Traditional and original techniques for creating a graphic drawing. Graphic art techniques

About the course

Printmaking, engraving, engraving on wood, linoleum, cardboard and other traditional and modern methods of hand printing.

The smell of ink, the tactile sensations from the materiality of the print on thick, textured and thin, printable paper - an incomparable pleasure.

Many famous artists, including such geniuses as Dürer, Rembrandt, Goya, Degas and Picasso, created outstanding works of art using various printing techniques. It is difficult to imagine the work of Rembrandt without etchings filled with classical power or the work of Goya without the passionate sheets of Caprichos.

Linocut and etching, collagraphy and monotype - printing techniques are so diverse and so wide that they allow each listener to develop his own individual technique that most fully expresses his creative passions.

What does the study of printing technology give? Classes in the print studio are the materiality of creativity that digital technologies have deprived us of, it is an exciting experiment in the technique of traditional printing.

Through printmaking, students acquire:

Comprehensive development of various creative skills: drawing, working with color, composition, the ability to choose the techniques and techniques necessary to implement the idea.
Methods of working with various materials and technologies, understanding their features and capabilities.

Program

BEGINNER (1 month)

A crash course that covers basic techniques and allows students to experiment and print their first prints.

Engraving on linoleum (1 lesson)
Etching (Drypoint) (1 session)
Monotype (1 lesson)
Collagraphy (engraving-collage) (1 lesson)

BASIC LEVEL (5 months)

Engraving on linoleum. Colored linocut using the single board method (4 lessons). Letterpress technique. Linoleum is a convenient and affordable material for any creative ideas: from bookplates and book illustrations to large easel engravings.
Etching (Drypoint) (4 lessons). Traditional gravure printing technique on metal. The printed form is engraved with solid needles without the use of etching. A characteristic feature of prints in this technique is the special “softness” of the stroke.
Collagraphy (engraving-collage) (4 lessons). A modern experimental printing technique that combines the virtues of letterpress and gravure printing. The printing plate is formed by relief from a variety of materials with a variety of textures.
Engraving on plywood (4 lessons). Letterpress printing technique, close to edged woodcuts (woodcut), with characteristic contrasting strokes and texture. The availability of material allows you to create engravings of large size.
Monotype (4 lessons). Non-circulation printing technique, in which each print is unique. Interesting calculated "spontaneity" and random effects. Various materials from glass to aluminum are used as a printing plate.

ADVANCED LEVEL (4 months)

Mixed techniques. Chine colle (chincolle). Combining printer printing with various engraving techniques (4 lessons). Mixed techniques allow you to combine several types of printing in one print (print). Chine colle is a special combined printing technique using a layer of thin paper.
Printing on fabric in various techniques (4 lessons). Printing techniques for print runs on fabrics, including clothing (t-shirts, t-shirts) and various accessories.
Artist's book (8 lessons). Author's publishing project using selected printing techniques.

Duration and cost of training

Graphic arts- a type of fine art, including drawing and printed works of art (various types of engraving), based on drawing art, but having their own visual means and expressive possibilities.

The term " graphic arts" comes from the Greek verb "graphtin", which means to scrape, scratch, write, draw. Initially, the term "graphics" was used only in relation to writing and calligraphy. It received a new meaning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries due to the rapid development of industrial polygraphy and the spread of calligraphically clear, contrasting linear drawing, the most convenient for photomechanical reproduction in a book and magazine.Then graphics was defined as art, which is based on line, black and white contrast. This understanding of graphics was further expanded.

In addition to the contour line, the graphics use hatch And spot, also contrasting with a white (less often colored or black) surface paper- main graphics material. A combination of the same means can create tonal nuances. Graphics does not exclude the use of color.

Most common hallmark graphics- a special relation of the depicted object to space, an important role in the reconstruction of which is played by the background of paper or, in the words of V.A. Favorsky, “the air of a white sheet”. A spatial sensation is created not only by areas of the sheet that are not occupied by the image, but often (for example, in watercolor drawings) and appearing under the paint layer paper background. In this case, the graphic image associated with the plane of the sheet has a planar character to a certain extent.

