Engineering projects of Leonardo da Vinci. Design work "creativity of Leonardo da Vinci" Alexander Zemtsev

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci is a Renaissance artist, sculptor, inventor, painter, philosopher, writer, scientist, polymath (universal man).

The future genius was born as a result of a love affair between the noble Piero da Vinci and the girl Katerina (Katarina). According to the social norms of that time, the marriage union of these people was impossible due to the low birth of Leonardo's mother. After the birth of her first child, she was given in marriage to a potter, with whom Katerina lived the rest of her life. It is known that from her husband she gave birth to four daughters and a son.

Portrait of Leonardo da Vinci

The first-born Piero da Vinci lived with his mother for three years. Immediately after his birth, Leonardo's father married a rich representative of a noble family, but his legal wife was never able to give birth to an heir. Three years after the marriage, Piero took his son to him and took up his upbringing. Stepmother Leonardo died after 10 years, trying to give birth to an heir. Pierrot remarried, but was quickly widowed again. In total, Leonardo had four stepmothers, as well as 12 paternal half-siblings.

Creativity and inventions of da Vinci

The parent gave Leonardo as an apprentice to the Tuscan master Andrea Verrocchio. During his studies with a mentor, Piero's son learned not only the art of painting and sculpture. Young Leonardo studied the humanities and technical sciences, the skill of leather dressing, the basics of working with metal and chemical reagents. All this knowledge was useful to da Vinci in life.

Leonardo received confirmation of the qualifications of the master at the age of twenty, after which he continued to work under the supervision of Verrocchio. The young artist was involved in minor work on the paintings of his teacher, for example, he prescribed background landscapes and clothes of secondary characters. Leonardo had his own workshop only in 1476.

Drawing "Vitruvian Man" by Leonardo da Vinci

In 1482, da Vinci was sent by his patron Lorenzo de' Medici to Milan. During this period, the artist worked on two paintings that were never completed. In Milan, Duke Lodovico Sforza enrolled Leonardo in the court staff as an engineer. A high-ranking person was interested in defensive devices and devices for entertaining the court. Da Vinci had the opportunity to develop the talent of an architect and the ability of a mechanic. His inventions turned out to be an order of magnitude better than those offered by contemporaries.

The engineer stayed in Milan under the Duke of Sforza for about seventeen years. During this time, Leonardo painted the paintings “Madonna in the Grotto” and “Lady with an Ermine”, created his most famous drawing “Vitruvian Man”, made a clay model of the equestrian monument of Francesco Sforza, painted the wall of the refectory of the Dominican monastery with the composition “The Last Supper”, made a number of anatomical sketches and drawings of devices.

Leonardo's engineering talent was useful to him after returning to Florence in 1499. He got a job with Duke Cesare Borgia, who counted on da Vinci's ability to create military mechanisms. The engineer worked in Florence for about seven years, after which he returned to Milan again. By that time, he had already completed work on his most famous painting, which is now stored in the Louvre Museum.

The master's second Milan period lasted six years, after which he left for Rome. In 1516, Leonardo went to France, where he spent his last years. On the journey, the master took with him Francesco Melzi, a student and main heir to the artistic style of da Vinci.

Portrait of Francesco Melzi

Despite the fact that Leonardo spent only four years in Rome, it is in this city that the museum named after him is located. In the three halls of the institution you can get acquainted with the devices built according to the drawings of Leonardo, look at copies of paintings, photos of diaries and manuscripts.

The Italian devoted most of his life to engineering and architectural projects. His inventions were both military and peaceful. Leonardo is known as a developer of tank prototypes, an aircraft, a self-propelled cart, a searchlight, a catapult, a bicycle, a parachute, a mobile bridge, a machine gun. Some drawings of the inventor still remain a mystery to researchers.

Drawings and sketches of some of the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci

In 2009, the Discovery TV channel aired a series of films called Da Vinci Apparatus. Each of the ten episodes of the documentary series was dedicated to the construction and testing of mechanisms according to Leonardo's original drawings. The film's technicians tried to recreate the inventions of the Italian genius using materials from his era.

Personal life

The personal life of the master was kept by him in the strictest confidence. For entries in his diaries, Leonardo used a cipher, but even after decoding, the researchers received little reliable information. There is a version that da Vinci's unconventional orientation was the reason for the secrecy.

The basis of the theory that the artist loved men was the guesswork of researchers based on circumstantial facts. At a young age, the artist appeared in a case of sodomy, but it is not known for certain in what capacity. After this incident, the master became very secretive and stingy with comments about his personal life.

Possible lovers of Leonardo include some of his students, the most famous of which is Salai. The young man was endowed with an effeminate appearance and became a model for several paintings by da Vinci. The painting "John the Baptist" is one of the surviving works of Leonardo, for which Salai posed.

There is a version that "Mona Lisa" was also written from this sitter, dressed in a woman's dress. It should be noted that there is some physical similarity between the people depicted in the paintings "Mona Lisa" and "John the Baptist". It remains a fact that da Vinci bequeathed his artistic masterpiece to Salai.

Historians also rank Francesco Melzi as a possible beloved of Leonardo.

There is another version of the secret of the Italian's personal life. There is an opinion that Leonardo had a romantic relationship with Cecilia Gallerani, who, presumably, is depicted in the portrait "Lady with an Ermine". This woman was the favorite of the Duke of Milan, the owner of the literary salon, the patroness of the arts. She introduced the young artist to the circle of Milanese bohemia.

Fragment of the painting "Lady with Ermine"

Among da Vinci's notes, a draft letter was found addressed to Cecilia, which began with the words: "My beloved goddess ...". Researchers suggest that the portrait of the "Lady with an Ermine" was painted with clear signs of unspent feelings for the woman depicted on it.

Some researchers believe that the great Italian did not know carnal love at all. Men and women were not physically attracted to him. In the context of this theory, it is assumed that Leonardo led the life of a monk who did not give birth to descendants, but left a great legacy.

Death and grave

Modern researchers have concluded that the probable cause of the artist's death is a stroke. Da Vinci died at the age of 67 in 1519. Thanks to the memoirs of contemporaries, it is known that by that time the artist was already suffering from partial paralysis. Leonardo could not move his right hand, as researchers believe, due to a stroke in 1517.

Despite the paralysis, the master continued an active creative life, resorting to the help of his student Francesco Melzi. Da Vinci's health was deteriorating, and by the end of 1519 it was already difficult for him to walk without assistance. This evidence is consistent with the theoretical diagnosis. Scientists believe that a second attack of cerebrovascular accident in 1519 ended the life of the famous Italian.

Monument to Leonardo da Vinci in Milan, Italy

At the time of his death, the master was in the Clos Luce castle near the city of Amboise, where he lived for the last three years of his life. In accordance with Leonardo's will, his body was buried in the gallery of the church of Saint-Florentin.

Unfortunately, the master's grave was devastated during the Huguenot wars. The church, in which the Italian rested, was plundered, after which it fell into severe disrepair and was demolished by the new owner of the Amboise castle, Roger Ducos, in 1807.

After the destruction of the Saint-Florentin chapel, the remains from many burials from different years were mixed and buried in the garden. Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, researchers made several attempts to identify the bones of Leonardo da Vinci. Innovators in this matter were guided by the lifetime description of the master and chose the most suitable fragments from the remains found. They have been studied for some time. The work was led by archaeologist Arsen Usse. He also found fragments of a tombstone, presumably from the grave of da Vinci, and a skeleton, in which some fragments were missing. These bones were reburied in the reconstructed tomb of the artist in the chapel of Saint Hubert on the grounds of the Château d'Amboise.

In 2010, a team of researchers led by Silvano Vincheti was about to exhume the remains of a Renaissance master. It was planned to identify the skeleton using genetic material taken from the graves of Leonardo's paternal relatives. Italian researchers failed to obtain permission from the owners of the castle to carry out the necessary work.

In the place where the Church of Saint-Florentin used to be, at the beginning of the last century, a granite monument was erected, marking the four hundredth anniversary of the death of the famous Italian. The reconstructed tomb of the engineer and the stone monument with his bust are among the most popular sights of Amboise.

Secrets of da Vinci paintings

Leonardo's work has occupied the minds of art historians, religious researchers, historians and the public for more than four hundred years. The works of the Italian artist became an inspiration for people of science and creativity. There are many theories that reveal the secrets of da Vinci's paintings. The most famous of them says that when writing his masterpieces, Leonardo used a special graphic code.

