Lebedeva O.B. History of Russian literature of the 18th century

The idea of a reasonable regularity of the world, the beauty of nature, moral ideals

Objective reflection of the surrounding world

The desire for reasonable clarity of harmony, strict simplicity

Formation of aesthetic taste

Restraint and calmness in the manifestation of feelings

Rationalism and logic in actions

Rococo is...

style in art of the 18th century, a characteristic feature of which was a predilection for exquisite and complex forms, bizarre lines, reminiscent of the silhouette of a shell.

43. Rocaille is…… the main element of the Rococo style ornament, reminiscent of the shape of a curl of a shell and outlandish plants.

44. Mascaron is .... a type of sculptural decoration of a building in the shape of a human or animal head full face

45. Sentimentalism is... this is a trend in literature and art of the second half of the 18th century, characterized by an increased interest in human feelings and an emotional attitude to the world around, where love for man and nature comes first.

Which of the outstanding architectural structures of classicism is called the "Fairytale Dream"

The residence of the French kings on the outskirts of Paris is the Palace of Versailles.

47. Principles of urban planning in the era of classicism:

Creation of an ideal city with buildings made according to a single plan. The urban ensemble is designed in the form of a square or rectangle in plan. Inside them, a strictly regular rectangular or radially circular system of streets with a city square in the center is planned.

48. Why is the work of N. Poussin called the pinnacle of classicism in painting?

N. Poussin - founder of the classicism style. Turning to the themes of ancient mythology, ancient history, the Bible, Poussin revealed the themes of his contemporary era. With his works, he brought up a perfect personality, showing and singing examples of high morality, civic prowess.

N. Poussin

49. What unites the largest masters "gallant genre"- A. Watteau and F. Boucher

The world of complex love affairs and life against the backdrop of pristine nature.

Name the composers of Viennese classicism.

A - Joseph Haydn, B - Wolfgang Mozart, C - Ludwig van Beethoven

A B S

51. Symphony is ...(consonance) a work for a symphony orchestra, consisting of 4 parts, where the first and last parts have the same keys, and the middle ones are written in keys related to the main, which is determined

MHK, 11th grade

Lesson #6

Art of classicism and rococo

D.Z.: Chapter 6, ?? (p. 63), tv. tasks (p.63-65), tab. (p. 63) fill in the notebook

LESSON OBJECTIVES

give an idea of the art of classicism, sentimentalism and rococo;
expand horizons, skills of analysis of genres of art;
to educate national self-consciousness and self-identification, respect for the musical creativity of the rococo.

CONCEPTS, IDEAS

O. Fragonard;
classicism;
G. Rigaud;
rococo;
sentimentalism;
hedonism;
rocaille;
mascarons;
V.L. Borovikovsky;
empire;
J. J. Rousseau

Checking students' knowledge

1. What are the characteristic features of the musical culture of the Baroque? How is it different from Renaissance music? Justify your answer with specific examples.

2. Why is C. Monteverdi called the first baroque composer? What was the reformist nature of his work? What is characteristic of the "Excited Style" of his music? How is this style reflected in the operatic works of the composer? What unites the musical creativity of C. Monteverdi with the works of baroque architecture and painting?

3. What distinguishes the musical work of J. S. Bach? Why is it customary to consider it within the framework of the musical culture of the Baroque? Have you ever listened to J.S. Bach's organ music? Where? What are your impressions? What works of the great composer are especially close to you? Why?

4. What are the characteristic features of Russian baroque music? What were the partes concerts of the 17th - early 18th centuries? Why is the development of Russian baroque music associated with the formation of a composer's school in Russia? What impression does the spiritual choral music of M. S. Berezovsky and D. S. Bortnyansky make on you?

