then she received a false message that her son Andrei died. In general, she decided to leave the USSR. She ended up in Regensburg, Paris, then in Menton. There she lived to the end of her days and was buried in the Orthodox cemetery. I was there. An interesting thought came to me that I would like to lie there too. Such beauty! View of the Mediterranean Sea, similar to an emerald, and nearby tangerines and lemons grow.
- Glad to meet you. You are such a temperamental person, living by what you need to live.
The temperature really is. Fyodor Mikhailovich was the same clockwork. And Fedor Fedorovich also had a temperament. I won't say the same about my father. And in our genes, the complete absence of vindictiveness. Also from Fedor Mikhailovich. Anna Grigorievna writes about it. Although he called some people his literary enemies, he dreamed of making peace with them.
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky(1821–1881) was born in Moscow into a noble family. In 1837 his mother died, and he was sent by his father to St. Petersburg, where he entered the Main Engineering School. In 1842, Dostoevsky graduated from college and was enrolled as an engineer-lieutenant in the St. Petersburg engineering team, but already at the beginning of the summer of 1844, having decided to devote himself to literature, he resigned.
In 1845, Dostoevsky, as an equal, was accepted into Belinsky's circle. In 1846, his first work, Poor People, was published, highly appreciated by other members of the circle. However, already in the winter of 1847, the writer finally broke up with Belinsky and began to attend Petrashevsky's "Fridays". At these meetings, which were of a political nature, the problems of the emancipation of the peasants, reforms of the court and censorship were touched upon, treatises of the French socialists were read. Shortly after the publication of White Nights in 1849, Dostoevsky was arrested in connection with the Petrashevsky affair. The court found him guilty. On December 22, at the Semyonovsky parade ground, the Petrashevites were sentenced to death, but at the last moment the convicts were pardoned, sentenced to hard labor. On the way to hard labor in Tobolsk, Dostoevsky and other prisoners had a secret meeting with the wives of the Decembrists, who blessed everyone on a new path and gave everyone the Gospel. This gospel, which accompanied the writer everywhere, played a decisive role in the spiritual upheaval that happened to him in hard labor.
The period of imprisonment and military service was a turning point in Dostoevsky's life: from a "seeker of truth in man" who had not yet decided in life, he turned into a deeply religious person, whose only ideal for the rest of his life was Christ. The purpose of the writer's work was, first of all, missionary work - the preaching of Christianity among his unbelieving contemporaries. During his exile in 1857, Dostoevsky married Maria Isaeva, the widow of the official A.I. Isaev. In December 1859, he and his family arrived in St. Petersburg and, together with his brother Mikhail, began to publish the magazines Vremya, then Epoch, combining editorial work with authorship. In September 1860, the printing of "Notes from the House of the Dead" began; in early 1861, the novel "The Humiliated and Insulted" was printed. On April 15, 1864, Dostoevsky's wife died of consumption, and although they were not happily married, he took the loss hard.
Due to the difficult financial situation, the writer was forced to stop publishing the Epoch magazine. In 1866, he wrote two novels at once - The Gambler and Crime and Punishment. In the same year, he married Anna Snitkina, who took over the publication of her husband's works. They had four children, two of whom died in early childhood. In 1867–1868 Dostoevsky worked on the novel The Idiot.
For the last 8 years, the writer has lived in the city of Staraya Russa, Novgorod province. These years of life were very fruitful: 1872 - "Demons", 1873 - the beginning of the "Diary of a Writer" (a series of feuilletons, essays, polemical notes and passionate journalistic notes on the topic of the day), 1875 - "Teenager", 1876 - "The Meek", 1879 -1880 - "The Brothers Karamazov", the writer's final novel, in which many ideas of his work were artistically embodied.
January 28, 1881 F.M. Dostoevsky died. The writer was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.
In this article we will describe the life and work of Dostoevsky: we will briefly tell you about the most important events. Fedor Mikhailovich was born on October 30 (according to the old style - 11), 1821. An essay on Dostoevsky's work will introduce you to the main works, achievements of this person in the literary field. But we will start from the very beginning - from the origin of the future writer, from his biography.
The problems of Dostoevsky's work can be deeply understood only by becoming acquainted with the life of this man. After all, fiction always somehow reflects the features of the biography of the creator of works. In the case of Dostoevsky, this is especially noticeable.
Origin of Dostoevsky
Fyodor Mikhailovich's father was from a branch of the Rtishchevs, descendants of Daniil Ivanovich Rtishchev, a defender of the Orthodox faith in Southwestern Rus'. He was given the village of Dostoevo, located in the Podolsk province, for special successes. The surname Dostoevsky originates from there.