With the help of a device of several mirrors, the researchers managed to find out that the secret of the views of the characters from the paintings "La Gioconda" and "John the Baptist" lies in the fact that they are looking at a masked creature resembling an alien alien. The secret cipher in Leonardo's notes was also deciphered using an ordinary mirror.

Hoaxes around the work of the Italian genius led to the emergence of a number of works of art, the author of which was the writer. His novels have become bestsellers. In 2006, the film The Da Vinci Code was released, based on the work of the same name by Brown. The film was met with a wave of criticism from religious organizations, but set box office records in its first month of release.

Lost and unfinished works

Not all of the master's works have survived to our time. Works that have not survived include: a shield with a painting in the form of the head of Medusa, a sculpture of a horse for the Duke of Milan, a portrait of the Madonna with a spindle, the painting "Leda and the Swan" and the fresco "Battle of Anghiari".

Modern researchers know about some of the master's paintings thanks to the preserved copies and memoirs of da Vinci's contemporaries. For example, the fate of the original Leda and the Swan is still unknown. Historians believe that the painting may have been destroyed in the mid-seventeenth century on the orders of the Marquise de Maintenon, wife of Louis XIV. Sketches made by Leonardo's hand and several copies of the canvas made by different artists have survived to our time.

The painting depicted a young naked woman in the arms of a swan, at whose feet babies hatched from huge eggs play. When creating this masterpiece, the artist was inspired by a famous mythical story. It is interesting that the canvas based on the story of the copulation of Leda with Zeus, who took the form of a swan, was written not only by da Vinci.

Leonardo's lifetime rival also painted a picture dedicated to this ancient myth. The painting by Buonarotti suffered the same fate as the work of da Vinci. Paintings by Leonardo and Michelangelo simultaneously disappeared from the collection of the French royal house.

Among the unfinished works of the brilliant Italian, the painting "The Adoration of the Magi" stands out. The canvas was commissioned by the Augustinian monks in 1841, but remained unfinished due to the departure of the master to Milan. The customers found another artist, and Leonardo saw no reason to continue working on the painting.

Fragment of the painting “The Adoration of the Magi”

Researchers believe that the composition of the canvas has no analogues in Italian painting. The painting depicts Mary with the newborn Jesus and the Magi, and behind the backs of the pilgrims are horse riders and the ruins of a pagan temple. There is an assumption that Leonardo depicted in the picture among the men who came to the son of God, and himself at the age of 29 years.

• Researcher of religious mysteries Lynn Picknett published the book Leonardo da Vinci and the Brotherhood of Zion in 2009, naming the famous Italian as one of the masters of a secret religious order.
• It is believed that da Vinci was a vegetarian. He wore clothes made of linen, neglecting outfits made of leather and natural silk.
• A team of researchers plans to isolate Leonardo's DNA from the surviving personal belongings of the master. Historians also claim they are close to finding da Vinci's maternal relatives.
• The Renaissance was the time when noble women in Italy were addressed with the words "my mistress", in Italian - "Madonna" (ma donna). In colloquial speech, the expression was reduced to "monna" (monna). This means that the name of the painting "Mona Lisa" can literally be translated as "Madame Lisa".

• Raphael Santi called da Vinci his teacher. He visited the studio of Leonardo in Florence, tried to adopt some features of his artistic style. Raphael Santi also called Michelangelo Buonarroti his teacher. The three artists mentioned are considered the main geniuses of the Renaissance.
• Australian enthusiasts have created the largest traveling exhibition of the inventions of the great architect. The exposition was developed with the participation of the Leonardo da Vinci Museum in Italy. The exhibition has already visited six continents. During its operation, five million visitors were able to see and touch the works of the most famous engineer of the Renaissance.

In Northern Italy there is a wonderful city of Florence. Across the river, on the banks of which it stands, many beautiful stone bridges are thrown. Pay attention to the Ponte Vekio bridge, near which there are numerous shops, whose windows look at the river. If you look into any of them, you will see almost the same thing as the genius Leonardo da Vinci.

He was 16 years old when he came to Florence with the goal of becoming the best artist in the world. In principle, he achieved his goal. But not only in the field of painting: the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci still haunt historians and researchers, as they were far ahead of their time, no matter how incredible it may sound.

The world of the Leonardo era

Florence, which was surrounded by nature of wondrous beauty, must have been a real discovery for the young genius. His path lay from the town of Vinci, which is located just one day from the city. Even today, this village looks exactly the same as it did 500 years ago. Leonardo was so amazed by the local beauties that he spent hours admiring the slow flow of the river and observing the habits of the numerous birds that nest in these places to this day.

If you have ever visited the exhibition of inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, which is regularly held in Florence, then you yourself will easily notice the abundance of "bird" motifs in many of his works.

In general, he was distinguished by a rare love for our smaller brothers for that time: contemporaries say that one of his favorite pastimes was to buy several cages with birds on the market, and then release them all into the wild. It must be said that the influence of nature, its forms and proportions can be traced in all subsequent works of the master, so that his youthful passion turned out to be extremely useful in his mature years.

The beginning of Leonardo's life

He was born on April 15, 1452. In just 40 years, Columbus will discover America, but even this event is unlikely to overshadow the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, which contemporaries considered who were a miracle, and who were the tricks of the Unclean. From a young age, he had a pronounced inclination towards science, but the small village could not quench his indomitable thirst for knowledge for long. In 1469, his father sent his talented son as an apprentice to the sculptor Andrea Verrochio.

In general, a brief biography of Leonardo da Vinci, which is given in most textbooks, did not retain any other data on the initial period of his life.

He was very famous, and his work was very popular even at the court of the rulers of Florence. At that time, the Renaissance reigned, when the position of the Church was weakened, and scientists, sculptors and artists could do what they loved without risking being fried on an inquisitorial fire.

The standard of living has risen, many people have moved to the cities. Florence, already a large and beautiful city, was literally filled with talented artists and merchants. Sculptors, painters and blacksmiths worked in the workshop of Verrochio, who produced magnificent works of art that captured the imagination of contemporaries, and we are still delighted with.

The craft of the artist, already difficult, required remarkable knowledge in mechanics and physics.

While working as an apprentice, Leonardo quickly became acquainted with numerous systems for carrying and transporting weights, which greatly helped him in his later career. Almost all of Leonardo da Vinci's inventions carry easily recognizable features that anyone can notice when examining reproductions of paintings that depicted the workshops of that time.

Early writings of Leonardo

At just 20 years old, the young genius became a full member of the Florence Guild of Artists, which in those days is analogous to if someone at the same age took the lead in the Large Hadron Collider project. In a word, the kid was not just talented, but simply brilliant. It was he who supplemented the work of his teacher Verrocchio "The Baptism of Christ". His brush belongs to the angel on the left side of the canvas, as well as significant pieces of the landscape.

It should be noted that there was nothing unusual in the practice of using students to paint pictures: many Renaissance canvases, which “de jure” belong to the brushes of the great masters of that period, were actually written by their students (Rembrandt, in particular, at one time was engaged in precisely this).

In the aforementioned painting, Leonardo for the first time demonstrated to the world his originality and fresh vision of problems. So, he first began to use oil paints, thanks to which he quickly managed to create his own style in painting and surpassed his teacher. Someone believes that the student aroused the envy of Verrochio with his successes, but contemporaries say that the old teacher was sincerely glad to transfer part of his affairs to reliable hands. Around the same time, Leonardo gradually began to work on his own projects and paintings.

In those years, the works of artists were divided into only two categories: religious motifs and landscapes. But this was clearly not enough for the young talent. One of the first works of Leonardo was a simple pencil sketch, which was called "Arno Valley". Despite its apparent simplicity, this is a real masterpiece: the observer literally sees and feels the movement of leaves, the flow of water and the rustle of the wind in it. In a word, Leonardo not only departed from the generally accepted canons of the image, but also created his own style, which no one has been able to repeat to this day.

But over time, the canvases of a genius became more and more complex and perfect. It was he who came up with the idea of ​​applying the thinnest layers of oil paint one on top of the other, which gave the paintings a kind of "smoky" and indescribable charm. In principle, the master himself called this technique "enveloping with haze." He learned to convey colors so naturally that many of his paintings are simply photographic.