Universal learning activities

 evaluate ; identify ways and means find associations organize and summarize
 define the essential features of styles classicism and rococo, correlate them with a certain historical era;
explore cause and effect relationships , patterns of change in artistic models of the world;
evaluate aesthetic, spiritual and artistic the value of the cultural and historical era ;
identify ways and means expression of social ideas and aesthetic ideals of the era in the process of analyzing works of art of classicism, rococo and sentimentalism;
find associations and differences between the artistic images of classicism, baroque and rococo, presented in various art forms;
characterize the main features , images and themes of the art of classicism, rococo and sentimentalism;
hypothesize, engage in dialogue , to argue their own point of view on the formulated problems;
organize and summarize acquired knowledge about the main styles and trends of art of the 17th-18th centuries. (working with a table)

STUDY NEW MATERIAL

Aesthetics of classicism.
Rococo and sentimentalism.

Lesson assignment. What is the significance of the aesthetics of classicism, rococo art and sentimentalism for world civilization and culture?

sub-questions

Aesthetics of classicism. Appeal to the ancient heritage and humanistic ideals of the Renaissance. Development of own aesthetic program. The main content of the art of classicism and its creative method. Features of classicism in various forms of art. Formation of the style system of classicism in France and its influence on the development of the artistic culture of Western European countries. The concept of the Empire style.
Rococo and sentimentalism *. Origin of the term "rococo". The origins of the artistic style and its characteristic features. Rococo tasks (on the example of masterpieces of arts and crafts). Sentimentalism as one of the artistic movements within the framework of classicism. Aesthetics of sentimentalism and its founder J. J. Rousseau. The Specificity of Russian Sentimentalism in Literature and Painting (V. L. Borovikovsky)

Aesthetics

classicism

New art style - classicism(Latin classicus exemplary) - followed the classical achievements of Antiquity and the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance.
The art of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome became the main source of themes and plots for classicism: references to ancient mythology and history, references to authoritative scientists, philosophers and writers.
In accordance with ancient tradition, the principle of the primacy of nature was proclaimed.

Levitsky D.G.

Portrait

Denis Diderot. 1773-1774 Museum of Art and History of the City of Geneva in Switzerland.

"... to study Antiquity in order to learn to see Nature"

(Denis Diderot)

Aesthetics

classicism

Aesthetic principles of classicism:

1. Idealization of ancient Greek culture and art, orientation towards moral principles and ideas of citizenship

2. The priority of the educational value of art, recognition of the leading role of the mind in the knowledge of beauty.

3. Proportionality, rigor, clarity in classicism are combined with completeness, completeness of artistic images, universalism and normativity.

The main content of the art of classicism was the understanding of the world as a rationally arranged mechanism, where a person was assigned a significant organizing role.

O. Fragonap. Portrait

Denis Diderot. 1765-1769 Louvre, Paris

Aesthetics

classicism

Creative method of classicism:

striving for reasonable clarity, harmony and strict simplicity;
approaching an objective reflection of the surrounding world;
observance of correctness and order;
subordination of the private to the main;
high aesthetic taste;
restraint and calmness;
rationality and logic in actions.

Claude Lorrain. Departure of the Queen of Sheba (1648). London National Art Gallery

Aesthetics

classicism

Each art form was

have their own special features:

1. The basis of the architectural language

classicism becomes order ( type

architectural composition, using

certain items and

subject to a certain architectural

style processing ) , much more

close in shape and proportion to

architecture of antiquity.

2. Works of architecture distinguish

strict organization

proportion and balance

volumes, geometric

correctness of lines, regularity

layouts.

3. Painting is characterized : clear

delimitation of plans, rigor

drawing, meticulously crafted

light and shade modeling of volume.

4. Special role in the decision

educational task played

literature and especially theater ,

became the most widespread

art of this time.

C. Persier, P.F.L. Foppep.

Arc de Triomphe in Place Carrousel in Paris. 1806 (style - Empire)

Aesthetics

classicism

in the era of the reign of the "king - the sun" Louis XIV (1643-1715), a certain ideal model of classicism was developed, which was imitated in Spain, Germany, England and in the countries of Eastern Europe, North and South America.
at first, the art of classicism was inseparable from the idea of absolute monarchy and was the embodiment of integrity, grandeur and order.