Lacking the full range of possibilities painting, in creating the spatial illusion of the real world, graphics with greater freedom and flexibility vary the degree of spatiality and flatness. Graphics can be characterized by thoroughness of volume-spatial construction, interest in narration, detailed study of nature, revealing the structure and texture of an object. But a graphic artist can also confine himself to a cursory impression, a conventional designation of an object or, as it were, a hint at it, referring to the viewer's imagination. At the same time, incompleteness and laconism serve as one of the main means of artistic expression.

The capacity of an image in graphics is often achieved by saving and concentrating artistic means, figuratively expressive metaphors. Therefore, in graphics, along with completed compositions, sketches from nature, sketches of works of painting, sculpture and architecture have independent artistic value. The ability of graphics to sharply sharpen the image led to the widespread development of graphic satire and the grotesque. An active role in the graphics is played by the texture of materials, the specificity of graphic techniques and techniques (the picturesque and “velvety” etching, which creates rich spatial and light and shade transitions, the clarity and flexible contrast of woodcuts, the soft light and shade nuances of lithography, the decorative flashiness of linocut, etc.).

By appointment the following types of graphics:
. easel graphic arts,
. bookstore graphic arts,
. newspaper and magazine I am graphics
. applied graphics,
. poster.

easel graphics has become widespread since the Renaissance. She has long been drawn to the traditional genres of fine art:
. thematic composition- engravings by A. Dürer, Callot, Rembrandt, Hogarth and F. Brangvin, Goya, K. Kollwitz, lithographs by Delacroix, Daumier, Steinlen, engravings and drawings by Repin,
. portrait- drawings by Clouet, Ingres, Kiprensky, Serov, engravings by Utkin, etc.,
. scenery- engravings by Hokusai, Shishkin, drawings and engravings by Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Miturich and others,
. still life- drawings by Vrublev, Matisse, engravings by Mitrokhin.

Easel works of printed graphics ( prints) due to the circulation and, consequently, greater availability, as well as decorative qualities, are widely used to decorate interiors. One of the main applications of graphics – book. Drawing and miniature are largely associated with handwritten books of antiquity and the Middle Ages, and engraving and lithography with printed books.

By technique graphics are divided into drawing And printed graphics.

Drawing- the most ancient and traditional type of graphic art, the origins of which can be seen in the rock carvings of the Paleolithic era, ancient vase painting, where the image is based on a line, silhouette, color spot.

IN drawing tasks much in common with the tasks of painting, and the boundaries between them are conditional: watercolor, gouache, pastel, tempera can be used to create both paintings and graphic works. Drawing brings together painting and its uniqueness, while works of printed graphics can be distributed in many equivalent copies.

Engraving known from the 6th-7th centuries. in China, from the 14th-15th centuries. in Europe (originally woodcut and engraving, later etching). Lithography emerged only in the 19th century. Before the advent of photomechanical reproduction, printed graphics served to reproduce paintings and drawings.

Explanatory note

The program of the elective course “Fundamentals of graphics. Types of Graphic Techniques and Their Use in the Conditions of a Modern Lesson” is intended for an overview of students’ acquaintance with the art of graphics, expands knowledge about the history of the development of graphic art and outstanding masters of graphics.

Target- the formation of students' interest in the art of graphics, the further formation of an emotional and value attitude to the world.

Tasks:

an overview of the development of graphic art, its types, features;
expansion of knowledge and skills in the field of graphics and graphic techniques;
introducing students to the graphic culture of different countries and peoples.

Attention is paid to practical work: drawing with various graphic materials, familiarity with printed graphics, making available types of engravings. Classes in graphics are associated with composition, develop figurative perception, fantasy, aesthetic taste.

As a result of studying the program, students should know:

basic information about the art of graphics, its origin and development;
basic information about graphic artists and their works;
types, expressive means and features of graphics.

