Literary newspaper. History of Brussels
1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 Portal: Rail transport See also: Other events in 1830 ... Wikipedia
- “YEAR 1830. JULY 15, verse. early L., close to the genre of elegy. The name correlates it with other verses of a "diary" (see Diary) character. However, underlying it is conditionally romantic. collision (collision of a childishly pure soul with deceit ... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia
Years in the literature of the XIX century. 1830 in literature. 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 ... Wikipedia
- ... Wikipedia
- “1830. MAYAN. 16 NUMBER", the first "diary" verse in time. L. (see Diary). L.'s diary poems are heterogeneous in genre: among them are a love and meditative elegy (1830, July 15, 1831 January), political. ode to July 10 (1830) and political ... Lermontov Encyclopedia
Years 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 Decades 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s ... Wikipedia
The Papal Conclave was held beginning December 14, 1830 after the death of Pope Pius VIII. It ended on February 2, 1831 with the election of Mauro Alberto Cappellari, pope Gregory XVI. No Conclave has since lasted more than one week... Wikipedia
The 1830 US Census was the fifth census conducted in the United States. It was held on June 1, 1830. The population of 24 states, according to the results of the census, was determined at 12,866,020 people, of which 2 ... ... Wikipedia
This is an incomplete list of the year. You can help the project by correcting and adding to it. 1932 in music 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 ... Wikipedia
This article provides an incomplete list of the repertoire of the Moscow Bolshoi Theater. It must be borne in mind that at first the troupe of the Maly (the Maly Theater opened on October 14, 1824) and the Bolshoi Theater (the Bolshoi Theater opened a little later than the Maly ... Wikipedia
Books
- Announcement to No. 26 of the Moscow Vedomosti of 1830,. Moscow, 1830. University Printing House. The edition is decorated with a large headband. The safety is good. Your attention is invited to a page from the newspaper "Moscow Vedomosti", No. 26 for 1830 ...
- Northern flowers for 1830, A. S. Pushkin. One of the best Russian almanacs published in the first half of the 19th century. Includes works by A. S. Pushkin, A. A. Delvig and other writers and poets of this era. Reproduced in…
YEAR OF THE TIGER They say that those born in this year are characterized by ardor, passion, enthusiasm, recklessness
HONEST MAGAZINE
On January 1, under the editorship of DELVIGA, Literaturnaya Gazeta began to appear, in the words of VYAZEMSKY, "the only honest magazine in Russia." PUSHKIN takes direct part in the newspaper.
FABLES SOLD FOR TEN YEARS
In April, I. A. KRYLOV concluded an agreement with A. F. SMIRDIN for the publication of fables. Under this agreement, Krylov granted Smirdin a ten-year right to print his fables that had already been published. The total circulation is set at forty thousand copies and a fee of forty thousand rubles in banknotes. The first edition will be released this year with a circulation of 12,000 copies in three different formats.
On June 15, P. VYAZEMSKY was visited by the young poet-writer Pertsev with the book "The Art of Taking Bribes." He then served at the "Northern Bee".
AIR THEATER
In the summer in Moscow, in Neskuchny Garden, which until 1826 was the estate of Prince L. A. SHAKHOVSKY, they staged an “air” (that is, open) theater for 1500 seats - with an extensive stage of natural greenery and trees, a number of boxes, stalls and even district committee. When Pushkin and Vyazemsky arrived in Moscow on August 14, this theater was already known to everyone.
NOVIY BOULEVARD, WATER SUPPLY AND CHOLERA IN MOSCOW
In the vicinity of the Strastnoy Convent, Strastnoy Boulevard was built.
This year, the Mytishchi water pipeline was built, and fountains were hammered in the city. Bronze figures for the Nikolsky fountain on Lubyanka and Petrovsky - on Theater Square I. P. VITALI himself took a piss.
In Moscow, in the English Club, they said that there was new disease called cholera: nausea, vomiting, dizziness, always severe indigestion, writhing, and in a few hours the person dies. Soon the rumors were confirmed - they brought summons to everyone so that those with cholera were not kept in their homes, but they were immediately sent to hospitals, and tar and chlorine were placed on saucers everywhere in the rooms to purify the air.
EKATERINA TERENTYEVNA POPOVA fell ill, sent for her doctor Pyotr Grigorievich Karpitsky, and he, having arrived and learned that she had cholera, did not enter the room, but talked, standing on the threshold at the door.