In general, the painting of Leonardo da Vinci still shocks both experienced art historians and chemists. Some compositions of his paints are deciphered to this day.

Ambition in the field of invention

14 years have passed, which were completely dedicated to Florence. The active Leonard got bored. But he always said at the same time that all the time he spent in Florence allowed him to become a truly great artist and inventor. Be that as it may, but soon Leonardo has the opportunity to apply his efforts to another project.

It all started with the fact that neighboring Milan was threatened by enemies, and Leonardo da Vinci (whose era was not distinguished by calmness) set about creating his own project to effectively protect the city from a possible attack. At that time, the ruler of Milan was Francesco Sforza. Da Vinci wrote a letter to him, in which he praised his ability to make cannons, catapults, warships, and other military equipment.

The ambitious Leonardo wanted to do something more than painting. But he soon discovered that his employer wanted more to turn Milan into a city as beautiful as Florence. And the genius again had to return to the sculptor's path and the craft of the artist. Fortunately, because otherwise we would have lost numerous of his works, which today are the property of all mankind.

What were the main inventions of Leonardo da Vinci? The list is far from complete, but here they are:

• tank project.
• Drawings of planes, helicopters, balloons.
• Leonardo da Vinci invented the alarm clock (with mechanics, he was always on the short leg).
• The first mentions, sketchy sketches of steam locomotives.
• Several dozens of unique techniques in painting and sculpture, which still cannot be repeated.
• Leonardo da Vinci invented scissors. According to legend, he came up with the idea of ​​connecting two small knives with screws. Why he decided to conduct such an experiment, history is silent. However, the invention turned out to be very useful.
• Incredibly accurate and detailed anatomical atlases, in the model and likeness of which all modern analogues are created.
• Advanced sewerage schemes, storm drains.

You can continue to list the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, the list of which we have given in a thousandfold truncated form, is endless. He really was a genius.

Immortal creations of Leonardo

These, in particular, include a number of his creations, which we will discuss below. So, let's list the most prominent of them.

bronze horse

The first "party task" of Leonardo da Vinci, whose discoveries still amaze the world, was the creation of a monument that would depict Sforza's father, sitting on horseback. The ambitious inventor and sculptor decided to make it so that the whole world would admire his genius. He was engaged in development for 11 years, as a result of which a “model” of a horse made of clay was born, the height of which was almost nine meters. The bronze copy came out much more modest.

"The Last Supper"

One of the most mysterious and famous creations of Leonardo to this day is precisely the painting "The Last Supper". During the Second World War, a bomb hit the monastery, on the walls of which it was painted, but did not explode. But it was this projectile that broke off pieces of plaster on the walls, as a result of which, for the first time in several centuries, researchers saw the work of Leonardo, which by that time needed high-quality restoration.

In general, the painting of Leonardo da Vinci is still found from time to time in various parts of Italy. Perhaps we are still waiting for the great discoveries of his new paintings.

"Mona Lisa"

In 1500, the artist returned from Milan to Florence, where three years later he created a truly brilliant painting, Mona Lisa. The mystery of the picture in some incredible technique: the smile of the girl depicted in the picture looks incredibly realistic. No matter how many artists try to repeat this technique, they still do not succeed.

Engineering

In 1506, Leonardo da Vinci (discoveries in various scientific fields intensified during this period) again moved to Milan. At that time, the city was under French control, so the inventor went to the commander of the French army, Charles d'Amboise. For the next seven years, he practically did not paint, but spent a lot of time studying mechanics, anatomy and mathematics in depth. So, it is his inquisitive mind that owns the project of draining the Pontine swamp. Tellingly, his plan turned out to be the most realistic and least costly, so the dewatering was carried out according to his recommendations.

Entertainment of the courtiers

In Milan, Leonardo's time was almost entirely occupied by a wide variety of projects. He continued to paint, took on a variety of projects, but often did not bring them to the end. In addition, he often wrote songs and plays, which he often showed to the rulers of Milan. He was also responsible for the creation of scenery and costumes at the time when carnivals were planned.

Leonardo da Vinci was such a versatile person. What else has this restless designer invented?

Military constructor

He was passionate about the creation of all kinds of military vehicles: tanks and shells with improved ballistics, new bombs for mortars. In addition, he was engaged in the design of fortresses that could survive long-term sieges. Of course, he could carry out no more than a tenth of his bold projects, since most of them were significantly ahead of their time, and therefore there were simply no technologies for their construction. For example, the first tanks were built only 450 years after he drew the drawings of such machines.

However, with equal success, Leonardo was also fond of quite peaceful projects. So, the sewerage project in Milan belongs to him. He designed the sewage system in such a way that sewage could not cause subsequent epidemics among the townspeople.

Great anatomist

Leonardo da Vinci made the greatest contribution to anatomy, since it is he who owns hundreds of studies of the human body, surprisingly detailed and of high quality. However, for the artists of that time, the study of anatomy was a completely natural phenomenon, but only Leonardo became interested not only in appearance, but also in the mechanics of the human body.

Even despite the fact that the Church was sharply against this method of obtaining new knowledge, he carried out dozens of resections, studied hundreds of organs of people belonging to different classes, of different sex, age and physiological state.

His descriptions of anatomical experiments showed that he sometimes went further in his studies than some anatomists of the 19th century. But the most remarkable thing is that he made magnificent sketches of his experiments. He was the first to make an absolutely accurate drawing of an opened human body with an embryo inside.

The umbilical cord was captured by him down to the smallest detail. Leonardo was one of the first to make sketches of the human body in cross section, giving names to each individual part. It should be noted that this method continues to be used at the present time.

The researcher paid special attention to the human eye, and therefore, long before his contemporaries, he described the fundamental laws of optics. So, for the first time he made a brilliant suggestion about the refraction of light in the lens of the eye of an animal and a person. Leonardo wrote in his diary that the eye lens is a kind of lens that is attached to the brain by attaching through the ophthalmic nerve.

Flights in a dream and in reality

As we wrote at the very beginning of the article, he was very interested in birds. Not surprisingly, many of his works are devoted to finding ways to fly, thanks to which a person could rise into the sky. It is he who owns the projects of the first helicopters (helicopters), airplanes and balloons.

As you can see, the whole life of Leonardo da Vinci is closely connected with the sky: he loved birds, loved to create designs for all kinds of aeronautical mechanisms.

The Last Years of a Genius

When the creator was sixty years old, he suddenly discovered that he simply did not have enough money. This is strange, since almost all talented sculptors and artists of that time had many rich sponsors. Why didn't Leonardo have them?

The fact is that he had the glory of a gifted, but very scattered genius. Even if Leonardo da Vinci (whose history knows many similar episodes) took on some project, no one could guarantee that he would complete it and not leave it halfway. Perhaps that is why he created no more than a dozen paintings in his entire life.

Approximately at the age of 60, da Vinci paints a self-portrait (there is in the article). He makes it a simple red crayon. The portrait shows a very aged man, with sad eyes, wrinkled skin and a long white beard. Was Leonardo lonely in his last years, was he disappointed that not all of his projects were considered feasible by his contemporaries? Alas, we will never know for sure.

This brilliant scientist died at the age of 67. It happened on May 2, 1519. He spent the last two years of his life at the court of the French monarch, as he really appreciated science and everything that Leonardo did for its development. Thus ends a brief biography of Leonardo da Vinci.

Mirror writing and diaries

After his death, they were able to find more than five thousand pages of notes and a wide variety of diaries. Immediately striking was the mirror letter with which Leonardo carefully encrypted his notes. Who would need to read them? From whom did the old scientist defend himself with such vigor?

It should not be forgotten that even during the Renaissance, the Church was still an extremely powerful organization. Almost everything that Leonardo wrote could easily be interpreted as "demonic". However, the scientist had surprisingly good relations with many high-ranking members of the clergy, and therefore some scholars suggest that Leonardo simply had his own quirks, writing down his notes in this way.

This theory is supported by the fact that deciphering the "mirror" letter is not particularly difficult. It is unlikely that churchmen, if they really set themselves such a goal, would not be able to read it.

Thus, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci left a deep mark on culture and art, science and technology, and in all other areas of modern society.