Students should be able to:

creatively use the information received in the classroom in fine arts and be able to apply it, as well as find the necessary information in archives, libraries, museums, via the Internet;
perform drawings with various graphic materials;
perform printed graphic works (monotype, engraving on cardboard);
be able to combine materials and methods of their application, use rich visual techniques of drawing and apply them in practice.

The forms of control of acquired knowledge and skills are diverse: exhibition and discussion of creative works, writing an essay, creating and defending a presentation.

Procedures for monitoring the level of success of students.

Option I. Performance and analysis of graphic works. Skill assessment. Elimination of professional difficulties.

Option II. Exhibition of works. Writing an essay based on the results of viewing the exhibition. Discussion.

Option III. Creating a presentation on the topic of the studied course. Discussion.

The material is accompanied by the presentation “The Art of Graphics”. The program allows you to form the practical activities of students in the field of graphics, which encourages participation in creative competitions, competitions, conferences.

The material included in the program can be used in the lessons of fine arts and MHK, history and literature, in classes in art studios, as well as a modular block in advanced training courses for teachers of general educational institutions and institutions of additional education.

The program is designed for 16 hours. Variable change in the duration of the course is possible.

Educational and thematic plan.

№	Subject	Number of hours	Number of hours
1	Graphic arts. History of development. Types of graphics. Figurative language of graphics. Expressive means of graphics.	2	Lecture. Presentation. Discussion
2	Drawing. Variety of graphic techniques. Making drawings.	6	Conversation. Practical work
3	Engraving. Types of engravings. Engraving on cardboard. Engraving on linoleum. Monotype.	6	Conversation. Practical work
3	Final control procedures	2	Exhibition. Discussion

After completing the program, consultations with the teacher are provided.

Glossary of terms

Bistre – transparent brown wood black paint mixed with water-soluble vegetable glue.

Graphic arts – a type of fine art, including drawing and printed works of art, based on the art of drawing and having their own visual means and expressive possibilities (from the Greek. graphics- I write, I draw, I draw.

Engraving (from fr. gravure- cut, scratch), a type of graphics in which the image is a printed print of a relief pattern applied to an engraving board by an engraver.

engraving board – any material on which an engraving is carved.

Italian pencil- graphic material, made from burnt bone, fastened with vegetable glue.

Collage(from French collage- gluing), a technique in the visual arts, which consists in gluing materials that differ from it in color and texture onto the base; work done in this technique.

Woodcut- woodcut

Linocut- engraving on linoleum

Lithography- stone engraving.

Splint(folk picture) type of graphics, an image with a caption, characterized by simplicity and accessibility of images.

Monotype – type of printed graphics; the impression obtained during printing is always unique, the only one.

Etching (from fr. eau forte- “strong vodka”), a type of engraving on metal (zinc, copper), in which the recessed elements of the printing plate are created by etching the metal acids.

Sanguina - rimless pencils of various red-brown tones, during operation it can be moistened and a variety of stroke thickness and density can be obtained.

Sepia - light brown coloring matter, natural sepia was made from the so-called. an ink sac of a sepia seashell; also called the type of graphic technique.

Drawing - an image made by hand using graphic means - a contour line, a stroke, a spot.

print(from fr. estamper- print, stamp), print, print, easel engraving or lithography.

1. Graphics. History of development. Types of graphics. Figurative language. Expressive means (2 hours). Presentation “The Art of Graphics”(Annex 1).

Graphics - the art of depicting the world using lines (Slide 2). First graphic images (Slide 3). The history of the development of graphic art from Paleolithic rock art to printing works and computer graphics. Famous masters - graphics. Types of graphics. Graphic materials, tools and their features.

Drawing (Slide 4). Drawing is the basis of all fine arts. Line and tone drawing (Slide 5). The drawing is a sketch. The transfer of volume, illumination, texture in a tone pattern. A silhouette is a type of tone pattern in which the contour is filled with an even tone. The uniqueness and originality of the picture, its artistic value.