The death rate is increasing day by day. Trucks drive through the streets picking up bodies. Drunk people are sometimes seized along with the sick. In almost all the houses the gates are closed, they are afraid to walk the streets, they leave in extreme cases, and everyone is afraid to take someone into the house. The whole city has definitely dispersed or died out. Incoming letters are delayed and disinfected. The city is cordoned off, carts with the dying and the dead are dragging along the streets, manure and juniper are smoking in the yards. At the outposts at the entrance to the city, bonfires are laid out - they fumigate those who enter.
On September 29, NICHOLAS I will arrive in Moscow at the height of the cholera epidemic. The first words of the tsar to the governor-general DMITRY GOLITSYN will be: “I hope, prince, that everyone in Moscow is as healthy as you?” Then the sovereign will go to the Iberian mother of god pray on your knees.
Many children will lose their parents from cholera. Sovereign Nikolai Pavlovich will establish an institute for the education of such children. For this institution, named in honor of Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, the Alexander Orphan's Institute, the Apraksinsky house on Znamenka will be purchased.
IN SEVASTOPOL BUBONIC PLAGUE AND REBELLION
There are cases of bubonic plague in Sevastopol. In the same year there was an uprising.
UPRISING IN POLAND
On November 17, an uprising began in Poland. Belvedere Palace taken in Warsaw, Commander-in-Chief Grand Duke Constantine is forced to flee.
WHAT IS OBSERVED IN PETERSBURG
The Magnetic Observatory was created at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
THE EMPEROR GOT A MOTTO
Since this year, the internal policy of Nicholas has been unambiguously defined - the protection of the original Russian system, on the basis of "Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality" - this formula was invented by the Minister of Education S. S. UVAROV.
ALL WILL BE OFFICERS
This year, 6 more cadet corps have been opened for the training of officers. All graduates of cadet corps and schools are now being promoted to officers. Non-commissioned officers, as an exception, will be only the worst pupils of schools in terms of success. After the exam, the educational committee assigns each graduate to one or another branch of the military. The best are sent to the guard. Low-successful students are released after the first special class ensigns to line battalions, and those who have reached the age of 19 and are incapable of further study after the fourth general class - to the internal guard.
ORPHANS IN TSARSKOE Selo
The Alexander Corps for young orphans was opened in Tsarskoe Selo to prepare them for admission to the cadet corps. In this regard, the juvenile department at the 1st Cadet Corps was abolished.
An architectural school was founded.
Last year and this year, platinum six- and twelve-ruble notes weighing twice and three times as much as the three-ruble notes introduced in 1828 were successively put into circulation. Coins worth 36 rubles are minted from a pood of copper.
ON THE WORLD ARENA
ENGLAND. Peasant movement "Swing". covered the southern regions. Suppressed by troops and police.
FRANCE. In July, ordinances were published that significantly limited the rights of citizens in favor of nobles and large business owners. Revolution. Tuileries Palace captured. Trekking to Rambouillet (residence of the king). Charles X abdicated in favor of his grandson. The Chamber of Deputies decided to transfer the crown to Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, who was proclaimed King of France. In August, a new constitutional charter was published. Her royal power is limited, the rights of the Chamber of Deputies are expanded. some freedom.
WAR. French invasion of Algiers.
In August - October - a revolution in Belgium.
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES. On January 22, the London Protocol was signed. England, France and Russia acted as guarantors of the complete independence of Greece, which thus got out of Russian influence.
MEANWHILE...
BATYUSHKOV K. N., born in 1787, ill. In April, he did not recognize his acquaintances and friends.
BORATYNSKAYA VARVARA ABRAMOVNA, born in 1810, married ALEXANDER ANTONOVICH RACHINSKY, born in 1792, owner of the village of Tatevo in the Smolensk province.
BER. K. M. BER did not like the working situation in St. Petersburg and he returned to Koenigsberg.
HERZEN A.I., born in 1812, at the age of 18, enters the Faculty of Natural Sciences at Moscow University - and here his first philosophical passion begins, the awakening of philosophical inquiries - under the influence of the Schellingian prof. PAVLOV. Even before that, Herzen (together with Ogarev) was fond of Schiller, whom he would remember with enthusiasm in all years and in all periods of his work. In the era of students, Herzen will make acquaintance with a number of talented students; a circle is formed in him, parallel to Stankevich's circle, but differing from him in socio-political interests. Herzen will also study diligently at the university; at the end of it, he will present an essay (on the Copernican system), however, he will not be awarded a gold medal due to the fact that there is "too much philosophy" in the essay.