(Leonardo da Vinci) (1452-1519) - the greatest figure, the multifaceted genius of the Renaissance, the founder of the High Renaissance. Known as an artist, scientist, engineer, inventor.

Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in the town of Anchiano near the town of Vinci, located near Florence. His father was Piero da Vinci, a notary who came from a prominent family in the city of Vinci. According to one version, the mother was a peasant woman, according to another - the owner of the tavern, known as Katerina. At about the age of 4.5 years, Leonardo was taken to his father's house, and in the documents of that time he is called the illegitimate son of Piero. In 1469 he entered the workshop of the famous artist, sculptor and jeweler Andrea del Verrocchio ( 1435/36–1488). Here Leonardo went the whole way of apprenticeship: from rubbing paints to working as an apprentice. According to contemporaries, he painted the left figure of an angel in a painting by Verrocchio Baptism(c. 1476, Uffizi Gallery, Florence), which immediately attracted attention. The naturalness of movement, the smoothness of lines, the softness of chiaroscuro - distinguishes the figure of an angel from the more rigid writing of Verrocchio. Leonardo lived in the house of the master and after in 1472 he was admitted to the Guild of St. Luke, the guild of painters.

One of the few dated drawings by Leonardo was created in August 1473. View of the Arno Valley from a height was made with a pen with quick strokes, transmitting vibrations of light, air, which indicates that the drawing was made from nature (Uffizi Gallery, Florence).

The first painting attributed to Leonardo, although its authorship is disputed by many experts, is Annunciation(c. 1472, Uffizi Gallery, Florence). Unfortunately, the unknown author made later corrections, which significantly worsened the quality of the work.

Portrait of Ginevra de Benci(1473-1474, National Gallery, Washington) is permeated with a melancholy mood. Part of the picture below is cut off: probably, the hands of the model were depicted there. The contours of the figure are softened with the help of the sfumato effect, created before Leonardo, but it was he who became the genius of this technique. Sfumato (it. sfumato - foggy, smoky) - a technique developed in the Renaissance in painting and graphics, which allows you to convey the softness of modeling, the elusiveness of object outlines, and the feeling of the air environment.

Madonna with a flower (Madonna Benois) (Madonna with child) 1478 - 1480 Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia

Between 1476 and 1478 Leonardo opens his workshop. To this period belongs Madonna with a flower, so-called Madonna Benois(c. 1478, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg). The smiling Madonna addresses the baby Jesus sitting on her lap, the movements of the figures are natural and plastic. In this picture, there is a characteristic interest in the art of Leonardo to show the inner world.

An unfinished painting also belongs to the early works. Adoration of the Magi(1481-1482, Uffizi Gallery, Florence). The central place is occupied by a group of the Madonna and Child and the Magi placed in the foreground.

In 1482, Leonardo left for Milan, the richest city of that time, under the patronage of Lodovico Sforza (1452–1508), who supported the army, spent huge amounts of money on lavish festivities and the purchase of works of art. Introducing himself to his future patron, Leonardo speaks of himself as a musician, military expert, inventor of weapons, war chariots, machines, and only then speaks of himself as an artist. Leonardo lived in Milan until 1498, and this period of his life was the most fruitful.

The first commission received by Leonardo was the creation of an equestrian statue in honor of Francesco Sforza (1401–1466), father of Lodovico Sforza. Working on it for 16 years, Leonardo created many drawings, as well as an eight-meter clay model. In an effort to surpass all existing equestrian statues, Leonardo wanted to make a grandiose sculpture in size, to show a rearing horse. But faced with technical difficulties, Leonardo changed the idea and decided to depict a walking horse. In November 1493 model Horse without a rider was put on public display, and it was this event that made Leonardo da Vinci famous. It took about 90 tons of bronze to cast the sculpture. The metal collection that had begun was interrupted, and the equestrian statue was never cast. In 1499, Milan was captured by the French, who used the sculpture as a target. After a while, it collapsed. Horse- a grandiose, but never completed project - one of the significant works of monumental plastic art of the 16th century. and, according to Vasari, "those who have seen the huge clay model ... claim that they have never seen a work more beautiful and majestic," called the monument "the great colossus."

At the court of Sforza, Leonardo also worked as a decorator for many festivities, creating hitherto unseen scenery and mechanisms, and made costumes for allegorical figures.

unfinished canvas Saint Jerome(1481, Vatican Museum, Rome) shows the saint at the moment of repentance in a complex turn with a lion at his feet. The picture was painted in black and white paints. But after coating it with varnish in the 19th century. the colors turned to olive and golden.

Madonna in the rocks(1483-1484, Louvre, Paris) - the famous painting by Leonardo, written by him in Milan. The image of the Madonna, baby Jesus, little John the Baptist and an angel in a landscape is a new motif in Italian painting of that time. In the opening of the rock, a landscape is visible, which has been given sublimely ideal features, and in which the achievements of linear and aerial perspective are shown. Although the cave is dimly lit, the picture is not dark, faces and figures gently emerge from the shadows. The thinnest chiaroscuro (sfumato) creates the impression of a dim diffused light, models faces and hands. Leonardo connects the figures not only with a common mood, but also with the unity of space.

LADY WITH ERMIN. 1485–1490. Czartoryski Museum

lady with ermine(1484, Czartoryski Museum, Krakow) - one of the first works of Leonardo as a court portrait painter. The painting depicts the mistress of Lodovik Cecilia Gallerani with the emblem of the Sforza family, an ermine. The complex turn of the head and the exquisite bend of the lady's hand, the curved pose of the animal - everything speaks of the authorship of Leonardo. The background was repainted by another artist.

Portrait of a musician(1484, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan). Only the face of the young man is completed, the rest of the picture is not spelled out. The type of face is close to the faces of Leonardo's angels, only executed more courageously.

Another unique work was created by Leonardo in one of the halls of the Sforza Palace, which is called the Donkey. On the vaults and walls of this hall, he painted willow crowns, whose branches are intricately intertwined, tied with decorative ropes. Subsequently, part of the paint layer crumbled, but a significant part was preserved and restored.

In 1495 Leonardo began work on last supper(area 4.5 × 8.6 m). The fresco is located on the wall of the refectory of the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, at a height of 3 m from the floor and occupies the entire end wall of the room. Leonardo oriented the perspective of the fresco to the viewer, thus it organically entered the interior of the refectory: the perspective reduction of the side walls depicted in the fresco continues the real space of the refectory. Thirteen people are seated at a table parallel to the wall. In the center is Jesus Christ, to the left and to the right of him are his disciples. The dramatic moment of exposure and condemnation of betrayal is shown, the moment when Christ just uttered the words: “One of you will betray Me”, and different emotional reactions of the apostles to these words. The composition is built on a strictly verified mathematical calculation: in the center is Christ, depicted against the background of the middle, largest opening of the back wall, the vanishing point of the perspective coincides with his head. The twelve apostles are divided into four groups of three figures each. Each is given a vivid characteristic by expressive gestures and movements. The main task was to show Judas, to separate him from the rest of the apostles. By placing him on the same line of the table as all the apostles, Leonardo psychologically separated him by loneliness. Creation last supper became a notable event in the artistic life of Italy at that time. As a true innovator and experimenter, Leonardo abandoned the fresco technique. He covered the wall with a special composition of resin and mastic, and painted in tempera. These experiments led to the greatest tragedy: the refectory, which was hastily repaired by order of Sforza, the pictorial innovations of Leonardo, the lowland in which the refectory was located - all this served a sad service to safety. last supper. The paint began to peel off, as already mentioned by Vasari in 1556. Secret supper it was repeatedly restored in the 17th and 18th centuries, but the restorations were unqualified (the paint layers were simply reapplied). By the middle of the 20th century, when The Last Supper came to a deplorable state, began a scientific restoration: first, the entire paint layer was fixed, then later layers were removed, and Leonardo's tempera painting was opened. And although the work was badly damaged, these restoration works made it possible to say that this Renaissance masterpiece was saved. Working on the fresco for three years, Leonardo created the greatest creation of the Renaissance.

After the fall of Sforza's power in 1499, Leonardo went to Florence, stopping by Mantua and Venice on the way. In Mantua he creates cardboard with Portrait of Isabella d "Este(1500, Louvre, Paris), executed in black crayon, charcoal and pastel.

