Classification of the main forms of labor activity. Classification of the main forms of human labor activity

All types of labor can be divided into two groups: physical, where muscular activity predominates, and mental, where mental activity dominates. This division is quite arbitrary, since none of the types of labor can occur without the activity of the central nervous system. But such a division is necessary, since these two types of labor have their own characteristics. There is the following classification of work activity:
1. Forms of labor that require significant muscle activity. These forms are becoming fewer and fewer, since they are associated with heavy physical labor (diggers, lumberjacks, mowers, etc.). Representatives of these professions completely or partially lack mechanization of the production process. The named professions require significant energy expenditure. Although such physical labor develops the human muscular system, it causes a number of negative consequences. The main one is the social inefficiency of physical labor. Achieving a certain performance requires significant exertion of human physical strength.
2. Mechanized forms of labor are numerous professions in all sectors of production. The characteristic features of mechanized forms of labor are associated with a decrease in the muscular component of work and the complication of the action program. Mechanization transfers muscle activity from proximal to distal parts, reducing the role of large muscles in favor of small ones, whose task is primarily to develop precise and fast movements.
Complications of the action program in mechanized forms of labor are associated with the acquisition of special knowledge and motor skills.
3. Group forms of work (conveyor). The basis for high labor productivity on an assembly line is the automation of motor skills, freeing the worker from auxiliary operations, and synchronizing the work of all its participants. This form of work is characterized by the monotony of monotonous labor processes. The tact size - the time interval between operations - can be taken as a measure of monotony. In this regard, a high load falls on the nervous system and the emotional sphere. Since people with different properties of the nervous system work on the assembly line, additional loads are created on it.
4. Forms of labor associated with semi-automatic or automatic production. In these forms of work, the mechanization of the production process is more pronounced. A person does not complement the mechanism, but manages it and ensures its smooth operation. The main feature of an employee’s activity is readiness for action and the associated urgency of reaction. This functional state was called “operative rest” (A. A. Ukhtomsky, 1927). This labor dominant is aimed at further activity. The level of “operational rest” varies depending on the responsibility of the future work, the attitude towards it, the urgency of action, and the individual characteristics of the worker. Maintaining a state of “operative rest” is a lot of nervous work.
5. Forms of labor associated with remote control. There are two main working rhythms. In some cases, control panels require frequent active human actions, in others - rare. In the first case, the worker’s continuous attention receives release through numerous movements or speech-motor acts; in the second, the worker is mainly in a state of readiness for action. Complex forms - the activities of dispatchers in production or transport.
6. Forms of intellectual work. From a physiological point of view, intellectual activity is based on the complex work of the central nervous system, in which an appropriate program of action is formed. Intellectual work is very diverse, and programs can vary in quality and complexity. On the one hand, this is a constant, simple program of action, which creates a monotonous stereotype (telegraph operators, accountants, etc.), and on the other, a variable, complex program of action, which is followed by a talented scientist, an outstanding designer (creative work).

Features of mental work

Mental work is considered to be work related to the reception and processing of information. It requires the participation of sensory systems, attention, memory, activation of thinking, and the emotional sphere. characterized by great tension in the activity of the central nervous system, especially the second signaling system, but indeed mental (creative) activity does not at all exclude the possibility of physical stress, even large ones.
Main types of mental work:
1. Operator work is a group of professions associated with the control of machines, equipment, and technological processes (operators-observers, operators-performers, operator-technologists, etc.).. For the study of these professions, they are very common in modern production, there is even a new section sciences - engineering psychology, which studies human functions in automated systems.
2. Managerial work - managers of enterprises, institutions, teachers. This group is dominated by factors caused by an increase in the volume of information, in particular, a lack of time for processing it, an increase in social significance and personal responsibility for decision making. A modern leader needs a large number of different qualities (political, organizational, business, professional, personal), a wide range of knowledge (economics, management, technology, technology, psychology), and the presence of certain skills (teacher, educator). This form of work is characterized by non-standard solutions, irregular workload, and the possibility of conflict situations.
3. Creative work is one of the most complex forms of human activity, because it requires many years of training and high qualifications. These are scientists, writers, composers, artists, artists, designers. Their work is characterized by the creation of new activity algorithms (more often than representatives of other professions), a significant amount of memory, and close attention, which increases the level of neuro-emotional stress. In addition, the activity schedule is unregulated.
4. The work of medical workers. With all the variety of specialties of a doctor and a paramedical worker, they have common features associated with constant contact with people, mainly patients, increased responsibility, and often a lack of information to make the right decision.
5. Work of pupils and students. The educational process requires tension in the basic mental functions - memory, attention (especially its concentration and stability), perception. Studying is often accompanied by stressful situations (exams, tests).