However, by the beginning of the 19th century, the Dostoevsky family had become impoverished. Andrei Mikhailovich, the writer's grandfather, served in the Podolsk province, in the town of Bratslav, as an archpriest. Mikhail Andreevich, the father of the author of interest to us, graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy in his time. During the Patriotic War, in 1812, he fought with others against the French, after which, in 1819, he married Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva, the daughter of a merchant from Moscow. Mikhail Andreevich, having retired, received the position of a doctor in an open for poor people, which was nicknamed Bozhedomka among the people.
Where was Fyodor Mikhailovich born?
The apartment of the family of the future writer was in the right wing of this hospital. In it, allotted for the government apartment of the doctor, Fyodor Mikhailovich was born in 1821. His mother, as we have already mentioned, came from a family of merchants. Pictures of premature deaths, poverty, illness, disorder - the first impressions of the boy, under the influence of which a very unusual view of the world of the future writer took shape. Dostoevsky's work reflects this.
The situation in the family of the future writer
The family, which grew over time to 9 people, was forced to huddle in just two rooms. Mikhail Andreevich was a suspicious and quick-tempered person.
Maria Feodorovna was of a completely different disposition: economic, cheerful, kind. Relations between the boy's parents were based on submission to the whims and will of the father. The nanny and mother of the future writer honored the sacred religious traditions of the country, educating the future generation in respect for the faith of the fathers. Maria Fedorovna died early - at the age of 36. She was buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery.
First encounter with literature
A lot of time was devoted to education and sciences in the Dostoevsky family. Even at an early age, Fedor Mikhailovich discovered the joy of communicating with a book. The very first works that he met were the folk tales of Arina Arkhipovna, the nanny. After that there were Pushkin and Zhukovsky, Maria Feodorovna's favorite writers.
Fyodor Mikhailovich at an early age got acquainted with the main classics of foreign literature: Hugo, Cervantes and Homer. His father in the evenings arranged a family reading of the work of N. M. Karamzin "History of the Russian State." All this instilled in the future writer an early interest in literature. The life and work of F. Dostoevsky were largely formed under the influence of the environment from which this writer came.
Mikhail Andreevich achieves hereditary nobility
Mikhail Andreevich in 1827 was awarded the Order of the 3rd degree for diligent and excellent service, and a year later he was also awarded the rank of collegiate assessor, which at that time gave a person the right to hereditary nobility. The father of the future writer was well aware of the value of higher education and therefore sought to seriously prepare his children for admission to educational institutions.
Tragedy from the childhood of Dostoevsky
The future writer in his youth experienced a tragedy that left an indelible mark on his soul for the rest of his life. He fell in love with the childish sincere feeling of the cook's daughter, a nine-year-old girl. One summer day there was a cry in the garden. Fyodor ran out into the street and noticed her lying in a white tattered dress on the ground. Women leaned over the girl. From their conversation, Fedor realized that a drunken tramp was the culprit of the tragedy. After that, they went for their father, but his help was not needed, since the girl had already died.
Writer's education
Fedor Mikhailovich received his initial education in a private boarding school in Moscow. In 1838 he entered the Main Engineering School located in St. Petersburg. He graduated in 1843, becoming a military engineer.
In those years, this school was considered one of the best educational institutions in the country. It is no coincidence that many famous people came out of there. Among Dostoevsky's comrades at the school there were many talents who later turned into famous personalities. These are Dmitry Grigorovich (writer), Konstantin Trutovsky (artist), Ilya Sechenov (physiologist), Eduard Totleben (organizer of the defense of Sevastopol), Fyodor Radetsky (Shipka hero). Both humanitarian and special disciplines were taught here. For example, world and national history, Russian literature, drawing and civil architecture.
Tragedy of the "little man"
Dostoevsky preferred solitude to a noisy society of students. Reading was his favorite pastime. The erudition of the future writer amazed his comrades. But the desire for solitude and solitude in his character was not an innate trait. In the school, Fyodor Mikhailovich had to endure the tragedy of the soul of the so-called "little man". Indeed, in this educational institution, the students were mainly children of the bureaucratic and military bureaucracy. Their parents gave gifts to teachers, sparing no expense. In this environment, Dostoevsky looked like a stranger, often subjected to insults and ridicule. During these years, a feeling of wounded pride flared up in his soul, which was reflected in the future work of Dostoevsky.
But, despite these difficulties, Fyodor Mikhailovich managed to achieve recognition from his comrades and teachers. Everyone was convinced over time that this is a man of extraordinary intelligence and outstanding abilities.
Father's death
In 1839, Fyodor Mikhailovich's father died suddenly from an apoplexy. There were rumors that it was not a natural death - he was killed for his tough temper by the men. This news shocked Dostoevsky, and for the first time he had a seizure, a harbinger of future epilepsy, from which Fyodor Mikhailovich suffered all his life.
