A gun at the temple of culture. “optimization” is the favorite word of the current authorities

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No. 21 / 15.03.2013

In a large explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, the word “optimization” means choosing the best option from a variety of possible ones. In our case, this set, as it were, is not observed, however, it is desirable to bring the designated process (meaning optimization) closer at least one step to its original value. This was decided to do in one of the rural municipalities in response to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on raising the wages of cultural workers by 56.1 percent of the average wage in the region. In essence, the money is also not so hot, if you take into account the meager salaries themselves. On this occasion, letters of appeal to the President of the Russian Federation began to appear on the Internet with a request to pay attention to culture in general, which, according to the authors of these messages, turned out to be in the backyard of the economic and spiritual life of the country. Being one of the structures of rural municipalities, most of which are themselves experiencing financial difficulties and which, in addition to centers of culture, have a bunch of other problems, by definition they are not able to “optimize” the situation, in particular, with material support, both for cultural workers and for leisure activities organized by them. events. And therefore, the choice of the best option from the many possible, it seems, will be difficult.

Let's see how it will look on the example of the same municipality where we managed to visit for days. So, in connection with the above-mentioned Decree, a meeting of cultural workers who carry out their activities on the territory of this municipality was held in the Makeevsky House of Culture of the Nikolnikovsky Village Council. It should be noted right away that after the well-known merger, four Houses of Culture and four libraries function here.

Addressing the audience, the head of the village council, I.N. Mikhalev, said that two options were proposed to resolve the financial issue: to carry out the so-called optimization or, leaving everyone in their places, transfer them to 0.8 and 0.7 rates. In this case, optimization means a reduction in personnel and, due to this, an increase in wages in the amount proposed by the Decree. To do without these options, as the head of the village council explained, is not possible due to the fact that the budget of the municipality is extremely limited. And there is no money to increase the salaries of cultural workers in the amount referred to in the Decree. Since there are many urgent unresolved problems related to the improvement of settlements, water supply, gasification. In particular, the Makeevka House of Culture has electric heating and you can imagine how much you have to pay for it.

And therefore, local cultural workers did not have much choice, and they agreed to 0.8 and 0.7 rates. I.N. Mikhalev said that in this case they would not particularly lose anything, and in a good situation and taking into account bonuses, the earnings, for example, from the director of the center of culture and his artistic director would be quite worthy. One would like to notice: according to our times, is that really a lot of money - seven or eight thousand? And, this is the best case.

There was a speech at the meeting about the urgent need for material assistance to cultural centers for various events. For example, the artistic director of the Makeevka House of Culture, E.M. Biryukova, asked the head of the village council: “What about trips to various competitions in the district, in the region? I'm not talking about funds for costumes, I sew them myself. By the way, we have 60 pieces of costume clothing. And almost everything is done with their own hands and at their own expense. Our children participate in amateur performances with pleasure. And they often win. To which the head of the village council, after a concentrated silence, said that, they say, we will resolve issues if there is such a need. And, of course, she is. An example of this is the children's teenage amateur association "Caprice", which has been working at the Makeevka House of Culture for 10 years, was recently awarded a diploma at a regional competition and recognized as the best among similar creative teams of rural centers of culture in the region. The guys also performed well at the recent regional festival of artistic creativity. Vladislav Mantulin and Natalya Lyashchenko especially distinguished themselves with the dance "Cossacks" and Stepan Sobolev, Sofia Biryukova, Nastya Yurina, Olya Shvedchikova with the dance "Waltz under the sky of Paris". That is, work is underway, and, basically, everything rests on the enthusiasm of the same artistic director. They say that the director of this House of Culture has recently resigned. It can be seen that he realized that such an “optimization” was not up to him.

At this meeting, they talked about the quality of work of everyone, about the richness and variety of cultural events, about their significance for the population. Those present drew attention to the fact that not all of their colleagues conscientiously treat their duties. Sometimes, for some, these duties come down to opening a local club and playing music once a week for young people, calling this event a disco. We decided to financially stimulate vigorous activity within the framework of the tasks that the country's cultural workers face today. And against this background, it is quite obvious that today the role of rural centers of culture is especially great, where they, in fact, are the only place where you can spend your free time for a villager who has not been spoiled by civilization. And it depends only on local musicians, choreographers, singers, projectionists how high-quality and productive this free time will be. And therefore, the conditions in which they work should be comfortable and good. In our country, it sometimes happens that neither the presence of a diploma nor the length of service in this industry is taken into account when remunerating cultural workers. Often, people who are completely random stay in culture, and professionals leave because “optimized” salaries put them in an awkward social position when it comes to the adequacy of their role in society and its monetary equivalent.

Therefore, I would like to say this: since we are talking about cultural workers at the federal level, maybe it would be worthwhile to optimize in the sense that is indicated in the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language? It is not necessary, perhaps, to substitute one concept for another. Because cutting staff because they have nothing to pay is not optimization. It's obvious. True, one circumstance is encouraging. As far as we know, the financial situation in municipalities is currently being monitored in order to count on some support from local budgets over time to gradually increase the salaries of cultural workers.

480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Thesis - 480 rubles, shipping 10 minutes 24 hours a day, seven days a week and holidays

Frolova Anna Sergeevna INTEGRATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE VILLAGE AS A FACTOR OF OPTIMIZING THE LEISURE OF THE POPULATION: dissertation ... Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences: 13.00.05 / Frolova Anna Sergeevna; [Place of defense: Chelyabinsk State Institute of Culture], 2017.- 249 p.

Introduction

Chapter I. Theoretical and methodological foundations for integrating the activities of municipal cultural institutions as a factor in optimizing the leisure of the rural population 22

1.1. Socio-cultural conditions, historical experience and the essence of the integration of the activities of rural cultural institutions in the context of optimizing the leisure of the population 22

1.2. Theory and experience of optimizing the leisure of the population in the context of the integration of the core activities of rural cultural institutions 48

1.3. The pedagogical potential of the work of rural clubs, museums, libraries as a basis for the integration of their activities 65

Chapter II. Development and experimental testing of a model for integrating the activities of rural cultural institutions to optimize the leisure of the population 91

2.1. Model and criteria for integration interaction of rural municipal cultural institutions to optimize the leisure of the population 91

2.2. Analysis of the practice of integrating the activities of rural cultural institutions in Russian regions 106

2.3. Experimental study of the integration of the activities of rural cultural institutions in the Altai Territory 128

Conclusion 153

List of accepted abbreviations 165

References 166

Introduction to work

The relevance of research. The problem of optimizing the leisure of the rural population and ways to solve it in the current socio-cultural situation are due to a number of factors, including: the implementation of the reform of local government on the basis of federal law 131-FZ " "(2003). One of the negative consequences of the reform was the reduction in the number of cultural institutions at the municipal level, including those operating in rural areas (M. B. Abramova, I. M. Vetlitsina, E. L. Ignatieva, and others). Another factor that has had a significant impact on the processes of organizing modern organized leisure in the countryside and its qualitative characteristics is the reorientation of the leisure interests and demands of young residents of domestic rural areas in the direction of widely promoted by the media and the Internet foreign cultural patterns and models of leisure behavior of a predominantly “Western” format. (S. N. Gorushkina, L. V. Dukacheva, I. V. Kiriya and others). The third factor was the mass “domestication” of the leisure of rural residents, noted by domestic sociologists and specialists in the field of the theory of socio-cultural activity (G. G. Voloshchenko and others). A typical modern villager prefers leisure activities at home, not showing a sustained interest in leisure activities offered by local cultural institutions. A natural consequence is the outflow of visitors from cultural institutions operating in rural areas, which often has a negative impact on the development of leisure behavior of the villagers.

In this regard, the issues of finding ways to improve the efficiency of the activities of cultural institutions are of great importance, among which the most typical for rural areas due to their quantitative prevalence are the historically established types of domestic organizational structures for cultural purposes: club-type institutions, libraries and museums that are part of the territorial complex of cultural services for rural areas. population of modern Russia.