In the spring of 1500, Leonardo arrived in Florence, where he soon received an order to paint an altar painting in the monastery of the Annunciation. The order was never completed, but one of the options is the so-called. Burlington House Cardboard(1499, National Gallery, London).

One of the significant commissions received by Leonardo in 1502 for the decoration of the wall of the Council Hall of the Signoria in Florence was Battle of Anghiari(not saved). Another wall for decoration was given to Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), who painted a painting there. Battle of Kashin. Sketches by Leonardo, now lost, showed the panorama of the battle, in the center of which the battle for the banner took place. Cardboards by Leonardo and Michelangelo, exhibited in 1505, were a huge success. As in the case with last supper, Leonardo experimented with paints, as a result of which the paint layer gradually crumbled. But preparatory drawings, copies, have survived, which partly give an idea of ​​the scale of this work. In particular, a drawing by Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) has been preserved, which shows the central scene of the composition (c. 1615, Louvre, Paris).
For the first time in the history of battle painting, Leonardo showed the drama and fury of the battle.

MONA LISA. Louvre, Paris Mona Lisa- the most famous work of Leonardo da Vinci (1503-1506, Louvre, Paris). Mona Lisa (short for Madonna Lisa) was the third wife of the Florentine merchant Francesco di Bartolomeo del Giocondo. Now the picture is slightly changed: columns were originally drawn on the left and right, now cut off. Small in size, the picture makes a monumental impression: Mona Lisa is shown against the backdrop of a landscape, where the depth of space, the air haze are conveyed with the greatest perfection. Leonardo's famous sfumato technique is brought here to unprecedented heights: the thinnest, as if melting, haze of chiaroscuro, enveloping the figure, softens the contours and shadows. There is something elusive, bewitching and attractive in a slight smile, in the liveliness of facial expression, in the stately calmness of the pose, in the stillness of the smooth lines of the hands.

In 1506 Leonardo received an invitation to Milan from Louis XII of France (1462-1515). Having given Leonardo complete freedom of action, regularly paying him, the new patrons did not demand certain jobs from him. Leonardo is fond of scientific research, sometimes turning to painting. Then the second version was written Madonnas in the rocks(1506-1508, British National Gallery, London).

MADONNA WITH CHILD AND ST. ANNO. OK. 1510. Louvre, Paris

St. Anne with Mary and the Christ Child(1500-1510, Louvre, Paris) - one of the themes of Leonardo's work, to which he repeatedly addressed. The last development of this theme remained unfinished.

In 1513, Leonardo went to Rome, to the Vatican, to the court of Pope Leo X (1513–1521), but soon lost the pope's favor. He studies plants in the botanical garden, draws up plans for draining the Pontine Marshes, writes notes for a treatise on the structure of the human voice. At this time, he created the only self-portrait(1514, Reale Library, Turin), executed in sanguine, showing a gray-haired old man with a long beard and a fixed gaze.

Leonardo's last painting was also painted in Rome - Saint John the Baptist(1515, Louvre, Paris). St. John is shown pampered with a seductive smile and feminine gestures.

Again, Leonardo receives an offer from the French king, this time from Francis I (1494-1547), the successor of Louis XII: to move to France, to an estate near the royal castle of Amboise. In 1516 or 1517, Leonardo arrives in France, where he is assigned apartments in the Cloux estate. Surrounded by the respectful admiration of the king, he receives the title of "The first artist, engineer and architect of the king." Leonardo, despite his age and illness, is engaged in drawing canals in the Loire Valley, takes part in the preparation of court festivities.

Leonardo da Vinci died on May 2, 1519, bequeathing his drawings and papers to Francesco Melzi, a student who kept them all his life. But after his death, all countless papers were distributed all over the world, some were lost, some are stored in different cities, in museums around the world.

A scientist by vocation, Leonardo even now impresses with the breadth and diversity of his scientific interests. His research in the field of aircraft design is unique. He studied the flight, planning of birds, the structure of their wings, and created the so-called. ornithopter, an aircraft with flapping wings, and never realized. He created a pyramidal parachute, a model of a spiral propeller (a variant of the modern propeller). Observing nature, he became an expert in the field of botany: he was the first to describe the laws of phyllotaxy (the laws governing the arrangement of leaves on a stem), heliotropism and geotropism (the laws of the influence of the sun and gravity on plants), discovered a way to determine the age of trees by annual rings. He was an expert in the field of anatomy: he was the first to describe the valve of the right ventricle of the heart, demonstrated anatomy, etc. He created a system of drawings that still help students understand the structure of the human body: he showed an object in four views to examine it from all sides, created an image system organs and bodies in cross section. His research in the field of geology is interesting: he gave descriptions of sedimentary rocks, explanations of marine deposits in the mountains of Italy. As an optical scientist, he knew that visual images on the cornea of ​​the eye are projected upside down. He was probably the first to use a camera obscura for sketching landscapes (from Latin camera - room, obscurus - dark) - a closed box with a small hole in one of the walls; rays of light are reflected on the frosted glass on the other side of the box and create an inverted color image, used by landscape painters of the 18th century. for accurate reproduction of views). In the drawings of Leonardo there is a project for an instrument for measuring the intensity of light, a photometer, brought to life only three centuries later. He designed canals, locks, dams. Among his ideas can be seen: light shoes for walking on water, a life buoy, webbed gloves for swimming, an underwater movement device similar to a modern spacesuit, machines for the production of rope, grinders and much more. Talking to mathematician Luca Pacioli, who wrote the textbook On Divine Proportion, Leonardo became interested in this science and created illustrations for this textbook.

Leonardo also acted as an architect, but none of his projects was ever brought to life. He participated in the competition for the design of the central dome of the Milan Cathedral, designed the mausoleum for members of the royal family in the Egyptian style, a project he proposed to the Turkish Sultan to build a huge bridge across the Bosphorus, under which ships could pass.

A large number of Leonardo's drawings remained, made with sanguine, colored crayons, pastels (it is Leonardo who is credited with the invention of pastels), silver pencil, and chalk.

In Milan, Leonardo begins to write Treatise on painting, work on which continued throughout his life, but was never completed. In this multi-volume reference book, Leonardo wrote about how to recreate the world around him on the canvas, about linear and aerial perspective, proportions, anatomy, geometry, mechanics, optics, about the interaction of colors, reflexes.

John the Baptist. 1513-16

Madonna Litta 1478-1482 Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia

Leda with a swan 1508 - 1515 Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy

The life and work of Leonardo da Vinci left a colossal mark not only in art, but also in science and technology. Painter, sculptor, architect - he was a naturalist, mechanic, engineer, mathematician, made many discoveries for future generations. It was the greatest personality of the Renaissance.

"Vitruvian Man"- the common name for a graphic drawing by da Vinci, made in 1492. as an illustration to the entries in one of the diaries. The figure depicts a naked male figure. Strictly speaking, these are even two images of the same figure superimposed on each other, but in different poses. A circle and a square are described around the figure. The manuscript containing this drawing is sometimes also referred to as The Canon of Proportions or simply The Proportions of Man. Now this work is stored in one of the museums in Venice, but it is exhibited extremely rarely, since this exhibit is truly unique and valuable both as a work of art and as a subject of research.

Leonardo created his "Vitruvian Man" as an illustration of the geometric studies he carried out on the basis of a treatise by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius (hence the name of da Vinci's work). In the treatise of the philosopher and researcher, the proportions of the human body were taken as the basis of all architectural proportions. Da Vinci, on the other hand, applied the studies of the ancient Roman architect to painting, which once again clearly illustrates the principle of the unity of art and science, put forward by Leonardo. In addition, this work also reflects the master's attempt to correlate man with nature. It is known that da Vinci considered the human body as a reflection of the universe, i.e. was convinced that it functions according to the same laws. The author himself considered the Vitruvian Man as "the cosmography of the microcosm". This drawing also has a deep symbolic meaning. The square and circle in which the body is inscribed do not simply reflect physical, proportional characteristics. The square can be interpreted as the material existence of a person, and the circle represents its spiritual basis, and the points of contact of geometric figures between themselves and with the body inserted into them can be considered as a connection between these two foundations of human existence. For many centuries this drawing was considered as a symbol of the ideal symmetry of the human body and the universe as a whole.

