Control what is meant by physical culture, the influence of physical culture and sports on a person. Sports culture of the student's personality The emergence of physical culture

The physical culture of students is an inseparable part of higher education in the humanities. It acts as a qualitative and resulting measure of the complex impact of various forms, means and methods on the personality of a future specialist in the process of forming his professional competence. The materialized result of this process is the level of individual physical culture of each student, his spirituality, the level of development of professionally significant abilities.

The content of physical culture of students, the strategy of priority directions in its development are subject to the active influence of socio-economic factors. The state policy in the field of higher education determines the social order for the future specialist and the degree of his physical readiness. A significant drawback of the content of the physical culture of student youth in the 80s is its undoubted conservatism, unitarity and pronounced depersonalization (the inability of a person to personal self-expression in relations with other people). Therefore, at the present stage of the transition of universities of the Russian Federation to a multi-level education system, the problem of finding new non-traditional approaches to improve its efficiency has become acute.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" provides ample opportunities for rethinking the values of students' physical culture, highlighting its educational, upbringing and health-improving functions in a new spectrum. This law defines the content of students' physical culture as an independent field of activity in the federal socio-cultural space, while highlighting its educational priorities.

Society has set a global socio-economic task for student youth today to integrate the domestic cultural potential into the world community. However, its implementation is only possible for specialists of a new formation, who meet modern requirements in terms of a whole range of professional and personal qualities. In addition to deep professional knowledge in the chosen specialty, such a specialist must possess: high physical condition and working capacity, personal physical culture, spirituality, and informal leadership qualities. He should not be afraid of competition, be able to make independent decisions, i.e. be a creative, active and highly moral person. The strategy of development of physical culture of students outlined today, expressed in the tendency to move away from the unitary concept, liberalization and consistent humanization of the pedagogical process, is the guarantor of the formation of a specialist of a new formation.

The structure of students' physical culture includes three relatively independent blocks: physical education, student sports and active leisure. For the activities of students in the field of physical education, educational aspects are a priority.

The purpose of physical education is to satisfy the objective needs of students in mastering the system of special knowledge, acquiring professionally significant skills and abilities. In accordance with Article 12 of the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Physical Culture and Sports, the responsibilities of specialists working in the field of student physical culture include taking measures to form the needs of students in a healthy lifestyle and self-improvement. The humanistic orientation of the pedagogical process involves the purposeful integration of biological and social needs, intellectual and moral aspects in the implementation of the genetically determined natural inclinations of each student throughout his studies at the university.

Thus, objective prerequisites are created for overcoming the one-sidedness and fragmentation of the training of specialists at the university, giving the pedagogical process a complex, holistic character. An objective criterion for the effectiveness of this conceptual approach is a significant reduction in the terms of socio-psychological adaptation of students to study at a university, an increase in their social activity, a qualitative increase in educational and cognitive productivity, and an increase in the spirituality of each student's personality.

Student sport is a generalized category of students' activity in the form of competition and preparation for it in order to achieve maximum results in the chosen sports specialization. This requires the student to demonstrate maximum psychophysical conditions, mobilize his reserve capabilities.

Sports are a form of self-expression and self-affirmation of the student, determining his lifestyle, general cultural and socially significant priorities. The desire for success is brought to the fore in sports, the desire of the individual to realize their capabilities within a certain sports scenario is encouraged. The result of the associated educational and sports activities of students is the formation of socially significant qualities: social activity, independence, self-confidence, and ambition.

In the field of active leisure, mainly the biological needs of students in physical activity, a healthy lifestyle, and enjoyment of various forms of physical culture are realized. The high variability of students' choice of the form of active leisure is strongly influenced by the fluctuation of cultural and social factors that synergistically interact with the biological needs of the individual.

The three-component structure of students' physical culture determines the specifics of distinguishing differentiated goals and pedagogical tasks of each of its structural blocks. Nevertheless, this is not a significant obstacle to determining the general goal of students' physical culture: the purposeful formation of a harmoniously developed, highly spiritual and highly moral personality, a qualified specialist who has mastered stable knowledge and skills in the field of physical culture.

Physical education classes are built in such a way as to provide the maximum professional and applied effect in the education of entrepreneurship, originality of thinking, perseverance, ambition, intuition, and the ability to take risks.

The strategy of priority directions of the state policy in the field of physical education of students, reflecting the increase in the number of super-complex systems and technologies, the informatization of all spheres of society, defines new requirements for the creative training of a future specialist, his readiness for highly productive work. Their implementation is associated with the disclosure of the psychophysical capabilities of student youth, the harmonious development of their physical, intellectual and spiritual strength through the use of physical exercises, various types of motor activity, rational nutrition, and a natural mode of work and rest. Physical activity used for this purpose is associated with physical exercise, the essence of which reflects purposefully performed motor actions, including both motor-executive (operational mechanisms), and cognitive, design-semantic and emotional-evaluative aspects. Thus, the physical culture of students most fully implements its developing and forming functions in the system of physical education, aimed at solving the following main tasks:

comprehensive development of physical abilities and, on this basis, strengthening health and ensuring high performance;
mastering the technique of motor actions of various sports;
mastery of special knowledge, the formation of the need to systematically engage in physical exercises;
ensuring the necessary physical fitness in accordance with the requirements of the chosen profession;
mastering organizational skills and abilities to conduct independent forms of physical culture lessons.

One of the most important tasks in teaching the academic discipline "Physical Culture" is the introduction of the values of physical education into the youth environment, which is considered as a basic factor in physical education, contributing to the general and professional development of the individual.

1.4. Values of physical culture and sports

Considering physical culture in the value aspect, the following groups of values should be distinguished:

intellectual (knowledge about the methods and means of developing the physical potential of a person),
motor (the best examples of motor activity achieved in the process of physical education and sports training),
technological (complexes of methodological guidelines, practical recommendations, methods of health and sports training, forms of organization of physical activity, its resource provision),
intentional (formation of public opinion, the prestige of physical culture in society),
mobilization (ability to rationally organize the time budget).

Physical culture and sports educate students in the need to organize a healthy lifestyle, which is closely related to educating their value attitude to the subject through the development of club activities (uniting students by interests), contributing to the activation of their creative activity in mastering the skills of productive independent work. This provides for the creation of a physical culture space (physical culture infrastructure) that contributes to the unification of student activists, attracting volunteers from the student community who participate in the organization of mass physical culture events (sports evenings, mass competitions), generally ensuring the strengthening of the role of various forms of student self-government, the development of democratic foundations for creative self-realization of student youth.

Sport, which creates the values of sports culture, has always been a powerful social phenomenon and a means of successful socialization. This is evidenced by both scientific data and examples of the life path of many outstanding athletes. According to sociological surveys of modern youth, athletes, it becomes clear that it was sport that had a significant impact on their understanding of social life and the world as a whole.

With the right organization of sports activities, it can become a serious and effective means of shaping social activity and a healthy lifestyle and style for children and young people. However, the modern system of physical education, with all its often chaotic variety of forms, could not attract the bulk of children and youth to various exercises. This did not allow using the most important achievement of sports culture as the main means of physical education.

Thus, it is known from sociological data that the vast majority of schoolchildren and students would like to go in for sports, but their desire is artificially restrained by organizational, managerial, program and methodological flaws and underestimation of sports as an effective tool for developing the personality of a growing person who enters social life.

People who have gone through the school of sports are convinced that sport has helped them to develop faith in their strengths and capabilities, as well as skillfully use them. Sport teaches to make reasonable sacrifices in order to achieve the goal. Lessons learned by young athletes on the sports field then, as a rule, help them in life. Many of the athletes claim that sport has made them a person capable of being a person. Through sports, the principle of modern life is realized - "to count on oneself." This means that achieving success in any kind of activity depends, first of all, on personal individual qualities: ambition, initiative, diligence, patience, strong-willed qualities and a sober assessment of one's capabilities. These qualities can be successfully developed, first of all, in sports activities. However, the effectiveness of the socialization of a person in sports largely depends on what values of sports culture are mastered by a person, how the process of sports education is organized.

Sport has grown into a socially significant phenomenon, since its value potential ensures the progress of development of both society and the individual. Considering sport as part of a common culture, we single out three major components in the structure of its values:

general cultural;
socio-psychological;
specific.

The general cultural component of the values of sports culture is the social processes of the legal, economic, political, informational and educational fields of the social space.

The socio-psychological component of the values of sports culture is provided by the level of public consciousness, public opinion, interests, motives, value orientations of people, as well as the level of relationships that are built in the field of sports ("coach-athlete", and "athlete - sports team", etc.). d.).

A specific component of the value potential of sports culture is expressed in the ability of sports to meet the needs of a person in physical improvement, socialization, health formation, self-realization and increasing the social prestige of an individual in society by achieving a high result, victory, record. This group of values is mastered through sports improvement and education.

In general, the development of the values of sports culture is possible only in the process of organizing human activity in the field of sports.

However, today no more than 10% of the Russian population is involved in sports. Thus, the value potential of sports culture is not fully used. At the same time, educators and sociologists are alarming about the demographic crisis, the absence of a national idea in Russian society, and the spiritual and physical troubles of the country. In connection with these circumstances, education is faced with the task of forming a viable personality. Vitality is a person's desire to survive without degrading in the deteriorating conditions of the social and cultural environment, to reproduce and educate offspring that are biologically and socially viable, to become an individual, to form meaningful attitudes, to assert themselves, to find oneself, to realize one's inclinations and creative abilities, while transforming habitat, making it more prosperous for life, without deforming or destroying it.