G. Rigaud. Portrait of Louis XIV.

1701 Louvre, Paris

Aesthetics

classicism

Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg (1801-1811) arch. A.N. Voronikhin.

Art in the form of the so-called revolutionary classicism served the ideals of the struggle against tyranny, for the assertion of civil rights of the individual, consonant with the French Revolution.
At the last stage of its development, classicism actively

expressed the ideals of the Napoleonic Empire.

He found his artistic continuation in the style empire (from French style Empire - “imperial style”) - late (high) style

classicism in architecture and applied arts. Originated in

France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I.

Rococo and

With e n T And m e n T A l And h m

characteristic feature of the 18th century. in Western European art has become an indisputable fact of the simultaneous existence of baroque, rococo and sentimentalism with classicism.
Recognizing only harmony and order, classicism “straightened out” the bizarre forms of baroque art, ceased to perceive the spiritual world of man tragically, and transferred the main conflict to the sphere of relations between the individual and the state. Baroque, which has outlived itself and come to its logical conclusion, has given way to classicism and rococo.

O. Fragonard. Happy

swing possibilities. 1766

Wallace Collection, London

Rococo and

With e n T And m e n T A l And h m

In the 20s. 18th century in France

a new style of art emerged

rococo (fr. rocaille - shell). Already

the name itself reveals

main feature of this

style - passion for exquisite

and complex forms, bizarre

lines, much like

shell outline.

The shell then turned into

complex curl with some

strange cuts, then in

shield decoration or

half-folded scroll with

depiction of a coat of arms or emblem.

In France, interest in style

Rococo weakened by the end of the 1760s

years, but in the countries of Central

Europe, his influence was

perceptible until the end of the XVIII

centuries.

Rinaldi rococo:

interiors of the Gatchina castle.

Gatchina

Rococo and

With e n T And m e n T A l And h m

home purpose of rococo art - deliver sensuality

pleasure ( hedonism ). Art should have

please, touch and entertain, turning life into a sophisticated masquerade and "gardens of love."

Complex love intrigues, fleeting hobbies, daring, risky, society-defying actions of heroes, adventures and fantasies, gallant entertainment and holidays determined the content of Rococo works of art.

Allegory of fine arts,

1764 Oil on canvas; 103 x 130 cm. Rococo. France. Washington, National gallery.

Rococo and

With e n T And m e n T A l And h m

Characteristic features of the Rococo style in works of art:

grace and lightness, intricacy, decorative refinement

and improvisation, pastorality (shepherd's idyll), craving for the exotic;

Ornament in the form of stylized shells and curls, arabesques, flower garlands, figurines of cupids, torn cartouches, masks;

a combination of pastel light and delicate tones with a lot of white details and gold;

the cult of beautiful nudity, dating back to the ancient tradition, sophisticated sensuality, eroticism;

The cult of small forms, intimacy, miniature (especially in sculpture and architecture), love for trifles and knick-knacks (“Charming trifles”) that filled the life of a gallant person;

aesthetics of nuances and hints, intriguing duality

images, conveyed with the help of light gestures, half-turns,

barely noticeable mimic movements, a half-smile, a blurred

look or a wet gleam in the eyes.

Rococo and

With e n T And m e n T A l And h m

The Rococo style reached its greatest flourishing in the works

decorative and applied arts of France (interiors of palaces

and costumes of the aristocracy). In Russia, it manifested itself primarily in architectural decoration - in the form of scrolls, shields and intricate shells - rocaille (decorative ornaments imitating

combination of bizarre shells and outlandish plants), as well as maekaranov (stucco or carved masks in the form of

human face or the head of an animal placed over windows, doors, arches, fountains, vases and furniture).