The company should be focused on achieving maximum effect with minimal losses. When carried out in a planned manner based on appropriate calculations, it requires the physical movement of various goods inside and outside the enterprise. Let us next consider how production activities are organized.

general characteristics

Production and financial activities are presented in the form of a complex and multifaceted structure. It is in a state of continuous development and change. In this regard, the initial analysis of the company's production activities should be based on general indicators of plan implementation. Management at the enterprise is based on the principle of unity of command. The rights that belong to the company are exercised by its director. In the circumstances provided for by law, management is carried out jointly with the trade union committee.

Peculiarities

Production activity is a process that covers technology, equipment, and the specifics of operations implemented at the enterprise. Controls established by management are used to evaluate the company's performance. The functioning of a company is accompanied by various expenses of varying significance. Cost accounting is carried out in accordance with the adopted chart of accounts. This task can be accomplished in two ways. The first is considered traditional for the Russian economic sphere. It involves calculating the cost of products by grouping costs into indirect and direct. The latter are directly attributed to the original price of the product. distributed by type of product in accordance with the methodology adopted at the enterprise.

Additional tasks

Production activity is an area within which not only the direct production of goods is carried out. It also includes payment for new items of labor, raw materials, materials and other things. These processes ensure continuous production activities. This, in turn, has a direct impact on the company's profits. Payment for raw materials and other necessary items is possible subject to the availability of appropriate working capital. They consist of money, funds in settlement operations and products.

Interactions within the enterprise

Production activity is work that requires serious and stable support. The functioning and performance of tasks by company officials is regulated by relevant regulatory documents. These include, in particular, various instructions and recommendations. management - control over the process of processing materials into products - are closely related to other administrative tasks. At an industrial enterprise, rather complex relationships are established between departments at different levels.

Features of the guide

Management and activities are carried out by the chief. He is in charge of the corresponding dispatch department. The tasks of this unit include:

Development of production plans.
Control over the execution of assigned tasks.
Timely provision of workshops with materials.

Production departments that carry out certain operations are led by managers, who, in turn, report to engineering and technical personnel. The director of the entire enterprise controls the work through the chief engineer. The workshops, technical and other departments directly involved in the production of products are subordinate to him.

Main goals

As part of production activities, several critical functions are performed. Among them:

Marketing.
Sales
Financial support.
Output.
Logistics support.
Control.
Personnel and innovation support.

Of all these tasks, production is considered the main one. Next in importance is sales.

Planning and Forecasting

These activities are associated with assessing and anticipating upcoming actions. Forecasting helps to determine trends and directions of development of processes, the possible timing of certain events. For example, this could be calculating the time it takes to complete tasks. With the help of planning, the dynamic, targeted and proportional development of the company's production work is established and ensured.

Possible errors

In practice, there are cases when the results of production activities were extremely low. This is due to various reasons. The main mistakes of management include:

Incorrect application of the production process planning and organization system.
Insufficiently clear formation of the wage fund.