The history of the development of the art of drawing. Drawings in the art of Ancient Egypt, ancient Eastern civilizations. Drawing in ancient Greek vase painting. Ink drawings in China and Japan. Line drawing, architectural drawing in medieval art. Drawing in icon painting. Medieval miniature. Drawing in the Renaissance of the 15th-16th centuries (Pisanello, A. Mantegna, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian, P. Veronese, A. Durer and others). Pencil portraits by J. Vann Eyck, H. Holbein Jr., J. and F. Clouet. Bold and free in manner drawings by Rembrandt. Energetic drawings by P.P. Rubens. Grotesque sketches by J. Callot. Natural, genre, landscape drawings by A. Watteau, F. Boucher, J. O. Fragonard, T. Gainsborough. Sharp drawings by F. Goya, sharply grotesque drawings by O. Daumier. Sketches by artists of the Barbizon school. Impressionist drawings conveying the moment of movement. An emphatically graphic drawing by artists of the "modern" style, designed to be reproduced on the pages of books, magazines, newspapers (T.T. Heine, O Beardsley). Post-Impressionist drawings by P. Cezanne, A. de Toulouse-Lautrec, V. van Gogh. Political drawings by K. Kollwitz, F. Maserel and others. Avant-garde, full of experiment drawings by E. Kirchner, A. Matisse, J. Braque, F. Leger. Ostrosatirical drawings by J. Effel, H. Bidstrup. Drawing in the work of P. Picasso. Natural and compositional drawing by A. Losenko and P. Ugryumov in Russia in the 18th–19th centuries. Classical perfection of form, vitality of drawings by O. Kiprensky, K. Bryullov, A. Ivanov. Realism in the drawings of Russian artists and Wanderers (I. Kramskoy, P. Chistyakov, I. Repin, A. Vasnetsov, V. Serov, V. Vrubel, V. Makovsky). Book graphics by A. Benois, I. Bilibin. Drawings and illustrations by D. Shmarinov, E. Kibrik, A. Deineka, E. Lansere, E. Charushin, S. Gerasimov and others.

Printed graphics . Replication is a feature of printed graphics.

Engraving (Slide 6). Types of engravings .

Convex engravings (xylography - engraving on wood; linocut - engraving on linoleum; relief engraving on metal) (Slide 7).

In-depth engravings (cutting engraving; etching and other varieties) (Slide 8).

Flat engravings (lithography - stone engraving) (Slide 9). Imprint. Print.

Engraving has been known in China since the 6th-7th centuries. In Europe, interest in engraving appeared during the Renaissance. Religious engravings of the 14th century. Cutting engraving of the 15th-16th centuries (M.Schongauer, A.Monteña, A.Dürer, Parmigianino, etc.) Development of book woodcuts in the 16th century. Engraving with a 17th century chisel. Dutch school of etching (Rembrandt, J. van Ruisdal, A. van Ostade). Distribution in the 17th century in Russia of engraving on metal (S. Ushakov, L. Bunin, A. Trukhmensky). Russian lubok of the late 17th century. Etchings by A. Watteau, J. O. Fragonard, J. Tiepolo, A. Canaletto, W. Hogarth. Carving engraving allegories, battle scenes, landscapes and portraits by A. Zubov, I. Sokolov, N. Utkin, S. Galaktionov, A. Ukhtomsky. Japanese woodcuts of the 17th–18th centuries (O. Masanobu, S. Harunobu, K. Utamaro, K. Hokusai, A. Hiroshige and others). Etchings by F.Goya. End engraving on wood by V. Mate. Etchings by J. Millet, K. Corot, K. Pissarro, T. Shevchenko, I. Shishkin, V. Serov. I. Repin. A cycle of etchings on a revolutionary theme K. Kollwitz. Decorative stylization, Art Nouveau and the revival of woodcuts (W. Morris, A. Ostroumova-Lebedeva). Woodcut and linocut of the 20th century (F. Mazerel, L. Mendez, R. Katz, Li Hua). Book engravings and prints by P. Picasso, A. Matisse, R. Dufy. Realism in engravings by R. Kent, A. Grant. Tone engraving by I. Pavlov and I. Sokolov. Woodcut and color engraving by P. Shilingovsky, V. Falileev. Psychologism and integrity of linocuts by V. Favorsky, technicality and richness of tone transitions in linocuts by M. Akhunov.

