Schedule of revolutionary events from 1905 to 1907. Main events of the first Russian revolution

First revolution 1905-1907 took place in connection with a number of factors that manifested themselves in various spheres of Russian society at that time. It did not develop instantly, but was pumped up gradually in connection with unresolved problems that had been accumulating since the middle of the 19th century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, capitalism passed to the highest stage of its development - imperialism, which was accompanied by an aggravation of all contradictions in society, both within the country and at the international level.

The working day lasted fourteen hours!

Causes of the Revolution of 1905-1907 lie in the fact that in the country, in different segments of the population, a large number of people have appeared who are dissatisfied with their lives. It is worth noting the disenfranchised position, first of all, of the working class, which became the driving force in 1917. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the number of representatives of the proletariat in Russia reached fourteen million people (of which about ten percent were regular workers). And these fourteen million industrialists were forced to work 14 hours a day (with the officially established working day since 1897 at 11 and a half hours).

Link without investigation and trial

The first Russian revolution (1905-1907) became possible also because at the same time the working class was significantly limited in its rights to defend its own interests. In the Russian Empire, there were secret regulations at the level of the Ministry of the Interior, which allowed members of the proletariat to be exiled without investigation or trial for participating in protest actions. For the same actions, one could go to prison for a period of 60 to 240 days.

They worked for pennies

Russian Revolution 1905-1907 made possible because of the brutal exploitation of the working class by the owners of industries. For example, in the processing of minerals from each ruble of profit, workers got less than a third (32 kopecks), and in the processing of metals and the food industry even less - 22 and 4 kopecks, respectively. In those days, they spent even less on the "social program" - 0.6% of the expenses of entrepreneurs. This may have been partly due to the fact that more than half of the country's industry was owned by foreign investors. As an analysis of securities of that time (shares of railways, enterprises, banks) showed, many of them had distribution addresses in the USA and Europe, as well as inscriptions not only in Russian, but also in English, German and French. The revolution of 1905-1907, whose goals, at first glance, do not reveal obvious foreign influence, is based on the fact that there were not enough industrialists and representatives of the ruling elite who would be interested in the growth of the well-being of the Russian people.

The "popularity" of Russian investments then was partly due to the fact that during the monetary reforms of 1897, the ruble of the Russian Empire was pegged to gold. A flow of foreign money went into the country, which had the “reverse side of the coin” with the withdrawal of funds in the form of interest, also in gold. So, in 1887-1913, almost 1800 million rubles in gold were invested in the Russian Empire from Western countries, and about 2300 million gold rubles were withdrawn as income.

Bread was consumed almost three times less than overseas

The revolution in Russia (1905-1907) was based on the fact that the standard of living of the population was significantly lower than in European countries. For example, the subjects of the Russian Empire at that time consumed about 3.45 centners of bread per year per capita, in the USA this figure was close to a ton, in Denmark - about 900 centners, in France - more than half a ton, in Germany - 4.32 centners. At the same time, it was in our country that large crops of grain were collected, a significant part of which was exported, which created the prerequisites for the receipt of funds in the treasury, on the one hand, and the "malnutrition" of the people, on the other.

Life in the countryside before the Russian Revolution (1905-1907) began was also hard. At that time, peasants had to pay significant taxes and excises, the area of ​​peasant plots tended to decrease, many worked on leased plots, giving half of the harvest or most of the income received. The landowners, on the contrary, enlarged their holdings (one landowner's farmstead accounted for up to 300 peasant households in area) and excessively exploited the farmers dependent on them. Unlike the workers, the peasantry, whose share was up to 70% of the population of the Russian Empire, took part to a lesser extent in the historical process called the "Revolution of 1905-1907", the reasons, the results of which were not very encouraging for the farmers. Moreover, on the eve of even a year, many plowmen were monarchists and believed in the "good king-father."

The king did not want change

The revolution in Russia (1905-1907) is largely connected with the policy pursued by Nicholas II, who decided to follow the path of his father and further strengthen the autocracy, instead of trying to liberalize Russian society, as his grandfather, Alexander II, wanted to do. The latter, however, was killed on the day when he wanted to announce the first semblance of the Russian constitution. During his accession to the throne at the age of 26, Nicholas II pointed out that democratic changes are meaningless ideas, so the tsar is not going to take into account such opinions that have already been formed in a certain part of the educated society of that time, which did not add popularity to the autocrat.

Unsuccessful military campaign of Nicholas II

The Russo-Japanese War, which took place in 1904-1905, did not add it either. Japan unleashed it, but many in the Russian Empire also longed for some kind of military campaign to strengthen the authority of the authorities. The first Russian revolution (1905-1907) began during the hostilities (revolutionary actions took place for the first time in January 1905, while the war ended in August of the same year), which were, by and large, unsuccessful. Russia did not have fortified fortresses, the supply of the army and navy was poorly organized, soldiers and officers died senselessly, and the surrender of the Port Arthur fortress, the events of Tsushima and Mukden affected the image of the autocrat and his entourage more than negatively.

Periodization of the revolution

Historians know the following stages of the revolution of 1905-1907:

• The first - in January-March 1905.
• The second, which lasted from April to August 1905.
• The third, which lasted from autumn 1905 to March 1906.

