Is the adverbial turnover separated by commas. Separate circumstances

As many people know, the adverbial turnover has the meaning of an additional predicate, therefore it is isolated, highlighted by commas. This usually does not cause difficulties for students. However, there are cases when the adverbial turnover does not need to be separated. We will now consider these cases in more detail.

1. Participle turnover(most often this is a turnover with the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action) does not denote an additional action, but, on the contrary, being closely connected with the predicate, it itself becomes the semantic center of the statement. In this case, it cannot be removed or moved without distorting or losing the meaning of the sentence.

He stood with his neck slightly stretched out, sad and thoughtful.(the main thing is that he did not just stand, but stood with his neck slightly stretched out).

She usually read with her head tilted and the tip of her tongue stuck out.(meaning how she read, not what she read at all).

This exercise must be done while sitting on the floor.(the meaning is in exactly how this exercise is performed).

2. The adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit.

The boy hurried headlong to call rescuers for help.

The printers worked tirelessly.

After receiving the news, the girl spent the night without closing her eyes.

Here are some of these phraseological units: sleeveless, barely catching his breath, screaming without taking a breath, rush with his tongue out, lie staring at the ceiling, sit with bated breath, work with his sleeves rolled up, rush about without remembering himself, listen with his ears hanging out others.

Some adverbial phraseological combinations act as introductory ones, then they are isolated.

In all honesty, the exercise could have been done much better.

Apparently, you can already go on the road.

3. When there is an amplifying particle I before the adverbial turnover.

It was possible to report this without starting to quarrel.

A humble person remains humble even after defeating a strong enemy.

You can go home without waiting for the result of the exam.

4. If the adverbial turnover is broken by a word, which is part of a subordinate clause or in a simple sentence. This usually applies to relative attributive clauses with an allied word which. Similar cases can also be found in some poetic texts.

To the left was a door, leaving through which it was possible to get into the dressing room.

Yesterday, a new film by Jim Jarmusch came out on the screen, after watching it it is not difficult to understand his creative growth.

Perched on the spruce tree, Crow was about to have breakfast, but she thought about it ... (I. A. Krylov).

But Shibanov, keeping his slavish loyalty, gives his horse to the governor (A. K. Tolstoy).

5. The participle may lose its verbal meaning, then it is not separated by commas. Usually in such cases it can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence.

The post office is located not reaching Vosstaniya Square.

Universities accept applicants under the new rules since the end of last year

You can start the task from tomorrow.(the word starting can be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will not change).

However, if the turnover with the word beginning is not related to the concept of time or serves to clarify, explain, then it separates.

Everything seemed suspicious to us, starting with his intonation

The captain, starting from the Crimean War, participated in all military operations, except for the Japanese(the word starting cannot be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will change).

Turnovers based And according to in most cases they are not included in the adverbial construction and are not isolated.

The task is based on your wishes.

We will act according to the circumstances.

6. The adverbial turnover acts together with the usual non-isolated circumstance and they are homogeneous. In this case, the adverbial turnover is not separated by commas.

We will teach you how to solve examples and problems with ease and without resorting to reference books.

The boy ran quickly and did not look back.

The lieutenant answered inoenomu and not embarrassed.

However, in this case isolation is possible if the author wants to put a semantic emphasis or give a passing explanation.

A little guilty and sobbing, mother psaid goodbye to Alyosha.

In the dark sky, wearily and not sparkling, little yellow droplets of stars appeared. (M. Gorky).

As you can see, not everything is simple with punctuation marks in the adverbial turnover, but we hope our explanations helped you. If something is not entirely clear, you will always find help from our tutors!

Good luck to you and a beautiful, competent, understandable Russian language!

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The opinions of linguists about what a gerund is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others suggest that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The participle is an independent part of speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how the action is performed by the verb-predicate, and has an additional effect. If the gerund in a sentence is not alone, but has words that depend on it, then this set of words is called a gerund. The article will tell about how and when the separation of gerunds in a sentence is made.

What is isolation?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way of clarifying and highlighting a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of the proposal that are secondary can be isolated, and this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Separations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the ongoing action. Not only stand-alone gerunds, but also gerunds can be isolated.

Examples of single gerunds

If an isolated circumstance does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single gerund. When writing a sentence, this part of speech is always distinguished by commas on both sides.