Text " Fundamentals of state cultural policy” (December 2014) captures the need of modern Russian society in “preserving the existing network of cultural organizations, creating conditions for their development, mastering new technologies for cultural activities”; notes the importance of "strengthening the role of such cultural organizations as a museum, a library ... The House of Culture in the matter of historical and cultural education and upbringing." The document declares the public need for "development of the infrastructure of cultural activities, creation of a favorable cultural environment in ... rural settlements", the need to "create legislative, organizational and financial mechanisms for the development of ... inter-municipal cultural cooperation and interaction."

At the federal and regional levels, this need of society and the state regarding the development of the sphere of culture and leisure at the present stage is reflected in the texts of federal target programs " " (2002) and " "(2013), as well as in the text of the state regional program" Sustainable development of rural territories of the Altai Territory for 2012–2020”(2011).

An analysis of the practice of statutory activities of rural cultural institutions reveals that in the conditions of a small number of employees and limited material and technical resources, cultural institutions - through regular partnership contacts, gradually taking the form of integrating activities - successfully solve the problem of improving the organized leisure of rural residents, ensure that leisure is filled with valuable pedagogical developmental and recreational content. This trend is a worthy alternative to the destructive leisure practices of the villagers, which can be reduced, for example, to excessive alcohol consumption (especially on holidays), the commission of illegal actions, systematic passive recreation while watching TV, thoughtless imitation of samples of “template”, fashionable leisure.

In connection with the foregoing, the topic of the dissertation research is relevant. Its significance is justified by the need to search for pedagogical ways and modern ways of solving it in theory, methodology and organization of socio-cultural activities. The organizational and pedagogical possibilities of integrating the activities of rural cultural institutions can be considered as a factor, i.e. the reason and driving force for optimizing the leisure of the village population, which determine the nature of this optimization, however, in the theory and practice of socio-cultural activities, this problem cannot currently be considered. be classified as deeply meaningful and thoroughly worked out.

The degree of scientific development of the problem. An analysis of the state of development of the problem allows us to state the presence of a certain number of scientific works by domestic researchers, in various aspects, revealing the issues of reforming the management system of Russian rural areas and the administration of rural cultural institutions in post-reform conditions (T. V. Abankina, M. B. Abramova, R. Babun, A. A. Vasiliev, M. R. Zazulina, E. L. Ignatieva, N. Maksimova, E. V. Maksimova, S. V. Shvartseva, E. L. Shekova, etc.). In our study, we relied on the theoretical provisions and conclusions set forth in the works of domestic sociologists devoted to the problems of the quality of life of the population (including rural), the dynamics of the development of the social sphere of regions, rural municipalities (V.N. Bobkov, E.V. Bocharova, I. N. Buzdalov, A. V. Vorontsov, S. I. Grigoriev, P. S. Maslovsky-Mstislavsky, V. A. Patsiorkovsky, V. I. Staroverov, A. Ya. Trotskovsky, A. A. Khagurov and others).

The works of scientists dealing with the preservation and development of the infrastructure of the socio-cultural sphere (T. V. Abankina, M. B. Avramova, E. S. Grinfeld, Yu. A. Shubin, etc.) were essential for the development of certain aspects of the research topic. .); scientific works in which attempts are made to search for and fix the boundaries of the core activities of a modern club, library and museum (V. Vikulova, T. V. Galkina, A. Yu. Gil, M. Ya. Dvorkina, I. N. Donina, T. A. Zhdanova, T. A. Lovkova, Z. V. Russak and others); as well as studies on modern forms of interaction between rural cultural institutions (T. F. Berestova, A. D. Zharkov, L. S. Zharkova, L. V. Sokolskaya, Z. V. Russak, M. N. Tishchenko, M. G. Khugaev and many others). In this regard, we were interested in both modern approaches of practitioners to the organization of inter-agency interaction processes (T. Abramova, V. Avetisyan, N. O. Androsova, E. L. Babiy, T. Kuznetsova, T. Kyapyanova, etc.), and and works of a theoretical nature, revealing the issues of the formation of the cultural environment for the development of the individual (T. A. Zhdanova, A. S. Kondykov, L. V. Sekretova, S. B. Sinetsky, etc.), organizing cultural services for the rural population, creating cultural space of rural settlements (I. M. Vetlitsina, L. A. Klaven, Ya. I. Mozelova, I. E. Chestnodumov, etc.). In addition, the historical aspect of the integration of the activities of cultural institutions is important for our study, namely: the spread of rural cultural and sports complexes in our country (V. I. Rybalka and others) and, in particular, in Altai in the 1980s. (A. Prokhozhev, G. Ryzhkova, S. G. Sizov, T. Solyanova and others).

Exploring the process of optimizing the leisure of the rural population and its connection with the integration of the activities of rural cultural institutions, we relied on data from sociological studies of various scales obtained by scientists specializing in studying the cultural interests and needs of the inhabitants of the modern Russian village (G. G. Voloshchenko, M. K. Gorshkov , S. N. Gorushkina, L. V. Dukacheva, I. V. Kiria, N. E. Likhachev and others). Also significant are the works of specialists in the field of the theory of socio-cultural activity concerning the nature, functions, typology of leisure (G. A. Avanesova, Yu. A. Streltsov, etc.), leisure pedagogy (A. F. Volovik, V. A. Volovik, V. D. Ponomarev, etc.), features of leisure activities and leisure behavior of various categories of the population (A. V. Sokolov, V. V. Medvedenko, G. V. Olenina, etc.), a complex of socio-cultural technologies ( Yu. D. Krasilnikov, E. I. Grigorieva, etc.) as a modern tool for the formation and development of organized leisure of the population.

The problem of partnership, complex forms of interaction between cultural institutions in rural areas is described in the works of T. V. Bezuglova, L. K. Blyudova, V. Vikulova, L. Boytsova, S. N. Gorushkina, Yu. A. Demchenko, L. A. Dmitrieva , T. B. Lovkova, E. V. Miroshnichenko, Ya. I. Mozelova, O. Yu. Murashko, M. N. Osipova and many others. etc. In our scientific work, the materials of dissertation research on the integration of the activities of cultural institutions, belonging to scientists specializing in the field of theory, methodology and organization of socio-cultural activities, were important: in particular, the works of V. I. Solodukhin, L. V. Secret ; D. V. Shamsutdinova’s dissertation work, which outlines the concept of leisure activities as a factor in the socio-cultural integration of the individual, also became important.

In the studies of foreign experts, the modern problems of cooperation between clubs, libraries and museums are reflected in the publications of B. Ostby (Birger 0stby), M. Chute (Mary L. Chute) A. Yarrow (Alexandra Yarrow) and etc.

An analysis of the degree of scientific development of the problem made it possible to identify the following contradictions concerning the process of optimizing the leisure of the rural population based on the integration of the activities of diverse cultural institutions that are subordinate to the municipal authorities of the district or village levels:

the increased need to develop the infrastructure of cultural and leisure activities, to create comfortable conditions for strengthening the role of such cultural organizations as a club, a library and a museum, where the establishment of integration relationships between them can be an adequate way to meet this need, and the weak development of theoretical foundations for the process of integrating activities these types of rural cultural institutions, as well as the lack of practical recommendations for implementing the results of integration into the work of rural cultural institutions.

awareness of pedagogically unsatisfactory results, as well as the low quality and insufficient number of cultural and leisure programs organized in the context of the practice of fragmented functioning - i.e. exclusively independent forces - a rural club, a library and a museum and insufficient development of organizational and pedagogical methods and mechanisms for integrating the activities of these institutions, contributing to the optimization of organized leisure for residents of rural areas;

the need of the municipal sector of the sphere of culture and leisure in optimal forms of cultural and leisure activities, various types of leisure, especially in the developmental and recreational variety of leisure behavior of the rural population and the insufficient development of new, adequate pedagogical approaches to solving this problem, related, in particular, to integration of the activities of rural cultural institutions, in the theory and practice of socio-cultural activities.

These contradictions made it possible to formulate research problem, which lies in the need to substantiate, develop and introduce new ways and methods of optimizing the leisure of the population associated with the integration of their activities into the pedagogical process organized in rural cultural institutions.