At the first stage, the main events developed after Bloody Sunday, when about one hundred and forty thousand proletarians came with religious symbols and a petition about the needs of the working class to the Winter Palace, where some of them were shot by Cossacks and government troops. In addition to economic demands, the petition also included proposals to establish popular representation in the form of a Constituent Assembly, to introduce freedom of speech, religion, equality of all before the law, a reduction in the length of the working day, separation of church and state, public education, etc.

The bourgeoisie supported the idea of ​​constituent assemblies

The working masses were led by the priest Georgy Gapon, who headed the "Assembly of the Workers of St. Petersburg" established by the police a few years earlier, which was designed to weaken the influence of revolutionary ideas on the proletariat. He also wrote the petition. Nicholas II was not in the capital during the procession. At the first stage, about 810,000 people participated in the popular unrest, the workers were supported by students, zemstvos, and employees. The revolution of 1905-1907, whose goals were different for different groups of the population, for the first time attracted into its ranks the middle and big bourgeoisie, who supported the idea of ​​a constituent assembly. The tsar, in response to the indignation, wrote an order for the Minister of the Interior, Bulygin A., demanding that a draft legislative body (Duma) be prepared.

Development of the revolutionary process: the second stage

How did the revolution of 1905-1907 develop further? The second stage can be briefly characterized as follows: in April-August 1905, about 0.7 million people took part in the strikes, including the strike of textile workers from May 12 to July 26 (in Ivanovo-Voznesensk). In the same period, peasant uprisings took place in every fifth district of the European part of the Russian Empire. Under the pressure of these events, in August 1905, the authorities issued documents on the election of the Duma, but with a very small number of voters. Elections to this body were boycotted by all sections of the protest movements, so the Duma was never created.

What results at this stage did the revolution of 1905-1907 bring? The goals pursued by the peasantry throughout the revolutionary events of the early twentieth century were partly achieved in August 1905, when farmers were able to gain access to state lands. But only by buying them through the so-called Peasants' Bank, which few could afford.

Third period brought civil liberties

The third stage, which was the revolution in Russia (1905-1907), was the longest. It began in September 1905 and ended in March 1906. Here, the most significant event was the all-Russian political strike, in which about two million people took part throughout the country. The demands were the same - an eight-hour working day, the convocation of democratic freedoms. Government structures intended to suppress the performance by force of arms (general Trepov’s order “do not spare cartridges and do not shoot blanks to disperse the crowd”), but on October 17 of the same year, Nicholas II issued a decree that gave significant civil liberties. It included freedom of association, assembly, speech, and inviolability of the person. After the adoption of this decree, trade unions, councils of workers' deputies began to arise, the unions of the "Russian people" and "October 17" were founded, agrarian

The main events of the revolution (1905-1907) include two convocations of the State Duma. These were attempts to transform Russia from autocratic to parliamentary monarchy. The First Duma worked from April 1906 to July of the same year and was abolished by the emperor, as it actively fought against the current government, was distinguished by the initiation of radical laws (the Social Revolutionaries proposed the nationalization of natural resources and the abolition of private ownership of land, etc.).

The Duma came up with nothing

The events of the revolution (1905-1907) in terms of the work of law-making bodies were not particularly successful. Thus, the Second State Duma, which worked in 1907 from February to June, submitted many proposals for resolving the agrarian issue from different parties, considered the food issue, provisions for the abolition of courts-martial and military conscription, and opposed the "illegal actions" of the police, which greatly "angrily" the current government. There were about 500 deputies in the Second Duma, among whom 38% had a higher education, home schooling - 8%, secondary education - about 20%, lower - 32%. Illiterate in the Duma was one percent, which is not surprising, since almost 170 deputies came from the illiterate peasantry. But there were directors of factories in the Duma - 6 people, lawyers - about thirty, and even one poet.

Why did the revolution end in 1907?

Together with the dissolution, the revolution of 1905-1907 ended. Briefly, the activities of this body can be described as insufficiently productive, since the Duma, again, fought more with other authorities. In total, she adopted 20 legislative acts, of which only three received the force of law, including two projects to help people affected by crop failures.

Results of the first Russian revolution

What did the revolution of 1905-1907 bring to the inhabitants of the Russian Empire? The goals of the majority of the protesting classes of society during this historical event were not achieved, therefore, it is believed that the revolutionary process was defeated. Certain results in the form of the establishment of a legislative body representing a number of estates, the granting of some civil liberties, of course, were. But the state structure did not undergo any special changes, the land issue was not completely resolved, the working conditions of the working class remained difficult, so there were prerequisites for the further development of revolutionary processes.

The results of the revolution included the formation of three main "camps" of political parties (government, liberal-bourgeois and democratic), which will still appear on the political arena of Russia in 1917.

Revolution 1905-1907

The character of the first Russian revolution is bourgeois-democratic. In terms of the composition of the participants, it was nationwide.