The location of the participle in the sentence can be any. Here are examples of the correct selection of single gerunds with commas:

As she stared, she couldn't utter a word.
When I returned, I found my sister at home.
Without training, you can not achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following gerunds were allocated with a comma:

staring;
returning;
without exercising.

There are several repeated participles in the letter. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas among themselves and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such proposals:

Laughing, singing and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
Laughing and winking, Pasha closed the door.
She was silent, angry, but cowardly.

Homogeneous participles in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, inspired, rushed towards her dreams.

Separation by commas of single gerunds

Separation of single gerunds occurs in the following cases:

If the gerund plays the role of the second predicate in the sentence. Stores the meaning of the verb. Indicates the condition, cause, or time of an action, but not its image. Having escaped, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests departed without calming down.
If you can check the sentence in your mind by replacing the gerund with a verb, or make a complex sentence out of a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. The guests after the holiday, though not calmed down, but dispersed.

Separation of single gerunds does not occur if:

A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya got down from the tree silently and slowly.
If gerunds are circumstances of the mode of action and they cannot be replaced by verbs. Zhenya tears silently and in no hurry.
If a single participle can be replaced by a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Isolation of single gerunds depending on their location in the sentence

Separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of a sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

Tanya tried on slippers slowly.
On the way, slowly, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, the separation of the participle with commas is not done, since it is represented by the circumstance of the mode of action. It can be replaced by the word - "slowly".

In the second sentence, the participle is the circumstance of the reason ("because I was in no hurry").

How is an adverbial turnover formed?

If the sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions “what are you doing?”, “what are you doing?” and called a gerund, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called a gerund participle.

In a sentence, this turnover always performs the function of a circumstance and refers to the verb, as it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon or object that performs the main actions.

Examples of adverbial phrases

The separation of participles and participles occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the verb-predicate. For example:

All day dark clouds were moving across the sky, now opening the sun, then closing it again.
Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her with surprise and fascination.
Joy, bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
I watched the sunrise without taking my eyes off it.
The kid, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.

What should be remembered when using the gerund and participle in a sentence?

The basic rules for using adverbial phrases when writing a text are as follows:

Expressed by the verb-predicate, the main action and the additional action, expressed by the adverbial turnover, must refer to the same person, object or phenomenon.
Most often, the isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles is used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in the imperative mood.
If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the adverbial turnover.
The isolation of gerunds and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since the gerund expresses a sign of a circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and participles not separated by commas?

Separation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles is not carried out if:

Circumstances are connected by the union "and" with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and accepted his attentions. Dasha played noisily and screamed with joy.
Circumstances converge with adverbs. They lose their added value and acquire the value of a sign of action. This:

gerunds, which have become phraseological turns (without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, headlong, opening your mouth, and others). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But: rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the tub. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
gerunds that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually comes after the predicate. The "adverb" of these gerunds is obvious in sentences where there is a group of homogeneous members - gerunds and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. without embarrassment is a gerund, and frankly- adverb.

Commas do not distinguish gerunds in the composition having the dependent word "which" in all its variations. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should be distinguished from verbal participles

Separating the participles, many do not think that these can be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

clover;
sneak;
joking;
silently;
sitting;
standing;
lying and others.

The gerunds identical with these words retain an additional effect. This happens during the formation and connection with other gerunds. Anya rode standing all the way. He will do the job jokingly (easy). These sentences use adverbs.

Standing at the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participle in the first sentence and the homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

From the prepositions they distinguish: starting with, based on. Commas are not put, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. It's snowing since the night (it's coming from the night)

Separation of participles and participles: what is the difference?

Participial and participle turnovers perform different functions in a sentence and have their own following morphological differences:

The participial turnover or single participle refers to the word being defined (noun or pronoun). The participle or participle turnover is closely related to the verb-predicate. At the same time, the participle changes in numbers, genders, cases, has a full and short forms, and the participle is an invariable word form.
The participial turnover and the participle perform the function of definition in the sentence, and the gerund and participle turnovers act as different circumstances.
Participles and participles are different with suffixes. Participles have such suffixes as -usch-(-yusch-), -ashch-(-yashch)- -vsh-, -sh- of real participles and -om-(-em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- in the suffering. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -lice-, -shi-.