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The purpose of the project: To tell about the greatest scientist of his time, Leonardo da Vinci, who enriched almost all areas of knowledge with insightful observations and conjectures. Present inventions that characterize him as an outstanding engineer of his time. Project objectives: To get acquainted with the greatest scientist Leonardo da Vinci; Learn about the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci; Collect material on the topic; Analyze the collected information; Create an educational presentation "Leonardo da Vinci is an inventor" for school students; Arrange material; Participate in the lesson using the presentation.

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Medicine At the end of the Middle Ages, a star rose in Italy, illuminating the entire subsequent development of European civilization. A painter, an engineer, a mechanic, a carpenter, a musician, a mathematician, a pathologist, an inventor - this is not a complete list of the facets of a universal genius. Archaeologist, meteorologist, astronomer, architect... All this is Leonardo da Vinci. He was called a sorcerer, servant of the devil, Italian Faust and divine spirit. He was ahead of his time by several centuries. Surrounded by legends during his lifetime, the great Leonardo is a symbol of the boundless aspirations of the human mind. Leonardo da Vinci

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Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in the picturesque Tuscan town of Vinci. The town of Vinci near Florence The house where Leonardo lived as a child. Tomb of Leonardo da Vinci in the Chapel of St. Hubert Leonardo did not have a surname in the modern sense; "da Vinci" simply means "(hailed from) the town of Vinci." His full name is Italian. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, that is, "Leonardo, son of Mr. Piero of Vinci."

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Leonardo had many friends and students. He had his own workshop in Florence. In 1481, da Vinci completed the first large order in his life - the altarpiece "The Adoration of the Magi" for a monastery located near Florence. In 1482, Leonardo, being, according to Vasari, a very talented musician, created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. Workshop of Verrochio "The Adoration of the Magi"

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Milan, La Scala Square Monument to Leonardo da Vinci On La Scala Square in 1872, a monument to Leonardo da Vinci was erected The work of the sculptor Pietro Magni. The monument is a pedestal on which stands Leonardo da Vinci. Below Leonardo da Vinci are four of his students.

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Da Vinci was a famous figure of his time, but the real glory came many centuries after his death. Only at the end of the 19th century were the theoretical notes of the scientist published for the first time. It was they who contained descriptions of strange and mysterious devices for their time. Leonardo da Vinci left behind about 13,000 pages of various manuscripts - notes, diaries, drawings, treatises, canons, "codes". In the Renaissance, da Vinci could hardly count on the speedy implementation of all his inventions. The main obstacle to their implementation was the insufficient technical level. But in the 20th century, almost all the devices described in his writings became a reality. This suggests that the "Italian Faust" was not only a talented inventor, but also a person who was able to anticipate technological progress. Of course, Leonardo's deep knowledge contributed to this.

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The scientist systematized his developments, creating the so-called "codes" - books containing records about certain aspects of science and technology. Leonardo da Vinci was left-handed and wrote "mirror" - that is, from right to left, although sometimes, for example, for correspondence with officials, he used the usual style of writing. Rumors circulated around such an oddity of the master. One of the researchers of his work stated that Leonardo deliberately wrote “on the contrary” so that his notes would not be available to the ignorant .. His notes contained everything from medicine, history and biology to mechanics, drawings, careful calculations of structures, drawings and poems . Autograph of Leonardo

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The Last Supper. 1495-1497 years. Painting on the wall. Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan. La Gioconda (Mona Lisa, 1503 Louvre, Paris) Leonardo is primarily known to our contemporaries as an artist. However, da Vinci himself at different periods of his life considered himself primarily an engineer or scientist. He did not devote much time to the fine arts and worked quite slowly. Therefore, the artistic heritage of Leonardo is not quantitatively large, and a number of his works have been lost or badly damaged. However, his contribution to world artistic culture is extremely important even against the background of the cohort of geniuses that the Italian Renaissance gave. Portrait of a musician

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"I want to create miracles" Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most versatile personalities in the history of the Italian Renaissance. He was able to glorify himself as a great artist and soothsayer, but his amazing inventions are most striking. Leonardo was fond of the development of military equipment. One of the truly ingenious ideas was the development of an iron chariot in the form of inverted saucers armed with cannons. He was the first to propose installing batteries of firearms on armored ships, invented a helicopter, a bicycle, a glider, a parachute, a tank, a machine gun, poison gases, a smoke screen for troops, a magnifying glass (100 years before Galileo!). Da Vinci invented textile machines, powerful cranes, systems for draining marshes through pipes, and arched bridges. Inventions Inventions

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Bridge in the Norwegian city of As, built according to the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. "I know how to build very light and strong bridges, suitable for transportation during attack and retreat, protected from fire and projectiles," wrote Leonardo da Vinci. The Leonardo da Vinci Revolving Bridge is a portable, lightweight bridge that was designed to allow an army to cross a river and then quickly tow it. The bridge consists of a single span and is attached to the shore with a vertical hinge, which allows it to rotate.

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MARINE MILITARY EQUIPMENT The double skin of the ship's hull was proposed to ensure greater unsinkability and invulnerability of ships in naval battles. UNDERWATER MINE To destroy enemy ships, an underwater mine is screwed into the bottom of the ship by a submarine crew or a diver. For the first time, such a mine was used during the war in the United States (1860s), and saboteur divers appeared only during World War II. SUBMARINE "I know many means suitable for offensive and defensive maneuvers at sea and protecting ships ..."

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WATER MECHANISMS AND DEVICES Flippers The scientist developed a scheme of webbed gloves, which eventually turned into well-known flippers. These were gloves made of fabric in the form of a spreading bird's paw. These webbed gloves greatly increased swimming speed. The most necessary item when saving a drowning person is a lifebuoy. This invention of Leonardo has come down to our time almost unchanged. Leonardo da Vinci was engaged in everything that at least somehow concerned water.

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Water wheel DRAG Leonardo has many options for sketches of devices for raising water. Their purpose could be different. . These are fountains and water pipes and irrigation devices. With the help of such a water wheel with bowls, water was scooped up from the lower container and poured into the upper one. To clean the canals and deepen the bottom, Leonardo invented a dredge, which was installed on a raft fixed between two boats. The scoop plant was equipped with four blades. The blades were driven by a handle. The silt collected from the bottom was to be laid on a raft, fortified between two boats. By moving the axis of rotation of the drum vertically, it was possible to adjust the depth of the work performed. When the wheel was turned, the cable tied to the shore was wound around the drum, and the dredge moved.

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Leonardo loved the water: he developed diving instructions, invented and described a breathing apparatus for scuba diving. A soft suit - a diving suit was invented by Leonardo for underwater work, or rather, for anchoring a ship. According to Leonardo's plan, divers were to descend under the water for these purposes. Da Vinci divers could breathe with the help of an underwater air bell, put on masks with glass holes through which one could see underwater.

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Throughout his life, Leonardo da Vinci was literally obsessed with the idea of ​​flight. No technical invention causes such awe and admiration as a flying machine. That is why special attention has been riveted to da Vinci's aircraft at all times. The inventor always dreamed of the idea of ​​aeronautics. One of the very first (and most famous) sketches on this topic is a diagram of the device, which in our time is considered to be the prototype of a helicopter. AIRCRAFT VERTICAL AIRCRAFT

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Soon Leonardo lost interest in propeller-driven aircraft and turned his attention to the mechanism of flight. Birds became a source of inspiration for the scientist. Leonardo tried to create a wing for an aircraft in the image and likeness of feathered wings. To begin with, calculations were made that showed that the length of a duck's wing (in yards) is numerically equal to the square root of its weight. Based on this, Leonardo established that to lift a flying machine with a person (136 kg) into the air, wings similar to those of a bird and having a length of 12 meters are needed. The wing, which, according to Leonardo's calculations, with a quick pressure on the lever, could lift its heavy stand from the ground with a wave.

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The world's first drawing of an airship with a controlled tail and a streamlined fuselage. 1486-1490 years. In the process of working on the aircraft, Leonardo made a very interesting drawing from the point of view of modern aviation. It depicts a flying ship - a ship, with seats for passengers, as well as a system of levers that control the wings and tail. Hang-glider of the great Leonardo da Vinci... One of the inventions of the great Leonardo came to life in Great Britain...