Goals of the revolution:

The overthrow of the autocracy

Establishment of a democratic republic

Introduction of democratic freedoms

The liquidation of landownership and the allotment of land to the peasants

Reducing the working day to 8 hours

Recognition of the rights of workers to strike and the formation of trade unions

Stages of the Revolution 1905-1907

The contradiction between the needs of the socio-economic development of the country and the remnants of serfdom

The contradiction between modern industry and semi-serf agriculture

The contradiction between the economic possibilities of the bourgeoisie and its political role in society

Socio-political crisis in the country

Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

reasons for the revolution: 1. The economic crisis. 2. Low authority of Nicholas2 and his entourage. 3. Labor issue (low wages, long working hours, prohibition of trade unions, etc.). 4. Peasant question (agrarian question - the best land for landlords, redemption payments). 5. Political issue (lawlessness, a ban on the creation of political parties or organizations, even those supporting the king). 6. National question (35% of Russians, bad attitude towards Jews). 7. Defeat in the Russian-Japanese war (self-confidence, inept command, war at sea). The war was due to the imperialist aspirations of Russia and Japan for spheres of influence. The first defeat of the Russian fleet. Events: 1. January 9 - October 1905 - the growth of the revolution: - "Bloody Sunday". The workers went to the Winter Palace, carried a petition, and the cavalry troops were already drawn up to the palace, the workers were shot. 1200 killed, 5000 wounded. - uprising on the battleship "Potemkin" (the uprising of the army is the worst indicator). If the army goes over to the side of the people, then the government will be overthrown. The officers were brutally killed, the sailors joined the people, the conclusion is that something needs to be changed. 2. October 1905 - summer 1906 - the peak of the revolution. All-Russian October political strike. December armed uprising in Moscow. October 17, 1905 - Nicholas 2 signed a manifesto - the creation of a parliament. 1906 - elections in the state. Duma, not universal (women did not vote), multi-stage, unfair. 3. autumn 1906 - June 3, 1907 - the subsidence of the revolution. The work of the first and second state. Duma. The significance of the revolution: 1) the main result of the revolution was the emergence of a legislative representative body of power - parliament; 2) the economic demands of the workers were satisfied; 3) redemption payments under the reform of 1861 were abolished; 4) freedom of the press, assembly; 5) the formation of a multi-party system in Russia (“Union of October 17”, Cadets, Progressives, Trudoviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, RSDLP); 6) the government began to develop an agrarian reform (Stolypin's reforms).

Stage I January-September 1905

The reaction of the supreme power; Promises and half measures:

August 6, 1905 Decree of Nicholas II on the establishment of the State Duma, a legislative body under the tsar ("Bulyginskaya Duma" after the name of the Minister of Internal Affairs)

January 9, 1905 – shooting of a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg

May-June 1905 strike of workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk and the emergence of the first Soviets of Workers' Commissioners - the creation of a workers' militia, fighting squads (summer - the emergence of the All-Russian Peasant Union - was under the influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries)

June 1905 - uprising on the battleship "Potemkin"

May-June 1905 congresses of zemstvo representatives and the All-Russian Peasant Congress - demand for constitutional reforms

II stage of the revolution October-December 1905 (the highest rise of the revolution) - the center of events moves to Moscow

Formation of political parties: Cadets, Octobrists; black-hundred organizations

Revolutionary events:

The All-Russian political strike (September-October 1905) covered 2 mil. Pers. A purely working means of struggle - the strike - was taken up by other sections of the population

Formation of Soviets of Workers' Deputies in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities (November-December 1905)

December 1905 - an armed uprising in Moscow (at the initiative of the Bolsheviks, the Moscow Council announced the start of a new political strike)

Uprising in the fleet, about 90 performances (the largest in Sevastopol on the cruiser "Ochakov" under the leadership of Lieutenant Schmidt) - October - November 1905

Actions of the supreme power October 17, 1905 - the tsar's manifesto "On the improvement of the state order" under the leadership of S.Yu. Witte; publication of a new law on elections to the 1st State Duma (December 11, 1905); suppression of the uprising with the help of troops (December 15-18, 1905)

Stage III Decline of the Revolution January 1906 - June 1907

Revolutionary performances:

Mass peasant unrest - June 1906

The uprising of soldiers and sailors of the Baltic Fleet (Sveaborg, Kronstadt, Revel - July 1906)

Assassination attempt on P.A. Stolypin (08/12/1906)

Parliamentary struggle:

Elections to the 1st State Duma (03/26 and 04/20/1906) according to the law, the State Duma was convened for 5 years, had the right to discuss bills, the budget, and make inquiries to the ministers appointed by the king; outside the control of the Duma - military affairs and foreign policy; irregular meetings (the duration of the Duma sessions and breaks between them was determined by the king)

Start of work of the 1st State Duma (04/27/1906) chairman Muromtsev (cadet)

Duma address to the Emperor demanding the introduction of constitutional government (05/05/1906)

Vyborg uprising of 128 deputies in protest against the dissolution of the 1st State Duma (07/10/1906)

Activity 2 Duma (20.02.1907) chairman Golovin (cadet)

Dissolution of the 2nd State Duma and the introduction of a new electoral law (06/03/1907) - June 3rd monarchy - coup d'etat6 the tsar had no right to dissolve the Duma on his own, but did it

Actions of the Supreme Power:

Transformation of the State Council into the Supreme House of Parliament (26.02.1906)

Publication of the "Basic Laws of the Russian", defining the powers of the State Council and the State Duma (04/23/1906)

The publication of the "Temporary Rules", allowing the creation of trade unions (03/04/1906)

Creation of courts-martial (08/19/1906)

The beginning of Stolypin's agrarian reform. Issuance of a royal decree granting the peasant the right to withdraw from the community with his land allotment (11/09/1906)

The results of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907.