VULF P.A., who entered military service, was on the Danube in February.
GERARD. ANTON IVANOVICH GERARD passed away. His wife EKATERINA SERGEEVNA huddled very close, began to have few people and ran the house in order. She deviated from the generally accepted order in the arrangement of furniture: she made angular sofas in the living room, arranged large plants and arranged for herself against the middle table an emblem - two sofas, several armchairs and a round table, always littered with books. She began to dress always in dark and black and cut her hair in a circle.
GOGOL N. V. On September 1, he writes to his mother: "... from the slowdown in sending (money) I am forced to sell for a pittance the most necessary things, the acquisition of which subsequently becomes incomparably more expensive for me."
GOLOVNIN V. M. was promoted to vice admiral.
ANNA PETROVNA KERN and DELVIGI went to Imatra in the summer, and she spent the summer with them in Koltovskaya near Krestovsky ferry.
DELVIG ANDREY IVANOVICH, Delvig's cousin Baron, graduated from his studies in early May, put on an officer's uniform at the end of June and settled at his brother's dacha. There are always a lot of visitors. Everyone is interested in the French July Revolution, and since nothing is printed about it, the only way to find out something is by talking. Pushkin, visiting houses where they can know the news, visits the Delvigs almost every evening. The time is spent very cheerfully. They listen to the horn music of DMITRY LVOVICH NARYSHKIN, playing on the other side. In the evening, at dawn, they throw a net, and later they go for a walk. At the end of August, the baroness will write to Kern that Pushkin is rumored to be very in love, does not talk about his wife, is serious and important, as a person should take upon himself the duty to make another creature happy.
KOVALEVSKY E.P. went to Siberia, where he would look for gold. His older brother Evgraf Petrovich is the head of the Altai factories.
KOLTSOV ALEXANDER VASILIEVICH, born in 1809, studied at the district school, but did not finish two classes: his father forced him to help in trade affairs. He traveled across the steppe with herds of cattle, spent the night under open sky, composed poetry from the age of sixteen. In Moscow, he met with the philosopher and poet Stankevich, who published one of his songs in Literaturnaya Gazeta, and with BELINSKY. Koltsov's first book of poems will soon be released. Incidentally, this philosopher and poet NIKOLAY STANKEVICH was seventeen years old at that time. N.V. Stankevich received his initial education in Voronezh in the so-called. "Noble boarding house". This year he entered Moscow University, lives with the famous Schellingian Prof. PAVLOV and completely immersed himself in the world of German romance - the aesthetic worldview of Schiller was especially embedded in his soul.
Kotzebue O.E. was dismissed for health reasons.
LERMONTOV M. Yu. became a student of Moscow University. Soon he will leave the university and enter the St. Petersburg School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers.
PUSHKIN. In January, in connection with the death of N.N. In April, he proposed to Natalia Goncharova for the second time, and it was accepted. On May 6, the engagement took place. In May, he arrived at the potter's estate Linen Factory and spent several days there with his bride. On August 20, his uncle Vasily Lvovich died. Seeing his nephew, he said: "How boring Katenin is!" Pushkin immediately left the room to let his uncle die historically. However, Alexander was touched by this spectacle and behaved as decently as possible. This year he will finish Belkin's Tales and The Stone Guest.
ALEXANDER DMITRIEVICH ULYBYSHEV settled on his estate in the Nizhny Novgorod province. He was born in 1791 in Dresden, at one time he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Now he will give himself up to musical studies, theoretical and practical.
P. A. CHIKHACHEV was appointed translator at the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs.
THIS YEAR WILL APPEAR:
WEINBERG PETER ISAEVICH, future literary critic, poet and translator, who will be published under the pseudonym "Heine from Tambov". He will die in 1908;
DRAGOMIROV MIKHAIL IVANOVICH, future general and military writer. He will adhere to the Suvorov system of education and training of troops and will die in 1905;
DYAKOVA ALEXANDRA ALEKSEEVNA;
LOKHVITSKY ALEXANDER VLADIMIROVICH, future lawyer. He will die in 1884;
MANOV LAZAR EFREMOVITCH, a peasant of the village of V. Landekh, Vladimir province, the estate of Countess Ivlich of the village of Strov, was born on November 1 to a peasant Efrem Timofeev from his wife Paraskeva Irodionova, the root of a large spreading tree, which is grown with extraordinary trepidation and replenished by his living descendants. One of the grandchildren will become a scientist, professor, doctor of economic sciences. There are just over 20 of us now, but we will all know about you, our distant great-great-grandfather. Lazar Efremovich will die in 1890 from a stomach disease.