Service as an engineer, first works
Dostoevsky in 1843, having completed the course, was enlisted in the engineering corps to serve with the engineering team of St. Petersburg, but did not serve there for long. A year later, he decided to engage in literary work, a passion for which he had long felt. At first he began to translate the classics, such as Balzac. After some time, the idea of a novel in letters called "Poor people" arose. It was the first independent work from which Dostoevsky's work begins. Then followed stories and novels: "Mr. Prokharchin", "Double", "Netochka Nezvanova", "White Nights".
Rapprochement with the circle of Petrashevists, tragic consequences
The year 1847 was marked by a rapprochement with Butashevich-Petrashevsky, who spent the famous "Fridays". It was a propagandist and admirer of Fourier. At these evenings, the writer met the poets Alexei Pleshcheev, Alexander Palm, Sergei Durov, as well as the prose writer Saltykov and the scientists Vladimir Milyutin and Nikolai Mordvinov. At meetings of the Petrashevites, socialist doctrines and plans for revolutionary upheavals were discussed. Dostoevsky was a supporter of the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia.
However, the government found out about the circle, and in 1849 37 members, including Dostoevsky, were imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. They were sentenced to death, but the emperor commuted the sentence, and the writer was exiled to hard labor in Siberia.
In Tobolsk, in hard labor
He went to Tobolsk in the terrible frost on an open sleigh. Here Annenkova and Fonvizina visited the Petrashevites. The whole country admired the feat of these women. They gave each condemned person a gospel in which the money had been invested. The fact is that the prisoners were not allowed to have their own savings, so this softened the harsh living conditions for a while.
During hard labor, the writer realized how far the rationalistic, speculative ideas of the "new Christianity" are from the feeling of Christ, the bearer of which is the people. Fyodor Mikhailovich took out a new one from here. Its basis is the folk type of Christianity. Subsequently, this reflected the further work of Dostoevsky, which we will tell you about a little later.
Military service in Omsk
For the writer, a four-year hard labor was replaced after some time by military service. He was escorted from Omsk under escort to the city of Semipalatinsk. Here the life and work of Dostoevsky continued. The writer served as a private, then received the rank of officer. He returned to Petersburg only at the end of 1859.
Magazine publishing
At this time, Fyodor Mikhailovich's spiritual search began, which in the 60s culminated in the formation of the writer's soil convictions. The biography and work of Dostoevsky at this time are marked by the following events. Since 1861, the writer, together with Mikhail, his brother, began to publish a magazine called "Time", and after its prohibition - "Epoch". Working on new books and magazines, Fyodor Mikhailovich developed his own view of the tasks of a public figure and writer in our country - a Russian, peculiar version of Christian socialism.
The first works of the writer after hard labor
The life and work of Dostoevsky after Tobolsk changed a lot. In 1861, the first novel of this writer appeared, which he created after hard labor. This work ("Humiliated and Insulted") reflected Fyodor Mikhailovich's sympathy for the "little people" who are subjected to incessant humiliation by the powerful of this world. The "Notes from the House of the Dead" (years of creation - 1861-1863), which were started by the writer while still in hard labor, also acquired great social significance. In the journal Vremya in 1863, Winter Notes on Summer Impressions appeared. In them, Fyodor Mikhailovich criticized the systems of Western European political beliefs. In 1864, Notes from the Underground were published. This is a kind of confession of Fyodor Mikhailovich. In the work, he renounced his former ideals.
Further work of Dostoevsky
Let us briefly describe other works of this writer. In 1866, a novel called "Crime and Punishment" appeared, which is considered one of the most significant in his work. In 1868, The Idiot was published, a novel where an attempt was made to create a good character who confronts a predatory, cruel world. In the 70s, the work of F.M. Dostoevsky continues. Such novels as "Demons" (published in 1871) and "Teenager", which appeared in 1879, gained wide popularity. "The Brothers Karamazov" is a novel that became the last work. He summed up the work of Dostoevsky. The years of publication of the novel are 1879-1880. In this work, the main character, Alyosha Karamazov, helping others in trouble and alleviating suffering, is convinced that the most important thing in our life is a feeling of forgiveness and love. In 1881, on February 9, Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich died in St. Petersburg.
The life and work of Dostoevsky were briefly described in our article. It cannot be said that the writer has always been interested more than anyone else in the problem of man. Let us write briefly about this important feature that Dostoevsky's work had.
Man in the work of the writer
Fedor Mikhailovich, throughout his entire career, reflected on the main problem of mankind - how to overcome pride, which is the main source of separation of people. Of course, there are other themes in Dostoevsky's work, but it is largely based on this one. The writer believed that any of us has the ability to create. And he must do this while he lives, it is necessary to express himself. The writer devoted his whole life to the theme of Man. The biography and work of Dostoevsky confirm this.