The Beginning of Russia's Movement to a Constitutional Monarchy and a Legal State

Creation of the State Duma; Reform of the State Council - its transformation into the Supreme House of Parliament; approval of the "Basic Laws of the Russian Empire"

Declaration of freedom of speech. Permission to form trade unions. Partial political amnesty

Stolypin reforms (the essence is to solve the agrarian issue without affecting the lands of the landowners, decree 1905 - on the abolition of redemption payments, October 1906 - the poll tax and mutual responsibility were abolished, the power of zemstvo chiefs and county authorities was limited, the rights of peasants in zemstvo elections were increased, freedom of movement was expanded; November 9, 1906 - the peasants were granted the right to freely exit from the community; individual plots of land could be reduced to cuts. Resettlement of peasants to the free lands of Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. A peasant bank was created - the sale to the peasants of part of the specific and state lands, bought up landowners' land for resale to the peasants, issued loans for the purchase of kr. lands. Bottom line: the reform lasted approx. 7 years old. 35% (3.4 million) expressed a desire to leave the community, 26% (2.5 million) left, moved to the Urals approx. 3.3 mil.) Cancellation of redemption payments for peasants

Lecture 47

Russia in 1907-1914 Stolypin agrarian reform

In the summer of 1906, the youngest governor of Russia, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, was appointed by Nicholas II as Minister of the Interior and then as Prime Minister.

Agrarian reform - was the main and favorite brainchild of Stolypin.

The goals of the reform.

1. Socio-political. To create in the countryside a firm support for the autocracy in the person of strong peasant farms (wealthy peasant proprietors).

2. Socio-economic. To destroy the community, giving the peasants the opportunity to freely leave it: to determine their own place of residence and the type of their activity.

3. Economic. To ensure the rise of agriculture, to accelerate the industrial development of the country.

4. Resettle the small-land peasants beyond the Urals, contributing to the more intensive development of the eastern regions of Russia.

Essence of reform.

Solve the agrarian question at the expense of the peasants themselves, leaving the landlords' lands intact, at the same time eliminating the basis for possible social conflicts.

The results of the Stolypin agrarian reform

Positive:

Up to 1/4 of the households separated from the community, the stratification of the village increased, the rural elite gave up to half of the market bread,

3 million households moved from European Russia,

4 million dess. communal lands were included in the market turnover,

Consumption of fertilizers increased from 8 to 20 million poods,

The per capita income of the rural population increased from 23 to 33 rubles. in year.

Negative:

From 70 to 90% of the peasants who left the community retained ties with the community,

Returned back to Central Russia 0.5 million migrants,

The peasant household accounted for 2-4 dess., at a rate of 7-8 dess. arable land,

The main agricultural tool is a plow (8 million pieces), 52% of farms did not have plows.

The yield of wheat is 55 pounds. from dec. in Germany - 157 pounds.

CONCLUSION.

Thanks to the successful course of the agrarian reform, by 1914 Russia had made great strides in economic and financial development, which allowed it to play a significant role in world politics. However, Russia's entry into the war and the subsequent defeat again threw the country back, increasing its gap from the leading European powers.

Lecture 48

The formation of political parties in Russia in the late XIX - early XX century

The workers and the growing strike movement with economic demands had a significant impact on the political life of the country. The peasant movement also grew. It was caused by the agrarian crisis, the political lack of rights of the peasantry and the famine of 1901. From 1900 to 1904 there were 670 peasant uprisings.

Opposition moods in the early twentieth century. embraced broad strata of the intelligentsia, the petty and middle bourgeoisie and students. The lack of freedom of public activity in Russia made it difficult to form legal political parties.

The consignment - this is the organization of the most active part of the class, which sets as its task the conduct of a political struggle for the interests of this class and most fully and consistently expresses and defends them. The main thing that interests a political party is state power.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. in Russia there were up to 50 parties, and in 1907 - more than 70. The largest and most influential among them were the following:

Illegal parties

Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) in 1901 - 1902 - completed the unification of revolutionary organizations into the party. Its number is several thousand (by 1907 - up to 40 thousand). Newspaper "Revolutionary Russia". Party leader, program author, newspaper editor, leading theorist - Viktor Chernov.

The goal of the party is to build a socialist society through revolution, but society is not a state, but a self-governing union of productive associations, whose members receive the same income.

Tactics - a combination of political terror in the "centers" and agrarian terror (violent actions against the property or against the person of "economic oppressors") in the countryside.

RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party) formed in 1903. at the 2nd congress.

The main task is to build socialism through social revolution and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. At the III Congress, the party split into two parts: the Bolsheviks (leader V. Ulyanov (Lenin) and the Mensheviks - (Yu. Martov)). Martov opposed the Leninist idea of ​​the dictatorship of the proletariat, believing that the proletariat would not be able to play a leading role, since capitalism in Russia was in its initial stage of development. He believed that "the bourgeoisie will still take its rightful place - the leader of the bourgeois revolution." Martov shared Herzen's fears that "communism could become a Russian autocracy in reverse." At the party conference in Prague (1912), the final split took shape organizationally.

Legal parties

Union of the Russian people founded in 1905. The printed organ is the Russian Banner. (100 thousand people) Leaders - A. Dubrovin and V. Purishkevich.

Main Ideas Keywords: orthodoxy, autocracy, Russian nationality.

Main trends : acute nationalism, hatred of all "foreigners" and the intelligentsia. The bulk of the party members: petty shopkeepers, janitors, cab drivers, lumpen (people of the "bottom"). They created fighting squads - "Black Hundreds" for pogroms and murders of progressive public figures and revolutionaries. It was the first Russian version of fascism.