SAVRASOV ALEXEY KONDRATIEVICH, future artist. He will die in 1897;
SOMOV ANDREY IVANOVICH, future art critic, senior curator of the Hermitage. He will die in 1909.
DIE THIS YEAR:
BERSTEL ALEXANDER KARLOVICH, born in 1788, lieutenant colonel, member of the Society of United Slavs. After being imprisoned in a fortress in 1827, he was assigned as a private to the Caucasus, where he was killed;
GERARD ANTON IVANOVICH;
DOLGORUKOV YURI VLADIMIROVICH, born in 1740, prince, general-in-chief For six months he saw the late Stepan Stepanovich Apraksin in reality, then there was a secondary phenomenon, and the third time - three days before his death. Many of those who knew Dolgorukov confirmed this story. They buried him next to his wife in the village of Nikolsky near Moscow;
IZMAILOV VV, born in 1773, writer, admirer of Rousseau, publisher of Vestnik Evropy and the Russian Museum, where Pushkin's first poems appeared;
MERZLYAKOV ALEXEY FYODOROVICH, born in 1778, professor at Moscow University and poet. "In the midst of a flat valley at a smooth height, a tall oak tree blooms, grows in mighty beauty ..." - this is his;
PUSHKIN VASILY LVOVICH, born in 1770, uncle of A. S. Pushkin, a great admirer of Karamzin, who broke spears for him, and the poet himself;
N. A. STOLYPIN, governor, brother of M. Yu. Lermontov’s grandmother, killed on June 3 in Sevastopol;
SCHEDRIN SILVESTR FEDOSEEVICH, born in 1791, in Sorrento, artist.
A notable event in the life of the Tambov province is the organization in Tambov of a public library - the first and long years the only permanent cultural and educational institution of the region.
The nobility and merchants of the Tambov province considered the opening of a public library a necessary and necessary thing, which enables reading lovers to use the public collection of books and makes it easier for city students to get acquainted with the treasures of domestic and foreign literature.
Studying the history of A.S. Pushkin, its funds, employees of the rare book sector of the department of basic book storage identified 36 titles of books and 9 titles of journals published in 1830.
Books acquired in the first years of the library's existence had an ex-libris "Tambov Public Library" or a type-setting print of the same content.
Title pages, book covers, bookplates and dedicatory inscriptions on them helped to identify the first owners of these publications.
Some of the books published in 1830 belong to the library of Dmitry Vasilievich Polenov (1806-1878), a historian, archaeologist, diplomat, bibliophile, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
His richest book collection was donated in 1892 by Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov (a famous Russian artist, son of D.V. Polenov) to the Naryshkin Special Library of the city of Tambov.
The collection of D.V. Polenov, which has about 1500 copies. books of the XVIII-XIX centuries. various subjects, 16 of them have the year of publication 1830.
Here are some of them:
Bandtke, G.S. History of the Polish state / Op. Georg Samuel Bandtke. Per. from the floor P[avl] G[aevsky]: T. 1-2. - St. Petersburg, 1830.
Pocket book for lovers of Russian antiquity and literature for 1830/ Published by V.N. Olin. - St. Petersburg, 1830. - No. 5: May. — 126 p.
A semi-magazine is a semi-almanac that ended with the 5th issue.
Field, N. History of the Russian people: [In 6 volumes] / Op. Nikolai Polevoy: T. 1-6. - M., 1829-1833.
Collection of letters of Emperor Peter I To different persons with answers to onya / [Comp. and foreword. V.N. Berkha]: Ch. 1-4. - St. Petersburg, 1829-1830.
D.V. Polenov loved Russian literature, always met with interest any original work, admired the works of F.M. Dostoevsky, P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky, L.N. Tolstoy, had in his library lifetime editions of works by Russian authors.
The lifetime edition of A.S. Pushkin:
Pushkin, A.S. Eugene Onegin: A novel in verse / Op. Alexander Pushkin. - Ch. 2;
Chapter 7 - St. Petersburg, 1830.
And:
farewell song, sung by pupils of the Society noble maidens, at the issue of 1830. - St. Petersburg, 1830.