This is an integral quality of a person who has a set of value orientations, personal attitudes, versatile abilities, basic knowledge that allows him to successfully function and develop harmoniously in a changing society. In a personal context, vitality is manifested in a high level of social activity, aimed primarily at shaping oneself in accordance with the set goals of personal and professional self-determination.

Questions for self-control

Define and reveal the content of the basic concepts of physical culture and sports:

"Physical Culture",
"physical education",
"sport",
"physical recreation"
"motor rehabilitation",
"physical training",
"physical development",
"physical exercise".
The history of the development of physical culture in the ancient world.
History of development of physical culture in the USSR.
History of development of physical culture in Russia.
Goals and objectives of physical culture in a higher educational institution.
Physical culture of students: structure, characteristics.
Describe the activities of the Russian Student Sports Union.
Intellectual values of physical culture and sports.
Motor values of physical culture and sports.
Technological values of physical culture and sports.
Intentional values of physical culture and sports.

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Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution

higher professional education

"North-Eastern Federal University. M.K. Ammosov"

medical institute

Abstract on the topic:

"Sportivnaya culture of the personality of the student "

Completed by: 2nd year student of MI

Groups SD-15-201

Prokopieva Saina Afanasievna

Yakutsk 2016

Introduction
1. The concept of sports culture
2. Sports culture of personality
3. Sports culture of the student's personality
4. Formation of sports culture of students
Conclusion
References

Introduction

sports culture personality inhumane

At present, the strategic guideline for the development of society and the education system is the formation of a person of culture. The current state of human civilization is characterized by a crisis of culture, which manifests itself in a noticeable decrease in the level of general and personal culture, the “erosion” of cultural values and norms, a violation of the continuity of cultures, tension and even conflict in intercultural interactions. Under these conditions, it is necessary to strengthen the cultural content of the educational process.

Sports culture as a social phenomenon of society is a special part of culture, the system-forming factor of which is the values of sports and the value attitude to physical culture and sports activities. Personal sports culture is understood as an integrative personal education, including a system of means, methods and results of physical culture and sports activities aimed at the perception, reproduction, creation and dissemination of physical culture and sports values and technologies. The sports culture of a personality is formed in the process of interiorization of the cultural and educational potential, values and technologies of sports, as well as as a result of the accumulation of experience in physical culture and sports activities and filling it with personal meaning.

It is known that the formation and development of personality is possible only in the space of culture and its values and only through the personality of an authoritative teacher, a bearer of true values and ideals. Moreover, the teacher must have a good understanding of human nature and know humane and effective methods of influencing him.

1 . The concept of sports culture

Sports culture is understood as a positive value attitude of a social subject (individual, social group or society as a whole) to sports, social activity and its results in the assimilation, preservation, implementation and development of sports-related values. This culture provides for: various forms of sports-oriented activities; different forms (rational, motivational, emotional, activity) of a positive assessment of sports; its justification (comprehension and explanation); the results of all this social activity are the formed qualities of the personality and its image (style) of life, rules of conduct, social roles, norms and patterns of social relations; the functioning of relevant social institutions, etc.

The positive value attitude of an individual towards sports is always not general, but quite specific: it does not mean sports in general, but certain aspects, aspects, components, functions, types, varieties, etc. The system of values that an individual associates with sports, i.e. what is most important for him, significant in sports competitions, in the process of preparing for them, determines the specific content, direction, specifics, i.e. form (variety) of his sports culture.

This means that various specific forms (varieties) of a positive value attitude of an individual to sports, and hence the sports culture of an individual, are possible. The main ones are the following.

Sports and pragmatic culture. This kind of sports culture of the individual is characterized by its pronounced utilitarian, pragmatic orientation. It means that the most important, significant in sports for an individual are purely utilitarian, technological, pragmatic values (for example, the opportunity to earn money in sports, acquire material goods, etc.).

Inhuman sports culture. Sport can attract an individual, act as a value for him on the basis of what makes it possible to demonstrate his superiority over others, realize his nationalistic ideas, in some way show his aggressiveness, etc. In this case, the sports culture of the individual includes norms and values that do not coincide with the general cultural values of a humanistic orientation, as a result of which it acts as a sports subculture of the individual with an inhumane orientation (inhumane sports culture).

Sports and humanistic culture. The basis of the sports and humanistic culture of the individual is the positive value attitude of the individual to sports, to its various components (sports training, sports competitions, etc.), types, varieties, their aspects, functions, etc. from the positions of humanism, from the point of view of its ideals and values - the integral development of the individual and humane relations to other people, nations, cultures, beliefs.

With all the possible differences in the sports culture of the individual, all its forms (varieties) have something in common. They are united by the general positive value attitude of the individual to sports, to sports activities, to one or another of its components, types, varieties, etc. The presence of this relation allows one to evaluate one or another of his culture as a sporting one, for example, not as a physical or intellectual, aesthetic, etc., and to classify all forms of his sports culture as belonging to this, and not to some other culture. The general positive value attitude of an individual to sports, to sports activities, to one or another of its components, types, etc., which constitutes the general basis for all specific forms (varieties) of a person’s sports culture and determines their general content, general orientation, constitutes the basis this culture.

The basis of a person's sports culture has a complex structure, includes a complex of interrelated elements.

The main components of this structure include a general positive assessment of sports: sports activities, certain types, forms, etc. act for the individual as a value (a set of values), are evaluated as significant, important, useful. The main manifestations and indicators of such an assessment of sports, i.e. evaluative components of the basis of a person's sports culture are:

· a positive opinion in the form of relevant statements, judgments, reviews about sports, about various forms and aspects of sports activity - a rational (cognitive) component;

positive emotional reactions associated with sports (sense of pleasure, delight from playing sports, participating in sports competitions, watching them, etc.) - an emotional (affective) component;

interest in sports, in certain types of sports activities (such as, for example, sports training and competitions, attending sports events, watching sports television programs, reading sports newspapers and magazines, collecting sports badges, stamps, etc.), the desire (desire) to participate in them, etc., i.e. the individual's motivational readiness for this kind of activity is the motivational component;

real forms of activity related to sports (participation in sports training and competitions, attending sports events, watching sports television programs, reading sports newspapers and magazines; mastering knowledge, skills, rules, norms of behavior, social roles that allow participating in these activities , etc.) is an activity component.

An important component of the general positive value attitude of an individual to sport is not only its positive assessment, but also the substantiation (understanding, explanation) of this assessment - a reflexive-analytical component of the basis of sports culture.

Justification (comprehension explanation) by an individual of a positive assessment of sports involves the solution of the following tasks:

- selection of a criterion for evaluating sports, its types, varieties, components (sports training, competitions, the behavior of an athlete, fans, etc.): from what positions, on the basis of what ideals, norms, cultural patterns, etc. they will be evaluated;

- determination of those sides, aspects, functions of sport, its types, varieties, components that allow, on the basis of the chosen criterion, to give it a positive assessment, to attribute certain values, to give social and / or personal meaning.

When substantiating (understanding, explaining) a positive assessment of sports, an individual can use: his practical experience; knowledge gained in the course of study; traditions, norms, ideals, value stereotypes that dominate the surrounding social environment, etc.

A necessary condition (prerequisite) for the formation of an individual's general positive value attitude to sports is the presence of initial (prerequisite) knowledge, skills and abilities. These include:

knowledge of what sport is, its components - sports training, sports competitions, etc., certain types of sports - mass sports, sports of the highest achievements, etc. - as special social phenomena that differ from others, about their essence, structure, specifics, i.e. concepts that are necessary in order to be able to distinguish (distinguish from many other phenomena) and characterize sport, its components, varieties, etc.;

· factual knowledge - knowledge about specific facts of sports activity, one or another of its types, varieties at the present time and in the process of development;

knowledge about certain ideals, values, norms and patterns of behavior that are necessary for a particular assessment of sports (its types, varieties, components);

· knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to be able to be included in certain types of sports activities (for example, sports training, sports competitions, etc.) in accordance with the accepted rules, norms and patterns of behavior.

All this knowledge, skills, skills, formed in the process of socialization (spontaneously in the course of life experience, under the influence of the surrounding social environment, the media, etc., as well as consciously, purposefully in the process of education, training, upbringing), form a prerequisite (initial) block of knowledge, abilities, skills of the basis of the sports culture of the individual. They provide an individual with an opportunity for correct orientation in the world of sports, in its various aspects (perform an indicative function), as well as for evaluation, comprehension and real participation in sports activities (characterize his informational and operational readiness for these types of activities).

2 . Sports culture of personality

According to L.I. Lubysheva, sports culture personalities contains a specific result of human activity, means and methods of transforming the physical and spiritual potential of a person by mastering the values of competitive and training activities, as well as those social relations that ensure its effectiveness.

The author takes such signs as the need for self-organization of a healthy lifestyle, success, achievement of a high sports result as the basis for the classifications of the values of the sports culture of the individual, since the value as a social category is always associated with the satisfaction of human needs. Human needs are diverse and many of them are manifested in the field of sports culture. In the process of satisfying needs, cultural values are created, including in the field of sports.

The basis of the sports culture of the individual, according to S.Yu. Barinov, constitutes a positive value attitude to sports, within which the standards, values and norms of culture associated with sports are internalized by the individual, become the property of his own inner world.

We understand the sports culture of a person as an integrative personal education, including a system of means, methods and results of physical culture and sports activities aimed at the perception, reproduction, creation and dissemination of sports values and technologies. The sports culture of a personality is formed in the process of interiorization of the cultural and educational potential, values and technologies of sports, as well as as a result of the accumulation of experience in physical culture and sports activities and filling it with personal meaning.