Constitutional Democratic Party of People's Freedom (Kadets). Created in 1905 (100 thousand people). Edition "Speech". Leader P. Milyukov. The Bourgeois Reform Party: An Evolutionary Path to Revolution.

Union of October 17 (Octobrists). 30 thousand people Edition "Word". Leaders: Guchkov and Rodzianko. Party of the big bourgeoisie. With the help of reforms, come to a constitutional monarchy coexisting with the Duma.

Conclusion: The creation of socialist and bourgeois parties is an indicator of a significant shift in the socio-political development of the country. The active part of the population realized the need to fight for the democratic rights of freedom.

Lecture 49

Russia at the turnXIX- XXcenturies (90sXIXcentury - 1905). Russo-Japanese War.

Causes and nature of the war

The Russo-Japanese War was one of the first wars of the era of imperialism. Its main reason is the clash of interests between Japanese and Russian imperialism. The ruling classes of Japan have been plundering China for many years. They wanted to capture Korea, Manchuria, to gain a foothold in Asia. Tsarism also pursued an aggressive policy in the Far East; the Russian bourgeoisie needed new markets.

Exacerbation of contradictions between Japan, Russia, England and the United States due to influence in China.

The construction of the Siberian railway by Russia (Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok) - 7 thousand km in 1891-1901, which caused discontent in Japan.

Russia's attempt to reduce the aggressive plans of Japan as a result of the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895. Russia demanded in an ultimatum (supported by Germany and France) that Japan give up the Liaodong Peninsula.

The conclusion of a defensive alliance between Russia and China against Japan, according to which:

a) the construction of the CER Chita - Vladivostok (through China) began

b) China leased the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur to Russia for 25 years

The interest of European countries and the United States in the clash between Japan and Russia

II . Preparing Japan for War

The conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese treaty against Russia

Japan building a modern navy in England

Britain and the United States helped Japan with strategic raw materials, weapons, and loans. France took a neutral position and did not support its ally - Russia.

Carrying out trial mobilizations, maneuvers, creating arsenals, training landings. The entire winter of 1903, the Japanese fleet spent at sea, preparing for naval battles.

Ideological indoctrination of the Japanese population. Imposing the idea of ​​the need to capture the "northern territories due to the overpopulation of the Japanese islands."

Carrying out extensive intelligence and espionage activities in the future theater of operations.

III . Russia's unpreparedness for war

Diplomatic isolation of Russia

In terms of the total number of troops, Russia surpassed Japan (1 million people against 150 thousand army), but the reserves from Russia were not brought up, and at the beginning of the war she put up only 96 thousand people.

Difficulties in the transfer of troops and equipment for 10 thousand km (Near Lake Baikal, the Siberian railway was not completed. Cargo was transported by horse-drawn transport). Only 2 divisions could be transferred from central Russia to the Far East per month.

The navy was dispersed, there were half the number of cruisers, and three times less destroyers than Japan.

Technical backwardness in armaments, sluggishness of the bureaucratic apparatus, embezzlement and theft of officials, underestimation of the enemy's forces, unpopularity of the war among the masses.

I V . The beginning and course of hostilities

Using the superiority of forces and the surprise factor on the night of January 27, 1904, without declaring war, 10 Japanese destroyers suddenly attacked the Russian squadron on the outer road of Port Arthur and disabled 2 battleships and 1 cruiser. On the morning of January 27, 6 Japanese cruisers and 8 destroyers attacked the Varyag cruiser and the Koreets gunboat in the Korean port of Chemulpo. In an unequal 45-minute battle, the Russian sailors showed miracles of courage: on both ships there were four times fewer guns than the Japanese, but the Japanese squadron was seriously damaged, and one cruiser was sunk. drowned so that they would not get to the enemy.

The commander of the Pacific Fleet, Vice-Admiral S.O. Makarov, began intensive preparations for active operations at sea. On March 31, he led his squadron to the outer roadstead in order to engage the enemy and lure him under fire from coastal batteries. However, at the very beginning of the battle, the flagship Petropavlovsk hit a mine and sank within 2 minutes. Most of the crew died: S.O. Makarov, his entire staff, as well as the artist V.V. Vereshchagin, who was on the ship. After that, the fleet went on the defensive, as the commander-in-chief, incompetent Admiral E.I. Alekseev refused active operations at sea.

On land, hostilities were also unsuccessful. In February-April 1904, Japanese landing forces landed in Korea and on the Liaodong Peninsula. The commander of the land army, General A.N. Kuropatkin, did not organize a proper rebuff, as a result, the Japanese army cut off Port Arthur from the main forces in March 1904.

In August 1904, the first assault on Port Arthur took place. 5 days of fighting showed that the fortress could not be taken by storm, the Japanese army lost a third of its composition and was forced to move on to a long siege. At the same time, the stubborn resistance of the Russian soldiers thwarted the Japanese offensive near Liaoyang. However, Kuropatkin did not use this success and ordered a retreat, which made it easier for the enemy to launch a new attack on Port Arthur.

The second assault on Port Arthur in September 1904 was again repulsed. The defenders of the fortress, led by the talented general R.I. Kondratenko, fettered almost half of the Japanese forces. The counteroffensive of the Russian troops on the Shahe River at the end of September did not bring success. The third assault in October, the fourth - in November of Port Arthur did not bring victory to the Japanese, although the defenders of the fortress were 3 times smaller than the enemy forces. The constant bombardment destroyed most of the fortifications. On December 3, 1904, General Kondratenko died. Contrary to the decision of the Defense Council, on December 20, 1904, General Stessel surrendered Port Arthur. The fortress withstood 6 assaults for 157 days. 50 thousand Russian soldiers fettered about 200 thousand enemy troops.