Rococo and

With e n T And m e n T A l And h m

Sentimentalism (fr. sentiment - feeling). In ideological terms, he, like classicism, relied on the ideas of the Enlightenment.

An important place in the aesthetics of sentimentalism was occupied by the image of the world of feelings and experiences of a person (hence its name).

Feelings were perceived as a manifestation of the natural principle in a person, his natural state, possible only with close contact with nature.

Achievements of a civilization with many

temptations that corrupt the soul

"natural man", acquired

clearly hostile.

a kind of ideal

sentimentalism has become the image of rural

citizen who followed the law

primeval nature and living in

absolute harmony with her.

Court Joseph-Desire (Jose-Desery Court). painting. France

Rococo and

With e n T And m e n T A l And h m

The founder of sentimentalism is considered the French educator J.J. Rousseau proclaiming a cult

natural, natural feelings and

human needs, simplicity and

cordiality.

His ideal was sensitive,

sentimental dreamer,

obsessed with the ideas of humanism,

"natural man" with a "beautiful soul", not corrupted by bourgeois civilization.

The main task of Rousseau's art

saw in teaching people

virtues, call them to the best

life.

The main pathos of his works

is a praise of human feelings, high passions that came into conflict with social, class prejudices.

French philosopher, writer, thinker of the Enlightenment. Also a musicologist, composer and botanist. Born: June 28, 1712, Geneva. Died: July 2, 1778 (aged 66), Ermenonville, near Paris.

Rococo and

With e n T And m e n T A l And h m

It is most legitimate to consider sentimentalism as one of the artistic movements that operated within the framework of classicism.

If Rococo focuses on the external manifestation of feelings and emotions, then sentimentalism

highlights the inner

the spiritual side of human existence.

In Russia, sentimentalism found its most striking embodiment in literature and painting, for example, in the work of V. L. Borovikovsky.

V.L. Borovikovsky. Lizynka and Dashinka. 1794 State

Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow

Control questions

1 . What is the aesthetic program of the art of classicism? What were the connections and differences between the art of classicism and baroque?

2. What models of Antiquity and the Renaissance followed the art of classicism? What ideals of the past and why did he have to give up?

3. Why is Rococo considered the style of the aristocracy? What features of it corresponded to the tastes and moods of its time? Why was there no place in it for the expression of civic ideals? Why do you think the Rococo style reached its highest peak in the arts and crafts?

4. Compare the basic principles of baroque and rococo. Is it possible

5*. On what ideas of the Enlightenment was Sentimentalism based? What are its main focuses? Is it right to consider sentimentalism within the grand style of classicism?

Topics for presentations, projects

"The Role of France in the Development of European Artistic Culture".
"Man, Nature, Society in the Aesthetic Program of Classicism".
"Patterns of Antiquity and the Renaissance in Classical Art".
"The Crisis of Baroque Ideals and the Art of Classicism".
"Rococo and Sentimentalism - Accompanying Styles and Currents of Classicism".
"Features of the development of classicism in the art of France (Russia, etc.)".
"AND. J. Rousseau as the founder of sentimentalism.
"The Cult of Natural Feeling in the Art of Sentimentalism".
"The Further Destiny of Classicism in the History of World Art".

Today I found out...
It was interesting…
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I learned…
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Literature:

Programs for educational institutions. Danilova G.I. World art culture. – M.: Bustard, 2011
Danilova, G.I. Art / MHK. 11 cells Basic level: textbook / G.I. Danilova. M.: Bustard, 2014.
Kobyakov Ruslan. Saint Petersburg

Classicism is the artistic direction of the era of absolutism. Classicism takes shape in France in the 17th century, in the era of Louis XIV, who went down in history with the famous phrase: "The state is me." The greatest representatives of classicism in French literature are the tragedians Corneille and Racine, the comedian Molière, and the fabulist La Fontaine. The aesthetic program of classicism was outlined in the poetic treatise of Nicolas Boileau "Poetic Art".