Graphics easel. Book and newspaper-magazine graphics . ( WITH lay 10).

Applied Graphics . (Slide 11). Poster . (Slide 12).

Easel graphics refers to the traditional genres of fine art - thematic composition, portrait, landscape, still life. Easel works of printed graphics are replicated in many copies. Lubok - a specific type of easel graphics . . (Slide 13). Decorative graphics. Collage . (Slide 14). Computer graphics.

Figurative language of graphics. Line, stroke, spot are the main expressive means of graphics. Contrast. Nuance. The special relationship of the depicted object to space, an important role in the reconstruction of which is played by the background of the paper. Black and white is the basis of the figurative language of graphics.

2. Drawing. A variety of graphic materials and techniques. Making drawings (6 hours).

Drawing. Drawing - an image made by hand with the help of graphic means - a contour line, stroke, spot. Drawing linear and tone. Light and shadow effects and plastic modeling. Varieties of drawing - sketches, sketches, sketches, sketches. Drawings reflecting the architectural design.

Limited use of different colors in the drawing. Drawing as an easel work of graphics and as an auxiliary material for creating picturesque, graphic, sculptural works. Drawings made with dry dyes (charcoal, metal pins, Italian and graphite pencil, sanguine, etc.). Drawings made with liquid dyes (ink, bistre, sepia, ink, etc.). The basis for the drawing is papyrus, parchment, white and tinted paper. Drawing as a means of cognition by the artist of reality.

A variety of materials used in the drawing and how to use them. The combination of materials in the drawing. An extraordinary wealth of visual techniques and varieties of drawing. Monochrome and colored drawings. Multicolor drawings. Watercolor, gouache, pastel, ink - means of creating drawings and paintings. Making drawings with different materials in various graphic techniques.

3. Engraving. Types of engravings. Engraving on cardboard. Engraving on linoleum. Monotype (6 hours).

Engraving. Engraving board. Imprint.

Types of engravings. Convex, flat, in-depth engravings. Convex engravings:

- woodcut - woodcut;
- linocut - engraving on linoleum;
- relief engraving on metal (used until the end of the 15th century, plates of brass, tin, lead were processed with a engraver).

Recessed engraving:

- incisive engraving - cutting lines in the surface of the metal with a engraver;
- etching - scratching with an engraving needle a drawing on a metal board coated with acid-resistant varnish, followed by etching of the board;
- engraving with a “dry needle” - scratching a drawing with a needle on a board;
- aquatint - etching the board through the pores of the resinous powder adhering to it and other varieties.

Flat engraving - lithography - stone engraving.

Monochrome and color engravings.

A drawing - a sketch - is an image of a future engraving. Laconism of technique, compressed means of expression. Display of the most essential. State - the stage of work on the engraving, fixed at any stage.

Engraving on cardboard. Tools and materials needed for engraving on cardboard: corrugated cardboard, paper knife, black gouache or ink, wide brush, colored and white paper, pencil. Features of work. Making a sketch of the engraving and its mirror image. Drawing on cardboard. Cutting out. Imprint printing.

Engraving on linoleum. Materials, tools needed to make linocut. Implementation features. Workplace organization. Exercises.

Monotype is a type of printed graphics. The impression obtained during printing is always unique, the only one. Color monotype by the subtlety of color relationships resembles watercolor. The technique has been known since the 17th century, spread since the 19th century (E. Kruglikova, E. Shevchenko and other authors). Performing a monotype.

4. Final control procedures (2 hours).

Information sources.

