Art museums of Russia and their importance in cultural life. art museums

IN Ancient Greece this place (museum) was traditionally dedicated to the muses and was located, as a rule, in sacred groves or temples. In the mythology of the Greeks, the muses were the patrons of art, poetry, science - hence the meaning of the sacred space, where they were to be revered in every possible way. The very same word "museum" appears in everyday life in the Renaissance in Europe. There, museums are called buildings and institutions designed to store outstanding works of science and art created by mankind.

What is an art museum?

Museums are different: historical and technical, literary and dedicated to certain ethnic groups or countries, communities or individuals. art museums occupy a special place among all. Here, as a rule, works of art are exhibited - fine and decorative: paintings and sculptures, engravings and drawings, tapestries and carpets, ceramics and fabrics. IN contemporary museums not only the storage and display of exhibits is carried out, but also their comprehensive study, as well as the restoration of monuments of high artistic value.

Art Museums of Russia (Rus)

A bit of history. Museum work has a thousand-year continuity in Rus'. IN Kievan Rus, for example, in the cathedrals and monasteries of some cities, rich fabrics, jewelers' products, books (handwritten) in precious salaries of gold and silver, adorned with gems, were stored and preserved. And the richest collections were kept in the sacristies of the churches. So, there was a collection of paintings and applied arts. And from the 16th century, the richest and most interesting collection in the Kremlin of Moscow. It can be said that the art museums of Russia originate from it. Armouries - oldest museum, which was officially created in 1806, but existed long before that. She is now part of

Kunstkamera and private collections

The very first Russian public museum can also be considered the Kunstkamera in St. Petersburg, created on the initiative of Tsar Peter in 1714. Its opening took place in 1719. True, the Kunstkamera is not a purely artistic museum. In addition to works of art, various natural science exhibits were presented there, which Peter acquired during his trips abroad, or found on Russian territories. The largest private collections accumulated in the Winter Palace, Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof and Pavlovsk (after the revolution, all these estates and palaces were nationalized and turned into art museums in Russia). Thus, the museum-estate Arkhangelskoye, Kuskovo and some others appeared.

Hermitage

Art museums in Russia - milestone in the development of the country's culture. So, in 1764 were acquired large collections paintings, which was one of the first steps in the creation of the Hermitage in St. Petersburg.

However, not everyone could look at works of art at that time: access to the Hermitage, as, indeed, to many private collections of that time, was very limited. And only in the 19th century (in the second half), thanks to the efforts of the Russian intelligentsia, who fought for publicity and openness similar establishments, access to the treasures of the Hermitage and some private collections (Pryanishnikov, Tretyakov, Ostroukhov) were opened.

Art museums in Russia: list

The opening of the Tretyakov Gallery, the first art museum of Russian art in Moscow in the 19th century, can be put at the forefront. The founder was the merchant Tretyakov, who was carried away by the ideas of the Wanderers and created a large collection of works of art. He viewed his work as a collector as a nationwide enterprise, belonging to the people Russia. And the gallery itself had an invaluable influence on further development realism in painting and other forms of art.
Art museums of Russia were opened not only in the capitals, but also in the provinces. The list can be continued by the Radishchev Saratov Art Museum, opened in 1885.
In 1895-9898. opens Russian which also became the property of the general public.
1912 - Museum fine arts in Moscow (now - Pushkin).
After the revolution of 1917, all small and large art museums in Russia become public property. The slogan "Art belongs to the people" is brought to life to the maximum common man, and museums become a source and instrument for educating the working masses. The names of art museums in Russia are supplemented by new names. These include national galleries and museums in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and the Baltic states. Museums appear folk art in Palekh, Mstera, personal museums, dedicated to creativity a certain artist. The main task of these institutions is aesthetic education people, the study, restoration and preservation of priceless monuments of art.

In system vocational training teachers primary school important role plays educational activities.

Video lecture "Art" has wide opportunities not only introducing students to the masterpieces of world artistic culture, but also lays down practical skills in conducting extracurricular activities At school. In an interesting fascinating form, the development of students by means of artistic culture and their awareness of the meaning artistic activity in development and education junior schoolchildren. Unfortunately, we cannot ignore the fact that our young people do not have a particular craving for artistic culture and art. Because of this, they spiritual world languishes, and the void in it is filled with vulgarity and immorality. There are problems of drug addiction, alcoholism, etc. That is why the primary school teacher, like no one else, must realize the importance of the work begun in the family, kindergarten on the development of children's spirituality through their familiarization with the world of artistic culture and art.

What is art, what is its role in the life of a person, a future teacher. It is with these questions that we begin our introduction to artistic culture.