The problem defined the following wording research topics: "Integration of the activities of rural cultural institutions as a factor in optimizing the leisure of the population."

Purpose of the study: to substantiate theoretically and experimentally prove the effectiveness of integrating the activities of rural cultural institutions as a factor in optimizing the leisure of the population.

Object of study the optimization of organized leisure of the rural population in cultural institutions is advocated.

Subject of research is the organizational and pedagogical process of integrating the activities of rural cultural institutions as a factor (i.e., the driving force and reason) for optimizing the organized leisure of the village population.

In the process of research, the following hypothesis: optimization of the leisure of rural residents, organized under the condition of integration of the activities of cultural institutions, will be effective if the following positions are implemented:

considering the process of optimizing the leisure of the villagers and the process of integrating the activities of rural cultural institutions as two interrelated processes, where one process - integration, is the driving force and cause of another process - optimizing the leisure of the village population;

understanding of modern rural institutions of the socio-cultural sphere (club, library and museum profiles), which are institutionalized subjects of organizing the leisure of the rural population, as in need of developing integration relationships;

researching the theoretical and methodological foundations, modeling and experimental testing of the integration model for the activities of rural institutions operating in the municipal sector of the cultural sector, which will lead to the optimization of the organized leisure of the villagers, i.e., improve its quantitative and qualitative characteristics according to certain criteria.

The purpose and hypothesis of the study determined it tasks:

explore the socio-cultural conditions, historical experience and determine the essence of the integration of the activities of rural cultural institutions in the context of the need to optimize the leisure of the villagers;

to analyze the theory and practice of optimizing the leisure of the population of rural municipalities in the context of integrating the activities of diverse cultural institutions operating in rural areas;

identify the commonality of the pedagogical potentials of the work of rural clubs, libraries and museums as a basis for integrating their activities;

to develop a model and criteria for the integration interaction of cultural institutions to optimize the leisure of the rural community;

The interdisciplinary nature of the study determines the reliance on the achievements of various areas of social and humanitarian knowledge, in view of which theoretical and methodological basis of the study are:

on philosophical level: the philosophical and philosophical and pedagogical meaning of the concept of "factor" as "manifestations of cause-and-effect relationships and the driving force in the development of any process that determine its character or individual features" (R. V. Ryvkina, I. B. Lebedeva); philosophy of the process (P. P. Gaidenko); the structure of human activity within the framework of a systematic approach (M. S. Kagan); the philosophical idea of ​​the phases or levels of leisure (E. V. Dobrinskaya, E. V. Sokolov) as the basis for developing a typology and classification of types of leisure and leisure activities of a person.

on general scientific level: study of the phenomenon of partnership, integration of various types of cultural institutions, interpenetration of forms of activity of a club and a museum, a museum and a library, a library and a club (E. M. Akulich, S. N. Gorushkina, Z. V. Russak, M. Ya. Dvorki -na, Yu. A. Demchenko, T. B. Lovkova, E. V. Miroshnichenko, O. Yu. Murashko, L. V. Sokolskaya, etc.); transformation of the sphere of culture in connection with the reform of local self-government (M. B. Abramova, G. N. Butyrin, A. A. Vasiliev, I. M. Vetlitsina, S. I. Grigoriev, E. S. Grinfeld, E. M. Zezeka, N. E. Likhachev and others); historical, cultural and sociological analysis of leisure (G. G. Voloshchenko, M. K. Gorshkov and others); problems of modern museum, library and club pedagogy (T. V. Galkina, A. F. Volovik, V. A. Volovik, E. P. Mandebura, B. A. Stolyarov, I. I. Tikhomirova, L. N. Shekhovskaya and etc.); a qualimetric approach in pedagogy, which makes it possible to develop representative methods for measuring the results of a pedagogical experiment (I. K. Shalaev).

On concrete scientific level: an institutional approach to the classification of institutions and institutions of the socio-cultural sphere (M. A. Ariarsky, A. V. Sokolov): determining the functional purpose of various types of cultural institutions in post-reform socio-economic conditions (A. D. Zharkov, L S. Zharkova, V. M. Chizhikov); the idea of ​​the paradoxical nature of the leisure activity of a modern person (Yu. A. Streltsov), which determines pedagogical approaches to the organization of developing leisure, opposing spontaneous personal-destructive leisure behavior (A. V. Sokolov); socio-cultural approach to the integration of the individual in the system of leisure activities (D. V. Shamsutdinova), development of integration processes in the socio-cultural sphere (V. I. Solodu-khin); the idea of ​​developing the essence of technologies, forms, programs, projects of cultural, leisure and socio-cultural activities of various categories of the population (E. I. Grigorieva, T. G. Kiseleva, Yu. D. Krasilnikov, G. V. Olenina, etc.) ; interpretation of the effectiveness of socio-cultural activities (V. M. Ryabkov).

The following complex was used in the dissertation research methods theoretical nature: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific literature of philosophical, sociological content, materials of scientific and professional press, devoted to various issues from the areas of the theory of socio-cultural activity, library science and museology by domestic and foreign authors.

Among the methods of the empirical level, the dissertation research involved: analysis of published and unpublished documents of rural cultural institutions, expert survey (with elements of an in-depth interview), focus group discussion, the method of mapping microsociety problems, modeling, pedagogical experiment.

Information base researches were: the federal target program " Social development of the village until 2013"(2002), federal target program" Sustainable development of rural areas for 2014-2017 and for the period up to 2020"(2013), Fundamentals of State Cultural Policy (2014), Action Plan ("road map") " Changes in the branches of the social sphere aimed at increasing the efficiency of the cultural sphere"(2012), federal laws 131-FZ" On the general principles of the organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation"(2003), 83-FZ" On the introduction of amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation in connection with the improvement of the legal status of state (municipal) institutions"(2010), industry laws 54-FZ" About the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and museums of the Russian Federation"(1996), 78-FZ" About librarianship"(1994) and others.

Basic experimental base The ascertaining stage of the study was made by 206 domestic rural cultural institutions (including those from the Volga, North-Western, Siberian, Central and Ural federal districts of Russia). Nine cultural institutions, clubs, libraries and museums, included in the experimental group, operating in three rural municipal districts of the Altai Territory: Pavlovsky, Smolensky and Kosikhinsky, as well as six cultural institutions (clubs, museums and libraries ) Zonal and Biysk districts of the Altai Territory, included in the control group. In total, 229 managers and employees of rural cultural institutions, 90 villagers took part in the experiment.

The study was carried out in several stages(from 2010 to 2016).

On first stage(2010–2011), based on the study of scientific, professional literature from various areas of social and humanitarian knowledge - the theory of socio-cultural and cultural and leisure activities, library science and museology - a theoretical understanding of the essence of integration processes in the system of activities of institutions of socio-cultural spheres operating within the boundaries of a modern rural settlement, from the standpoint of several scientific approaches (phenomenological, institutional, pedagogical, etc.).

On second stage(2012–2015) the selection of research tools took place (preparation, examination, “piloting” and adjustment of all units of the document-7 complex

field research support: questionnaire, interview plan and focus group discussion, registration cards, observation diary, protocols, etc.); a series of scientific expeditions was undertaken to the rural areas of the Altai Territory (Biysk, Zonal, Smolensk, Pavlovsky, etc.).

Third stage(2015–2016) was the final one: processing of data obtained during an expert survey, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, pedagogical experiment, comprehension and generalization of the results of research work, formulation of conclusions and design of a dissertation test.