As a result, the development of capacity at the enterprise is extremely slow, the number of defective products increases, and the cost and labor intensity of products is inflated. In some cases, those forms of organization of the wage, labor and production system that are characteristic of mass flow or automated and instrumental processes are, in fact, groundlessly transferred to enterprises engaged in serial production of products. The opposite situations also occur in practice.

Ongoing planning and assessment

They consist of researching the possibilities of selling manufactured products, assessing existing capacities, identifying suppliers, and determining the conditions under which the enterprise can stably receive the resources it needs. The potential and current state of the company are assessed on the basis of a qualified audit, a thorough inventory of funds, verification of employee qualifications, and so on.

Results of the work

Evaluation of the company's performance allows us to determine the compliance of manufactured products with the requirements and standards in force on the market. The obtained indicators make it possible to study the relationship between competitors' products and their own products manufactured at the enterprise, in terms of prices and quality characteristics. is inextricably linked to the requirements and conditions existing outside the company. The interaction of an enterprise with external factors is embodied at the input in the form of costs and at the output in the form of products transferred to consumers. Financial results of the work are expressed in net profit. It is presented as the difference between revenue and expenses for the manufacture of products and their subsequent sale. As part of the financial result, a key place is occupied by such types of savings as turnover tax and profit.

The variety of forms of human labor activity is divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical work characterized by a load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the human body (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory, etc.) that ensure its activity.

Brainwork combines work related to the reception and processing of information that requires primary attention, memory, and activation of thinking processes.

In modern human labor activity, the volume of purely physical labor is insignificant. In accordance with the existing physiological classification of work activity, there are:

- forms of labor that require significant muscle activity. This type of labor activity takes place in the absence of mechanized means to perform work and is therefore characterized by increased energy costs;

- mechanized forms of labor. A feature of mechanized forms of labor is the change in the nature of muscle loads and the complication of the action program. In conditions of mechanized production, there is a decrease in the volume of muscle activity; small muscles of the limbs are involved in the work, which should provide greater speed and accuracy of movements necessary to control mechanisms. The monotony of simple actions and the small amount of perceived information leads to monotony of work and the rapid onset of fatigue;

- forms of labor associated with semi-automatic and automatic production. With such production, a person is excluded from the process of direct processing of the object of labor, which is entirely carried out by the mechanism. The human task is limited to performing simple operations to service the mechanism: supplying material for processing, starting the mechanism, retrieving finished products. Characteristic features of this type of work are monotony, increased pace and rhythm of work, loss of creativity;

- group forms of labor - conveyor. These forms of labor are characterized by the fragmentation of the technological process into individual operations, a given rhythm and strict sequence of operations, and the automatic supply of parts to each workplace using a conveyor. With a reduction in the time required to perform operations, the monotony of work increases and its content becomes simplified, which leads to premature fatigue and rapid nervous exhaustion;

- forms of labor associated with remote control. With these forms of labor, a person is included in management systems as a necessary operational link, the load on which decreases with the increasing degree of automation of the management process. There are forms of production process control that require frequent active human actions, and forms of control in which the operator’s actions are episodic in nature, and his main task is to monitor instrument readings and maintain constant readiness to intervene, if necessary, in the process of managing the object;

- forms of intellectual(mental) labor. This work is represented both by professions related to the sphere of material production (designers, engineers, technicians, dispatchers, operators) and outside it (doctors, teachers, writers, etc.). Intellectual work is characterized, as a rule, by the need to process a large volume of heterogeneous information with the mobilization of memory and attention, and is characterized by a high frequency of stressful situations.

1.2. ENERGY COSTS FOR VARIOUS FORMS OF ACTIVITY

The energy necessary for a person to perform various types of work is released in his body during the process of redox decomposition of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and other organic compounds contained in food products. Redox reactions in living organisms can occur both with the participation of oxygen (aerobic oxidation) and without oxygen (anaerobic oxidation). Anaerobic oxidation is characterized by a smaller amount of released energy and is of limited importance in higher organisms.