In 1905, Russia suffered two more major defeats: land (in February near Mukden) and sea (in May near the Tsushima Islands). Further conduct of the war was senseless. The Russian army was losing its combat capability, hatred of mediocre generals grew among the soldiers and officers, and revolutionary ferment intensified. In Japan, the situation was also difficult. Lack of raw materials, finance. The United States offered Russia and Japan mediation for negotiations.

Under the peace treaty, Russia recognized Korea as a Japanese sphere of influence.

Russia transferred to Japan the right to lease part of the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur and the southern part of Sakhalin Island

The ridge of the Kuril Islands passed to Japan

Russia made concessions to Japan in fisheries

V I . Results of the Russo-Japanese War

1. Russia spent 3 billion rubles on the war

   Killed, wounded, captured about 400 thousand people (Japan - 135 thousand killed, 554 thousand wounded and sick)

   The death of the Pacific Fleet

   A blow to Russia's international prestige

   The defeat in the war hastened the beginning of the revolution of 1905-1907.

CONCLUSION:

The adventure of the tsarist government in the Far East revealed the rottenness of the autocracy, its weakening. The autocracy came to a shameful defeat.

Lecture 50

Russia in the First World War: the main military operations,

domestic political development, economics

The causes of World War I were the transition of the leading European countries to imperialism, the formation of monopolies, the pursuit of monopoly high profits, which pushed the capitalist states to fight for the redivision of the world, for new sources of raw materials and new markets.

On June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed by a member of the national-patriotic organization "Young Bosnia" G. Princip. The monarchical circles of Austria-Hungary and Germany decided to use the assassination of the Archduke as a direct pretext for a world war.

This war was the result of inter-imperialist contradictions between two military-political blocs that formed in Europe in the late 19th - early 20th centuries:

1882 - Tripartite Alliance, which united Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

1907 - Entente uniting Russia, England and France.

Each of these countries had its own predatory goals, except for Serbia and Belgium, which defended the territories of their states.

It should be noted that wars are different - large and small, just and predatory, liberation and colonial, popular and anti-people, cold and hot, long and fleeting. There are also absurd ones. It was precisely such a bloody and brutal massacre that claimed millions of lives that began on August 1, 1914 with the declaration of war on small Serbia by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. All participants expected to carry out their military plans within 3-4 months. However, already from the first days of the war, the calculations of the leading military strategists on the lightning-fast nature of the war collapsed.

The first Russian revolution of 1905 - 1907 occurred as a result of a nationwide crisis, which acquired a large-scale character. Russia in this period was practically the only state in Europe where there were no parliament, legal political parties, civil rights and freedoms. The agrarian question remained unresolved.

The crisis of the imperial system of relations between the center and the provinces, the metropolis and national territories.

Deterioration of the position of workers due to the aggravation of the contradiction between labor and capital.

October - December 1905 - the highest rise,

The beginning of the revolution was the events in St. Petersburg, called Bloody Sunday. The reason for this was the strike of the workers of the Putilov factory, which began on January 3, 1905 due to the dismissal of four workers - members of the organization "Assembly of Russian Factory Workers". The strike, supported by the majority of the workers of large enterprises, acquired an almost universal character: about 150,000 people were on strike. During the strike, the text of the petition of workers and residents of the capital was developed for submission to Nicholas II on Sunday, January 9.

It declared the plight and powerlessness of the people and called on the king to "destroy the wall between him and the people", and also proposed to introduce "people's representation" by convening a Constituent Assembly. But a peaceful demonstration on the outskirts of the city center was stopped by the troops, who used weapons. Dozens and hundreds of people were killed and wounded. The news of the execution of the demonstration was the catalyst for the revolution. The country was swept by a wave of mass demonstrations.

On February 18, 1905, a rescript appeared to the new Minister of the Interior, Bulygin, in which the tsar announced his desire to improve the state order through the joint work of the government and mature social forces, involving people elected from the population to participate in the preliminary development of legislative provisions. The royal rescript did not calm the country, and the flurry of revolutionary speeches grew. The autocracy did not want to give up power and made only small concessions, only promising reforms.

An important event in the spring - summer of 1905 was strike Ivanovo-Voznesensk textile workers, during which the first council of workers' representatives was created. During 1905 workers' councils appeared in 50 cities of Russia. Subsequently, they will become the main structure of the new Bolshevik power.

In 1905, a powerful peasant movement arose, which partly took the form of agrarian unrest, which was expressed in the pogrom of landowners' estates and the non-payment of redemption payments. In the summer of 1905, the first nationwide peasant organization was formed - All-Russian Peasants' Union who advocated immediate political and agrarian reforms.

Revolutionary ferment seized the army and navy. In June 1905 there was an uprising on the battleship Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky of the Black Sea Fleet. The sailors raised the red flag, but they did not receive support from other ships and were forced to leave for Romania, and there to surrender to the local authorities.

On August 6, 1905, a manifesto appeared on the creation State Duma compiled by a commission led by Bulygin. According to this document, the Duma was supposed to be only of a legislative nature, and voting rights were granted mainly to the propertied strata, excluding workers and farm laborers. Around the "Bulygin" Duma, a sharp struggle of various political forces unfolded, which led to mass protests and the All-Russian October political strike, which engulfed all the vital centers of the country (transport did not work, electricity and telephones were partially turned off, pharmacies, post offices and printing houses went on strike).