In our opinion, the sports culture of an individual includes the following components:

1. Value (a set of physical culture and sports values, meanings, motives, goals, means of achieving them).

2. Normative (norms of physical development, readiness, health, moral sports behavior, physical culture and sports traditions).

3. Socio-communicative (culture of communication and interaction in the process of physical culture and sports activities).

4. Cognitive (a set of physical culture and sports values in the form of knowledge, beliefs, skills).

3 . Sports culture of the student's personality

Sport is considered as an integral part of the culture of society, which includes competitive activities, special training for it, as well as a system of specific interpersonal relations (political, economic, legal, informational, managerial, etc.). It clearly manifests such priority values for modern society as equality of chances for success, achievement of success, the desire to be the first, to defeat not only an opponent, but also oneself, to count on oneself.

Participation in sports activities allows the student to develop physical qualities, enriches him with the experience of interpersonal relationships, ensuring successful socialization, contributes to a high organization of life, the formation of character and volitional qualities, personal reflection and the ability to self-determination, leads to the development of self-esteem, an increase in self-respect as individuals.

High emotional attractiveness and pedagogical effectiveness of sports activities are an important basis for its application in student-centered physical education.

Currently, educational institutions are intensively developing and actively implementing sports-oriented physical education technologies aimed at developing a sports culture among young students. Management of this process involves providing teachers and students with complete, reliable and quantitatively measurable information about the level and dynamics of indicators of the development of a person's sports culture.

Definition of criteria and indicators the level of development of the sports culture of the individual and adequate measurement methods. The results of the study are presented in the table.

The first development criterionmotivational component sports culture is the sports orientation of the individual. Taking into account the indicators of the relative strength of the motives for going in for sports, diagnosed using the “Motives for going in for sports” methodology developed by A.V. Shaboltas, there are three stages in the development of a personality's sports orientation - physical culture and health improvement, semi-sports, and sports.

The second and third criteria for the development of the motivational component are interest in sports and satisfaction with the chosen sport..

The indicators of the development of these criteria are the structural components of interest, namely: emotional, motivational, cognitive and volitional, diagnosed using the closed-type questionnaire survey method developed by us “Interest in sports”.

About the level of developmentpersonal-behavioral component evidenced by the indicators of the four criteria.

First criterion characterizes the attitude of a person to himself as a subject of sports activity, indicators of his development are self-confidence, diagnosed with the help of a modified version of V.G. Romek "Self-confidence test", which determines the level of subjective control.

Second criterion reflects a person's attitude to the conditions of competitive activity. An indicator of its development is calmness, diagnosed using Ch. Spielberger's "Personal Anxiety" technique.

The third criterion the attitude to the process and results of sports activities. The indicators of its development are purposefulness and perseverance, diagnosed using the technique "Self-assessment of volitional qualities".

And finally fourth criterion development of the personal-behavioral component is a sports lifestyle. Indicators of its development are: attendance of training sessions, independent physical activity outside of school hours, participation in sports competitions, giving up bad habits, adherence to sleep, nutrition, study, rest, recovery and tempering activities.

Measurement of these indicators is carried out using the developed methodology of the questionnaire survey "Sports Lifestyle" and pedagogical observation. The first development criterion physical component are the functional capabilities of the organism. Indicators of its development are the adaptive capabilities of the CVS, diagnosed using the method for determining the adaptive potential of the CVS, the Rufier index, the Quetelet index, the Stange, Genchi tests. The second criterion is the level of development of motor abilities, diagnosed by indicators of speed, speed-strength, strength and coordination abilities, as well as endurance and flexibility. To measure these indicators, test exercises generally accepted in the practice of physical education of young students are used.

Criteria, indicators and methods for measuring the structural components of a person's sports culture

Criteria for the development of structural components	Criteria Development Indicators	Measurement methods

Motivational component
Sports orientation of the personality	Relative strength of motives for sports	Methodology "Motives for sports" (A.V. Shaboltas)
Interest in sports	Structural components of interest	Questionnaire "Interest in sports"
Job satisfaction	Satisfaction
Personal-behavioral component
Attitude towards oneself as a subject of sports activity	Self confidence	"Self-confidence test" (V.G. Romek)
Attitude to the conditions of the competition	calmness	Test "Personal anxiety" (C. Spielberger)
Attitude to the process and result of sports	purposefulness	Methodology "Self-assessment of volitional qualities"
	persistence
Sports lifestyle	Class attendance	Pedagogical observation
	Independent physical activity	Pedagogical observation Questionnaire survey "Sports lifestyle"
	Participation in competitions
	Rejection of bad habits
	Sleep, diet, study, rest
	Recovery and hardening measures
Physical Component
functionality of the body	Indicators of adaptive capabilities of the cardiovascular system	CCC adaptive potential, Rufier index, Quetelet index, Stange, Genchi tests
Motor abilities	Speed abilities
	Speed-strength abilities	Standing long jump
	Force abilities	Pull-ups from the hang / flexion - extension of the arms in the lying position
	Coordinating ability	shuttle run
	Flexibility	Lean forward
	Endurance
Information Component
	Knowledge of physical culture	Pedagogical testing
	Knowledge of the chosen sport
Operational Component
Organizational and methodological skills	Ability to organize exercise	Pedagogical testing
Possession of technique and tactics of the chosen sport	Ability to perform technical and tactical techniques of the chosen type	Expert review

Development criterion information component are knowledge. Knowledge in the field of physical culture and knowledge in the field of the chosen sport, diagnosed with the help of pedagogical testing.

The first development criterion operating component are organizational and methodological skills, indicators of its development are the ability to organize physical exercises, diagnosed with the help of pedagogical testing. The second criterion for the development of the operational component is the mastery of the technique and tactics of the chosen sport. The indicators of its development are the ability to perform technical and tactical techniques from the arsenal of the chosen sport, diagnosed with the help of an expert assessment.

And finally, development criteria reflective component are the processes of self-knowledge, self-relationship and self-determination (D.A. Leontiev, S.R. Panteleev). The level of development of self-knowledge is determined by indicators of the completeness and accuracy of knowledge about oneself as a subject of sports activity, self-attitude - by indicators of emotional acceptance by students of themselves as a subject of sports activities, self-determination - by indicators of the ability to independently determine their place and role in the field of the chosen sport.

In accordance with the identified structural components, criteria, development indicators and measurement methods, we distinguish three levels of development of a person's sports culture: reproductive, optimization and creative.

On reproductive level a person mechanically reproduces actions in accordance with the norms of sports activity.

On optimization level a person is ready to make changes in the implemented methods of sports activities at the level of individual actions and operations, coordinating them with the objective and subjective conditions of a particular situation, by optimizing their personal capabilities.

On creative level person carries out creative self-realization of ways of sports activity, taking into account the existing abilities of the individual.

Personally oriented physical education on the basis of the chosen kind of sport provides a significant increase in the indicators of development of the structural components of the individual's sports culture:

Motivational - strengthening the motive of social self-affirmation, belonging to a group and socio-emotional motive, characterizing a semi-sports orientation; increasing interest in physical culture and sports, satisfaction with training sessions in the subject "Physical Education", the emergence and dominance of competitive motives, achievement motives in the motivational structure of the personality success and personal self-realization in the field of the chosen sport (sports orientation);

Personal-behavioral - the development of purposefulness and perseverance as a combination of volitional qualities and sports character traits that determine stable positive attitudes towards various aspects of sports life (sports training, sports training, sports behavior, sports lifestyle);

Physical - increasing the rate of development of speed, speed-strength and strength qualities, coordination abilities, endurance, functional capabilities of the body.

Informational - improving the quality of mastering knowledge in physical culture and the chosen sport;

Operational - improving the quality of mastering the ways of organizing physical culture and sports activities, skills and abilities to perform the basic technical elements of the chosen sport.

Reflexive - actualization of the need to search and discover new knowledge, new ways of activity, new ways of resolving problem situations, revision of motivations and self-assessments, personal self-development and self-improvement.

The level of development of each structural component of a person's sports culture is determined through an integrated assessment of its constituent criteria, and the level of development of sports culture as a whole - through an integrated assessment of the development of all its structural components.

The development of motivational, personal-behavioral, physical, informational, operational, reflexive components of a person's sports culture is carried out at all stages of sports training through the inclusion of students in all types of educational and cognitive activities. The stages of personality-oriented physical education in their totality represent the necessary and sufficient number of consecutive steps that ensure the solution of the strategic goal - the formation of students' sports culture in the process of sports activities.

Thus, the problem of personal sports culture formation remains relevant and requires the development of an appropriate target, content, organizational, methodological, technological support for students' personality-oriented physical education based on the chosen sport.

4 . Formation of sports culture of students

The formation of a sports culture through practicing one or more sports allows you to discover and realize real and potential opportunities, is a promising means of introducing students to physical culture and sports activities, a healthy lifestyle.

The formation of a sports culture, increasing the physical fitness of students, systematic sports are important components of the competitiveness of young people in a society and are the main criteria at all age stages of its development. At the same time, the deterioration of the health status and the level of physical fitness of students in the context of social, economic and environmental problems indicates the need to correct the existing traditional approach in the physical education of students at the university. The absence of the necessary motivation for physical exercises among the majority of students further exacerbates the situation.

In connection with the foregoing, the problem of activating motor activity and the formation of a stable motivation of students for physical culture and sports at the university has ripened.