The purpose of the event is educational and educational. In an exciting way to introduce the history of the creation of collections of one of the greatest museums the world - the Hermitage. In the process of achieving this goal, the following tasks are solved:

Educational:

To reveal the essence of art as a means of education and spiritual enrichment of the personality of future teachers.
To systematize students' knowledge of the history of creation and the significance of the Hermitage for world culture.

Educational:

To form interest in educational work in unity with the aesthetic need of the individual.

Developing:

to develop practical skills in conducting educational work, the ability to implement aesthetic education at school.

Plan for preparing the meeting of the video lecture hall “Art”

Prepare a presentation.
Prepare material on the history of the creation of the Hermitage.
Pick up poetic material, quotes on art.
Prepare an exhibition of literature on the history of the Hermitage.

Sunday morning. Autumn landscape.
And the sky is transparent and clear.
Today my friend and I are going to the Hermitage!
Leaves fall under our feet.
We heard so much about this museum
from our friends, family and friends!
And it became embarrassing for us even that we were not in the Hermitage.
And here we are in a hurry to the famous museum,
Fallen leaves we rustle together,
And now we pass under the arch,
And here we are on the square.
And here in front of us Winter Palace!
Huge green figurative casket!
O.Tarutin

The next session of the Art video lecture hall is dedicated to the 245th anniversary of the Hermitage collection.

In that academic year the work of the video lecture hall is connected with the anniversaries of the greatest museums in the world: the National Gallery of London turns 185 years old, the Prado National Museum of Painting and Sculpture in Spain celebrated its 190th anniversary since its creation, the oldest and largest theater museum in Russia. A.A. Bakhrushin in Moscow has crossed its 115-year milestone, and, finally, 245 years since the start of collecting the Hermitage collection.

Art is one of the most amazing creations of mankind. It reflects reality as a kind of vital integrity. It affects a person just as holistically, capturing both his mind and his heart at the same time. No other creation possesses such ability of integral reflection of the world and integral influence on a person.

Here are quotes about art chosen by students. Each student chose from a variety of quotes one that was consonant with his thoughts about art.

The direct purpose of art is to be a factor in the evolution of the intellect.
(Pavel Filonov).
Art is not a luxury. This is the great joy of life, its water, its colors, its fragrance...
(Alexandre Benois).
Art is not fun or entertainment, but a way of higher conversation with nature”
(Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin).
Art has an amazing quality - to resurrect the past, to show tomorrow. But no matter how much art reveals the past and runs into the future, it belongs to its time.”
(Alexander Daineka)
This is the hallmark of true art, that it is always up-to-date, vital, useful. Art never left a person, always met his needs and his ideal, always helped him in finding this ideal, was born with a person, developed alongside his historical life.
(F. Dostoevsky).
Only art makes a man a man.”
(K. Korovin).
Art tells a person what he lives for. It reveals to him the meaning of being, illuminates life goals helps him to understand his vocation”.
(Auguste Rodin)
Beauty will save the world."
(F. Dostoevsky).
Man by nature is an artist. Everywhere, one way or another, he strives to bring beauty into his life.
(M. Gorky).
Art is one of the means of uniting people.
(L. Tolstoy).

The verse of N. Zabolotsky “Ugly girl” sounds.

Art reflects reality, and since reality is complex and constantly evolving, then the art that reflects it is also complex. The complexity is manifested in the fact that art exists in many forms: fiction, architecture, music, painting, sculpture, graphics, art photography, design.

Among this set, there are three ancient art which, influencing vision, hearing and speech, bring up the feelings of a person. This art image(art), the art of sound(music) and word art(literature). Without these major arts, it is impossible to imagine a play, a film, or a variety concert. These three arts, mastering the world in a figurative form, have as their main task, according to Hegel, "to reveal the truth in a sensual form."

Let's try to understand the variety of art forms.

Depending on the way of depicting life, art is divided into spatial and temporal.

Temporal arts are perceived by ear and last in time. This is music and literature.

Spatial, or plastic, arts (they are also called visible, visual, graceful) are perceived by sight and are in real space, not changing and not developing in time. They have an objective character and are created by processing material material. Spatial or plastic arts are conventionally divided into fine arts (graphics, painting, sculpture) and tectonic arts (architecture, fine arts and design).

But besides the arts, spatial and temporal, there are arts that are based on the synthesis of arts (word, sound and image). They are called spatio-temporal, or mixed, or synthetic. These include: entertainment-playing arts (theater, ballet, stage, circus, cinema) and technical arts (photography, color music, TV, design).

Concepts are important in art. "artist", "creativity", "works of art".

Role artist great in art. The word "artist" has two meanings. In more narrow sense refers to a master working in the field of plastic arts. We imagine a person who creates a picture with paints and brushes.

IN broad sense the artist is creative person, a master of his craft, an expert. This is a person (be it a writer, poet, musician, dancer, architect, director) who creates art.

Works of art are created in workshops, and they live in museums. What are museums?