Scientific novelty research is as follows:

socio-cultural conditions and the essence of the integration of the activities of rural cultural institutions in connection with the problem of optimizing the leisure of the rural population are determined; it was found that the solution to this problem requires the integration of the activities of diverse cultural institutions, which consists in the systematic cooperation of these organizational structures to create joint cultural and leisure programs that are attractive to the villagers, increasing the developmental and recreational potential of organized leisure, which contributes to the sustainable development of rural cultural institutions as subjects of organized leisure inhabitants of the modern village;

a brief description of the nature, character, functional-target content and typology of leisure is given, an analysis of the preferences of the rural population of certain types of leisure is presented; it has been established that the most significant place in library and museum work is given to forms of educational and educational type of leisure, while club work is characterized by the organization of forms of entertainment and entertainment and artistic and creative types of leisure;

the correlation of the essential functions, principles and goals of the core activities of club, library and museum institutions as pedagogical systems, their orientation in practical work towards the main goals of pedagogically organized leisure (development, recreation, entertainment) of their audiences; this allows the club, library and museum to successfully practice jointly organized programs without violating the specific, "industry" functions of the core activities of each of these types of institutions;

a pedagogical model for organizing the integration interaction of rural cultural institutions has been developed, the most typical of which are a club, a library and a museum, showing the process of optimizing the leisure of the rural population; the model includes causes, external and internal goals, mechanisms, principles, human resource of goal achievement, coordinating body as an internal subject of integration process management, assessment of the effectiveness of this process based on certain criteria;

the levels and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the integration interaction of rural cultural institutions - clubs, libraries and museums - have been determined and tested; the content of the criteria is indicators of quantitative and qualitative signs of optimizing the organized leisure of village residents in accordance with the criteria for the integration interaction of cultural institutions (the source of the integration interaction initiative, frequency, systematicity, coincidence of the goals of integration contacts).

The theoretical significance of the dissertation research is as follows: 1) the theory of socio-cultural activities has been supplemented by the definition of the concept of "integration of the activities of rural cultural institutions" developed in the study, which is understood as a method of implementing their partnership interaction, which has a historical tradition, characterized by a voluntary, systematic pooling of resources and professional efforts of staff of diversified institutions (club, library, museum) to create joint modern cultural and leisure programs that are attractive to the rural population and solve pedagogical problems in the field of leisure; integration contributes to the improvement of the quality and increase in the number of such programs, and also contributes to the stabilization of the processes of implementation of the statutory activities of rural cultural institutions;

a pedagogical model for organizing the integration interaction of the most typical cultural institutions in the countryside (club, library and museum) was developed in order to optimize the leisure of rural residents; the model is the author's version of the conceptual and theoretical solution to this problem based on the use of systemic and process approaches, goal-setting methodology, the principle of subjectivity to determine the source of initiative for the development of integration processes;

the analysis and evaluation of the pedagogical experiment are proposed, which allow us to assert that the pedagogical model and the criteria for its implementation are adequate to the problem being solved and are theoretical methods for proving the effectiveness of integrating the activities of rural cultural institutions as a factor in optimizing the leisure of the village population.

The practical significance of the dissertation research lies in the fact that the conclusions formulated in it have found and can find their practical application in the future in the work of rural cultural institutions, as well as structural subdivisions of the bodies of settlement and district administrations that manage the activities of these institutions. Acquaintance with the research materials will be useful for specialists providing analytical, methodological, educational, informational and other support for the activities of municipal rural cultural institutions, as well as for specialists whose activities are related to the development and promotion of socio-cultural projects, teaching the basics of social - cultural design at advanced training courses for employees of cultural institutions. The results of the dissertation research are important for teachers of universities and colleges who manage the process of training personnel for institutions of cultural and leisure, library and museum profiles, and can be included in the content of academic disciplines taught in higher education (for example, "Fundamentals of Cultural Policy", "Innovation and methodological activity of libraries”, “Management of social and cultural activities”, “Management of library and information activities”, “Museum management”, “Regional library (museum) business”, “Social work in various spheres of life”, etc.).

Reliability and validity the results obtained in the course of the study are ensured by the correctness of the initial theoretical and methodological positions; a corpus of methods adequate to the purpose, objectives and hypothesis of the study; experimental testing of the hypothesis and its confirmation; the reliability of the statistical data used, the use of mathematical methods for processing experimental data.

Provisions for defense:

1. In the current difficult situation associated with transformation (commercialization,
liberalization, “Westernization”) of the public sector of the cultural sector, as a result
implementation of the reform of local self-government in the practice of work of rural cultural institutions
tours, an integration of their activities arose, which is a process that appeared in
socio-cultural sphere of rural areas in response, on the one hand, to the destructive
the nature of the cultural and economic situation associated with the post-reform reduction
a network of cultural institutions as an infrastructural base for organized leisure, on the other hand,
rona, with changes in leisure preferences and the "domestication" of unorganized dos
hectares of villagers, which reduces the pedagogical recreational and developmental potential of leisure, organizing
called by the forces of cultural institutions. Cultural institutions that solve the problem of optimal
leisure activities of the rural population, integration is necessary, associated with a systematic
by combining efforts to create modern, attractive to the population, pedagogical
ski rich cultural and leisure programs, jointly organized by various
philanthropic cultural institutions (club, library, museum), which contributes to sustainable
to the development of rural cultural institutions operating in conditions
yah shortage of material and technical, financial and human resources, as well as increasing
the quality of the leisure time of the villagers.

2. Organized leisure of the population of modern rural areas requires optimal
tion, which is understood as the improvement of its qualitative characteristics on the basis of
9

newly defined criteria. Due to the paradoxical nature of the phenomenon of leisure, the complexity of the pedagogical impact on the leisure behavior of the individual and social communities, in order to implement the recreational and developmental orientation of the organized leisure of the rural population, taking into account the characteristics of the leisure preferences of rural residents, their lifestyle, the nature of physical labor, low solvency, it is necessary integration of the activities of rural cultural institutions, namely the club, library and museum, as historically established subjects of organized leisure of the population; this will help ensure not only an increase in the number of cultural and leisure programs, but also improve their quality, make the organized leisure of the villagers attractive and more diverse by integrating the forms of information, educational and educational types of leisure traditionally inherent mainly in libraries and museums, and forms of entertainment and entertainment and artistic and creative types of leisure, which are characteristic to a large extent for the work of the club.

The integration interaction of rural cultural institutions does not essentially contradict the goals, functions and principles of the core activities of each of the most common types of cultural institutions in rural areas (club, library or museum), since within the framework of their branch theories, at the theoretical and methodological level, these institutions are comprehended in the status full-fledged pedagogical systems that form and develop (each in its own degree) information and educational, creative, communicative, recreational leisure needs and interests of their audiences in accordance with the principles of leisure pedagogy. At the level of practice, the integration process can be considered as an organizational and pedagogical mechanism for combining the pedagogical potentials of diverse cultural institutions of a rural municipality in order to organize high-quality, diverse, developing leisure of the population, artistic, entertainment, game, creative and amateur forms of which, being inherent only in a club, in modern situations due to integration widely penetrate into the activities of the museum and library.

In order for the integration process to be effective, it is necessary to develop and experimentally test the pedagogical model, criteria and levels of organization of integration interaction of rural cultural institutions, on the basis of which it was possible to establish in the Siberian region that integration is: 1) the reason for optimizing the leisure time organized by these institutions of the population, since in those areas of the Altai Territory where the facts of integration were not recorded, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of leisure remained invariably low; 2) the driving force of leisure optimization, since the dynamics of leisure optimization indicators was revealed using the criteria and levels of the integration process. As a result of integration, the nature of organized leisure of the rural population has changed, namely: the qualitative and quantitative characteristics and attractiveness for the population of pedagogically oriented cultural and leisure programs developed jointly by rural clubs, libraries and museums have significantly improved. As a result of theoretical and experimental work, it was possible to prove that the integration of the activities of rural cultural institutions is a factor, i.e. the cause and driving force, of the organized leisure of the rural population, which significantly improves the nature of leisure, increasing its efficiency.

Approbation of results research work was made in the course of their discussion on international scientific, scientific-methodical and scientific-practical conferences (Westwood (Canada), 2015; Moscow, 2014; Barnaul, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016; Barnaul/Gorno-Altaisk, 2014); at conferences all-Russian level (Omsk, 2011; Tyumen, 2011; Barnaul/Novosibirsk, 2012; Barnaul, 2012, 2014, 2016) ; at conferences interregional level (Barnaul, 2012), etc.; as well as at scientific and practical conferences regional And urban levels (Barnaul, 2010–2015), etc. The results of the dissertation research were discussed at the Department of Socio-

cultural activities of FGBOU VO "Altai State Institute of Culture" (Barnaul).