If there is a union in the sentence next to the adverbial phrase, then they are separated by a comma. Unions and are not included in circulation. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over a puddle, ran home. An exception is the union "a", which stands before the adverbial turnover. In this case, it is included in the turnover. For example: A person needs to understand what is the meaning of life, and having understood this, he will tell others.
If the sentence consists of several participial phrases or single participles, then commas are placed between them as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand, and kept the other on her belt.
If in one sentence there are several adverbial phrases relating to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, paying no attention to the people, rushed away.
The adverbial phrase is always separated by commas on both sides.

Separation of gerunds will not cause problems if you learn how to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How can you help your child consolidate what they have learned?

After the child has studied the theoretical material, he should be invited to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children should work orally with sentences and learn to find adverbial phrases and single adverbs in them. After that, students should be asked to write sentences and arrange them. In addition, the child must explain his choice in the arrangement of commas.

After the children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and allied words. At the same time, before finding a participle or a single participle, one should highlight the grammatical basis.

They complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammatical bases and homogeneous adverbial phrases.

A gerund may have dependent words. Together with 5P with them, it forms a participle turnover. For example, in a sentence Vessels did not go to sea, settling in the harbor(A. Novikov-Priboy) with gerunds defending there is a dependent word in harbor: defending(Where?) in the harbor. Settling in the harbor- participial turnover.

The adverbial turnover in the sentence is one member of the sentence - the circumstance.

Predicate and adverbial turnover:

184. Write down the verbs with the adverbial phrases related to them.

1. Grandmother never strayed in the forest, unmistakably determining the way to the house. 2. A coniferous forest rings above me, shaking off drops of dew from its green paws. 3. Somewhere close thunder struck, frightening everyone. 4. Sitting by the window, the grandmother twisted threads for lace. 5. The girl is naughty, does not want to go to bed without saying goodbye to me. 6. “Goodbye, see you tomorrow,” said the girl, holding out her hand to me. 7. Having read Pushkin's fairy tales several times, I already knew them by heart.

(M. Gorky)

185. Read the text, replacing the verbs in brackets with gerunds. Determine the speech type and text style. Analyze the structure of the text, highlighting the introduction, body and conclusion in it. Make a question plan. Write down the verbs with the adverbial phrases related to them.

The result of the action of a force depends not only on the magnitude of this force, but also on the area of the surface perpendicular to which it acts.

Consider examples. On loose snow, a person walks with great difficulty, deeply (falling through) at every step. But, (put on) skis, he can walk in the snow, almost not (fall through) into it. Why? On skis or without skis, a person acts with the same force equal to his own weight. But the action of this force is different in both cases, because the surface area on which a person with skis and without skis presses is different. The surface area of the ski is twenty times the area of the sole. Therefore, (to stand) on skis, a person acts on each square centimeter of the snow surface area with a force twenty times less than (to stand) on snow without skis.

This means that the result of the action of the force depends on what force acts on each unit of surface area.

Applying this rule, reason like this: Turning the switch, the boy turned on the light - lit(When?) turning the switch. Turning the switch- this is a participial turnover, it is at the beginning of the sentence, after it a comma is placed.

186. Write off, highlighting the adverbial phrases with commas. Underline the participles and participles as members of the sentence.

1. The wolf at night, thinking to get into the sheepfold, got into the kennel. 2. Sensing gray so close to the bully, the dogs burst into the stables. 3. On the spruce tree, Crow, perched up to have breakfast, was just about ready. 4. The frog in the meadow, seeing Ox, started to catch up with him in stature. 5. Loving solitude, the timid Chizh chirped to himself at dawn.

(I. Krylov)

187. Write with missing punctuation marks. Designate graphically adverbial phrases (see the sample in the box). Underline the spelling letters in the roots of the words in the first sentence.

1. The old man sat sullenly on the irradiation, turning away from me and was silent from time to time only grunting. (A. Pushkin) 2. I quickly climbed to the other side and went picking up to the left along the aspen forest. (I. Turgenev) 3. The tarantass drove into the yard, rustling its wheels through the nettles, and stopped in front of the porch. (I. Turgenev) 4. After half a minute, the nightingale let out a high small fraction and, having tried his voice in this way, began to sing. (A. Chekhov) 5. The hawks stood motionless in the sky, spreading their wings and fixing their eyes on the grass. (M. Gorky)

188. Replace the phrases with the indefinite form of the verb placed in brackets first with the participle, and then the participle. Write down the resulting sentences, separating the adverbial and participial phrases with commas and designating them as members of the sentence.