In most universities, the organization of the process of physical education and the distribution of students into training groups are carried out without taking into account the interests and needs in the motor activity of the students themselves, which leads to a decrease in motivation and is often accompanied by a deterioration in the dynamics of motor fitness. In this regard, the number of missed classes without good reason and due to illness is increasing, which significantly reduces the overall performance of students and the quality of physical training.

The problems associated with the formation of sports culture of students at the university were studied by N. P. Abalakova (2001), V. K. Balsevich (2003), N. I. Volkov (1967), V. M. Zatsiorsky (1970), P. Kunat (1973), L. P. Matveev (1977), M. Ya. Nabatnikov (1982), Zh. K. Kholodov, V. S. Kuznetsov (2000) and others. there is a lot of preparedness of student youth. This includes a decrease in the standard of living, deterioration in working and leisure conditions, the state of the environment, the quality and structure of nutrition. It should also be taken into account the fact that 90% of young people are focused on physical activity that is moderate in volume and intensity, but not on sports. As a result, the level of development of physical qualities is reduced. Along with this, a decrease in the number of hours in the curriculum of senior universities also leads to a decrease in the physical activity of students.

Studying at a university is an important stage in the development of a future specialist, acquiring not only special knowledge, but also understanding the meaning of physical education, the ethics of physical exercises, knowledge of the basics of sports hygiene, and the development of stable habits for regular physical exercises.

Studies conducted at the Siberian State Technological University show that for the majority of graduate specialties such physical qualities as endurance, strength, and speed are professionally important. Much attention is paid to the development of these qualities in physical education classes at the university. Endurance is the only quality that is directly dependent on the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Mental and physical performance is closely related to endurance. Muscle strength is associated with the functions of organs and systems of the human body, with its emotions and energy. Muscles are connected with the central and peripheral nervous system, endocrine glands. A trained muscle has more opportunities to protect the entire human body from the harmful effects of educational and industrial activities. Speed is directly related to professional readiness, since the level of its development affects the mobility of nervous processes, the efficiency of thinking, and mental performance.

For the education of these professionally important qualities, such sports as athletics, skiing, sports games, etc. have the greatest opportunities.

At the beginning of the academic year, students were given the opportunity to decide on the choice of a particular sport or any system of physical exercises for regular classes throughout the entire course of study at the university. At the introductory classes with 1st year students, a survey was conducted on the topic "Students' attitude to physical education and sports." To the question of the questionnaire “What kind of sport would you like to do at the university?” 78% of respondents chose athletics.

Athletics is one of the most popular sports that contributes to the all-round development of a person, as it combines common and vital movements. Systematic athletics exercises develop strength, speed, endurance and other qualities necessary for a person in everyday life.

In the system of physical education, athletics occupies a dominant place due to its diversity, accessibility, dosage, as well as its applied value.

Of those wishing to go in for athletics, an experimental group was formed in the amount of 35 people, the control group consisted of students who attended training sessions according to the general program.

The curriculum for the experimental group was developed on the basis of the regulatory documents of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports, summarizing the best practices of track and field coaches, taking into account the specifics of studying at a university.

The following main tasks were solved in the training process:

- harmonious physical development of students, versatile training, health promotion;

- training of athletes of mass categories in athletics;

– training of public instructors and track and field referees;

- theoretical training with the basics of pedagogy, physiology, therapeutic physical culture.

Advanced sports experience and scientific research have shown that in order to achieve harmonious physical development, it is necessary to use a wide range of means and methods of the educational and training process. Exercises of a special and general developmental nature, as well as exercises in difficult and light conditions, should occupy a special place in the system of training student-athletes.

When building the educational and training process, we were guided by the following principles:

- target orientation;

- proportionality in the development of basic physical qualities;

– the leading factors determining the level of mastery development.

To solve the tasks set, the following research methods were used: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature on the research problem; pedagogical observations; pedagogical experiment; methods of evaluation and control of physical readiness of students; questioning; static analysis of the results of the experimental work.

To assess and control the physical fitness of students, physical fitness tests recommended by the Federal Program of 2000 were used: 100-meter run (boys and girls); standing long jump (boys and girls); pull-ups on the high bar (boys); lifting the torso from a prone position (girls) and running 3,000 and 2,000 m (boys and girls, respectively).

The training process was considered as an integral dynamic system, where at each specific stage specific tasks are solved for the development of motor qualities, the formation of technical skills and the choice of means, methods and values of training effects. It is organized in accordance with certain target tasks, which are specifically expressed by the value of the predicted result and determine the necessary implementation of the program of the training process.

The entire educational and training process was divided into four main stages and is interconnected with the years of study at the university.

The first stage is a medical and pedagogical examination.

It is important to determine the capabilities of students and their individual characteristics, since the trainer-teacher must know his pupils, their character and inclinations, study conditions, and life. Only students assigned to the main medical group are allowed to take part in athletics. It includes persons who do not have deviations in the state of health, physical development and functional fitness, as well as persons who have minor, more often functional deviations, but do not lag behind in their physical development and functional fitness.

The second stage is the stage of initial sports specialization. Tasks - health promotion, comprehensive physical development, training in various physical exercises, instilling interest in athletics.

Before the start of the training year and then every six months, anthropometric measurements are taken. Physical training at this stage with a small amount of special exercises is more favorable for subsequent sports improvement.

The third stage is the stage of an in-depth educational and training process. It is aimed at creating the necessary prerequisites for extremely intense training in order to maximize the realization of individual capabilities. The work is aimed at forming the foundation of special preparedness and sustainable motivation to achieve high results. This stage falls on the 2nd year of study at the university. Passing tests and exams creates a stressful situation with the activation of all the adaptive forces of the body. Such a measure of training and competitive loads was chosen so that, on the one hand, having created the prerequisites for the initial realization of individual capabilities, leave reserves for complicating the training process, and on the other hand, to carry out the educational process on time, without debts.

The fourth stage is the stage of sports improvement. The main task is the maximum use of training means that can cause an active course of adaptation processes. In this regard, the share of special exercises in the total volume of the training load, as well as competitive practice, increases. The stage of sports improvement coincides with studies at the 3rd-5th years. During this period, students-athletes require increased mental and physical activity. The training process is adjusted in accordance with the curriculum.

The results of the study indicate an increase in all indicators of physical fitness in the experimental group. The physical fitness of the young men of the experimental group increased: 1st course by 3.6%

(p < 0.05); 2-й курс - на 4.95 % (p < 0.05); 3-й курс - на 6.87 % (p < 0.05); 4-й курс - на 5.3 % (p < 0.05); у девушек соответственно: 3.4 % (p < 0.05), 3.5 % (p < 0.05), 3.1 % (p < 0.05), 4.2 % (p < 0.05). В то же время у юношей контрольной группы наблюдается изменение показателей физической подготовленности: на 1-м курсе понижение уровня физической подготовленности -1.95 % (p < 0.05), на 2-м курсе - повышение на 1.6 % (p < 0.05), на 3-м курсе - повышение на 3.1 % (p < 0.05), на 4-м курсе - повышение на 0.9 % (p> 0.05). In the girls of the control group: in the 1st course, a slight increase - 0.6% ( p> 0.05), in the 2nd year - 1.2% ( p> 0.05), in the 3rd year - 0.8% ( p> 0.05), in the 4th year - 0.7% ( p> 0.05) (Tables 1-4).

The results of the pedagogical experiment indicate a greater increase in physical fitness indicators in the experimental group. One of the reasons for this is the stimulation to the maximum manifestation of physical qualities, as well as physical training, carried out with the help of track and field exercises.

Table 1. Dynamics of indicators of physical fitness of girls of the 1st and 2nd courses

Control exercise	1st course, 2002/2003	2nd year, 2003/2004

Run 100 m, s		p < 0.05	p < 0.05
		p > 0.05	p > 0.05
Standing long jump, cm		p < 0.05	p < 0.05
			p < 0.05
Raising the body from a prone position, number of times		p < 0.05	p < 0.05
		p < 0.05	p < 0.05
Run 2000 m, min		p < 0.05	p < 0.05
		p > 0.05	p > 0.05

Note. Here and in Table. 2-4: E - experimental group; K - control group.

VestnikTSPU. 2010. Issue 4 (94)

table 2 Dynamics of indicators of physical fitness of girls of the 3rd and 4th courses

Control exercise	3rd year, 2004/2005	Growth, %	4th year, 2005/2006

Run 100 m, s			p < 0.05	p < 0.05
			p > 0.05	p > 0.05
Standing long jump, cm			p < 0.05	p < 0.05
			p > 0.05	p < 0.05
Raising the body from lying position, number of times			p < 0.05	p < 0.05
			p < 0.05
Run 2000 m, min			p < 0.05	p < 0.05
			p > 0.05	p > 0.05

Table 3 Dynamics of indicators of physical fitness of young men of the 1st and 2nd courses

Control exercise	1st course, 2002/2003	Growth, %	2nd year, 2003/2004	Growth, %

Run 100 m, s			p < 0.05		p < 0.05

Standing long jump, cm			p < 0.05		p < 0.05
			p > 0.05		p > 0.05
			p < 0.05		p < 0.05
			p > 0.05		p > 0.05
Running 3000 m,			p < 0.05		p < 0.05
			p > 0.05		p > 0.05

Table 4 Dynamics of indicators of physical fitness of young men of the 3rd and 4th courses

Control exercise	3rd year, 2004/2005	Growth, %	4th year, 2005/2006

Run 100 m, s			p < 0.05	p < 0.05
			p < 0.05	p > 0.05
Standing long jump, cm			p < 0.05	p < 0.05
			p > 0.05	p < 0.05
Pull-ups on the high bar, number of times			p < 0.05	p < 0.05
			p > 0.05
Run 3000 m, min			p < 0.05	p < 0.05
			p > 0.05	p > 0.05

conclusions

1. The results of the study showed a significantly greater increase in the physical fitness of the students of the experimental group in comparison with the control group.