Museums are different: art, literary, musical, historical, polytechnic... But we will get acquainted with art museums, i.e. with museums where works of fine art, arts and crafts and architecture are stored, exhibited, studied and restored.

There are many art museums in our country and abroad. We have several museums in the city: the National Museum, the Museum of the East, literary museum. In any museum composition exhibits - the items on display are systematized according to chronology and national schools. Such a thematic selection and systematization of exhibits is called exposition . Museums arrange and opening days – Grand opening exhibitions with specially invited persons. Museums often arrange temporary exhibitions and exchange collections - Collections of works.

(Presentation in progress.)

The collections of art museums are also different. Collected in some museums art of the people , or national art past and present . For example, these are the collections Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow And Russian Museum in St. Petersburg . Other museums hold art different countries peace, i.e. foreign art . This Hermitage in St. Petersburg And Museum fine arts them. A.S. Pushkin in Moscow.

(Presentation in progress.)

Museums differ not only in composition, but also in the size of their collections. Some are located in small halls, others occupy several palaces. But every art museum keeps the memory of many centuries and peoples, it reflects the artistic tastes of the time and the history of human society like in a mirror. Accumulating the wisdom of beauty, the museum gives us the opportunity through acquaintance with authentic works of art connect the past with the present and predict the future, educate historical memory and develop a sense of beauty.

The museum is a kind "Time Machine" . After all, getting into the temple of the muses and getting acquainted with the works of all times and peoples, we make a journey not only in space, but also in time.

How and when did museums appear? The word "museum" comes from Greek word museum. So called sacred grove, visited by nine ancient Greek muses - patron goddesses of the arts and sciences. The museum is the temple of the muses.

In ancient times, works of art were in temples, public buildings and palaces of rulers.

In the Middle Ages - in churches and monasteries. The first collections with a systematic collection of art works appeared in the 15th century during the Renaissance (for example, the collection of Florentine bankers and Medici patrons of art). Often, for better preservation, the collections were placed in glazed loggias - galleries.

So, in the sixteenth century in Italy, and later in the countries Western Europe arose art galleries - special rooms for storing paintings. But these were private collections.

First state museum(i.e. a museum taken under the guardianship and under the protection of the state) became British museum in London. In 1791 the Royal Art Collection in Louvre became available to the general public. Later, in the cities of Europe (Madrid, Budapest, Prague, Munich, Stockholm) were founded national museums and galleries.

In Rus', the richest collections of works of art were kept in churches, cathedrals and monasteries. Since the 17th century, private collections have appeared that belonged to tsars and boyars.

The first Russian public museum was Kunstkamera (from the German word kunsthammetr) in St. Petersburg, created by Peter I in 1714. In addition to works of art, natural outlandish objects collected by Peter were presented here. These were zoological collections, herbariums, minerals (295 years from the date of foundation).

The richest collections of works of art were collected in the royal palaces (Winter Palace, Peterhof, Tsarskoe Selo, Pavlovsk) and in the estates and palaces of noble nobles (the Stroganovs, Shuvalovs, Yusupovs, Sheremetyevs, Golitsyns).

Since the 19th century in Russia, the favorite location of museum halls has been enfilade (from French word enfiler - to string on a thread). A suite of successive halls, the doorways of which are located on the same axis, creating a through perspective in the interior of a mansion or palace.

(Presentation in progress.)

So, our acquaintance with one of the largest and most visited museums in the world, the Hermitage, begins. State Hermitage is a museum of world culture and stores about 3 million exhibits. monuments different eras, civilizations, peoples. The Hermitage has 6 departments: primitive culture, the culture of the art of antiquity, the culture of the art of the peoples of the East, Russian culture, Western European art and numismatics. The Hermitage occupies 5 palace buildings, forming a magnificent architectural ensemble Palace embankment of the Neva. The exhibits of the Hermitage occupy 400 halls . The collection of the Hermitage can be compared to an iceberg, the tip of which is the exposition halls, but more powerful. The underwater part of the iceberg is its storerooms, where visitors are not allowed and where the richest collections of paintings, plastics, and numismatics are stored. The beginning of the formation of the museum funds refers to XVIII century when the Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna ordered the construction of the Winter Palace. The grand two-hundred-meter baroque buildings (Elizabethian baroque) with snow-white columns were erected by the architect Rastrelli in just 8 years (1754–1762). In 1762, Catherine II assigned several rooms of the Winter Palace to her own "hermitage" - seclusion in 1764. (This date is considered to be the founding of the Hermitage). The Empress acquired 225 paintings by Western European masters. Among them are Frans Hals, Giorgione. Catherine II's great passion was glyptics - the art of carving precious and semi-precious stones - and books. The library founded by her is 38,000 volumes.

(Presentation in progress.)