Under these conditions, the autocracy tried to make one more concession to the social movement. On October 17, 1905, the tsar's manifesto "On the improvement of the state order" was issued. The manifesto ended with a call to help end "unheard of unrest and restore silence and peace in their native land."

Uprising in the fleet in Sevastopol and Kronstadt October - November 1905.

October 19, 1905 based The tsarist decree “On measures to strengthen unity in the activities of ministries and main departments” reformed the supreme executive power. The post of chairman of the Council of Ministers was introduced, and Witte was appointed to him, who was entrusted with the implementation of the manifesto of October 17, 1905. The development of constitutional principles for reforming the highest representative bodies of power in Russia continued. Later (in February 1906), the Council of State was transformed from a legislative body into an upper house. parliament, the State Duma became the lower house.

Despite on the publication of the tsarist manifesto and the titanic efforts of the authorities to stabilize the internal situation in the country, the revolutionary movement continued. Its apogee was the December armed uprising in Moscow. The Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies (the formation of Soviets of Workers' Deputies in Moscow and St. Petersburg (November - December 1905)), which was dominated by the Bolsheviks, headed for armed action, which was seen as a necessary condition for moving on to the next stage of the revolution. On December 7-9, 1905, barricades were erected in Moscow. The street battles between the workers' squads and the troops were fierce, but the superiority of forces was on the side of the tsarist authorities, who suppressed the uprising.

In 1906 the gradual decline of the revolution began. The supreme power, under the pressure of revolutionary uprisings, carried out a number of transformations.

The first parliamentary elections in Russia were held, and on April 6, 1906, the First State Duma began its work. The activity of trade unions was legalized. However, the revolution and social activity continued. The First State Duma, opposed to autocracy, was dissolved. In protest, 182 deputies, representing parties of a socialist and liberal orientation, gathered in Vyborg and adopted an appeal to the population of Russia, in which they called for acts of civil disobedience (refusing to pay taxes and perform military service). In July 1906 sailors revolted in Sveaborg, Kronstadt, and Revel. Peasant unrest did not stop either. The society was disturbed by the terrorist actions of the Socialist-Revolutionary militants who carried out a high-profile attempt on life Prime Minister Stolypin. Courts-martial were introduced to expedite terrorism cases.

Elected at the beginning of 1907, the Second State Duma refused to cooperate with the government, and above all on the agrarian question. June 1, 1907 Stolypin accused the Social Democratic parties of intending to "overthrow the existing system." On June 3, 1907, Nicholas II dissolved the Second State Duma by his decree and introduced a new electoral law, according to which electoral quotas were redistributed in favor of political forces loyal to the monarchy. This was a definite violation of the manifesto of October 17, 1905 and the fundamental laws of the Russian Empire, so the revolutionary camp defined this change as a coup d'état, which meant the final defeat of the revolution of 1905 - 1907. The so-called June Third state system began to operate in the country.

The results of the first Russian revolution of 1905 - 1907 (the beginning of Russia's advance towards a constitutional monarchy):

Creation of the State Duma,

Reform of the State Council - its transformation into the upper house parliament,

New edition of the fundamental laws of the Russian Empire,

Declaration of freedom of speech

Permission to form trade unions,

Partial political amnesty,

Cancellation of redemption payments for peasants.

Rebellion is not born in one day. It leads to the action of the ruling circles or their inaction.
The inability of Nicholas II to carry out mature reforms served as an impetus for the revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia. Let's take a quick look at how this happened. In the comments, write what you think about it, how much is the situation in Russia repeating itself more than a century ago?

Causes of the first revolution

By 1905, questions concerning the majority of the population remained unresolved in the empire. Briefly they can be divided into:

Workers' problems;
unresolved agrarian question;
obsolescence of the current model of empire management;
the unfavorable course of the Russo-Japanese War;
forced Russification of the peoples living on the territory of the empire.

Working class

At the end of the 19th century, a new layer of society appeared in the country - the working class. In the early years, the authorities ignored demands for rationing of the working day and social benefits. But the strikes that began in the 1880s showed the ineffectiveness of such behavior. In order to avoid the protests of 1897, the length of the working day is introduced - 11.5 hours. And in 1903, a decree was issued on the payment of compensation in case of an accident.

The Ministry of Finance, headed by S.Yu. Witte, has developed a project on the creation of trade unions. But the owners of enterprises refused to allow employees to solve social issues. The only legal union was the "Society of Factory Workers", led by priest Georgy Gapon. At the end of the 19th century, a law was passed criminalizing participation in strikes and a factory police was established (1899).

The economic crisis of the early 20th century led to layoffs and wage cuts. The unrest in the factories took on a scale that the army and police could no longer contain.

Peasantry

Officially, since 1861, the peasants were free. But this concerned the personal freedom of the serf, the land still belonged to the landowner. To obtain an allotment as a property, a peasant could buy land. The cost of the plot varied and was calculated based on the size of the quitrent, sometimes exceeding it.

Due to the high cost of land, peasants united in communities. They, in turn, disposed of allotments of land. The growth of the family led to the fragmentation of the site. And the authorities' policy of exporting grain forced them to sell the necessary reserves. The crop failure of 1891-1892 led to famine.