During aerobic oxidation of 1 g of fat in the body, 38.94 kJ of energy is released, and during the oxidation of 1 g of protein or 1 g of carbohydrates - 17.16 kJ of energy. The released energy is partially spent on useful work, and partially (up to 60%) is dissipated as heat in living tissues, heating the human body

The set of chemical reactions in the body necessary for life is called metabolism. To characterize the total energy metabolism, the concepts of basal metabolism and metabolism during various types of activity are used.

BX characterized by the amount of energy expenditure in a state of complete muscle rest under standard conditions (at a comfortable ambient temperature, 12...16 hours after eating in a lying position). Energy consumption under these conditions is 87.5 W for a person weighing 75 kg.

When changing body position or performing any work, energy costs increase compared to the basal metabolism. Additional energy costs depend on working posture, intensity of muscle activity, information saturation of work, degree of emotional stress and other factors. In a sitting position, due to the work of the trunk muscles, energy costs exceed the level of basal metabolic rate by 5...10%, in a standing position - by 10...15%, in a forced uncomfortable position - by 40...50%.

Energy consumption during muscular work depends on its intensity and duration. So, with light sedentary work they are 116.4 ... 125, with light physical work - 408 ... 583, with heavy physical work - 583 ... 875 W.

During intense intellectual work, the brain's energy needs amount to 15...20% of the basal metabolism (brain weight is about 2% of body weight). The increase in total energy costs during mental work is determined by the degree of neuro-emotional tension. So, when giving a public lecture - by 94, among computer operators - by 60...100%.

Daily energy consumption depends on human activity:

1.3. CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS

Working conditions are a set of factors in the production environment and the labor process that influence human health and performance during the labor process.

Working conditions in general are assessed in four classes

Class I - optimal (comfortable) working conditions ensure maximum labor productivity and minimal stress on the human body. This class is established only for assessing microclimate parameters and labor process factors (severity and intensity of work). For other factors, working conditions under which unfavorable factors do not exceed acceptable limits for the population are considered conditionally optimal;

2nd class - acceptable working conditions are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed hygienic standards for workplaces. Possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated rest or at the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect in the immediate and long-term period on the health of the worker and his offspring. Optimal and acceptable working conditions are safe;

3rd class - hazardous working conditions are characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and/or his offspring. Depending on the level of excess of standards, factors of this class are divided into four degrees of harmfulness:

3.1. - causing reversible functional changes in the body;

3.2 - leading to persistent functional changes and increased morbidity;

3.3 - leading to the development of mild occupational pathology and the growth of chronic diseases;

3.4 - leading to the emergence of pronounced forms of occupational diseases, a significant increase in chronic diseases and a high level of morbidity with temporary disability;

4th class - traumatic (extreme) working conditions. The levels of production factors of this class are such that their exposure during a work shift or part of it creates a threat to life and/or a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

The physical severity of work is determined by energy costs during labor activity and is divided into the following categories: light, moderate and heavy physical work:

Light physical work(category I) are divided into two: la, in which energy consumption is up to 139 W, and lb, in which energy consumption is 140-174 W. Category la includes work performed while sitting and accompanied by minor physical effort. Category lb includes work performed while sitting, standing or associated with walking and accompanied by some physical effort.

Physical work average severity (category II) are divided into two categories: Pa, at which energy consumption is 175-232 W, and Pb, at which energy consumption is 233-290 W. The Pa category includes work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring certain physical effort. The category PB includes work associated with walking, moving and carrying heavy objects weighing up to 10 kg and accompanied by moderate physical effort.

Heavy physical work is characterized by an energy consumption of 290 W. This category includes work associated with constant movement, moving and carrying significant (over 10 kg) weights and requiring great physical effort.