The imperial collection grew very rapidly and soon a special building – Small Hermitage or "Lomotov Pavilion" - by name architect J-B. Wallen-Dalamot (1764–1767). With the further growth of the collection, he joined the small Hermitage Old Hermitage (Second Hermitage) architect Yu.M. Felten (1771–1787). Styles of the 18th century were embodied in each of the three buildings. - baroque (Winter Palace), classicism (Small Hermitage) and empire (Old Hermitage). The ensemble of 3 palace buildings located along the banks of the Neva was completed theater building (architect Quarenghi ) (1783–1787). Repeating the architecture of the apartments of the Pope in the Vatican, Quarenghi erected a building Loggia of Raphael . Here were placed copies of the frescoes of Raphael, made by Russian masters in the technique of oil painting on canvas.

The last (fifth) building was built already in the 19th century according to the project of a Bavarian architect Leo Klenze . This new Hermitage (1839–1852). In 1852, the "Imperial Museum" was opened for public viewing. The entrance of the new Hermitage was adorned with ten statues of Atlanteans who held the roof of the portico on their shoulders. These wonderful statues made of monolithic granite were made by Russian sculptor Ivan Terebnev .

The Imperial Museum occupied only the premises of the New Hermitage. The modern exposition is located in the halls Small, Old and New Hermitage, and Winter Palace , which together with Hermitage Theater a single complex of museum buildings.

(Accompanied by a presentation demonstration).

Society concentrates in museums the wisdom of beauty, for it connects the living and the long gone, who left their reflections on life, their understanding of the most important thing in life, their understanding of beauty in their works. Shared memory is formed. Common thoughts, common beauty. Without art there is no memory, and without memory there is no man, which means there is no people. That is why the state, society, individuals or their communities collect works of art, transferring it to an art museum for eternal life.

Questions and tasks

What museums do you know?
Explain the origin of the word "museum".
Where were works of art kept in antiquity and the Middle Ages?
How is a museum different from a gallery?
What domestic art museums do you know?
What major foreign art museums can you name?
What museums have you been to?
What does the word “hermitage” mean in French?
Who designed the building of the Winter Palace?
Name the first Russian public museum.
What was the name of the favorite type of arrangement of museum halls in Russia?
Test yourself, do you know the meanings of new words: “exhibits”, “exposition”, “opening day”, “collection”, “enfilade”?

Literature

Vachyants A.M. Introduction to world art culture. Variations of the beautiful / A.M. Vachyants. - M.: Iris-Press, 2004. - 224 p.
Vesnin S. Hermitage Museum. A walk through the halls and galleries / S. Vesnin, S. Kudryavtseva, Pashkova T. - St. Petersburg, P-2 Publishing House, 2006. - 143 p.
Suslov V.A. and etc. The State Hermitage Museum and the history of its collections / V.A. Suslov, M. B. Shchukin, E. N. Khodza, I. V. Linnik. - M.: Soviet artist, 1991. - 371 p.
Schwartz W. Leningrad. Artistic monuments / V. Schwartz. - Leningrad, Art, 1966. - 398 p.

We believe that ancient people were stupid and primitive. They didn't know and couldn't do anything. But look at these drawings on the walls of the caves, they are several tens of thousands of years old (think about this figure!)!!! Think how many of us, so smart, advanced, knowing and able to do a lot, will be able to depict a wounded bison in such a way, convey not only the structure and proportions correctly, but also convey his pain to the viewer, show that he is still alive and feels everything !. I think that people were no more stupid than us, but they had no experience, no textbooks and books to learn a lot. But they were able to observe, draw conclusions, and on the basis of these conclusions they learned themselves and taught others. This is probably how art was born.

People made the necessary tools, some kind of vessels, not really looking at what they look like. But for some, these items turned out better, first of all, more convenient. They began to try to make it even more convenient, and then more beautiful. Those who did not succeed on their own were asked to make those who knew how to do this work better, more convenient, more beautiful. This is probably how artists and objects of fine art appeared.

The oldest works of art that have survived to this day were created about 40-20 thousand years ago, in the Stone Age. People gave artistic appearance to everyday objects - stone tools, clay vessels, that is, they decorated these objects. Paint, as well as carving on stone ancient people depicted on the walls of the caves scenes of hunting and recreation. These images are called cave or rock paintings.

People believed in magic, they believed that if you draw a beast pierced by an arrow, then the hunt will be successful. Thus, a drawing of a wounded bison was found in the Altamira cave (Spain) on the ceiling, made with amazing skill, with knowledge of anatomy and proportions. And how talentedly, with what plausibility the running animals are depicted, with what flexible lines the body is drawn! Such a drawing may be the envy of a modern artist.

Paints in ancient times were made from mineral dyes mixed with water, plant sap, animal fat.
Along with cave paintings at that time, various figurines of bone and stone were created, which were worshiped as deities. Dishes and other household items were made from clay, wood, and later from bronze.