N.M.Sokolnikova. Drawing basics. - Obninsk: Title, 1996.
N.M.Sokolnikova. Glossary of terms. - Obninsk: Title, 1996.
A.S. Shchipanov. To young lovers of the brush and cutter. - M .: Education, 1975.
Popular art encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1986. Vol.1,2.
"School of Fine Arts". – M.: Visual arts, 1994. No. 5.
http://www.hudojnik.ru; http://>www.bibliotekar.ru; http://www.arttrans.com; http://www.museum.ru, en.wikipedia.org

Even if the most famous paintings in our entire history are painted with paints, we should not forget about such an important component of fine art in human life as graphics.

About graphics in general

She has always been close to painting, appearing in individual works, along with paints and as a basis for their overlay. There are quite a lot of its types, well-known and not too well-known, and a large number of artists of all times and peoples turned to graphics in an effort to express themselves.

For charts the main visual means are a variety of lines, dots, spots, strokes and tone, which together and even separately create an integral image. Color for this type of art is not the main thing, although it is quite an acceptable phenomenon. Usually, in addition to the main black, only one color is used in graphics, although sometimes (for example, in engravings) a fairly large variety of colors can be used. Due to the dominant color restraint, this art form is sometimes also called the art of black and white..

Different types of graphics and her techniques appeared gradually, not immediately. The first images, as we remember from history lessons at school, are drawings on the walls of caves and stones that remained from primitive people. Further, ornaments appeared on weapons, household items and tools that came from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. At these early stages, art also combined the function of writing - the transmission of information. Preserved to our time, and parchment scrolls, and stone slabs, and clay tablets used as a source of information. The ancient Egyptians succeeded in combining writing and graphics - they used pictograms (drawings denoting various objects, actions and subjects) with might and main to display their history.

History of graphics

For a long period, graphics served only to decorate objects, there were no easel graphics, and the connection with writing was preserved thanks to the decoration of books, like everything else at that time - only handmade. China, for example, did not distinguish between drawing and calligraphy, they were considered equal and complementary. And in 868 AD. in the same place, a method was invented to increase the number of copies of a drawing using a cliché carved from wood. This was the beginning of woodcuts - woodcuts, which appeared in Europe only in the first half of the 15th century. And to this day in Asia you can see craftsmen carving hieroglyphs or name seals on a wooden bar.

Initially, only writing, the art of fonts, was called graphics. Only at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries did it take shape as an independent form of fine art. It is interesting to note that the modern museum classification also refers to graphics all techniques using paper and water-soluble paints (mainly watercolors, pastels and gouache). But here it all depends on what the artist is inclined to - to color or lines.

It is believed that graphics attract with their conciseness, rigor and capacity of images, combined with some uncertainty and understatement, conventionality, which makes the viewer's imagination work more actively. That is why sketches, sketches, sketches have artistic value as works of art - seemingly unfinished paintings, but also independent paintings.

Magnificent examples of graphics can be seen in Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt van Rein, Ivan Shishkin, Taras Shevchenko and many, many other artists also known for their painting.

The traditional basis for graphic drawings there was and still is paper - most often white, but, depending on the artist's idea, also colored, sometimes black or textured. Such a background seems to create its own space in which the depicted "lives" - two-dimensional or three-dimensional only thanks to the imagination and skill of the author. But here, for example, the portrait of Chaliapin by Serov was created with charcoal on canvas, and primitive graphics have come down to us on stone, so there are no special restrictions. You can add, however, polymer films and foil as a basis for drawing materials.

From the traditional tools of the creator of graphic works, one can name a graphite pencil, ballpoint pen, charcoal and others like them. But for some types of graphics, printing presses, wood / linoleum cutters, lithographic stones are needed - something that is not found everywhere.

In general, various pencils, brushes, steel, goose and reed pens, wooden, glass and reed sticks, fountain pens and felt-tip pens, tubes of various shapes (glass or metal), spray guns, airbrushes, as well as the whole variety of shading, tampons and rollers are used. What do these tools do? Watercolor, ink, ink, gouache, tempera, typographical, oil and synthetic paints, various varnishes, dyes for textiles. In addition to these materials, charcoal, stick and powder pencils, and pastels are also used.