The physiological picture of physical and mental fatigue is similar. Mental and physical fatigue affect each other. Thus, with severe physical fatigue, mental work is unproductive, and, conversely, with mental fatigue, muscle performance decreases. With mental fatigue, there is a disorder of attention, deterioration of memory and thinking, and the accuracy and coordination of movement is weakened.

1.4. WAYS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF LABOR ACTIVITIES

An essential role in maintaining high human performance is played by the establishment of a rational regime of work and rest. There are two forms of alternating periods of work and rest in production: the introduction of a lunch break in the middle of the working day and short-term regulated breaks.

The optimal duration of a lunch break is established taking into account the distance from work places, sanitary facilities, canteens, and the organization of food distribution.

The duration and number of short-term breaks are determined based on observations of the dynamics of performance, taking into account the severity and intensity of work. When performing work that requires significant effort and the participation of large muscles, less frequent but longer breaks of 10..12 minutes are recommended. When performing particularly heavy work (metallurgists, blacksmiths, etc.), you should combine work for 15 ... 20 minutes with rest of the same duration. For jobs that require a lot of nervous tension and attention, fast and precise hand movements (PC operators, etc.), more frequent but short breaks of 5 ... 10 minutes are advisable.

In addition to regulated breaks, there are micropauses, breaks in work that occur spontaneously between operations and actions. Micropauses ensure the maintenance of an optimal rhythm of work and a high level of performance. Depending on the nature and severity of the work, micro-breaks account for 9...10% of the working time.

High performance of the body is maintained by rational alternation of periods of work, rest and sleep. During the day, the body reacts differently to physical and neuropsychic stress. In accordance with the body's daily cycle, the highest performance is observed in the morning (from 8 to 12) and afternoon (from 14 to 17 hours). In school-age children, optimal mental performance occurs between 10 and 12 hours. During these hours, the greatest efficiency of assimilation of material is noted with the least psychophysical expenditure on the body. In the daytime, the lowest performance, as a rule, is observed between 12 and 14, and at night - from 3 to 4 o'clock. Taking into account these patterns, the shifts of work of enterprises, the beginning and end of work in shifts, and the schedule of classes in educational institutions are determined.

The alternation of periods of work and rest during the week should be regulated taking into account the dynamics of performance. The highest performance occurs on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th days of work; on subsequent days of the week it decreases, falling to a minimum on the last day of work. On Monday, work capacity is relatively reduced due to overwork.

Elements of a rational work and rest regime are industrial gymnastics and a set of measures for psychophysiological unloading, including functional music.

The basis of industrial gymnastics is the phenomenon of active recreation (I.M. Sechenov) - “Fatigued muscles quickly restore their performance not with complete rest, but with the work of other muscle groups.”

However, during heavy work or work in conditions of elevated air temperature, more

Passive in a well-ventilated area is advisable.

The beneficial effect of music is based on the positive emotional mood it evokes, which is necessary for any type of work. Industrial music helps reduce fatigue, improve the mood and health of workers, and increases efficiency and productivity. However, Functional music is not recommended for use when performing work that requires significant concentration of attention, during mental work, during high intensity work, non-permanent work places and in unfavorable sanitary and hygienic environmental conditions.

To relieve neuropsychic stress, combat fatigue, and restore performance, relaxation rooms or psychological relief rooms have recently been successfully used."

The safety of human activity is determined by the nature of work, its organization, relationships in work teams, organization of workplaces, and the presence of dangerous and harmful factors in the environment. The nature and organization of work activity have a significant impact on the functional state of the human body and are determined by: static and dynamic physical overload (lifting and carrying heavy objects, uncomfortable body position, prolonged pressure on the skin, joints, muscles); physiologically insufficient motor activity and neuropsychological overload (mental overstrain, emotional overload, overstrain of analyzers). Various forms of labor activity are divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical work characterized by an increased load on the musculoskeletal system and its functional systems (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory. Physical labor, developing the muscular system and stimulating metabolic processes, has a number of negative consequences. First of all, it is its social ineffectiveness associated with low productivity , the need for high physical exertion and the need for long (up to 50% of working time) rest.