No one can say exactly when, where and why art “began”. It did not start at a strictly defined historical moment- it gradually grew out of "non-art", formed and video changed along with the person who created it.

The ancient Sumerian state of Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia) was located on the land of the present state of Iraq. The first states on Earth arose in Mesopotamia. From here a culture arose that came to Europe. Temples with towers were built in the cities of Mesopotamia. A custom developed there, according to which each ruler built a new palace for himself. Sometimes it had about two hundred rooms. The inhabitants of Mesopotamia learned to draw arches and vaults - semicircular ceilings. The walls were decorated with raised reliefs depicting victorious battles or scenes from court life. Also on the walls were patterns of bright glazed bricks: bulls, lions, flowers, fantastic animals, designed to protect from evil spirits. Such images, for example, adorned the city gates of Ishtar in Babylon. In the countries of Mesopotamia, figures of people and animals molded from clay or carved from stone were also created. Stone for this was brought from other places. Of course, the figures of people in the most ancient murals are somewhat constrained and awkward, and the sculptural images are rude, nevertheless, they were very expressive and truly artistic.

ART MUSEUMS

The word "museum" comes from the Greek word "museion". In ancient Greece, it meant a place (most often a sacred grove) dedicated to the Muses, or a temple of the Muses - in ancient Greek mythology patron goddesses of poetry, arts and sciences. The very word "museum" appeared much later, in the Renaissance. Since then, museums have been called scientific, scientific and educational institutions, as well as buildings where outstanding works creative activity person or monuments natural history and material culture.

Among the numerous museums of the world (historical, technical, literary, ethnographic, etc.), art ones occupy a special place. They collected and exhibited for review works of fine and decorative art. Acquisition, storage, demonstration, study, restoration of monuments of fine and decorative arts is carried out here: paintings, sculptures, drawings, engravings, artistic fabrics, carpets, tapestries, ceramics, etc.

In ancient times, works of art were in temples (for example, in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece), public buildings (ancient Roman baths, which also served as a place of rest and meetings), in the palaces of kings and rulers, noble dignitaries - patrons of art and artists. In the Middle Ages, churches and monasteries had numerous monuments of painting, sculpture, arts and crafts. Here they served as an integral part of the interior, creating a single ensemble together with the architecture.

Systematic collecting of works of art did not begin until the Renaissance. The most famous art collection of the 15th century is the collection of Florentine bankers and patrons of Medici art, composed of works by ancient and Italian artists.

In the XVI century. for better preservation of the collections, the loggias of courtyards in castles, palaces and mansions began to be glazed. This is how special rooms for storing works of art arose - galleries, which soon became widespread in almost all countries of Western Europe. In the 17th century in some private art collections they began to group paintings according to national schools, to carry out numbering individual works and their inventory. At the same time, under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment, public access to private art treasures was expanded, and catalogs began to be published.

The first public museum was the British Museum in London. However, the decisive impetus in the development and democratization of museum work was given by the Great French revolution 1789-1794

In 1791, by decree of the National Assembly, the royal art collections in the Louvre were declared the property of the state. From now on, the museum business passed into the hands of the state, and the museum became government agency, designed to educate the citizens of the republic in the spirit of the revolutionary slogans of "freedom, equality and fraternity." Soon, national museums and galleries were founded in other European countries (in Madrid, London, Budapest, Prague, Stockholm, Munich, etc.). In a number of cities, "art halls" (kunsthalle; for example, in Hamburg) and city art collections (in Leipzig, Augsburg) are opening.

IN during XIX V. various specialized museums appeared. Some of them contain rich collections of arts and crafts and handicrafts. These are the South Kensington Museum, now the Victoria and Albert Museum, in London (founded in 1852), the Museum of Artistic Crafts in Berlin (1867), the Museum decorative arts in Paris (1863). Later, numerous museums were opened where visitors could see works contemporary artists. One of the first museums of this type is the National Museum contemporary art in Paris, founded in 1937. Museums were opened with collections of art from countries of a certain region (Guimet Museum in Paris, which contains the artistic treasures of India and countries East Asia) or dedicated to any one artistic direction(Museum of Impressionism in Paris, opened in 1947).

In the XIX-XX centuries. major art museums were opened in the countries of the East: in India (National Museum of India in Delhi, 1948), China (Gugong Museum in Beijing, 1914), Japan (Tokyo National Museum, 1871) and in other countries.

The largest art museums in the world, whose collections are constantly replenished, usually include exhibition halls, storerooms for storing funds, exhibition halls, restoration workshops, libraries with reading room, photo libraries, photo labs and other special services. The exposition (placement of exhibits in a certain system) of works of art is built according to chronology or according to national schools.