2. Students who regularly engage in physical exercises of a certain direction and do not interrupt classes even during exams, go through the period of student life more safely for their health.

3. Among students engaged in physical exercises of a certain direction, there is a more rational use of time in the daily routine, in contrast to students engaged in a standard program. This gives grounds to recommend the organization of the process of physical education in the university, taking into account the interests and needs of students in the motor activity of a certain direction, increasing motivation and improving the dynamics of students' motor fitness.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the following can be noted. In the system of higher education, it is necessary to implement the humanistic functions of physical culture and sports and their impact on the individual. The humanistic functions of physical culture and sports consist in the actualization of that huge cultural potential that sports and physical culture and sports activities carry in themselves in influencing the formation of a person's sports culture: educational potential, educational, health-improving and developing. In order to most fully realize the humanistic potential of physical culture and sports, it is necessary to create a pedagogical system of physical culture and sports education of students, aimed at the formation of a sports culture of the individual.

The basis for the formation of students' sports culture is the values of sports and physical culture, as well as universal values. In turn, values underlie value orientations, which are an important component of personality structure.

References

1. Diagnostics of sports culture S.Yu. Barinov MGIMO (U) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow.

2. Stolyarov V.I. Sports culture as an element of culture // Modernity as a subject of research in social sciences: materials of Vseros. scientific conf. - M.: MGAFK, 2002. - S. 28-33.

3. N. V. Arnst SPORTS CULTURE OF STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY p. 103

4. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY SPORTS CULTURE 1 Burtsev V.A., 1 Burtseva E.V., 2 Bobyrev N.D. page 5655

5. A.I. Zagrevskaya, V.S. Sosunovsky VALUE ORIENTATIONS AS THE BASIS FOR FORMATION OF STUDENTS' SPORTS CULTURE IN THE PROCESS OF SPORTS EDUCATION Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. 2013. No. 368. S. 119-122

6. CRITERIA, INDICATORS AND METHODS FOR MEASURING THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF A SPORTS CULTURE OF A PERSON 1 Burtsev V.A., 1 Burtseva E.V., 2 Martynova A.S. "Pedagogical sciences" p. 1147

7. Pedagogy and psychology p.79 I.L. Sofronov, G.L. Drandrov, V.A. Burtsev

Formation of sports culture of students on the basis of sports games.

8. A.I. Zagrevsky SPORT AND SPORTS CULTURE OF STUDENTS IN THE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION

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Consideration of problems, concepts and social functions of physical culture, its influence on the formation of personality culture. General cultural, educational and specific functions of physical culture, its position at the present stage of society development.

Drandrov G. L., Burtsev V. A., Burtseva E. V.

Chuvash State Pedagogical University. I. Ya. Yakovleva,

Cheboksary, Russia

In philosophical literature, culture is defined as a socially developed way of human activity aimed at transforming nature, man, society and fixed in the corresponding material, logical-conceptual, sign-symbolic, value-oriented means.

Domestic scientists adhere to activity approach to the consideration of the phenomenon of culture, defining it as a set of forms, methods, means and results of human activity. The concept of "culture" is characterized by them, on the one hand, as process, on the other hand, as results activities of a social subject to create and preserve those social phenomena that are assessed as the most important, significant values.

In the implementation of the activity approach to understanding culture, there are many options that differ mainly in the emphasis on procedural And productive side of the activity, on its spiritual And material components . That's why first task "culture».

On the one hand, culture is defined primarily as a product of human activity, its result in the form of a set of "material and spiritual values created and created by mankind in the process of socio-historical practice and characterizing the historically achieved stage of development of society" .

On the other hand, attention is focused on the procedural side of culture, on the fact that it is a creative creative activity, during which previously created values are objectified and new ones are created. The process of cultural development consists in the fact that a person simultaneously creates, creates culture, objectifying his own essential forces in it, and forms himself as a social being, mastering the previous culture.

Considering culture from the standpoint of an axiological approach, material and spiritual values are distinguished in it, which are created in the process of material and spiritual activity.

The material values of culture cover the entire sphere of material activity and its results (tools and means of labor, dwellings, everyday items, clothing, means of transport and communications).

The spiritual values of culture cover the sphere of consciousness, spiritual production, act as social ideals, meanings, norms, patterns of behavior that determine the nature and direction of various forms and areas of social practice, social relations, specific activities (knowledge, morality, education, enlightenment, including law, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics, science, art, literature, mythology, religion).

Depending on who acts as a social subject of culture as an activity that creates socially significant values, one distinguishes between the culture of an individual, the culture of a social group and the culture of society. These forms of culture function and develop in the process of interaction between a person, a group and society.

In accordance with the activity interpretation of the concept of "culture", the distinction between its types is carried out taking into account the qualitative originality of individual types of human activity.

One of the specific activities is physical culture. That's why second task our theoretical study is to reveal the essence and content of the concept "Physical Culture".

According to Art. 2 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation", physical culture is considered as an integral part of culture, an area of social activity, which is a combination of spiritual and material values created and used by society for the purpose of physical development of a person, strengthening his health and improving his motor activity.

Summarizing the results of a theoretical study, we can conclude that domestic scientists consider the concept of "physical culture" as:

a type of general culture, a qualitative side of creative activity for the development, improvement, maintenance and restoration of values in the field of physical improvement of a person for self-realization of his spiritual and physical abilities in socially significant results related to the fulfillment of his duties in society;

· vital ways and results of people using their own motor abilities to transform their qualities, abilities obtained from nature;

· a culture of motor activity, the purpose and result of which is the achievement of physical perfection through the physical (bodily and spiritual) transformation of a person, the expansion of his motor potential and motor range;

· a universal social institution for the development, dissemination and development of the culture of motor activity, both for an individual and for humanity as a whole;

a set of material and spiritual values used by society for the physical development and physical improvement of a person;

specific activities aimed at the formation of motor skills, improving the physical condition of a person, maintaining and strengthening health, harmonious development of the individual;

· activities aimed at the "social transformation" of the human body, the development of its physical and spiritual strength;

· a specific process and result of human activity, means and method of physical improvement of a person to fulfill social obligations;

· a specific sphere of transformation of nature by man and man himself through the formation of an increasingly perfect organism, consciousness, will, as well as the development of appropriate traditions, institutions and organizations.

Comparing the above approaches to the definition of the concept of "physical culture" as a specific type of human activity, it can be seen that all researchers associate it with motor activity. According to V. K. Balsevich, motor activity is a purposeful implementation by a person of motor actions aimed at improving various indicators of his physical potential and mastering the motor values of physical and sports culture.

When determining the specificity of physical culture as one of types of physical activity we are guided by the statement of the domestic psychologist A. N. Leontiev that for correlation of activities reveals the correlation of motives. In this regard, the author wrote: “In reality, we always deal with special activities, each of which meets a certain need of the subject, strives for the object of this need, fades away as a result of its satisfaction and is reproduced again - maybe already in completely different, changed conditions” . That's why specificity of physical culture as a type of activity is due to the qualitative originality of its needs and motives.

Any activity of a person, including in the form of physical activity, leads to certain changes not only in the external environment, but also in the person himself as its subject. K. Marx wrote, “... By influencing external nature and summing it up, he at the same time changes his own nature.

"Changing one's own nature" can act as motives for human behavior and activities. Therefore, as an essential feature of physical culture, as specific type of physical activity The authors of the above works highlight its focus on:

¨ bodily(“self-realization of physical abilities”, “improving physical condition”, “transformation of abilities obtained from nature”, “body transformation of a person”, “social transformation of the body”, “development of physical strength”, “preservation and strengthening of physical health”, “formation ever more perfect organism");

¨ spiritual(“self-realization of spiritual abilities”, “development of spiritual forces”, “ways of people using their own motor abilities”, “formation of motor skills”, “harmonious development of the personality”, “transformation of the person himself”, “formation of consciousness and will”, "development of man as the subject of this activity").

The results of physical culture as a specific type of human motor activity are positive changes in indicators of bodily and spiritual development (“physical improvement”, “expansion of motor potential and motor range”), which act as material and spiritual values and in their totality characterize the physical culture of the individual.

Close in meaning to the understanding of physical culture as a motor activity aimed at the bodily and spiritual development of a person, as its subject, is the concept "physical activity", which is defined by V. K. Balsevich as a purposeful motor activity of a person, acting as a naturally and socially determined necessity and need of the body and personality in maintaining homeostasis, providing morphological, functional, biochemical and psychological conditions for the implementation of the genetic and socio-cultural programs of their development in ontogenesis and overcoming factors that hinder him. According to V. K. Balsevich, the concept of "physical activity" includes not only motor activity in itself, but also the category of the goal of this activity in the broadest sense.

B. G. Ananiev notes that a person can be considered as an individual (natural being), the subject of a certain activity, personality and individuality. Therefore, the changes that occur in a person as a result of physical activity can be systematized in accordance with these ideas:

· at the level individual- physical development, health (the level of adaptive capabilities of individual functional systems and the body as a whole), motor abilities;

· at the level subject of activity- knowledge, skills and abilities to master the ways of activity;

· at the level personalities- significant for the activity of mental properties of the individual;

· at the level individuality- properties of a person as an individual, subject and personality associated with physical activity, which are unique, inimitable and cause an increase in his social status.