The subject of art, according to the classicists, can only be high, beautiful. “Stay away from the low, It is always ugliness…” wrote Boileau. In real life, there is little high, beautiful, so the classicists turned to ancient art as a source of beauty. Borrowing plots, characters from ancient literature is a characteristic feature of classicism.

The pathos of classicism, which was formed in an era when the state in the form of an absolute monarchy played a progressive role, is the assertion of the primacy of state interests over personal ones. This civic pathos was expressed in different ways in different genres.

The classicists created a strict genre system. Genres were divided into high (they included tragedy, epic poem, ode) and low (comedy, fable, satire). All genres were clearly separated from each other, for each there were laws that writers had to adhere to. So, for the tragedy of classicism, the conflict of feeling and duty, the law of three unities (“Let everything be done on the day And in only one place ...” wrote Boileau), a five-act composition and Alexandrian verse as a form of narration were mandatory. The normativity of classic aesthetics did not become an obstacle for artists, the best of which, within the strict laws of classicism, were able to create bright, artistically convincing works.

Features of the tragedies of classicism. Corneille's tragedy "Sid"

Tragedy was the leading genre of classical literature.

In the aesthetics of classicism, the theory of tragedy was carefully developed. Its main laws are as follows. 1. Tragedy is based on an internal conflict of feeling and duty. This conflict is fundamentally insoluble, and the tragedy ends with the death of the heroes. 2. The plot of the tragedy obeys the law of three unities: unity of place (all events take place in one place), unity of time (all events take place in 24 hours), unity of action (there are no side storylines in the tragedy that do not work for the main conflict). 3. Tragedy is written in verse. The size is also determined: the Alexandrian verse.

One of the first great classicist tragedies is The Cid by Pierre Corneille (1637). The hero of the tragedy is the courageous and noble knight Rodrigo Diaz, sung in the Spanish heroic epic "The Song of My Side" and numerous romances. The action in Corneille's tragedy is driven by a conflict of feeling and duty, which is realized through a system of private conflicts flowing into each other. These are the conflict of feelings and public debt (the storyline of the Infanta), the conflict of feelings and family debt (the storylines of Rodrigo Diaz and Jimena) and the conflict of family debt and public debt (the storyline of King Fernando). All the heroes of the tragedy of Corneille, after a painful struggle, choose duty. The tragedy ends with the approval of the idea of public debt.

"Sid" Corneille was enthusiastically received by the audience, but became the object of sharp criticism in the literary environment. The fact is that the playwright violated the fundamental laws of classicism: the law of the unity of the genre (in "Sid" the tragic conflict receives a successful resolution), the law of three unities (in "Sid" the action takes place within 36 hours in three different places), the law of the unity of the verse

(Rodrigo's stanzas are not written in Alexandrian verse). Over time, the deviations from the classic norms allowed by Corneille were forgotten, while the tragedy itself continues to live in literature and on the stage.

1. What are the characteristic features of the musical culture of the Baroque? How is it different from Renaissance music? Justify your answer with specific examples. 2. Why is C. Monteverdi called the first baroque composer? What was the reformist nature of his work? What is characteristic of the "Excited Style" of his music? How is this style reflected in the operatic works of the composer? What unites the musical creativity of C. Monteverdi with the works of baroque architecture and painting? 3. What distinguishes the musical work of J. S. Bach? Why is it customary to consider it within the framework of the musical culture of the Baroque? Have you ever listened to J.S. Bach's organ music? Where? What are your impressions? What works of the great composer are especially close to you? Why? 4. What are the characteristic features of Russian baroque music? What were the partes concerts of the 17th - early 18th centuries? Why is the development of Russian baroque music associated with the formation of a composer's school in Russia? What impression does the spiritual choral music of M. S. Berezovsky and D. S. Bortnyansky make on you?