Historically, museums were usually located in the galleries of royal palaces and mansions of the wealthy nobility, in monasteries, churches and other ancient buildings. A special type of museum building developed in the 19th century. As in the palaces, the halls of these buildings are located either according to the enfilade principle, or around one or two courtyards. Since the middle of the XX century. in the construction of museums, a wide variety of architectural solutions are used (for example, the building of the Guggenheim Museum in New York, built in 1956-1959 by the outstanding American architect F. L. Wright).

Art museums of Russia and the USSR

In the early 1980s There were about 150 art museums in the Soviet Union. Soviet and then Russian art museums are the property of the whole people: everyone can see their collections. Along with large, worldwide famous museums, such as the Hermitage and the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg, the Tretyakov Gallery and the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow, numerous regional and regional art museums, museums operate in the country folk art, and folk museums V small towns and villages. All of them play an important role in the aesthetic and education of the population.

The development of museum business in our country has a long history. Already in the times of Kievan Rus in the cathedrals of Kyiv and Novgorod were jewelry, patterned, brocade and satin fabrics, handwritten books in gold and silver frames adorned with precious stones. Russian chronicles of the XII-XVII centuries. report on the richest collections of works of art stored in the sacristies of churches, cathedrals and monasteries. A large collection of works of ancient Russian painting and arts and crafts from the 15th century. had the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (the city of Sergiev Posad, Moscow region). Its collections are included in the exposition of the Sergiev Posad State Historical and Art Museum-Reserve, founded in 1920. From the 16th century. the collection of the Armory Chamber in the Moscow Kremlin was created (weapons, jewelry, artistically designed household items). The Armory became the oldest Russian museum. It was created in 1806. At the heart of its famous collection is a collection of decorative and applied art of the 16th-18th centuries. Since 1960, the Armory has been part of the Moscow Kremlin Museums.

Private collections of works of art have been known in Rus' since the 16th century. They belonged either to tsars or to educated boyars. Rich collections were owned by Ivan the Terrible and Boris Godunov, the boyars F. Ya. Miloslavsky, A. S. Matveev, B. M. Khitrovo, Prince V. V. Golitsyn.

The first Russian public museum - the Kunstkamera in St. Petersburg - was created in 1714 on the initiative of Peter I. The opening of the Kunstkamera for public viewing took place in 1719. Not only works of art were presented here, but natural scientific rarities acquired by Peter I during his trips abroad , as well as those found on the territory of Russia. The richest collections during the XVIII century. accumulated in the royal palaces in Peterhof, Pavlovsk, Tsarskoye Selo and especially in the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Noble nobles - the Stroganovs, Shuvalovs, Yusupovs and others - did not lag behind the kings. In their palaces and estates there were extensive collections of paintings, statues, objects of arts and crafts. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, these estates were nationalized and turned into museums. So the museum-estate Arkhangelskoye near Moscow (the former country residence of the princes Golitsyn and Yusupov) and the Museum of Ceramics and the “Eighteenth Century Estate Kuskovo” in Moscow, which previously belonged to the Sheremetevs, were created. Many of them artistic treasures made by skillful hands of serf artists.

major event in cultural life Russia was the acquisition in 1764 of a collection of paintings, which was the first stage in the creation of the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. However, access to the Hermitage, as well as to private art collections, was very limited.

For the opening of museums for the general public, for the democratization of the museum business, the advanced Russian intelligentsia fought hard. Only in the second half of the XIX century. Many private collections have become partially or fully accessible to the general public - F. I. Pryanishnikov in St. Petersburg, K. T. Soldatenkov, P. M. and S. M. Tretyakov, I. S. Ostroukhov in Moscow, B. I. Khanenko in Kiev. The Hermitage in St. Petersburg and the department of fine arts at the Rumyantsev Museum, established in 1861 in Moscow, were opened for a wide view.

The most important milestone in the history of Russian art museums was the founding of the first museum of Russian art - the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow. Its founder, a wealthy Moscow merchant P. M. Tretyakov, carried away by the ideas of Russian enlighteners, considered his collecting activity as a national affair and created a public museum of works by Russian artists of a predominantly democratic trend (Wanderers). Tretyakov Gallery had a huge impact on the development of Russian realistic art and played an outstanding social and educational role.

In 1895 in St. Petersburg was established and in 1898 opened to the public the second largest largest museum national art- Russian Museum. But even earlier, in 1885, the first public art museum in the province opened - the A. N. Radishchev Saratov Art Museum, founded by the grandson of A. N. Radishchev, the artist A. P. Bogolyubov, who donated his collection to Saratov.

In 1912, the second (after the Hermitage) largest museum of world art in Russia, the Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow (now the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts), was opened.