Brainwork combines work related to the reception and processing of information, requiring tension in the sensory apparatus, attention, memory, and activation of thinking processes. This type of work is characterized by hypokinesia, i.e. decreased motor activity, which is one of the conditions for the formation of cardiovascular pathology. Prolonged mental stress has a depressing effect on mental activity: the functions of attention, memory, and perception deteriorate.

In accordance with the existing physiological classification of labor activity, forms of labor that require significant muscle activity are distinguished; mechanized forms of labor; forms of labor associated with semi-automatic and automatic production; conveyor forms of labor; forms of labor associated with remote control and forms of intellectual labor.

Forms of work requiring significant muscular activity, occur in the absence of mechanization. Features mechanized forms of labor are changes in the nature of muscle loads and complication of the action program. At the same time, the volume of muscle activity decreases, small muscles of the limbs are involved in the work, which should provide greater speed and accuracy of movements necessary to control the mechanisms. The monotony of simple actions and the small amount of perceived information leads to monotony of work, decreased reaction speed and rapid fatigue. Conveyor form of labor is determined by the division of the labor process into operations, the strict sequence of their implementation, a given rhythm, and the automatic supply of parts to the workplace. This leads to premature fatigue and rapid nervous exhaustion. With semi-automatic production a person is excluded from the process of direct processing of the object of labor. The human task is limited to servicing the machine. These works are characterized by monotony, increased tempo, and loss of creativity. For forms of labor associated with remote control processes and mechanisms, a person is included in the management system as a necessary operational link. Forms of intellectual (mental) labor are divided into operator, managerial, creative, work of medical workers, work of teachers, students, students. These types of work differ in the organization of the labor process, uniformity of workload, and degree of emotional stress. The most complex form of labor activity, requiring a significant amount of memory, tension, and attention, is creative work. It leads to a significant increase in the degree of neuro-emotional stress, which can cause tachycardia, increased blood pressure, ECG changes, increased pulmonary ventilation and oxygen consumption, increased body temperature and other changes in the autonomic functions of the body.

A person’s energy consumption in the process of life depends on the intensity of muscular work, information saturation, the degree of emotional stress and other conditions (temperature, humidity, air movement, etc.).

Daily energy expenditures for mental workers (engineers, doctors, teachers) are 10.5...11.7 MJ; for workers in mechanized labor and the service sector (nurses, salespeople) - 11.3...12.5 MJ; for workers performing moderately heavy work (machine operators, surgeons, agricultural workers) – 12.5...15.5 MJ; for workers performing heavy physical work (metal workers, loaders) - 16.3...18 MJ.

Energy expenditure varies depending on working posture. The nature of the working posture (loose, uncomfortable, fixed, forced) is determined visually. TO free Postures include comfortable sitting postures that make it possible to change the working position of the body or its parts (lean back in a chair, change the position of the legs, arms). Fixed working posture - the impossibility of changing the relative position of various parts of the body relative to each other. Similar postures are encountered when performing work related to the need to distinguish small objects in the process of activity. The most rigidly fixed working postures are for representatives of those professions who have to perform their main production operations using optical magnifying devices - magnifiers and microscopes. TO uncomfortable working postures include postures with a large bend or turn of the torso, with arms raised above shoulder level, and with uncomfortable placement of the lower extremities. TO forced postures include working postures lying down, kneeling, squatting, etc. If the nature of the work requires different working postures, then the assessment should be based on the most typical posture for the job.

When working in a sitting position, energy costs are 5...10% higher than the level of basal metabolism; with a standing working position - by 10...25%; in a forced uncomfortable position - by 40...50%. During intense intellectual work, the brain's need for energy is 15...20% of the total metabolism in the body, while the weight of the brain is 2% of body weight. An increase in energy costs during mental work is determined by the degree of neuro-emotional tension. Thus, when reading aloud while sitting, energy consumption increases by 48%, when giving a public lecture by 94%, for PC operators - by 60...100%.