Varieties of graphics

Graphics are varied. It is traditionally divided into easel (like painting), book (illustrations and other design of the publication) and newspaper and magazine (drawings, cartoons) and applied graphics (stamps, labels, envelope design, poster, poster and much more). The youngest species is computer graphics, but it is not directly related to the materials used by other species, and therefore stands aside.

All genres are used in graphics- after all, it allows you to detail, and blur, and hint at the object, and fully convey the world (especially in the genre of hyperrealism that is popular today). In addition, there are also different techniques. First of all, you need to name the drawing (no matter what and on what, even if printed). Another option is a print - an author's drawing intended for replication, that is, printing. It includes engravings on wood (xylography), metal, linoleum, cardboard, glass and stone (lithography).

As already mentioned, a certain time the term " graphic arts” denoted only writing and calligraphy, however, after the appearance of drawings in books, and after them the drawing went beyond books, the area covered by the term also expanded. With the development of industry, an increase in education and the number of printed publications (both books and periodicals), industrial printing also developed, spreading graphic drawing and helping to develop graphics as an art.

At first, graphics was understood as the art of line based on the contrast between black and white, but over time, this understanding expanded, adding such concepts as stroke, spot, dot, tone to the definition. To date, the development of graphics does not stop, as well as the development of painting in general. There are new genres, techniques and, of course, new works in these styles, which we will talk about in the next article.

Graphic arts- a type of fine art. The word graphics comes from the Greek word grapho, which means to write, draw, scratch.

Graphic works, unlike paintings, convey the most important thing without unnecessary details. They seem to reflect the idea of the work. Graphic works can be black and white, sometimes color. As a result, the surrounding world in graphics is very expressive, but somewhat conditional, figurative.

Independent, individual works are called easel graphics. Several easel sheets, united by a common idea, form a graphic series.

Types of graphics. Graphics combines two groups of works of art: drawing and printed graphics.

The drawing is considered unique because it exists in a single copy. In the old days, artists painted on papyrus, later on parchment, from the 14th century. - on paper. The tradition of drawing on fabric has survived to our time.

Papyrus is a writing material made from the marsh papyrus plant.
Parchment is a writing material made from the skin of animals.

Graphic techniques. The image can be created with pencil, charcoal, ink, sanguine (a red-brown pencil made from a special type of clay), and other means. About the work created with colored crayons, we will say: made in the pastel technique.

A. Bazilevich. Illustrations for I. Kotlyarevsky's poem "Aeneid" (gouache)

G. Malakov. Illustrations for Lesya Ukrainka's poem "Robert Bruce, King of Scotland" (linocut)

Albrecht Durer. Illustration for the "Apocalypse" (woodcut)

Unlike a drawing, printed graphics exist in many copies. To obtain them, an engraving is used - an image on a solid material, which is covered with paints, and then printed on paper.

There are different engraving techniques: woodcut, linocut, etching, lithography. With the advent of engraving, the emergence of the printed book and the development of book graphics are associated.

In everyday life, we most often encounter industrial graphics. These are postage stamps, posters, theater programs, labels, brand names, drawings on boxes for cakes and sweets, etc.

Linocut- a drawing carved on linoleum. The pattern is cut out on a linoleum plate with steel cutters of various configurations. Depending on the shape of the incisor, the line that it leaves can be very thin, sharp or wide, rounded. This is how a mold is made. Then printing ink is applied to it using special equipment - rollers.

Printed linocut on a printing press. In this case, the layer of ink applied to the form is printed on paper. A paper print is called linocut, or, more generally, like all other printing techniques, printmaking.

Woodcut(woodcut) - an image made with cutters on a wooden surface. Not all tree species are suitable for this. Artists use pear, oak, beech, boxwood.

The wooden surface is carefully polished and even smoothed with wax. The drawing is cut out in the same way as on the linocut, but the greater hardness of the wood allows you to enrich the image with trifles and details. It is more difficult to do this kind of work.