The Great October Socialist Revolution did everything Russian museums public property. Large private art collections were nationalized, a procedure was established for the protection of museums, and the export of works of art abroad was prohibited. Already in November 1917, the All-Russian Collegium for Museums and the Protection of Art Monuments was created in the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, and in May 1918 - Museum department. In January 1918, the III Congress of Soviets adopted a resolution on the development of museum work in the country, which emphasized the need to preserve the cultural heritage and make museums a source of communist education for the working people.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, numerous new museums were opened, and the collections of old ones were significantly replenished with nationalized private collections. Among the museums of Russian art, the most significant are the Tretyakov Gallery and the Russian Museum. Rich collection foreign art collected at the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. The country has museums of folk art, such as the All-Russian Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art in Moscow, museums of art crafts (in Palekh, Mstera and other centers of folk arts and crafts), museums that store works of one artist, for example, the Museum of Sculpture S. T Konenkov in Smolensk. Significant collections of Russian, foreign and folk art are stored in numerous regional museums. The most significant of them are the Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum, the Perm art Gallery, which stores unique collection wooden sculpture, the Yekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts, which has an excellent collection of Kasli castings, the Chuvash Art Gallery in the city of Cheboksary and many others.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, numerous art museums were opened on the territory of the former national outskirts of Russia, which still work today, after the collapse of the USSR. The richest collections are in the National Museum of Arts of Azerbaijan named after Rustam Mustafayev, National Gallery Armenia in Yerevan, Georgian Museum of Arts in Tbilisi, the Republican United Museum of Local History and the Museum of Fine Arts named after Behzad in Dushanbe, the State Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan in Tashkent, the Museum of Fine Arts of Turkmenistan named after Saparmurat Turkmenbashi the Great in Ashgabat, the Estonian Art Museum and other museums of the union and autonomous republics.

The main task of art museums in our country is aesthetic education. Museum staff conduct tours, lectures, and talks. Clubs, art studios are organized for schoolchildren, educational films on art are shown. Millions of Russian and foreign citizens annually visit the museums of our country.

Museums carry out extensive scientific activities. Researchers carry out the attribution of works, that is, establish their authors, the time and place of their creation, establish whether they are originals or copies from a master’s painting made by another artist, etc. Catalogs of works are published, scientific sessions are held on the results scientific activity, significant dates, exhibitions. Exhibition activity is widely developed. Major exhibitions are being prepared jointly with others national museums or arranged as a cultural exchange between countries. They contribute to the strengthening of friendly ties between peoples, provide an opportunity to get acquainted with the masterpieces of world art in the most wide circles art lovers (cf.

Teacher of the MHK and geography of the first qualification category of GBOU secondary school No. 709 of Moscow

Goals:

Expand your understanding of fine art museums and their types.

To introduce students to the largest museums in Russia.

To form the concept of the importance of museums as repositories cultural heritage humanity.

To cultivate a moral and aesthetic attitude to the world, an interest in the history of fine arts.

Develop creative thinking, the ability to analyze the material, highlight the main thing.

Equipment and materials:

List of references for carrying out search work.

Reproductions.

Projector.

Computer.

Screen.

LESSON PLAN

A conversation about the history of the emergence of museum art.

Presentation of students with the results of the search work.

Test with answers

Summarizing.

During the classes

Epigraph

Sunday morning. Autumn landscape.

And the sky is transparent and clear.

Today my friend and I are going to the Hermitage!

Leaves fall under our feet.

We hear so much about this museum

from our friends, family and friends!

And it became embarrassing for us even

that we were not in the Hermitage.

And here we are in a hurry to the famous museum,

fallen leaves we rustle together,

and now we pass under the arch,

and here we go to the square.

And here we have the Winter Palace!

Huge green curly casket.

O. Tarutina

Teacher: What are museums?

Students: Museums are different:

literary
historical,
artistic
technical
musical
polytechnic…

Teacher: But we will get acquainted with art museums, i.e. with museums where works of fine and decorative arts and architecture are stored, exhibited, studied and restored. The word "art" means "art", so

An art museum is an institution where works of fine art are stored, studied and exhibited.

Teacher: Vernissages are organized in museums - the solemn opening of the exhibition with specially invited persons. Museums often arrange temporary exhibitions and exchange collections - collections of works.

Museums differ not only in composition, but also in the size of their collections. Some are housed in small halls, others occupy several palaces.

But every art museum keeps the memory of many centuries and peoples, it reflects the artistic tastes of the time and the history of human society like in a mirror.

By accumulating the wisdom of beauty, the museum gives us the opportunity, through acquaintance with genuine works of art, to connect the past with the present and predict the future, cultivate historical memory and develop a sense of beauty.

The museum is a kind of “time machine”. After all, getting into the temple of the muses and getting acquainted with the works of all times and peoples, we make a journey not only in space, but also in time.

Teacher: How and when did museums appear?