The main provisions, conclusions and recommendations of the dissertation research are presented in 18 publications, three of which are published in peer-reviewed scientific publications included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The research materials have been introduced into the practice of the work of cultural institutions of the administrative centers of three rural municipal districts of the Altai Territory, which constituted the experimental group of the experimental base of the formative stage of the research work: 1) Pavlovsky district: MBUK " District House of Culture "Youth"", MBUK " ", Remzavodsk Settlement Library-branch of MBUK" Pavlovsk inter-settlement model library named after I. L. Shumilova", MBUK " Pavlovsk Historical and Art Museum. G. F. Borunova»; 2) Smolensky district: MBU " District House of Culture of the Smolensky District of the Altai Territory", SMUK " Smolensk Historical and Memorial Museum. A. P. Soboleva", MKU " Centralized Library System Smolensky district of the Altai Territory"; 3) Kosikhinsky district: MMBU " Kosikhinsky District House of Culture", MMBU " Kosikhinsky Model Memorial District Library named after R. I. Rozhdestvensky"and MBU" Kosikhinsky Regional Museum of Local Lore».

Thesis structure includes an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of accepted abbreviations, a main list of references, including 194 titles and an additional list of references containing a description of 111 materials from the Internet resources of local governments of municipal districts and rural settlements of the Altai Territory, own web pages of rural cultural institutions and regional scientific and methodological services, 8 applications, author's graphic material in the amount of 3 figures, 23 tables and 11 diagrams.

Theory and experience of optimizing the leisure of the population in the context of the integration of the core activities of rural cultural institutions

The share of the rural population in the total population of Russia is about 26% (approximately 38 million people according to Rosstat as of January 1, 2016) . The scientific community shows considerable interest in the issues of the specifics of the development of the domestic village, including the problems of organizing the leisure of the villagers in the current socio-cultural situation.

The authors of the fundamental encyclopedia "Sociology" (Moscow, 2003) propose to consider a "village" (in a broad sense) as a "socio-territorial community, a historically specific settlement structure, one of the first forms of settlement of people engaged mainly in agricultural labor, characterized in contrast to away from the city by a small concentration of population in a certain area. Sociologists, considering the village as a social system, note that the village "performs a subordinate role in relation to the city, life in it is due to natural cycles, it is distinguished by relatively difficult working conditions due to its low power supply, less developed social infrastructure, worse conditions for cultural development and holding leisure".

On the one hand, according to scientists, the specific features of the peasant (as emphasized oppositional urban) culture include: “the internal cohesion of the rural community; ...preservation of traditions, customs of antiquity, a high proportion of collective activities during working and free time; working lifestyle, ... the predominance of moral regulators of behavior over legal, legal ones, etc. . Academic thought traditionally suggests a high degree of functional loading of an ultra-complex socio-cultural order behind rural areas. One of the leading modern Russian sociologists and political scientists, A. A. Khagurov, among the key functions of the village, indicates: the solution by the village (along with the city) of the strategic tasks of resettling Russian citizens; ensuring social control over the territories; preservation of historically developed agricultural landscapes; playing a decisive role in ensuring the food security of the country; preservation of the ethno-cultural diversity of Russian society; ensuring the ecological well-being of the country; participation (in the status of the most important link) in resolving the issue of the quality of life of Russians; the creation of a peasant culture, which largely determined the national mentality, etc. .

On the other hand, researchers of the current state of the domestic rural area (for example, P. P. Veliky, V. V. Patsiorkovskii, V. I. Staroverov, A. A. Khagurov, V. L. Shabanov, etc.) express opinions and assessments on the subject of extremely negative in terms of its qualitative consequences of the transformation of its traditionalist socio-cultural foundations. The transformation, provoked by the actualization of radical state liberal market reforms, has acquired an “irreversible systemic and structural character” and is a serious obstacle to the positive socio-cultural dynamics of the development of the domestic village.

The fundamental socio-cultural discord in the life of the rural community manifests itself as a complex of spiritual, cultural and pedagogical (social pedagogy) problems. With regard to the domestic peasantry at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. serious “violations of the principle of social justice” were admitted, which caused a block of the most acute problems, including: systemic deformation of the way of life, which entailed complex crises and conflicts of personal and group axiological orientation; escalation of processes of devaluation of sociocultural norms and ideals.

In diversified studies concerning the life of rural areas, experts express opinions that "the village as a socio-territorial system has entered the stage of systemic degradation" . According to S. I. Grigoriev, "the vitality of the rural population of the country, its spiritual and cultural appearance, the resources of spiritual, moral and demographic development turned out to be reduced to strategically dangerous limits" . Meanwhile, the quality of life of the peasantry "determines ... and the national security ... of the state" 1 .

The task of improving the level and quality of life of the rural population, set out in the text of the "Concept for the long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020", acquires the status of a key state task2. It seems that the solution to this problem is not least correlated with the requirement for a qualitative improvement in the leisure of modern villagers.

Domestic academic thought (represented, for example, by V. N. Bobkov, P. S. Maslovsky-Mstislavsky, E. R. Pak, etc.) defines the scientific category “quality of life”3 as “the level of development and degree of satisfaction of a complex of highly developed needs and interests of people” circulating, including in the spiritual, cultural and informational areas of their life.

The pedagogical potential of the work of rural clubs, museums, libraries as a basis for the integration of their activities

The usual boundaries of strict specialization of the profile activities of modern cultural institutions are losing their clarity and strength under the pressure of a number of objective factors (such as changes in socio-legal, socio-cultural, socio-political, socio-economic and other contextual conditions for functioning) and subjective factors (for example, recognition self-value of leisure, individualization of the content and hierarchy of the axiosystem of the personality of the mass modern Russian, de-universalization of models of his leisure behavior, changes in the composition of his leisure interests and personal expectations regarding the conditions and methods of their formation and satisfaction, etc.). The productivity of the development of inter-institutional partnerships among rural municipal cultural institutions is ensured, from our point of view, by the “opening” of these highly specialized boundaries, which is a consequence of the reorientation of the work of cultural institutions in the direction of organizing leisure activities: like a club, modern rural libraries and museums show the same strong concern about the quality of organizing leisure activities for their audience, they are also interested in communicating leisure activities of a pedagogical orientation, intensive development of its developmental and recreational potentials.

It is no secret that cultural institutions have chronic difficulties in attracting the audience to actively participate in the cultural life of rural areas, primarily related to the problem of the effectiveness of the search for fresh forms, methods and technologies for organizing leisure activities of the local population. In this sense, it is not accidental - even natural - that library and museum workers regularly turn to the methodological and technological arsenal of club work, which specializes exclusively in organizing leisure activities. Through regular borrowing of traditional and innovative forms of socio-cultural activities, modern library and museum practice expects to gain reliable protection against the risks of being unclaimed by rural audiences. In our opinion, cooperation between the work of institutions representing the areas of cultural and leisure activities, library and information business and museum work is facilitated by the development of two interrelated processes. Firstly, the rapprochement of cultural institutions in the positions of active subjects of the organization of leisure activities of the municipal community, equally interested in improving the qualitative characteristics of the leisure of the villagers. Secondly, there is a growing need to neutralize the frank tilt of cultural events towards vulgar entertainment, primitive entertainment by saturating them with information and educational, educational, historical and cultural content.

Researchers (T. G. Kiseleva, Yu. D. Krasilnikov, Yu. A. Streltsov and others) note the presence of inter-institutional contacts in the practice of functioning of the modern socio-cultural sphere, characterizing them as fragile, the reasons for which are called "lack of a clear idea of ​​... forms of collaboration. However, experts do not question the “striving for social partnership” natural for cultural institutions and note the strengthening of “their joint, coordinated and coordinated actions based on common, coinciding functions” as one of the trends in the development of the socio-cultural sphere.