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The hang glider, conceived by Leonardo da Vinci over 500 years ago, is capable of flight. While da Vinci's parachute would have allowed a man to jump off a cliff and stay alive, an ornithopter would have allowed him to hover in the air above the earth.

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Attempts to reproduce the wing created by nature did not lead to success - and Leonardo turned to gliding flight, i.e. began to develop another flying machine, which was somewhat similar to a modern parachute. He developed the design of a glider that was attached to the back of a person so that the latter could balance in flight. The main, widest part of the wings was fixed, but their ends could be bent with cables and change the direction of flight. The drawing of the device turned out to be prophetic, which Leonardo himself described as follows: “If you have enough linen fabric sewn into a pyramid with a base of 12 yards (about 7 m 20 cm), then you can jump from any height without any harm to your body” . The master made this entry between 1483 and 1486. Only a few hundred years later this drawing was transformed and such a device was called a "parachute" (from the Greek para - "against" and the French "chute" - fall). It is interesting that the idea of ​​​​creating a parachute by Leonardo da Vinci was brought to its logical end only by the Russian inventor Kotelnikov, who in 1911 created the first backpack rescue parachute attached to the pilot's back.

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SIEGE AND DEFENSE MILITARY EQUIPMENT Leonardo da Vinci developed many simple, but at the same time effective military devices for the defense and siege of fortresses. ASSAULT LADDERS LADDER PUSHING DEVICE CUTTING ROTATING BLADES TO HIT ATTACKERS BOMB-THROWING MACHINE CATAPULT Tower for storming a castle

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Mounted chariot for offensive fighting with scythes. Leonardo made this illustration of a war machine for Treatise on War. These are war chariots equipped with scythes for cutting the leg tendons of enemy horses and soldiers, since the scythes were at the top and bottom, then literally, they mowed down everyone. It is a kind of chariot with spinning scythes to destroy the enemy in battle.

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FIREARMS Cannon QUICK-FIRE CROSSBOW GIANT CROSSBOW Leonardo da Vinci designs catapults and fortress crossbows, acting by the elasticity of wooden or steel springs. At the same time, he creates guns that are loaded not from the muzzle, but from the breech, multi-barreled salvo fire artillery, explosive bombs filled with buckshot, elongated projectiles equipped with a stabilizer and a powder booster. Leonardo paid great attention to the design of automatic firearms. MACHINE GUN KEELED CANNELLS

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MULTIPLE-CHARGED FIGHTING VEHICLES One of the scientist's most exciting ideas was... a tank. This design had a rounded shape and outwardly resembled a turtle, bristling with tools on all sides. The inventor hoped to solve the problem of movement with the help of horses. True, this idea was quickly abandoned: in a confined space, animals could become uncontrollable. Instead, the “engine” of such a tank was to be eight people who would turn the levers connected to the wheels, and thus move the combat vehicle forward. Another crew member was supposed to be at the top of the apparatus and indicate the direction of movement. Interestingly, the design of the armored vehicle only allowed it to move forward.

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Bearings For the first time the idea, as many believe, was born in the time of the Roman Empire, but historians believe that it was in da Vinci's notebooks that the first sketches of the bearing appeared.

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The car While digitizing the "car", a brake invented by Leonardo was discovered - experts in the automotive industry believe that the invention of the brake for auto progress turned out to be almost more important than the creation of the internal combustion engine. Among all the "earthly" discoveries of Leonardo, one should name ... a car. The master paid the main attention to the engine and chassis, so the design of the "body" did not reach us. The self-propelled wagon had three wheels and was driven by a clockwork spring mechanism. The two rear wheels were independent of each other, and their rotation was carried out by a complex system of gears. In addition to the front wheel, there was one more - a small, swivel, which was placed on a wooden lever. It is assumed that this idea was born by Leonardo back in 1478. But only in 1752, the Russian self-taught mechanic, peasant Leonty Shamshurenkov was able to assemble a “self-running carriage”, set in motion by the power of two people.

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The first bicycle in history The first technical drawings of a bicycle belong to Leonardo da Vinci. The Meiningen chronicle of 1447 tells of a moving device set in motion by a driver.

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Rolling mill The figure shows a machine for the production of tin sheets by rolling metal between the main rollers.

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Watch mechanisms Medicine Leonardo created variants of watches, improved their design: for example, watches with weights are the forerunners of watches wound by a spring. However, they needed too much vertical space to pull the weights. The scientist came up with a system of blocks that regulates the lowering of weights and reduces the required vertical space. Leonardo also solved the problem of compensating for energy losses that occur when the spring is untwisted: first, with the help of a lead screw - a spindle that slowly winds the spring; then he created unusual mechanisms, stronger and more stable than the spindle.

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Glasses Projector The study of binocular vision led Leonardo da Vinci to create around 1500. stereoscope, he invented a number of lighting devices, including lamp glass, he dreamed of creating a telescope from spectacle lenses. Leonardo da Vinci made many discoveries in optics.

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Leonardo approached the study of anatomy like a real naturalist - this is how we evaluate him today. However, the work of this man of genius, who could have received many of the laurels that Vesalius inherited, remained unfinished and resembled a giant skeleton. Nevertheless, Leonardo, who paved the way for modern science, deserves a place of honor also among anatomists - researchers of the human body.

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The first drawing of a humanoid robot was made by Leonardo da Vinci in 1495 and was based on anatomical studies recorded in the Vitruvian Man. The Vitruvian Man is a drawing made by Leonardo Da Vinci around 1490-1492 as an illustration for a book dedicated to the writings of Vitruvius. It depicts the figure of a naked man in two superimposed positions: with arms outstretched to the sides, describing a circle and a square. Drawing and text are sometimes referred to as canonical proportions. When examining the drawing, it can be seen that the combination of arms and legs actually amounts to four different postures. A pose with arms spread apart and legs not spread apart fits into a square (“Square of the Ancients”). On the other hand, a pose with arms and legs spread out to the sides fits into a circle. And, although the center of the figure seems to move when changing positions, in fact, the navel of the figure, which is its real center, remains motionless. If we tie a human figure - the most perfect creation of the universe - with a belt and then measure the distance from the belt to the feet, then this value will refer to the distance from the same belt to the top of the head, as the entire height of a person relates to the length from the belt to the feet ... ". Indeed, in nature and the human body there are many proportional relationships close to what Leonardo da Vinci called the "golden section". In any work of art, several unequal, but close to the golden section, parts give the impression of the development of forms, their dynamics, proportional complement to each other.

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It is believed that in 1495 Leonardo da Vinci first formulated the idea of ​​a "mechanical man", in other words, a robot. As conceived by the master, this device was supposed to be a mannequin dressed in knightly armor and capable of reproducing several human movements. Leonardo da Vinci's notes found in the 1950s contained detailed drawings of a mechanical knight able to sit, spread his arms, move his head, and open his visor. The da Vinci robot has not survived, and no one knows exactly what it was capable of. .

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Leonardo da Vinci is an Italian artist (painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatomist, naturalist), inventor, writer, one of the largest representatives of the art of the High Renaissance, a vivid example of the "universal man". He literally turned the idea of ​​people in all aspects of life. He truly deserves to be called a GENIUS. The greatest figure of his era! Leonardo da Vinci

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So who was Leonardo da Vinci really? Perhaps this is the biggest mystery. Although Leonardo da Vinci is considered to be one of the geniuses of the Renaissance, this is not even remotely true. He is unique! Neither before nor after him in history did there exist such a person who was a genius in all areas! Some researchers tend to consider him a time traveler who arrived in the Renaissance from a distant future. Others consider Leonardo a messenger of a developed extraterrestrial civilization, and still others consider him a resident of a parallel world that is more developed than ours. In any case, Leonardo da Vinci knew too well worldly affairs and the future that awaits humanity to be an ordinary person. "Born to Fly" left us drawings and superbly calculated drawings that are still relevant today! Hundreds of years passed before people could bring the ideas of Leonardo da Vinci to life.

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"Glory in the hands of labor" Leonardo da Vinci is a genius whose inventions belong undividedly to both the past, present and future of mankind. He lived ahead of his time, and if at least a small part of what he invented was brought to life, then the history of Europe, and possibly the world, would be different: already in the 15th century we would have been driving cars and crossing the seas on submarines. Leonardo da Vinci enriched almost all areas of knowledge with insightful observations and conjectures. But how surprised a genius would be if he knew that many of his inventions are used even centuries after his birth.