Thus, summarizing the above, we can conclude that physical culture is a specific type of conscious socially conditioned motor activity of a person, which is distinguished by its focus on physical development, the preservation and strengthening of health, the development of motor abilities and mental properties of a person, the acquisition of knowledge and methods of its organization.

results physical activity act as the material and spiritual values of the physical culture of society appropriated by a person, and together determine the uniqueness of a person as individual, subject of activity, personality and individuality.

In recent years, the term "sports culture" has been actively used in the scientific and pedagogical literature. That's why third task our theoretical study is to reveal the essence and content of the concept "sports culture".

The starting point for determining the essence and content of the concept of "sports culture" is the concept of sport.

According to Art. 2 of the Federal Law "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation", sport is defined as an integral part of physical culture, historically established in the form of competitive activity and special practice of preparing a person for competitions.

essential feature sports speaks competitive activity, including competitive actions and related relationship rivalry and cooperation of athletes, specific relationships with other participants: coach, judges, organizers, fans. Competitive activity is distinguished by the unification of the actions included in its content, the conditions for their implementation and methods for assessing achievements in accordance with the official rules of the competition, the regulation of the behavior of athletes with the principles of non-antagonistic relations between them. Thanks to competitive activity, sport acts as a means and form of identification and social recognition of physical, mental, spiritual abilities in the process of rivalry, competitiveness, struggle between athletes.

The purpose of sports is an achievement sportsmanship And high sports result V sports competitions organization-based training process.

Preparation for competitions is not one of the essential features of sports activities - at the time of its inception, sport existed even without the training process. Modern elite sport (team sports) consists mainly of a series of competitions with a decrease in the number of training sessions. Under these conditions, priority is given to the method of integral training through participation in competitions.

On the one hand, training activities cannot exist without competitions, because competitive activity acts as a system-forming factor that determines the goal, objectives, content and process of sports training. On the other hand, training activity has a significant impact on the competitive result. Therefore, modern sport in a broad sense includes not only competitive activity itself, but also special training for it.

V. K. Balsevich believes that sport as a phenomenon of universal culture is a self-sufficient sphere of human activity, which has its own purpose, performing heuristic, aesthetic, reference, health-improving, recreational, economic and entertainment functions.

L. I. Lubysheva notes that the most significant for sports activities are the needs for self-organization of a sports lifestyle, success and achievement of a high competitive result.

We also believe that the specificity of sport as an activity is due, first of all, to needs and motives directly motivating and guiding to participate in competitions. Sports activity is attractive and significant for an athlete in that it provides an opportunity to realize oneself and reveal one's capabilities in a competitive struggle among rivals, to achieve victory, gain.

Competitive motives, the desire to achieve success and self-realization in the field of the chosen sport determine the features of sports activities, the behavior and communication of an athlete with other participants in sports activities, such as high physical and mental stress, compliance with regime requirements, relations of rivalry and cooperation.

By embedding sports in the system of culture, actualizing the value attitude to sports through the motivational sphere in the process of sports activities, the prerequisites for the development of its cultural properties are created, which allows us to talk about sports culture.

The transformation of sports values from the category of socially significant to the category of personally significant allows us to speak about the presence of an athlete's sports culture of personality.

According to V. I. Stolyarov, S. Yu. Barinov, the basis of the sports culture of the individual is a positive value attitude to sports, within which the standards, values and norms of culture associated with sports, internalized by the individual, have become the property of his own inner world.

Personal sports culture, according to L. I. Lubysheva, contains a specific result of sports activity, means and methods for transforming a person’s physical and spiritual potential by mastering the values of competitive and training activities, as well as those social relations that ensure its effectiveness.

All kinds of sports that are now widely recognized in the world are divided by L.P. Matveev into five groups, taking into account the characteristics of the subject of competition and the nature of motor activity.

The originality of sports determines the qualitative originality of the content of sports culture. Most sports belong to the group, which is characterized by active motor activity with the utmost manifestation of physical and mental qualities. Sports achievements in these sports depend on the athlete's own motor abilities. When analyzing the content of the concept of "sports culture", we will consider sports related to this group.

V. I. Stolyarov, S. Yu. Barinov, the main values of sports culture include the opportunity to improve their physical condition on the basis of sports training and competition, the ability to systematically work on self-improvement, the ability to win and lose without losing their dignity and faith in future success .

L. I. Lubysheva highlights the general cultural, socio-psychological and specific values of sports as part of a common culture. The author refers to specific values the ability of sports to meet the needs of a person in physical improvement, socialization, health formation, self-realization and increasing the social prestige of an individual in society by achieving a high result, victory, record.

In the process of playing sports, intellectual, intentional, moral, achievement, valeological, mobilization values of a motor nature, the values of health-saving technologies of sports training are actively mastered, assimilated and appropriated.

V. M. Vydrin notes that the values of sports can manifest themselves directly in the form of health, physical improvement, specific competitive achievements (place taken, record).

N. I. Ponomarev refers to the values of sports: health, physical fitness, physical development, sports and technical results, ideological, organizational, scientific and methodological foundations of sports training, the functional content of sports, communication, volitional and moral qualities, social recognition, authority, sense of personal dignity and sense of duty, self-education.

V. I. Stolyarov refers to the values of sports social ideals, meanings, symbols, norms, patterns of behavior that regulate the activities of a social subject and social relations in the field of sports, determine their nature and direction.

Summarizing the above approaches to the allocation of values assigned by a person in the process of sports activities, they can be classified according to biological, psychological, pedagogical and social effects.

Biological effect sports activities is expressed in the "formation of health", in the assignment of "valeological values", in "physical fitness and physical development", in "the ability to improve one's physical condition", "to satisfy the needs of a person in physical improvement".

Psychological effect manifests itself in “the ability to win and lose without losing one’s dignity and faith in future success”, in “the ability to systematically work on self-improvement”, in the assignment of mobilization values of a motor nature”, in “self-realization”, in “communication, strong-willed and moral qualities ".

Pedagogical effect lies in the appropriation of intellectual values and values of health-saving technologies of sports training, in "sports and technical results", in "scientific and methodological foundations of sports training", in the ability to "self-education".

Social effect consists in "increasing the social prestige of the individual in society by achieving a high result, victory, record", in "social recognition, authority, a sense of personal dignity and a sense of duty", in "socialization", in the assignment of "moral and achievement values", in " specific competitive achievements", in "social ideals, meanings, symbols, norms, patterns of behavior that regulate the activity of a social subject and social relations in the field of sports".

Three features stand out in the psychological literature sports character, which can be attributed to the spiritual values of sports culture and considered as the results of sports activities:

1. calmness(compassion) in extreme situations of the competition, as one of the aspects of the athlete's attitude to the environment, to the conditions of activity, provides the optimal level of emotional excitement at the time of the start, which contributes to a successful performance;

2. Self confidence, as one of the sides of the attitude towards oneself, provides high activity, reliability of actions and noise immunity, which is especially important in difficult, changing conditions and difficult states of the athlete, contributing to the full implementation of the achieved level of preparedness;

3. Fighting spirit, as an attitude to the process and result of activity, determines the indomitable desire to fight for victory, to achieve a competitive goal, until the very last final effort, is expressed in the highest composure, maximum mobilization and full dedication of all forces to wrestling. Fighting spirit contributes to the disclosure of the athlete's reserve capabilities and allows you to achieve an unexpectedly high result.

The unity and interrelation of the three features of a sports character in most cases determines the state calm fighting confidence .

Persons with a sports character are distinguished by emotional stability, which is manifested in the stability of competitive results, increasing the effectiveness of competitive activity in extreme conditions of its implementation and the ability to adequately lose in a fair fight.

Competitive activity in extreme conditions of rivalry and cooperation contributes to the appropriation of the norms of sports ethics, as internal regulators of relationships with all participants in the competition.

The fourth task our theoretical study was to determine the ratio physical and sports culture(Table 1).

In solving this problem, we proceeded from the thesis of A. N. Leontiev, that the difference between types of activity is due to differences in motives that encourage and guide a person to their implementation.

Common for physical and sports culture are such motives as the need for physical activity, health preservation and strengthening, physical development, communication, external self-affirmation and personality formation. These motives in interaction with each other encourage a person to physical activity for bodily and spiritual development.

The formation of sports culture is carried out on the basis of physical culture and is due to the emergence and dominance of competitive motives, motives for achieving success and personal self-realization in the field of the chosen sport in the motivational structure of the personality.

These motives significantly change the content of physical activity, which is differentiated into two interrelated parts - training and competitive activities. Motor actions in the form of physical and competitive exercises under the influence of these motives are performed with the utmost manifestation of physical and mental efforts.

Changes in the content of activity caused by sports motives determine the appropriation by a person of new material (high level of development of motor abilities that are significant for the chosen sport) and spiritual values.

Knowledge in the field of physical culture is enriched with knowledge in the field of the chosen sport, a person masters the ways of organizing this sport.