Khemnitser, I.I. Fables and fairy tales by I.I. Khemnitser: In 3 hours - 6th ed., again corrected, with a description of his life, a skillfully engraved portrait, paintings and vignettes. Reprinted from the 1820 edition, without corrections. - M., 1830.
Schliter, Carl. A Brief Practical Russian Grammar, published by Karl Schlitter. - St. Petersburg, 1830.
Some of the books published in 1830 were received by the public library from the fundamental library of the provincial gymnasium. Tambov provincial gymnasium, founded on the initiative of G.R. Derzhavin in 1786, was one of the best educational institutions in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Under her rule, two magnificent libraries were created: fundamental (for teachers) and student (for pupils), each numbering several thousand volumes. In 1918, after the closure of the provincial gymnasium, the libraries ceased to exist, and their richest funds, as integral collections, were transferred to other libraries.
Most of the publications with the seals of the Fundamental Library
ki of the Tambov Provincial Gymnasium" ended up in the Central Provincial Book Depository, which was previously called the Tambov Public Library.
Among these publications are educational literature, dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference books, books on history, religion, linguistics, fiction.
Here are some of them:
Dupin, P.-Sh.-F. Geometry and mechanics of arts, crafts and fine arts / Op. Baron Karl Dupin, redistribution. from French language. - St. Petersburg, 1830.
Grech, N.I. Educational book of Russian literature, or favorite places from Russian writings and translations in verse and prose, with the addition of brief rules of rhetoric, piitika and the history of Russian literature, published by N. Grech: [At 4 o'clock]. — 2nd ed., corrected. - St. Petersburg, 1830.
Kaidanov, I.K. Inscription of the history of the Russian state / Comp. prof. historical Sciences… Ivan Kaidanov. — 2nd ed., corrected. - St. Petersburg, 1830.
Books published in the year of foundation of the Tambov Public Library often changed their place of storage, but have come down to us, with the exception of individual copies, in relatively good condition. Many of them are bound in leather or semi-leather binding, gold stamping has been preserved on the spines of some editions, there are copies with gold trimmings, engraved portraits, illustrations, vignettes on the title pages and in the text.
Interesting and rich in content are the magazines published in 1830. They were a living source of knowledge, called, along with books, to quench the spiritual thirst of the people for learning and self-education.
The most famous of them are:
Athenaeus- a journal of literature and criticism, founded and published in Moscow by Professor Mikhail Pavlov. It existed from 1828 to 1830. It was published 2 books a month. 1830 presented in full.
Herald of Europe- the founder of the Russian magazine press,
published in Moscow from 1802 to 1830, 2 books per month. The journal was founded by N.M. Karamzin. Literature and politics are the two main parts of this magazine. The first part consisted of excerpts from new stories, short stories, articles about science and art. Political news was reported in a systematic manner. From 1815 to 1830 the journal was owned by the printing house of Moscow University. K.N. Batyushkov, P.A. Vyazemsky, G.R. Derzhavin, A.S. Pushkin and other authors; critics were M.A. Dmitriev, A.I. Pisarev. There are issues for 1830: January-February, May-October.
Historical, statistical and geographical journal or modern history of the world. Since 1790, the journal was published in Moscow on a monthly basis by the International Society of Scientists. From 1810 to 1830 - came out with this title. It published articles on modern history. 1830 presented in full.
Domestic notes- the next magazine, which can not be said. It was published monthly from May 1820 to 1830 by Pavel Svinin. It published articles on Russian history, archeology, geography; news of new discoveries and extraordinary talents in Russia. Due to the lack of subscribers, the publication was suspended in 1830 and resumed in 1839 by A.A. Kraevsky. There are issues for 1830: January-August.
Son of the Fatherland- a historical and political journal, published in St. Petersburg from 1812 to 1852 with various editions and with changing titles. From 1829 to 1835 it was published by N. Grech and F. Bulgarin with the addition of the "Northern Archive". For 1830 there are volumes 9-15.
In addition to the listed journals published in 1830, the fund of the rare book sector also contains:
Journal of manufactures and trade, publication of the Department of Manufactories and Trade, No. 1-3; No. 7-12.
Agricultural journal, published by the Moscow Imperial Society of Agriculture, No. 28-30.
New store of natural history, physics, chemistry and economic information, published by I. Dvigubsky, No. 1-3; No. 7-9.
Index of discoveries in physics, chemistry, natural history and technology, published by N.P. Shcheglov, part 7-8.
All magazines related to the 1830 edition are well preserved, have leather or semi-leather bindings, title pages some of them are illustrated, have a type-setting frame.