An impression is printed in the same way as a linocut, using a printing press on special stamp paper. This technique is ancient and has come to us from time immemorial. This is how the first printed books were made.

Etching, or engraving on metal, are several techniques for making a printing plate from metal (copper, zinc). The pattern is applied to a pre-treated, polished, smooth plate. It can be engraving, scratching. Such work requires exceptional precision and physical effort.

There are ways to make drawing easier. The plate can be covered with a protective layer of a special varnish and "draw", removing only the varnish. Then such a plate is immersed in a container with acid, and instead of an engraver, the acid makes depressions in the metal. Paint is applied to the etching plate by hand.

The print is made on a printing press. Soft paper, clinging to the plate, sort of selects the paint from the recesses.

Lithography It's a stone engraving. For it, a special, lithographic stone is used. The system for drawing a picture on a stone is very complex. It can be scratching, drawing with a brush and ink, and drawing with a pencil. In all these cases, materials intended only for lithography are used.

Printed on a printing press. Lithography allows you to achieve subtle gradations (transitions) of tone, similar to a pencil or watercolor drawing. Due to this, lithographic prints sometimes resemble watercolor drawings.

T. Shevchenko. Blind Man in the Cemetery (etching)

E. Kibrik. Illustration for the story of Romain Rolland "Cola Breugnon" (lithograph)

Compare works made in the techniques of linography (woodcuts) and a drawing made in pencil by hand. What is the difference?
Think about what shades of mood can be conveyed using different types of graphics and graphic techniques.

Think together what kind of literary work could be illustrated using woodcuts, etchings, lithographs, pastels. Why?

Monotype- this is an imprint of paint from any surface onto paper. Such a print exists in a single copy, as indicated by the “mono” particle in the title. This is something between a printed graphics and a drawing.

Create a graphic composition using the monotype technique.

Tools and materials: several sheets of paper, gouache, dishwashing detergent or liquid soap, brushes. Work plan:

Dilute the paints in small bottles and add a little soap solution to them in a ratio of 1: 5. The paints should not be completely liquid, but not very thick either.
With a brush, apply paints to a sheet of paper, picking up the colors that you like, and let them dissolve one into another a little.
With a quick movement to this sheet, press another sheet of paper for half a minute to a minute
Separate the sheets of paper and let the prints dry.
Consider the result, try to see any plot or a single image in the colored spots.
Use brushes and paint or other materials to finish your work, adding details and elements that are missing.

Student work made in the technique of monotype

Stages of work on a monotype

Narbut Georgy Ivanovich(1886-1920) - Ukrainian graphic artist. A significant influence on the formation of the creative manner of the master had a connection with the St. Petersburg art association "World of Art", whose members paid much attention to the revival of the art of the book. Narbut's early works are illustrations for fairy tales. In illustrations for I. Krylov's fables, the artist uses an old graphic style - a silhouette, which he then repeatedly turned to.

In 1917-1920 Narbut worked in Kyiv; passion for ancient Ukrainian art inspired him to create a series of outstanding works. Since January 1919, Narbut was the rector of the Academy of Arts in Kyiv.

G. Narbut. Illustration for T. Shevchenko's poetry "Dream" (ink)

Pablo Picasso(1881-1973) - a brilliant personality in the art of the twentieth century. Picasso is a Spaniard by origin, but he lived most of his life in France. Already in the 1900s, Picasso declared himself as a mature master. His early paintings belong to the so-called "pink" and "blue" periods ("Girl on a ball"). In 1907, Picasso created the painting "Avignon Girls", which begins the history of a new trend in the art of the twentieth century. The artist has always experimented a lot. 1937 dates back to a large canvas "Guernica", which is one of the pinnacles in the work of Picasso. It is dedicated to the death of the Spanish city and its inhabitants as a result of an air bombardment. The artist's talent was also clearly manifested in graphics (one of his most famous graphic works is Don Quixote), sculpture, and ceramics.

Pablo Picasso. Don Quixote