Students: The word "museum" comes from the Greek word museion. This was the name of the sacred grove visited by nine ancient Greek muses - the patron goddesses of the arts and sciences.The museum is the temple of the muses.

In ancient times - works of art were in temples, in churches, monasteries.

Teacher : The first collections with a systematic collection of art works appeared in the 15th century during the Renaissance (for example, the collection of Florentine bankers and Medici patrons of art). Often, for better preservation, the collections were placed in glazed loggias - galleries.

So, in the sixteenth century in Italy, and later in the countries of Western Europe,art galleries - special rooms for storing paintings. But these were private collections.

The first public museum was the British Museum in LondonIn 1791, the Royal Art Collection at the Louvre became the property of the general public. Later, in the cities of Europe (Madrid, Budapest, Prague, Munich, Stockholm), national museums and galleries were founded.

Teacher: What is the name of the first Russian museum and who created it?

Students: Kunstkamera. Peter 1

Teacher : Created by Peter I in 1714.

In addition to works of art, natural outlandish objects collected by Peter were presented here.

These were zoological collections, herbariums, minerals.

Teacher: What is Anfilade?

Students: Since the 19th century in Russia, the favorite location of museum halls has been enfilade (from the French word enfiler - to string on a thread).

Teacher: The enfilade is a series of halls successively replacing each other, the doorways of which are located on the same axis, creating a through perspective in the interior of a mansion or palace.

Teacher: Oh one of the world's largest art and cultural-historical museums of the world. It contains monuments of culture and art from ancient times to the present day.

Teacher: How is the Hermitage translated and where did it originate?

Students: hermitage - from the French. place of solitude, place of rest, hermitage)

Teacher: Established in 1764 as a private collection of Catherine II, opened to the public in 1852. The grand two-hundred-meter baroque building with snow-white columns was erected by the architect Rastrelli in just 8 years

The modern Hermitage occupies five buildings, in which there are 400 exposition buildings.

Hermitage buildings - the Winter Palace (1754-1762, architect V. V. Rastrelli), the Small Hermitage (1764-1767, architect J. B. Vallin-Delamot),

Old Hermitage (1771-1787, architect Yu. M. Felten),

New Hermitage (1839-1852, architect L. von Klenze),

The Hermitage Theater (1783-1787, architect Giacomo Quarenghi) is an outstanding architectural ensemble.

Teacher: State Russian Museumone of the world's largest repositories of masterpieces of national art. It contains exhibits reflecting the history domestic art from ancient times to the present day.

Teacher: What year Grand opening of the Russian Museum?

Students: On March 7, 1898, the grand opening of the Russian Museum, built by the outstanding Russian architect K. Rossi, took place.

Teacher: What is the affectionate name of the gallery

Students: The "Tretyakov Gallery" is named after its founder, the enlightened Moscow merchant Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov /1832-1898/. who, collecting works of Russian art, worked for more than 30 years on the creation of a museum of the Russian national school of painting. For many years, Tretyakov bought the best works Russian artists.

Teacher: The date of foundation of the gallery is considered to be 1856, when Tretyakov acquired the first two paintings by N.G. Schilder "Temptation"; And V.G. Khudyakov "Clash with Finnish smugglers" In 1872, Tretyakov began the construction of the first halls future gallery, attaching them to the house in Lavrushinsky Lane, where he lived himself.

To see the priceless treasures of national art, people of all professions come to the gallery from all over our country, different generations, adults and children. This is the largest museum of Russian and Soviet fine arts, having world fame. The Tretyakov Gallery has become a truly national museum.

Teacher: Museum of Fine Arts named after A. S. Pushkin

The founder and first director of the museum was Professor of Moscow University Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, who managed to attract private and public funds for the construction of the museum and the creation of the first collections. The museum building was designed by the architect R. I. Klein. The opening of the museum took place in 1912.

Teacher: Art, the repository of which is a museum, brings up in each of us, first of all, a Human, helping to develop important feelings and qualities.The art museum plays an important role in the nationaland world artistic culture. He carefully keeps artistic heritage, studies, restores and makes it available to us, the audience. Museums are visited by thousands of people every year. This suggests that people have a natural need to communicate with art. Touching the beautiful makes a person's soul purer, thoughts more sublime, feelings deeper.

Teacher: And now a little test for the lesson

1. Where were works of art kept in antiquity and in the Middle Ages?

2. What museums do you know?

3. Who was the founder of the museum. Pushkin?

4. What were the first works acquired by Tretyakov?

5. What is translated from French. does the word "hermitage" mean?

6. Who designed the building of the Winter Palace?

7. What is the first foreign museum?

8. What is the name of the first Russian museum

9. Who founded the Tretyakov Gallery

10. Where did the Hermitage originate?

11. In what style were the Hermitage buildings built?