The level of energy consumption can serve as a criterion for the severity and intensity of the work performed. Difficulty of work– this is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the predominant load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) that ensure its activity. The severity of labor is characterized by physical dynamic load, the mass of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the nature of the working posture, the depth and frequency of body tilt, and movements in space.

Labor intensity– this is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load primarily on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and emotional sphere of the employee. Factors characterizing labor intensity include: intellectual, sensory, emotional stress, the degree of monotony of workload, and work mode.

Life safety summary

Any organization of labor in an enterprise must begin with its own division, representing the isolation of the types of activities of each employee and much more. The division of activities is a long-established process that includes the separation, consolidation and modification of individual types of activity (labor). The basis of any division are the main types of labor:

physical;
mental.

Physical activity

In this case, a person acts as a tool of labor, since he performs energy functions in the system. Types of manual labor: dynamic and static. During dynamic work, a person must move his body in space. Static - the impact of load on the arms, muscles, joints.

Manual activity is characterized by a higher muscular load, which falls on the musculoskeletal system and body systems. At the same time, the muscular system develops, stimulating metabolic processes.

Brainwork

This is the reception and processing of information. Such work requires intense attention, activation of thought processes, and memory. Work is associated with a fairly high emotional load. But prolonged mental stress negatively affects a person’s mental activity. There is a deterioration in attention, memory, and environmental perception functions.

Elements of organization

The organization of labor in an enterprise is the establishment and change of the order according to which workers interact with the means of production. There should also be interaction between employees to achieve business goals. Labor is organized if it:

cooperative;
divided;
the workplace is organized;
workplace maintenance is organized;
labor methods and techniques have been established;
norms and measures of labor costs have been established;
favorable conditions have been created;
personnel are selected, trained and can improve their skills;
labor is paid and financially incentivized;
work activities are planned, recorded and analyzed;
there is labor discipline.

Interrelated types of work

In a general sense, there are three interrelated types of division of labor activities:

General (dividing the activities of workers between large industries, for example, transport, industry, construction).
Private (within a particular industry).
Single (labor is divided among workers of a separate enterprise).

Depending on the type and type of work, there are such types of division of labor as functional, qualification, professional and technological. It is also divided on a territorial basis (large and small units) and within units.

Functional form of division of labor

With this form, it is assumed that personnel are divided into homogeneous groups that differ from each other in their roles in the production process or activities performed. The most numerous functional group of personnel are workers: auxiliary and primary. If the first are engaged in and perform the basic functions of production, then the second group ensures the implementation of these functions (repair, adjustment, control).

Other categories are distinguished based on the functions performed by employees. These include specialists, managers, employees, technical performers, junior service personnel, students, etc.

If there is a functional division of labor at the enterprise, we can say that all categories of personnel are effectively used.

With this type of division of activities, it is assumed that efficiency will increase due to the specialization of workers, engineering and technical workers and those who work, taking as a basis a clear separation of the functions of marketing, management, design, personnel management, production of goods, etc.

Technological distribution of labor

The technological distribution of labor provides for the arrangement of workers by phases and stages, types of work, etc., as well as by production operations. This depends on the production technology and the specifics of the work. This distribution of labor affects the level of content of labor. And if narrow specialization is prone to monotony, then broad specialization has a high probability that the work will be performed poorly. Therefore, the organizer faces a responsible task: to find the optimal level of division of labor activity according to technological criteria. This form has three varieties: subject, stage-by-stage and operational division of labor.

Qualification and professional division of labor

Such types of division as professional and qualification are similar, since they depend on the employee himself.

The above division of labor implies division into professions and specialties. According to this form of division, the required number of different categories of workers is established.