The Tambov Public Library is the oldest among the provincial libraries in Russia. Her activities had a beneficial effect on the spiritual and cultural life Tambov province.
Articles about the Tambov Public Library were published in Moskovskie Vedomosti, the Journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and Pushkin's Sovremennik. lovers rare editions, bibliophiles zealously followed books with a label or stamp "Tambov Public Library".
The surviving editions of 1830 are a connecting thread between the past and the present, they help to better understand the history and culture of the native land.
The publications of the year the library was founded are part of the invaluable cultural heritage of the Tambov region, left to us by previous generations.
Library: historical aspect and current state [Text]: materials of scientific and practical. conferences/ Tamb. region universal scientific b-ka them. A.S. Pushkin; comp. L.N. Patrina. — Tambov, 2005.
People have lived in Brussels since ancient times, but this settlement became worthy of attention after Saint Gorik (or Saint-Gery) built a chapel near the Senna River in 695, which is now called Place Saint Gery. The city of Brussels was officially founded in 979 by Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, who drew up the first city charter for Brussels. Since that time, Brussels has experienced many rulers, revivals and revolutions.
Middle Ages (979 - 1500)
After the creation of the city charter, Brussels quickly grew from a small settlement to a full-fledged city. It became the center of trade between Bruges, Ghent and Cologne, and Senna played the role of a trade route stretching from east to west of the country. The first city wall was erected in the 11th century, and the strengthening of the city's defenses spurred the growth of its population. The second city wall was built shortly after the first to protect the industry and the townspeople who "fell out" of the redistribution of the first wall. From the 12th century, under the reign of the Duke of Brabant, the importance of Brussels increased. For several centuries (XII-XIV), the Duke turned Brussels into the capital of the Duchy of Brabant.
Having reached the heights of economic development, Brussels supplied luxury goods - fabrics and tapestries - to Paris and Venice. Eminent artists such as Rogier van der Weyden settled in the city, whose paintings were very popular and were used as the background for many tapestries woven from the finest silk and exported throughout Europe to decorate the homes of the nobility and aristocracy. These tapestries can still be found in European museums, for example, in the Louvre. In the 15th century, the House of the King and the city hall grew up in the old city on the Grand Place; these two buildings, located opposite each other, still delight visitors to the modern Grand Place.
Renaissance and Revolution (1500 - 1830)
The period that followed the 15th century has gone down in history as a time of uprisings and uprisings. At the end of the 15th century, Brussels temporarily lost the favor of the authorities and the title of the capital after the uprising against the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. The city restored its status under the reign of Charles V (1519-1559). By the middle of the 16th century, under the rule of the Calvinists and then under Archduke Albert I (1598–1633), the population of Brussels had grown to 50,000.
In 1695, the bombardment of Brussels by King Louis XIV of France reduced the Grand Place to rubble and razed hundreds of other buildings throughout the city. Many guilds of masters and artisans took part in the restoration of the city; they left a mark on the history of Brussels, building on the Grand Place representative offices of craft workshops and trade guilds, which gave the square a familiar rectangular shape. In the 18th century, Brussels acted on an equal footing both as a center of economic development and as a hotbed of uprisings and occupation. French troops again took possession of the city in the period 1746-48; then, in 1788-90, the Brabant uprising briefly guaranteed independence for Brussels, but in the era of Napoleon's reign, the city was again captured. The current capital of Belgium was founded in 1830 when Belgium separated from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815-1830).
Modern history (1830 - present day)
The last major uprising took place in Belgium in 1830, when the country rebelled against Dutch domination and entered the struggle for independence. On July 21, 1831, Leopold I, the uncle of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, became the first king of the Kingdom of Belgium. During this period (1810-1840) the walls of the city were demolished and replaced by several boulevards in the form of a pentagon in honor of the original outlines of the old city of Brussels. Followed fast growth population, and by 1846 there were already 123,000 people living in Brussels.
The 20th century was a time of wars and development. After the First and Second World Wars (in both cases Germany occupied Brussels) in 1948 the Brussels Pact (or Treaty of Brussels) was concluded. This international treaty was created to strengthen the Western European economy, create social and cultural cooperation and strengthen joint defense. At the moment, the European Union is still developing. In the 1960s, the overcrowding of the city led to the construction of the first metro line; in the 1970s and 1980s, further political reforms led to the creation of the Brussels-Capital District, the expansion of the city's borders, and an increase in the population to 1 million people.