The philosophical category "function" (from Latin function - execution, implementation, commission) in social science and the humanities is usually denoted "the external manifestation of the properties of an object in a given system of relations" . The functions of cultural institutions (in the variants “public tasks”, “social role”, etc.) are defined as “distinctive duties in relation to society” (L. M. Shlyakhtina).

Referring to the procedure of functional analysis21 using a comparative method, we reveal meaningful correlations of the elements of the functional load of cultural institutions (see Table 4). Analyzing the data given in table. 4, we find fair the statement about the possibility and necessity of developing integration relations between cultural institutions on the basis of a complex of coinciding essential social functions, which include the following: developing, directed towards comprehensive support of the processes of personality formation, transformation of its qualitative properties in the direction of improvement; the developing principle is recognized as essentially immanent to other functions (M. A. Ariarsky, T. G. Kiseleva, Yu. D. Krasilnikov, O. V. Pervushina, and others);

Analysis of the practice of integrating the activities of rural cultural institutions in Russian regions

Of course, the results of integration interaction need a competent assessment, which is not always possible to competently produce on the basis of a set of indicators traditionally used in a narrow industry order, i.e., “by type of institution”: separately for club-type organizations, separately for public libraries, separately for museums. The prerogative of formulating and approving a list of performance evaluation indicators, methods for fixing their value, determining the entities participating in the integration process, the order of reporting periods, etc. belongs to cultural institutions and local governments.

The process of developing a system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of integration interaction between cultural institutions includes, in our opinion, at least seven stages (see Appendix 3), each of which is characterized by its own content: “discussion”, “preparatory”, “expert”, “ approbation”, “correctional” and “operational”. Among the participants in this process we name: employees of collectives of cultural institutions, acting as subjects of integration interaction; a coordinating body formed from among the initiative specialists from the collectives of cultural institutions to perform administrative, coordinating, control and other functions in relation to the course of the integration process; an independent expert acting as an authoritative reviewer of the system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of inter-agency cooperation; as well as representatives of local authorities (committees (departments) for culture of district or rural administrations), whose powers extend to the approval of the text of the municipal task for the provision of services (performance of work) in the field of culture. At the end of each stage, a document is developed by collective efforts, which serves as a “starting point” for organizing work at the next stage.

Thus, the process of integrating the activities of the structures of the municipal socio-cultural sphere of the domestic village (clubs, libraries and museums) is characterized by the presence of internal and external goals that are directly related to the optimization of organized leisure for the population of the rural municipality. The integration process, implemented by the action of mechanisms of budgetary and extrabudgetary support, documentary and legal regulation, research and methodological support, is subject to specific principles for the development of partnerships (equality of rights for the subjects of interaction, achievement of socially significant goals by joint efforts, etc.). In procedural terms, integration interaction, the state of which can be objectively assessed by a number of special criteria, is differentiated into several stages with its own content, covering a list of integration subjects and a set of procedures, operations and actions corresponding to the stages.

This model is pedagogical insofar as the pedagogical nature is, firstly, the external goal of integrating the activities of cultural institutions and, secondly, the qualitative results of this integration related to the optimization of leisure for the population of rural areas.

This pedagogical model of organizing the integration interaction of rural cultural institutions, aimed at optimizing the leisure of the population, and the criteria for assessing the state of integration interaction of rural cultural institutions must be tested in the course of a pedagogical experiment.

The organization of an empirical study of the problem reflected in the formulation of the topic of the dissertation work was carried out in two main stages: 1) pilot, the key goal of which was the preparation, testing and adjustment of the original scientific and methodological tools for the main research activities; 2) field, dedicated to conducting the main empirical research on the stated topic.

During the pilot phase of the study, a series of pilot expert surveys and standardized interviews27 were conducted. The results of preliminary research practices fully coincided with the results of the main field study of the problem of integrating the activities of rural cultural institutions as a factor in optimizing the population's leisure. Its starting point was an expert survey (with elements of an in-depth interview)28 involving representatives of 206 rural29 cultural institutions from several regions of Russia. The increase in the level of information content of the survey results was achieved due to the involvement of the focus group discussion method at the final stage of the ascertaining study, supplemented by a docked version of the microsociety problems mapping method.

Experimental study of the integration of the activities of rural cultural institutions in the Altai Territory

We note, first of all, a significant progress in the quantitative values ​​of each of the above criteria in relation to all participants in the experimental group. The frequency of partner contacts between institutions (especially those operating in the administrative center of the Smolensk region) has significantly increased: from annual (and even rarer) to monthly, and in some cases even weekly (Pavlovsky region).

The initiators of the development of inter-institutional cooperation relations before the experiment were both the structural units of local governments responsible for solving the issues of organizing cultural services for the population of rural municipalities, and the personnel of cultural institutions, who showed different interest (from weak to strong) in establishing joint work. During the experiment, it was possible to record a gradual transition of the initiative from the authorities to the heads of cultural institutions, who, through participation in the special working councils (informal coordinating bodies) created by them, successfully solve the issue of administering integration processes: formulate the goal and objectives of cooperation, determine the list of jointly organized events, evaluate quality, develop solutions to support inter-agency cooperation relations, etc.

The systematic nature of integration contacts, assessed primarily from the point of view of possessing the qualities of manageability and "planning", during the experiment developed from the level of "low" to "above average".

According to the criterion of the coincidence of the goals of the subjects of integration interaction, the pre-experimental situation in all participating municipalities was assessed as unsatisfactory due to the weak readiness of cultural workers to find ways to bring together the activities of institutions of club, library and museum profiles. At the experimental stage of the study, the indicator rose to an “above average” level due, in particular, to the establishment of the work of informal coordinating councils, one of the core functions of which was the constructive coordination of the goals of all participants in integration relations.

Finally, according to the criterion “levels and criteria for optimizing the organized leisure of residents of a rural municipality”, there is also significant progress. Before the start of the experiment, the work of any cultural institution was built in accordance with its own plan: the museum and library specialize in organizing educational and educational programs, and the club specializes in organizing artistic and creative events, the number of which is small, and the forms are not diverse, so they remain unattractive for the population. In the process of development of integration processes, jointly organized programs of organized leisure, characterized by entertainment, scale, stable frequency, variety and novelty of forms, are gaining popularity among the rural population, receive financial support from the municipal or state authorities. Thus, the level of integration interaction practiced by the cultural institutions of the district center of the Pavlovsky municipality turned out to be the highest: with a maximum value of 50 points, the level of development of integration of the activities of local clubs, libraries and museums is estimated at 48 points.

The situation is similar in Kosikhinsky and Smolensky and regional centers: the level of development of partnership relations between cultural institutions is qualified as “maximum” (43 and 45 points, respectively).

The overall result of the scientific experiment should be recognized as the achievement of the maximum level of dynamics of integration interaction of rural municipal cultural institutions in the process of improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of organized leisure of the rural population of the regional centers of the Altai Territory.

To simplify the necessary mathematical calculations, we present the data of two tables (Tables 10 and 11) in one (see Table 12), where we indicate the number of cultural institutions (experimental and control groups), the actual state of integration of whose activities at the time of measurement was correlated with one from three levels of integration interaction.

Health Minister Veronika Skvortsova is far from the only minister who will have to respond to the Accounts Chamber's criticism of the consequences of optimizing public services. Photo by RIA Novosti

Vladimir Putin's calls to increase the efficiency of government spending turned into a deterioration in the areas of education, culture and health care. A shocking report on the failures of budget optimization on the eve of the President's Direct Line with the Russians was published by the Accounts Chamber (AC). Before a live TV broadcast with citizens, the president listens to the gracious reports of the relevant ministers. And the report of the Joint Venture on the increase in mortality for the Kremlin, apparently, turned out to be a surprise. Meanwhile, the auditors noticed a clear deterioration not only in health care, but also in education and culture. For many Russians, due to “budget optimization”, the services of libraries, kindergartens and other educational institutions have become inaccessible.

Yesterday, in preparation for the Direct Line, Health Minister Veronika Skvortsova reported to President Vladimir Putin on the department's progress. According to the minister, the prices for vital medicines are under constant control by the Ministry of Health, healthcare funding has been increased by more than 200 billion rubles this year, in 2014 the country's child mortality has decreased by three times and maternal mortality by four and a half times.