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http://vinci.ru/ http://abitura.com/not_only/hystorical_physics/Vinchi.htm http://www.terredelrinascimento.it/immagini/gallery/vinci/aerea.jpg http://gizmod.ru/ 2007/05/24/izobretenija_velikogo_leonardo_da_vinchi/ http://www.zitata.com/da_vinci.shtml http://nauka03.ru/istoriya-anatomii/leonardo-da-vinchi.html References

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Creativity of Leonardo Da Vinci Performed by a student of the 9th grade Zemtseva Alexandra St. Novotroitskaya 2017

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Leonardo da Vinci Italian scientist, inventor, artist, writer. One of the brightest representatives of the Renaissance. Many researchers consider him the most brilliant person of all times and peoples.

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Biography of Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in the small village of Anchiano, not far from Florence. His father Piero was a notary, his mother Katerina was a simple peasant woman. Shortly after Leonardo's birth, his father left the family, marrying a wealthy woman. Leonardo spent his first years with his mother. Then the father, who could not have children with his new wife, took the boy to be brought up with him. When he was 13 years old, his stepmother died. The father remarried and became a widower again. His attempts to interest his son in the notarial business were unsuccessful.

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At a young age, Leonardo began to demonstrate the extraordinary talent of the artist. His father sends him to Florence, to the workshop of Andrea Verrocchio. Here he mastered the humanities, chemistry, drawing, metallurgy. The apprentice was actively engaged in sculpture, drawing, modeling.

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When Leonardo was 20 years old (in 1473), the Guild of St. Luke awarded Leonardo da Vinci the qualification of a master. Then Leonardo had a hand in creating the painting "The Baptism of Christ", which was painted by his teacher Andrea del Verrocchio. Da Vinci's brushes belong to part of the landscape and an angel. Already here the nature of Leonardo as an innovator is manifested - he uses oil paints, which were a novelty in Italy at that time. Verrocchio instructs a talented student to deal with orders for paintings, while he focuses on sculpture. Leonardo's first self-painted painting was Enlightenment.

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After this, a period of life begins, which is characterized by the artist's passion for the image of the Madonna. He creates paintings "Madonna Benois", "Madonna with a Carnation", "Madonna Litta". A number of unfinished sketches on the same subject have been preserved.

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In 1481, the monastery of San Donato a Scopeto commissioned Leonardo to paint The Adoration of the Magi. Work on it was interrupted and abandoned. Already at that time, da Vinci was "famous" for his tendency to suddenly leave work unfinished. The Medici family, ruling in Florence, did not favor the artist, so he decided to leave the city.

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In 1482, Leonardo went to Milan to the court of Lodovico Sforza, where he played the lute. The artist hoped to get a reliable patron in the person of Sforza, offering his services as an inventor of weapons for this. However, Sforza was not a fan of open conflicts, but of intrigue and poisoning.

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In 1483, da Vinci received his first order in Milan - for the painting of the altar from the Franciscan brotherhood of the Immaculate Conception. Three years later, the work was completed, and then another 25 years of litigation lasted over payment for the work.

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Soon orders begin to arrive from Sforza. Leonardo becomes a court painter, paints portraits and works on a statue of Francesco Sforza. The statue itself was never completed - the ruler decided to use bronze for the manufacture of cannons.

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In Milan, Leonardo begins to create a "Treatise on Painting". This work lasted until the death of a genius. Da Vinci invents a rolling mill, a machine for the production of files, a loom for making cloth. All these valuable inventions did not interest Sforza. Also during this period, Leonardo creates sketches of temples, takes part in the construction of the Milan Cathedral. He developed the city sewer system, carried out land reclamation work.

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In 1495, work begins on The Last Supper, which ends after 3 years. In 1498, the painting of the Sala delle Asse in Castello Sforzesco ends.

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In 1499, Sforza loses power, Milan is captured by French troops. Leonardo had to leave the city, and the next year he returned to Florence. Here he paints the paintings "Madonna with a spindle" and "St. Anna with Mary and the baby."

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In 1502, Leonardo became an architect and chief engineer in the service of Cesare Borgia. During this period, da Vinci designs canals to drain swamps, creates military maps.

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In 1503, work began on the portrait of Mona Lisa. For the next decade, Leonardo wrote little, trying to devote more time to anatomy, mathematics and mechanics.

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In 1513, Leonardo comes under the patronage of Giuliano Medici and comes with him to Rome. Here, for three years, he studied the manufacture of mirrors, mathematics, explores the human voice and creates new paint formulations. In 1517, after the death of the Medici, Leonardo became a court painter in Paris. Here he works on land reclamation, hydrography and very often communicates with King Francis I.

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On May 2, 1519, at the age of 67, Leonardo da Vinci died. His body was buried in the church of Saint Florentin, but the grave was lost during many years of wars.

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Baptism of Christ. A painting by Verrocchio, painted by him with his students. The right of the two angels is the work of Leonardo da Vinci. 1472-1475 However, the analysis carried out by the Uffizi staff showed that the work was done collectively by three or even four artists in accordance with the traditions of medieval workshops. Obviously, the main role among them was played by Botticelli. The belonging of the figure of the left angel by Leonardo is beyond doubt. He also painted part of the landscape - behind the back of the angel at the edge of the composition.

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Annunciation, 1478-1482. The absence of documentary evidence, signatures and dates on the paintings makes it very difficult to attribute them. By the beginning of the 1470s, two "Annunciations" are attributed, which, judging by the horizontally elongated format, are altar predella. The one that is stored in the Uffizi collection is included in a number of the few early works of Leonardo da Vinci. His rather dry execution and the types of faces of Mary and the angel are reminiscent of the works of Lorenzo di Credi, Leonardo's comrade in Verrocchio's workshop.

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Portrait of Ginevra de Benci, 1474-1478 In this image of a young woman whose face is marked by an expression of thoughtful concentration, one can find a similar combination of traditional features with a foreshadowing of the new. The picturesque manner of the artist Leonardo da Vinci is still distinguished here by somewhat fractional detailing, but the image of the model of Lady Ginevra de Benci is already surrounded by a peculiar poetic atmosphere, which is facilitated by the landscape background, which is unusual in its interpretation.

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Vitruvian man.1492 Drawing and text are sometimes called canonical proportions. When examining the drawing, it can be seen that the combination of arms and legs actually amounts to four different postures. A pose with arms spread apart and legs not spread apart fits into a square ("Square of the Ancients"). On the other hand, a pose with arms and legs spread out to the sides fits into a circle. And, although, when changing positions, it seems that the center of the figure is moving, in fact, the navel of the figure, which is its real center, remains motionless. Subsequently, according to the same methodology, Corbusier compiled his own scale of proportioning, which influenced the aesthetics of the architecture of the 20th century.

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Madonna in the Rocks, 1480-1490 Leonardo da Vinci received a large painting order in Milan on April 25, 1483. Together with his brothers, he was to perform an altar painting for the Chapel of the Immaculate. The text of the treaty has been preserved in its entirety. As usual, Leonardo did not complete the work on time, but the picture could already be shown to customers, and the master demanded payment, but received nothing, since the monks considered the terms of the contract violated. Leonardo took the painting and was embroiled in legal proceedings for more than twenty years. This first large composition of the master - "Madonna in the Rocks" is exceptional in its artistic perfection and semantic significance. Written on a plot from the apocrypha, it gives the impression of a mystery, based on "the desire ... to penetrate the mystery of birth, life and death, the mystery of nature"

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Lady with an Ermine, 1483-1490 There are several more portraits executed with the inherent elegance of Leonardo, but compositionally they are simpler and do not have that spiritual mobility that makes the image of Cecilia fascinating. This is a "Portrait of a Woman" in profile. The indisputable works of Leonardo da Vinci of the Milan period also include "Lady with an Ermine" (Krakow, Czartoryski Museum) - a portrait of Cecilia Gallerani, Moro's beloved.

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Portrait of a Musician, 1485-1490 The painting "Portrait of a Musician" was begun by the artist Leonardo da Vinci at the turn of the 90s of the 15th century. The authorship of Leonardo da Vinci is disputed; it is assumed that the great painter began work, but later his student Ambrogio de Predis worked on the portrait, however, the painting “Portrait of a Musician” remained unfinished.