Table. – Psychological structure of physical and sports culture as types of motor activity

The main provisions of the organization of physical education in a higher educational institution

Topic № 2. Socio-biological foundations of physical culture

2.2. Features of the structural organization and functioning of biological systems at the level of organization - the system of organs

2.2.1. Connective tissue (bone) substance

2.2.2. Mechanisms of self-organization of connective tissue substance

2.2.3. Adaptive changes

2.3. Apparatus for external digestion

2.4. Apparatus for external respiration

2.5. Apparatus for urination and urination.

2.6. The cardiovascular system

Neuro-endocrine regulation

Topic No. 3. Physical culture and sports as social phenomena of society

3.1. Physical culture is an organic part of human culture

3.2. Sport is a phenomenon of cultural life

3.3. Components of physical culture

3.4. Physical culture in the structure of vocational education

Topic No. 4. Legislation of the Russian Federation on physical culture and sports

4.1. On the legal management of physical culture and sports in Russia

General provisions of the federal law of the Russian Federation "On physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation"

4.2. Organization of activities in the field of physical culture and sports

4.3. Physical culture and sport in the education system. Adaptive physical culture

Law of the Irkutsk region of December 17, 2008 N 108-oz "on physical culture and sports in the Irkutsk region"

Topic number 5. Physical culture of the individual

5.1. The concept of physical culture of the individual

5.2. Characteristics of the levels of physical culture of the individual

5.3. Formation of physical culture of a student's personality

Topic No. 6. Fundamentals of a healthy lifestyle for a student

6.1. Factors affecting human health, the relationship between the student's general culture and his lifestyle

6.2. Basic requirements for the organization of a healthy lifestyle and personal attitude to the health of the student himself

Physical self-education and criteria for the effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle

Topic № 7. Features of the use of physical culture to optimize performance

7.1. Psychophysiological characteristics of the student's educational work, the dynamics of his performance during the academic year

7.2. Influence of stress factors on the psychophysical state of students, criteria for neuro-emotional and psychophysical fatigue

7.3. The use of means and methods of physical culture to prevent fatigue and improve the efficiency of educational work

Topic No. 8. General physical and special training in the system of physical education

8.1. Means and methods of physical education, the basics of improving physical and mental qualities in the process of physical education

2. Classification of physical exercises according to their anatomical features.

3. Classification of physical exercises on the basis of their primary focus on the development of individual physical qualities.

4. Classification of physical exercises on the basis of the biomechanical structure of movement.

5. Classification of physical exercises on the basis of physiological power zones.

6. Classification of physical exercises on the basis of sports specialization.

8.2. General and special physical training, zones of intensity of physical activity

8.3. Forms and organizational bases of physical exercises, the structure and orientation of the training session

Theme number 9. Sports

9.1. Definition of the term "sport". Its fundamental difference from other types of physical exercises

9.2. Mass sports. Its goals and objectives

9.3. Sports of the highest achievements

Sports classification. Its structure

Topic No. 10 Individual choice of a sport or systems of physical exercises

10.1. The purpose of choosing sports and systems of physical exercises for regular classes in school and free time

10.2. Perspective, current and operational planning of sports training in the conditions of the university

10.3. The main ways to achieve the necessary structure of readiness: technical, physical and mental

10.4. Types and methods of monitoring the effectiveness of training sessions

Topic № 11. Professional and applied physical training (ppfp) of students

11.1. Personal and socio-economic need for special physical and mental preparation of a student for future professional activities

11.2. Means and methods of ppfp, its specific content

11.3. The specifics of the PPFP for all specialties of the ISTU and by faculties, the profile of the future specialist and the applied content of the PPFP

Faculty of Chemistry and Metallurgy

Cybernetics Faculty

Topic № 12

12.1. Organization of independent physical exercises

12.2. Forms and content of self-study. Forms of independent physical exercises and sports are determined by their goals and objectives

12.3. Planning the volume and intensity of physical exercises

12.4. Managing the process of self-study

12.5. Characteristics of the intensity of physical activity for students

12.6. Self-study hygiene

12.7. Types of control during physical education

12.8. Self-control during self-study

Approximate scheme of self-control in the diary

Topic No. 13. Physical culture in the professional activities of a bachelor and a specialist

13.1. Industrial physical culture. Industrial gymnastics. Features of the choice of forms, methods and means of physical culture and sports during the working hours of specialists

13.2. Prevention of occupational diseases and injuries

13.3. Additional means of improving general and professional performance. The influence of individual characteristics, geographic and climatic conditions

13.4. The role of future specialists in the implementation of physical culture in the production team

Topic No. 14. Features of practicing a chosen sport or a system of physical exercises

14.2. Model characteristics of a high-class athlete

14.3. Determination of the goal and objectives of sports training (or physical exercises) in the conditions of the university. Possible forms of organization of training at the university

Chapter 1. General Provisions

Chapter 2. Organization of activities in the region

Chapter 3. Physical culture and sports in the system

Chapter 4. Sports reserve

Chapter 5

Chapter 6. Financial, medical and other support

Chapter 7. International Sports Activities

Chapter 8. Final Provisions

Literature:

Internet resources

3.2. Sport is a phenomenon of cultural life

Sport is an integral part of physical culture, as well as a means and method of physical education, a system for organizing and conducting competitions in various complexes of physical exercises and preparatory training sessions. Historically, it has developed as a special area for identifying and unified comparison of people's achievements in certain types of physical exercises, their level of physical development.

Sport in a broad sense covers the actual competitive activity, special training for it (sports training), specific social relations arising in the field of this activity, its socially significant results. The social value of sport lies in the fact that it is a factor that most effectively stimulates physical culture, contributes to moral, aesthetic education, and the satisfaction of spiritual needs. Various elements of human activity have historically entered the sphere of sports.

Sports that have a centuries-old history have developed from original physical exercises, forms of labor and military activity used by a person for the purpose of physical education in ancient times - running, jumping, throwing, lifting weights, rowing, swimming, etc .; part of modern sports was formed in the 19th - 20th centuries. on the basis of the sport itself and related areas of culture - games: sports and rhythmic gymnastics, modern pentathlon, figure skating, orienteering, sports tourism, etc.; technical sports - based on the development of technology: auto, motorcycle, cycling, aviation sports, scuba diving, etc. (Panachev V.D., 2007).

Of course, sport is a phenomenon of cultural life. In it, a person seeks to expand the boundaries of his capabilities, this is a huge world of emotions generated by successes and failures. Sport is actually a competitive activity and special preparation for it. He lives by certain rules and norms of behavior. It clearly manifests the desire for victory, the achievement of high results, requiring the mobilization of the physical, mental and moral qualities of a person. Therefore, people often talk about the athletic nature of people who successfully manifest themselves in competitions. Satisfying many human needs, sports become a physical and spiritual necessity.

3.3. Components of physical culture

Rice . 12 . Components of physical culture.

It is customary to single out the following sections (components) of physical culture:

3.3.1. Physical education- this is a systematic activity aimed at solving hygienic, educational and educational tasks through the use of a system of physical exercises. This is a type of education, the specificity of which is to teach movements and control the development of a person's physical qualities.

Included in the system of education and upbringing, starting from preschool institutions, it characterizes the basis of people's physical fitness - the acquisition of a fund of vital motor skills and abilities, the versatile development of physical abilities (Ilyinich V.I., 2001).

Its important elements are the “school” of movements, the system of gymnastic exercises and the rules for their implementation, with the help of which the child develops the ability to differentially control movements, the ability to coordinate them in different combinations: a system of exercises for the rational use of forces when moving in space (the main ways of walking, running, swimming, skating, skiing, etc.), when overcoming obstacles, throwing, lifting and carrying weights, ball “school” (playing volleyball, basketball, handball, football, tennis, etc.)

The system of physical education is characterized by its general orderliness, and by what initial system-forming foundations its orderliness, organization and purposefulness are ensured within a specific social formation. The general principles on which the modern system of physical education is based are: - the principle of the all-round harmonious development of the personality; - the principle of connection of physical education with labor and defense practice; - the principle of health orientation (Vinogradov P. A. et al., 1996).

3.3.2. Professionally Applied Physical Education (PPFC)- this is a specially directed selective use of the means of physical culture and sports to prepare a person for a certain professional activity. Thanks to professionally applied physical culture, prerequisites are created for the successful mastering of a particular profession and the effective performance of work.

The objectives of the PPFC are:

Acceleration of vocational training;

Achievement of highly productive work in the chosen profession;

Prevention of occupational diseases and injuries, ensuring occupational longevity;

The use of means of physical culture and sports for active recreation and restoration of general and professional performance during working and free time.

Specific tasks of the PPFC:

To form the necessary applied knowledge;

To master applied skills and abilities;

To educate applied psychophysical qualities;

Cultivate applied special qualities.

3.3.3. Sport- a specific form of physical culture, the activity of which is to achieve, identify and compare the limiting physical and psychological capabilities of a person in the process of performing various exercises.

The functions of sport can be conditionally divided into specific (characteristic only of it as a special phenomenon of reality) and general. The first ones include competitive-reference and heuristic-achievement functions. The latter currently include functions that have social and social significance, such as the function of personality-oriented education, training and development; health-improving and recreational function; emotional-spectacular function; the function of social integration and socialization of the individual; communicative function and economic function (Nikolaev Yu. M., 2000).

The basis of the specifics of sports is the actual competitive activity, the essence of which is the maximum identification, unified comparison and objective assessment of certain human capabilities in the process of competitions aimed at winning or achieving a personally high sports result or place in the competition.

Modern sport is divided into mass and elite sports.

Grassroots sports enables millions of people to improve their physical qualities and motor abilities, improve their health and prolong their creative longevity (competitions in educational institutions, sports days in labor collectives, sports festivals, all-Russian sports events "Cross of the Nation", "Russian Ski Track", etc.) .

Sports of the highest achievements- this is the achievement of the maximum possible sports results or victories at the largest sports competitions (city, regional, all-Russian, international competitions in sports, World Championships and championships, Olympic Games).