1. An athlete (recently complete the master's norm) became a member of the national team. 2. Marathon runner (to win first place) also received a special prize for the will to win. 3 Junior (run the hundred meters fastest) helped his team to take the lead. 4. High jumpers and long jumpers (not to have a single defeat this season) hope to become winners in the upcoming international competition. 5. My friend (training hard day after day) became a famous gymnast over time.

189. Look at the pictures and read the sentences. Add a participial phrase to each sentence to more accurately describe the main action. Designate adverbial phrases.

1. Seryozha is standing, _ _ _.
2. Seryozha sat down, _ _ _.
3. Seryozha bent down, _ _ _.
4. Seryozha lay down, _ _ _.

190. Make sentences according to the given schemes.

191. Read excerpts from N. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba". What role do adverbial constructions play? They characterize only the movement of the heroes or convey their state of mind at the decisive moments of life: Taras during the execution of Ostap, at a meeting with the traitor Andriy; Andria in battle on the side of the enemy? Write off, placing the missing punctuation marks and emphasizing gerunds and participles as members of the sentence.

1. Taras stood in the crowd with his head bowed, and at the same time, raising his eyes, he only spoke kindly to his son kindly!

2. Well, what are we going to do now? - said Taras, looking directly into his eyes. But (not, not) anything (not) Andriy could say to that and stood with his eyes downcast on the ground.

3. And what about my father, comrades, fatherland? - said Andriy, quickly shaking his head and straightening up all straight, like a sapling sedge, stand his own. - So if so, so here's what: I don't have (not, none) anyone! (not, none) anyone! (not, none) anyone!

4. Hitting the horse with sharp spurs at full speed, he fell behind the Cossacks (not) looking back (not) seeing that behind only twenty people managed to keep up with him.

Even from the school bench, many have retained the idea that, unlike participles, gerunds are always distinguished by commas, regardless of the presence of dependent words and the place in the sentence. In fact, this idea is not entirely correct - the separation of gerunds and participles has its own characteristics. Within the framework of this article, we will consider the isolation (and not isolation) of single gerunds. Read about in the corresponding article.

The general rule is - single gerunds are isolated (highlighted on both sides by commas) if they express an additional action, and are not isolated if they express a shade of the main action. For example:

* "She opened the door laughing" (two actions - "when she opened the door she laughed").

* “He walked slowly along the road and listened to the birds singing” (“slowly” is a shade of the main action).

First of all, gerunds become such shades, which, in principle, have practically lost their verbal meaning and are perceived rather as adverbs - “silently”, “slowly”. The situation is more complicated with those gerunds that are isolated or not isolated depending on the context. For example, "She opened the door laughing." This participle can be seen as a connotation of action (how exactly did she open the door?) or as an independent action (when she opened the door, she laughed). Accordingly, a comma will or will not be placed depending on the meaning that the author puts into the sentence.

The following can serve as a kind of hint when deciding on the placement of a comma: as a rule, shades of action are expressed by gerunds that come immediately after the verb. However, they can be replaced by an adverb or a noun with a preposition. For example, “without stopping” - “without stops”, “slowly” - “without haste”, “smiling” - “with a smile”. Some sources also indicate that gerunds ending in "-a" and "-o" are more often shades, while those with "-v" and "-vsh" are additional actions.

The participles torn off from the verb are often isolated.

Compare:

* She said hello with a smile.

* "Smiling, a girl in a beautiful dress handed him a balloon."

Now let's pay attention to some subtleties regarding the placement of commas with isolated gerunds. In particular, if two homogeneous (that is, related to the same verb) single gerunds are connected by the union “and” (as well as “either”, “or”, etc.), then no commas are placed around this union - by analogy with homogeneous members of the sentence. For example, "Running and pulling up, she quickly brought herself into shape." The same applies to the separation of the participial turnover and the single participle. Being isolated in relation to the whole phrase, these members of the sentence are homogeneous among themselves (for this, the participles must certainly refer to one verb).

Also, commas are not put if the union “and” connects an adverb and a gerund participle related to the same verb - such members of the sentence are also considered homogeneous (plus, such gerunds often express shades of action). For example, "He answered quickly and without hesitation." At the same time (by analogy with homogeneous members of a sentence), if there is no connecting union or there is a union “a” or “but”, then a comma should be placed between the adverb and the participle: “He answered quickly, without hesitation.”

If a gerund begins a subordinate clause and has the word “which” as a dependent, then this gerund is not isolated. The same is true if the gerund has other dependent words. "I dream of such a dress, finding which I will feel like a queen."