However, in the eyes of many citizens, the reports of the Ministry of Health were not very convincing - especially against the background of the publication of the shocking report of the Accounts Chamber on the thoughtless reduction of medical institutions. Such "optimization" led to the deterioration of many objective indicators of the quality and accessibility of medical services for citizens of the Russian Federation.

Before Putin's meeting with the head of the Ministry of Health, presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov referred to the fact that the report of the joint venture was published just the other day, and "it will still be studied." It seems that the Kremlin preferred to pretend that the alarming conclusions of the auditors turned out to be too unexpected and still need to be further verified and analyzed.

Meanwhile, the authorities will have to study the failures of budget optimization not only in healthcare, but also in education, culture, and social services for citizens. Judging by the report of the Accounts Chamber, the scale of the problems can no longer be hidden: not only medicine, but the entire social sphere has suffered due to a primitive approach to reform. Sometimes the so-called optimization only led to an increase in costs without an adequate increase in the quality and availability of services.

JV auditors report that in 2014 almost 600 educational organizations were liquidated and slightly more than 2,000 were reorganized. In 2015-2018, about 3.6 thousand more educational institutions will be liquidated or reorganized. “Thus, the number of pre-school education organizations will decrease by 5.6%, general educational organizations - by 6%, additional education organizations for children - by 3.6%, secondary vocational education organizations - by 16.1%, organizations for orphans and children left without parental care - by 14.7%, ”says the materials of the Accounts Chamber.

The inspections showed that the optimization of the education system was started without a proper analysis of the network and assessment of the needs of the population. So, last year, about a thousand schools were closed or reorganized in the regions, and almost the same number are planned to be liquidated from 2015 to 2018. However, the auditors note that according to the demographic forecast of Rosstat, by the 2020/21 academic year, 2.5 million more places will be required than in 2012-2013.

At the same time, optimization does not achieve even the simplest goal - saving budget funds. One example is Chuvashia. “In a village with a population of just over 500 people and with a school in a non-emergency state for 90 children with a load of 60%, a school for 165 students was built,” the auditors report. According to their data, in 36 regions, after optimization, the costs of maintaining educational institutions did not decrease, but increased: “For example, in the Sakhalin region - by 155%, in Tatarstan and Mordovia - by 146%, and in Udmurtia - by 125%".

If the authorities talk about optimization, and not the primitive liquidation of a part of the social sphere, then the work of ministries should be assessed by changes in the availability and quality of services. However, officials pretend that this simple consideration does not concern them. “An analysis of educational services showed that optimization did not improve the situation with their low availability for rural residents. 9.5 thousand settlements with a population of 300 to 1.5 thousand people do not have kindergartens. 877 of them are located over 25 km from the nearest kindergarten. At the same time, a third of these settlements are not covered by public transport, ”Tatyana Golikova’s department reports.

“In the Vologda region, 17% of settlements do not have kindergartens, and in the Astrakhan region - 89%. Despite their relatively close distance to the nearest kindergarten, a quarter of all are not covered by public transport, ”auditor Alexander Filipenko cites more specific data. According to him, a similar situation has developed in the infrastructure of secondary education: almost 6 thousand settlements with a population of 300 to 1.5 thousand people do not have general education organizations, out of 940 settlements it takes more than 25 km to get to the nearest school.

Finally, optimization has not led to wage increases everywhere. “The value of the wage indicator in 2014 was not achieved in three out of six areas - in organizations of preschool, general education and for orphans,” the Accounts Chamber reports.

Culture also faces the same problems. In 2014, there were almost 2.1 thousand fewer cultural institutions in the country. And the main reductions occurred at the expense of cultural and leisure institutions, which became less by 1.1 thousand, and libraries - a reduction of about 340 institutions.

Let's take a look at libraries. “Based on social standards, there should be more than 26,000 libraries in the Russian Federation. At the end of 2014, their number amounted to slightly more than 5 thousand. In a number of regions, as a result of optimization, the level of provision with libraries became very low. For example, in the Chelyabinsk region, it fell to 59%. In the Samara region, the availability of libraries is below the norm in 14 out of 27 municipal districts,” the auditors write.

The authors and performers of optimization themselves are to blame for its failures, experts say. Moreover, some analysts blame the optimizers for the fact that they are trying to literally put pressure on the social industry, imposing on society their vision of how exactly medical, educational and other services should be provided. And other analysts believe that all the problems arise just because of the lack of proper control over the optimization process.

“The era when big breakthroughs were effective in one area or another, construction from scratch, has long passed for Russia, but we can’t refuse an emergency approach to business,” says Sergey Shandybin, an analyst at the Razvitie group. – In education, at first they dragged it to the last, allowed the system to go with the flow for a long time, to ignore the demands of society, and then they decided that everything could be fixed by administration, simply juggling financial flows, reducing something somewhere, and adding something somewhere. But this will not work: the country is too large, the education sector is in too complex relations with the rest of society for “a priori” models to be applicable here. Now the reforms should reduce the flow of administration and provide individual blocks of the education system with more freedom to interact with the outside world, to take into account its needs, Sergei Shandybin believes.

“The reason for the failures is the lack of organizational resources. The problem is that it is physically impossible to keep track of the optimization of a huge number of budgetary institutions without organizing an appropriate automated control system. There are a lot of components here - from corruption to banal technical errors and design overlays, ”assumes TeleTrade analyst Alexander Egorov. In his opinion, it is precisely because of the lack of centralized control that such incidents occur as the construction of a second school in a settlement where even one school can hardly be filled halfway.

Oparin Gennady Alekseevich, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Samara State Institute of Culture, Samara [email protected]

Optimization of cultural and leisure activities in the house of culture

Annotation. Based on the characteristics of the current state of culture, the article reveals the mechanisms of socio-cultural influence on the cultural development of a person in the field of leisure. The main attention is paid to the study of the features of cultural and leisure activities in the houses of culture, as multifunctional club-type institutions. Recommendations are formulated aimed at optimizing the organization of cultural and leisure activities in cultural centers. Key words: culture, leisure, house of culture, socio-cultural development, socio-cultural activities, cultural and leisure activities.

Socio-cultural activities in the field of leisure are carried out in real time and are characterized by relevance. Carried out on the basis of communication in free time, activities with the aim of influencing the socio-cultural development of society and the individual contribute to the development of social norms of culture. In the process of socio-cultural activity, socially prescribed stereotypes are substantiated by ordinary consciousness as natural ways of behavior of a cultured person. Through holidays, traditions, customs, ceremonies, rituals, ceremonies, which form the basis of social and cultural activities, social norms are organically woven into social practice, into the objectively determined direct life experience of people; represent a process of socio-cultural interpretation and figurative concretization of social norms. In social and cultural programs, social norms of culture are translated into standards, models, standards of behavior and internalized by the individual. Legislative regulation of cultural activities applies mainly to art culture, museum and library work, television, radio and some other similar areas traditionally related to culture. Fundamentals of legislation on cultural activities are focused on the regulation of cultural activities, in the center of which is art, while socio-cultural activities go far beyond the limits of artistic culture and extend to the social life of people. The conceptual binomial, expressed by the concept of "sociocultural", reflects the desire for fruitful interaction between society, culture and man in diverse spheres and forms of social life and cultural development. The problem of sociocultural development arises from the contradiction between personal and public interests. Proclaimed in modern life and implemented in practice, the orientation towards personal success in life, comprehended from the standpoint of systems theory, makes it possible to detect mismatch between parts of the social system, which leads it to self-destruction. The search for ways to harmonize public and personal interests in life is the main task of sociocultural development. The current state of the culture of society (social culture) is determined by the internal political features of the modern period and integration into global civilizational processes. The sociocultural vector of development is focused mainly on Western values. At the same time, the level of everyday culture of behavior, communication and relationships of people in our country, according to the results of sociological studies, is assessed as rather low (2.66 on a five-point scale), which indicates people's dissatisfaction with the modern culture of human relations in Russia. The process of searching for a “national idea”, “forming a system of values”, which has dragged on for decades, has led society into a state of anomie instability, vagueness, inconsistency of normative prescriptions, violation of the value-normative system of society. The influence of the economy and business on social and cultural activities is manifested in two ways. The commercialization of culture contributes to the development of entrepreneurial activity, the expansion of the cultural market and the orientation of cultural products to meet the actual, real needs of people. On the other hand, the volume of budget financing of cultural institutions limits the possibilities for the development and implementation of socially significant projects. The basis of the cultural policy of the state is the task of providing legal guarantees for free cultural activities and non-interference of the state in creative processes. The social features of the state policy in the field of culture are determined by priorities: protectionism in relation to national cultures; ensuring accessibility for citizens of cultural activities, cultural values ​​and benefits; introducing children to creativity and cultural development; patronage in the field of culture in relation to the least economically and socially protected sections of the population; development of patronage and sponsorship in the field of culture.