3.3.4. Health-improving physical culture (physical recreation) means, with the help of active rest and physical exercises, the maintenance and restoration of physical and spiritual strength, the prevention of mental and physical fatigue. Physical exercises in free time satisfy the biological need for physical activity, form a healthy style and lifestyle. The main forms of recreational physical culture:

Morning exercises;

Specially directed physical exercises;

Brief physical exercises during the working day;

Physical culture and sports classes for active recreation (health groups, classes in sports sections, clubs, independent training sessions).

3.3.5. Adaptive physical culture (physical rehabilitation)- activities to restore partially lost or weakened psychophysical functions by means of physical culture. It is associated with the directed use of physical exercises as a means of treating diseases and restoring body functions that have been impaired or lost due to diseases, injuries, overwork and other causes. Its variety is therapeutic physical culture (Davidenko D.I., 2001).

Physical Culture

Berlin 1933: joint preparatory exercises.

Physical Culture- the sphere of social activity aimed at maintaining and strengthening health, developing the psychophysical abilities of a person in the process of conscious physical activity. Physical Culture- a part of culture, which is a set of values, norms and knowledge created and used by society for the purpose of physical and intellectual development of a person's abilities, improvement of his motor activity and formation of a healthy lifestyle, social adaptation through physical education, physical training and physical development (in accordance with with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 4, 2007 N 329-FZ "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation").

The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society are:

the level of health and physical development of people;
the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production and everyday life.

The concept of "physical culture" appeared at the end of the 19th century in England during the rapid development of modern sports, but did not find wide use in the West and eventually disappeared from everyday life. In Russia, on the contrary, having come into use since the beginning of the 20th century, after the revolution of 1917, the term "physical culture" received its recognition in all high Soviet authorities and firmly entered the scientific and practical lexicon. In 1918, the Institute of Physical Culture was opened in Moscow, in 1919 Vsevobuch held a congress on physical culture, from 1922 the journal "Physical Culture" was published, and from 1925 to the present - the journal "Theory and Practice of Physical Culture".

The very name "physical culture" names something very important. Physical culture is part of the general culture of mankind and has absorbed not only the centuries-old valuable experience of preparing a person for life, mastering, developing and managing for the benefit of a person the physical and mental abilities inherent in him by nature, but, no less important, the experience of asserting and hardening manifested in the process of physical activity of moral, moral principles of a person. Thus, in physical culture, contrary to its literal meaning, people's achievements in improving their physical, as well as, to a large extent, mental and moral qualities, are reflected. The level of development of these qualities, as well as personal knowledge, skills for their improvement, constitute the personal values of physical culture and determine the physical culture of the individual as one of the facets of the general culture of a person Social and biological foundations of physical culture.

To date, a number of theorists dispute the appropriateness of using the term "physical culture". One of the arguments "against" is that in most countries of the world, this term is generally absent from the scientific lexicon. The only exceptions are the countries of Eastern Europe, in which the development of physical culture and sports for more than half a century was carried out in the image and likeness of the Soviet system. In this regard, leading Russian sports theorists sometimes express polar opinions about the further use of the concept of “physical culture” in science: for example, A. G. Egorov believes that this term should be completely replaced by the concept of “sport” accepted all over the world. ”, while L. I. Lubysheva considers the scientific definition of physical culture a “step forward” compared to Western sports science.

At the moment, L.I. Lubysheva actively introduces the concept of "sports culture". Without entering into debate. it can be noted that this position is not productive, since, according to the main theorists of this field of knowledge (P.F. Lesgaft), the concepts of "physical culture and physical education" and the concept of sport should not be confused in principle. According to this scientist, youth destroy three things: wine, excitement and sports.

According to A. A. Isaev, it is quite logical to consider physical culture as a goal, and sport as a means to achieve it. It is for this reason that the definition of "sport for all" is becoming widespread, reflected more and more substantively at the international level - in the documents of UNESCO, the Council of Europe, the IOC. "Sport for All" puts physical culture in its rightful place as a qualitative characteristic, absorbing the activity components that once belonged to it. Theorists of physical culture of the Soviet school, wrote A. A. Isaev, actively resist the process of transformation of the meaning of physical culture, dictated by the change in socio-political dominants in the development of modern Russia. This circumstance, influencing managerial decisions, noticeably slows down the development of a sports policy in Russia that is adequate to the changes in society. This approach is the key to resolving methodological contradictions associated with the definition of the concepts of "physical culture" and "sport" [clarify]

Means of physical culture

The main means of physical culture, developing and harmonizing all manifestations of the life of the human body, are conscious (conscious) employment in a variety of physical exercises (bodily movements), most of which are invented or improved by the person himself. They suggest a gradual increase in physical activity from exercise and warm-up to training, from training to sports games and competitions, from them to the establishment of both personal and general sports records as personal physical capabilities grow. In combination with the use of the natural forces of nature (sun, air and water), hygiene factors, diet and rest, and depending on personal goals, physical culture allows you to harmoniously develop and heal the body and maintain it in excellent physical condition for many years.

Components of physical culture

Each of the components of physical culture has a certain independence, its own target setting, material and technical support, a different level of development and the amount of personal values. Therefore, sport in the activity sphere of physical culture is singled out especially, using the phrases "physical culture and sport", "physical culture and sport". In this case, under "physical culture", "physical culture" in the narrow sense, it is just possible to mean mass physical culture and therapeutic physical culture.

Mass physical culture

Mass physical culture is formed by people's physical culture activities as part of the process of physical education and self-education for their general physical development and health improvement, improvement of motor capabilities, improvement of physique and posture, as well as physical recreational activities.

Physical recreation

Recreation (lat. - recreation, - “recovery”) - 1) holidays, a change at school, 2) a room for rest in educational institutions, 3) rest, restoration of human strength. Physical recreation is motor active recreation and entertainment using physical exercises, outdoor games, various sports, as well as the natural forces of nature, which result in pleasure and good health and mood, restore mental and physical performance. As a rule, classes at the level of mass physical culture for a healthy person are not associated with very large physical and volitional efforts, however, they create a powerful disciplining, tonic and harmonizing background for all aspects of his activity.

Healing Fitness

Another, also unsportsmanlike in terms of goals, direction of physical culture is formed by therapeutic physical culture (motor rehabilitation), which uses specially selected physical exercises and, as already noted, some sports facilities for the treatment and restoration of body functions impaired as a result of diseases, injuries, overwork and others. reasons.

Sport

Adaptive physical culture

The specificity of this activity sphere is expressed in the complementary definition “adaptive”, which emphasizes the purpose of physical culture means for people with health problems. This suggests that physical culture in all its manifestations should stimulate positive morpho-functional changes in the body, thereby forming the necessary motor coordination, physical qualities and abilities aimed at life support, development and improvement of the body. The main direction of adaptive physical culture is the formation of motor activity as a biological and social factor of influence on the body and personality of a person. Knowledge of the essence of this phenomenon is the methodological foundation of adaptive physical culture. St. Petersburg University of Physical Education. P. F. Lesgaft, the faculty of adaptive physical culture was opened, the task of which is to train highly qualified specialists to work in the field of physical culture of the disabled. In addition to working with people with health problems, adaptive physical culture is aimed at using physical activity to promote social and psychological adaptation, prevention of deviations in socialization (for example, within the framework of this direction, the use of physical culture and sports for the prevention of drug addiction is being developed).

Physical education

The modern broad concept of "physical education" means an organic component of general education - an educational, pedagogical process aimed at mastering the personal values of physical culture by a person. In other words, the goal of physical education is the formation of a person's physical culture, that is, that side of a person's general culture that helps to realize his biological and spiritual potential. Physical education, whether we understand it or not, begins from the very first days after the birth of a person.

The founder of the scientific system of physical education (originally - education), which harmoniously contributes to the mental development and moral education of a young person, is the Russian teacher, anatomist and doctor Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft (1837-1909) in Russia. Created by him in 1896, the "Courses of Teachers and Leaders of Physical Education" was the first higher educational institution in Russia for the training of specialists in physical education, the prototype of the modern St. Petersburg Academy of Physical Culture named after P.F. Lesgaft. Graduates of the academy receive a higher physical education and become specialists in various fields of physical culture, including in the field of physical education, that is, the development of physical culture values by people. In relation to work in higher educational institutions, such a specialist is called a teacher of physical culture, or a teacher of the department of physical education.

It is necessary to distinguish between the terms "physical education" as professional training in special educational institutions and "physical education" in its original (according to P.F. Lesgaft) sense of physical education. In English, the term "physical education" can be used in both senses. It should also be borne in mind that the English term "en: physical culture" in the sense of our broad concept of "physical culture" is not in use abroad. There, depending on the specific direction of physical activity, the words “en: sport”, “en: physical education”, “en: physical training”, “en: fitness”, etc. are used.

Physical education in unity with mental, moral, aesthetic and labor education ensures the comprehensive development of the individual. Moreover, these aspects of the general process of education are to a large extent manifested in the process of physical education organized accordingly.

In higher educational institutions, the process of physical education of students is carried out at the Department of Physical Education through the discipline "Physical Culture".

The goal of physical education is achieved in solving interrelated health-improving, developing, educational and upbringing tasks.

Health-improving and developing tasks of physical education include:

strengthening health and hardening of the body;
harmonious development of the body and physiological functions of the body;
comprehensive development of physical and mental qualities;
ensuring a high level of efficiency and creative longevity.

It is believed that in order to fulfill these tasks, the total time of training sessions in the discipline "Physical Education" and additional independent physical exercises and sports for each student should be at least 5 hours a week.