As a result, by 1905, peasant unrest broke out, the main demand of which was the seizure of landlords' land.

crisis of power

Having ascended the throne, Nicholas II made it clear that he did not plan to change the existing system. The ministers who dreamed of liberal reforms and the granting of democratic laws to the population were dismissed. Among them was the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte, who advocated admission to government of the educated strata of the population, as well as solving the problems of the peasantry.

Nicholas II, supported by conservative nobles, preferred to delay the resolution of internal issues. In his understanding, the discontent of the population can be avoided by focusing the people on an external threat.

Russo-Japanese War

Nicholas II and his entourage believed that a quick and victorious war would raise the prestige of the government and calm the people. In January 1904, Japan and Russia entered into a war for dominance over the lands that actually belonged to China and Korea. Indeed, at the beginning of the war, the patriotism of the subjects grew, and the protests began to decline. But the mediocre actions of the government and heavy losses of people (more than 52 thousand: killed, died of wounds, did not return from captivity), as well as the conclusion of a peace treaty on the terms of Japan in August 1905, led to new unrest.

The main events of the revolution of 1905 - 1097

By the end of 1904, the situation escalated. Political groups stirred up the people and called for a constitution and popular government of the country.

The final impetus for the rebellion was the dismissal of 4 workers of the Putilov factory. All of them were in the "Society of Factory Workers", and their master in the "Society of Mutual Aid". This aroused suspicion of the objectivity of his decision to dismiss.

On January 3, 1905, a peaceful strike began. The demands were not heard. The strike continued, new plants and factories joined it. By January 9, the number of strikers had reached 111,000 and continued to grow.

Having failed in a conversation with the local authorities, the workers decide to go to the king.
Before this, G. Gapon prepares a Petition for Nicholas II with the following requirements:

8-hour working day;
the creation of a Constituent Assembly from all sections of the population;
freedom of speech, religion, press and personality;
free education for all;
release of political prisoners;
autonomy of the church from the government.

On the morning of January 9, a crowd of strikers (the number reached 140,000) began to move towards Palace Square. But she ran into resistance from the troops and the police. At the Narva Gate, soldiers opened fire and killed about 40 people, at the Alexander Garden - 30. Unrest broke out in the city, barricades were built. The exact number of those killed that day is not known. The government reported 130, in Soviet times, historians increased this figure to 200. This day went down in history as "Bloody Sunday".

Chronicle of further events

The dispersal of the strikers intensified popular unrest. In January, demonstrations took place in other cities of the empire.

In the spring of 1905, the pogrom of noble estates by peasants began. The worst situation is in the Black Earth region, Poland, the Baltic States and Georgia. Over 2,000 properties were destroyed during the riot.

For 2 months (since May 12, 1905) textile workers went on strike in Ivano-Frankivsk. This strike gathered about 70,000 people.

On June 14, 1905, the crew of the battleship Potemkin rebelled, but she did not receive support from other ships of the Black Sea Fleet. Later, the ship went to Romania, where the sailors were handed over to the Russian government.

On August 6, 1905, the tsar signs a decree establishing the Duma. Its format outraged the population: women, students and the military were not elected, the advantage remained with the upper class. In addition, Nicholas II had the right to veto and dissolve the Duma.

On October 15, 1905, the railroad workers' strike started, which grew into an all-Russian strike. The number of strikers reached 2 million. The unrest spread to the countryside: in the autumn of 1905, more than 220 peasant riots.

Problems of a national nature emerged: the clash of Armenians with Azerbaijanis in Baku, Poland and Finland demanded independence.

To calm the population, on October 17, 1905, Nicholas II signed a manifesto on the granting of freedom: personality, assembly, unions and the press. The first parties appeared in Russia: the Cadets and the Octobrists. The tsar promised an early convocation of the Duma and guaranteed its participation in the adopted laws. The Duma of the 1st convocation was created in April 1906 and lasted until July. The king dismissed the legislature, not agreeing with him in views.

In December 1905, armed clashes took place in Moscow. The most fierce fighting took place in the Presnya region.

The convocation of the Duma in early 1906 dampened the protesters' fervor, but a wave of terror is sweeping across Russia, directed against statesmen. So on August 12, 1906, P. A. Stolypin's dacha was blown up, 30 people died, including his daughter.

In November 1906, P. A. Stolypin persuaded Nicholas II to sign a law regulating the withdrawal of peasants from the community and the acquisition of land as property.

In the first half of 1907, rallies were held in various cities, but the activity of the protesters declined. In February, elections are held for the Duma of the second convocation, but its composition turned out to be more radical than the first. And in violation of his promise not to pass laws without the approval of the Duma, the tsar dissolves it on July 3, 1907. This event marked the end of the revolution.

The results of the revolution of 1905 - 1907

Obtaining freedom of the press, religion organizing unions;
the birth of a new legislative body - the Duma;
the emergence of parties;
workers were allowed to organize trade unions and insurance companies, to defend their rights;
the working day was set at 8 o'clock;
the beginning of agrarian reform;
Russification of the peoples that were part of the empire was canceled.

The revolution of 1905 - 1907 revealed problems in the economy and politics. Pointed out the weaknesses of the current government. This was not the only revolution. I recommend checking out the year.

There are two opinions about the historical significance of the first revolution. Some consider it a harbinger of February 1917. Others argue that the reforms that have begun would bring Russia to the level of European states, but the overthrow of power killed these undertakings.

Sincerely, Andrey Puchkov