In practice, "cultural exchange" is unidirectional import of the most attractive foreign forms, ideas and values ​​of culture. Art and literature are losing their sacredness and former attractiveness. Spiritual orientations are supplanted by the material interests of people, and spirituality is replaced by modern models and products of mass culture, infernal, mystical and sectarian ideas. The deformation manifests itself in the real images of the “heroes of our time”, in the first row of which are representatives of mass culture and show business, who make up the grotesque face of modern culture. Public opinion is concerned about the decline in the general cultural level in the country, the decline in spirituality in society and the influence of mass culture on the consciousness of a large part of the people.

Houses of culture and clubs are unique cultural and leisure institutions that are territorially and socially close to people's life and perform specific socio-cultural functions in the general system of culture. Houses of culture and club institutions need to significantly improve their work in accordance with modern socio-cultural processes. There are ample opportunities for people to choose ways of cultural and leisure pastime, including outside cultural institutions. The House of Culture, as the main center of leisure in rural areas, is a monopoly in the field of organizing cultural and leisure activities. At the same time, there is a problem of attracting people to the cultural institution. The main contingent of participants in amateur art groups are children, the elderly and women. Mass festive events are attended by different people, who at the same time make up a community formed on the basis of a territorial-settlement feature. One of the problems in the work of houses of culture in the countryside is the lack of demand for cultural and leisure programs and services offered to the population. The paradox of the situation is that it is not people who need a house of culture, but a house of culture that needs people. Cultural institutions should correspond to modern life realities. The general socio-cultural problem of the activities of the Houses of Culture lies in the contradiction between modern cultural and leisure needs and the interests of the population, on the one hand, and the actual practice of the work of the Houses of Culture, whose activities do not fully correspond to modern socio-cultural processes. The House of Culture as a multifunctional club-type institution works in several main areas: mass work, circle work, organization of daily leisure, recreation and entertainment. The organizational structure of club activities, which has been formed over decades, has not changed much over time. The architectural and planning forms of cultural houses are focused on holding spectacular events with the division of all participants into speakers and spectators fenced off from each other by the "fourth wall". cinema, concert, theater organization with an auditorium in which meetings are sometimes held. The artistic dominant in the work of club institutions was formed on the basis of the idea of ​​the applied and effective influence of an ideologically and pedagogically selected repertoire on the socio-cultural development of people. The emotional appeal of art and the possibility of public demonstration of achievements by amateurs contribute to the development of amateur art as a form of leisure that develops and elevates a person. Cultural development of a person occurs in various fields and under the influence of many factors. Houses of culture work in the field of leisure. The main functions of leisure: recreation, entertainment, personal development. Freedom is the essence of leisure. Visiting the house of culture in your free time, not out of obligation, not under compulsion, but voluntarily, at your own request, is the most important condition for cultural development. In the current situation of mass disorientation in the system of social and cultural values, leisure activities and employment in socially approved ways of spending time and activities should be assessed positively. Socially approved leisure activities: creativity; spiritual and physical development of a person;

recreation and entertainment. Socially unapproved leisure activities: violation of moral norms and rules; deviant behavior; violation of the law. Socially approved leisure activities do not destroy the individual and do not harm society.

In the field of leisure, it is important to preserve a person's sense of freedom: physical, social, spiritual, emotional, intellectual. Freedom of expression and self-expression. The task of culture and cultural development is the liberation of man. Socio-cultural activity is a mild form of influence on the cultural development and self-development of people. In cultural and leisure institutions, development takes place on the basis of amateur performances in various manifestations. Professional club workers create desirable conditions for visitors. The profession of employees of cultural and leisure institutions is organizational in form, social and cultural in content and serving in the nature of relationships with visitors. Relationships between state cultural and leisure institutions and the population can successfully develop on the basis of cultural customer service in order to meet cultural and leisure needs.

The desire for the fullness of life experiences is manifested in the pragmatization of leisure through the rational use of free time. For adults and children, it is not the rest itself that is important, but also the process filled with impressions, discoveries, and experience. Club projects should be developed based on the actual needs of residents who make up the potential audience of visitors to the cultural center. A significant part of club projects and programs has a clearly expressed social and pedagogical focus. Purposeful pedagogical interaction is carried out by the following methods: informing, commenting, explaining, persuading, example. Methods for stimulating the social and cultural activity of club visitors: competition, evaluation, encouragement, perspective, demand, assignment. The methods listed are direct methods of influence and are used in the preparation and holding of public events. Work in a cultural institution implies a general and pedagogical culture of employees capable and ready for social and personal interaction with visitors. In the process of holding mass, chamber, collective group events and classes, the social environment, the people participating in the event, has a significant impact on the culture of people. Behavior, actions, communication, exchange of information and opinions, free expression, creativity of the participants become a factor influencing people. The calendar holidays and public events contain a meaningful and semantic potential that can be realized in traditional or innovative social and cultural formats, through modern technologies for the purpose of cultural development. Classes in amateur groups are conducted by leaders with special education or work experience, based on artistic and pedagogical methods. Based on the study of the activities of houses of culture, it is possible to formulate some practical recommendations based on traditional approaches and modern socio-cultural processes in order to optimize the socio-cultural work of houses of culture. Plan and design club work based on calendar holidays and events. 2. Prepare and hold mass and chamber calendar events on the basis of interactivity, involving the public in improvisational, joint socio-cultural communication. 3. Form and use a stable system of external relations with educational institutions, organizations, social groups and citizens to involve in the preparation and participation in calendar holidays and events. 4. Conduct competitions among the population, reviews of personal achievements and exhibitions of local craftsmen in various types of activities: art, needlework, floriculture, gardening, cooking, professional and applied skills and abilities, etc., timed to coincide with calendar events. skilds-professional skill competitions. 6. Conduct special events on special orders of organizations, institutions and citizens.

Amateur activities and club associations 1. Creation and support of amateur art groups operating in line with historical, cultural, national and regional traditions. 2. Creation of amateur art groups based on the initial, actual interests of people formed under the influence of modern fashion.

3. Creation of studios for general cultural: artistic, aesthetic, applied, health, etc. development. 4. Attracting to the DC amateurs engaged in creativity or amateur activities outside the club, on their own, for systematic cooperation. 5. Creation of associations, studios and courses for training applied practical skills. Everyday leisure in DK1. Watching videos. 2. Provide Internet access.

3. Create a game library or purchase game equipment.

4. Aestheticize, decorate the interior.

5. Organize art bazaars fri market - exchange of objects, things, books, skills. The house of culture is the center of secular culture and leisure in the countryside. The purpose of the house of culture is the socio-cultural development of the population in the field of leisure. The changes taking place in life and culture inevitably affect the work of cultural institutions. The multifunctionality of club institutions implies a variety of forms and areas of work with different age and social groups of the population. A multifunctional cultural institution can carry out activities in various areas of artistic, physical, political, moral, aesthetic, legal, national, everyday culture. The main task of modernization is to optimize the activities of the house of culture based on the efficient use of resources and opportunities for socio-cultural activities in accordance with modern socio-cultural processes.