Qualification division - distribution of work depending on complexity and in accordance with the knowledge and experience of workers. Distribute responsibilities between employees of different groups with the same qualifications. Qualification categories establish the corresponding skill levels of workers. The higher the rank, the correspondingly higher the level of qualification.

The listed types and forms of labor, as well as forms of cooperation activities corresponding to them, should characterize the features of interaction between workers in production. These types of division of labor create wide opportunities for the organization to use labor.

Forms of organization of labor activity

The methods for establishing planned targets, as well as the way work already completed is taken into account, allow us to distinguish the following types of work organization:

Individual form. It is used to ensure that each employee has their own task. Accordingly, records of work performed are kept individually, which means that everyone has a separately generated income.
Collective form. In this case, the entire team receives the task. Manufactured products are accounted for based on the final results of the work. The entire team receives a certain income.

In addition to the main two forms, there are the following types of labor or forms of organization:

division according to the formation of funds for carrying out activities (small enterprise, cooperative, rent, contract, individual labor activity);
by the method of interaction with higher authorities (contract, lease agreement, contract and direct subordination);
according to the management of collectives (full, partial and self-government);
by the size of the team and its place in the management hierarchy (group, workshop, district, unit, brigade, etc.);
according to the division and cooperation of labor in complex units (full division of labor, partial interchangeability and complete interchangeability);
division according to the method of planning and cost accounting (self-supporting, with elements of self-supporting and without self-supporting);
in accordance with the method of payment and material incentives (individual remuneration, collective remuneration - based on a tariff system, possibly using coefficients; tariff-free remuneration system).

The above forms can be combined.

Working conditions

Working conditions are understood as a combination of factors in the working environment and the labor process where human activity is carried out. Types of working conditions are divided into four classes, based on hygienic criteria:

Optimal conditions. Under such conditions, the employee’s health is preserved and a high level of performance is maintained.
Acceptable conditions. In this case, the factors of the production environment do not exceed the acceptable levels of hygiene standards for workers. If any changes occur, then during regulated rest the employee’s body recovers.
Harmful conditions. The combined factors of the labor process have a harmful or severe impact on health, as well as on a person’s performance during the work process.
Hazardous conditions. Production factors are at such a level that, when affecting workers, they pose a threat to life or injury or injury. This traditionally includes industrial organizations involved, for example, in nuclear energy. Of course, working in such conditions is prohibited. But in the event of an accident, emergency measures should be taken in such places.

Work safety

All types of work need to ensure safety, that is, the worker should not be exposed to hazardous production factors. The main sources of law on operational safety are the following documents:

International Act on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1996).
ILO Convention.
Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 7 - labor protection and health of people). It also sets a minimum wage. Article 37 states the right to work in conditions of safety and hygiene. In addition, forced labor is prohibited.
The Labor Code in Article 219 defines the rights of each employee to his own workplace, obtaining reliable information about working conditions, and social insurance. A person may also refuse to work if there is a danger to health or life. Each employee must be provided with personal and collective protective equipment, etc.

Other types of work

The result of work is also the criterion by which labor is divided into two types:

Past and alive. In the first case, this is embodiment in objects and means of labor. In the second case, it is the labor of the worker, which is expended at a given moment in time.
Unproductive and productive. The second leads to natural and material benefits, and the first leads to social and spiritual benefits, but they have no less utility and value for society.

It is also worth mentioning reproductive and creative labor. Reproductive leads to previously known results, since it is distinguished by the standardization of all reproducible functions. Not every person can engage in creative activities. Everything is determined by the level of education, qualifications, and ability to innovate.

Each person begins to learn all types of work at school. Of course, most of the time is spent on mental activity. But subjects such as physical education or labor introduce physical activity.

The concept and types of labor are multifaceted. They can be viewed from different angles, each time discovering new sides. However, the basic, generally accepted divisions of work activity should be known in order to understand the difference between them. This can be useful, for example, when applying for a job.