Museums of India. museums are repositories of historical, scientific, artistic and cultural values and play a very important role in preserving the spiritual
The cultural center of India is designed to show the greatness of Indian civilization, to acquaint you with the oldest culture and crafts of this amazing country. The center has created an atmosphere in which every Indian will feel at home, and a foreigner in the country of boundless wisdom, India. Take a fascinating journey through all 29 states of India by visiting one of the most beautiful museums of ETHNOMIR!
The Cultural Center of India is based on the concept of the artist Ujwala Nilamani, built in accordance with the laws of vastu-shastra - the ancient science of creating a happy society and harmonizing relations in it. The internal composition of the five-story building represents the Indian perception of the world, where the divine principle is dominant. The facade, made in the Mughal style, is decorated with massive gilded gates, repeating the architectural motifs of the residence of Emperor Akbar - the city of Fatihpur Sikri. Nearby, on a pedestal, stands a sculpture of the Indian philosopher and prominent public figure Swami Vivekananda.
According to the plan, the space of the basement floor is the territory of traditional crafts. Pottery, weaving, art, sculpture and other workshops are located here. At the same time, the interior of each room reflects the customs of different regions, famous for the masters of various applied arts.
The pottery workshop, stylized as a round clay hut with a conical roof, introduces the traditions of the peoples and tribes of Rajasthan and Gujarat. In the weaver's house from Himachal Pradesh, you will find dozens of wonderful fabrics with embroidery, beads and even pieces of mirrors, which is typical of the Indian shisha embroidery technique. Further, the path lies to the north-east of India - to a hut decorated with stone carvings of North Tripura. The interior of the sculpture workshop is reminiscent of the traditions of the southern states - Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Through the gothic doors of the general workshop you will pass to the states of Maharashtra and Goa. Step on the amazing mosaic floor and stop near a special place - a well, installed here as a tribute to the original Indian traditions.
In the space of the children's recreation area, in addition to Indian toys, there are traditional dwellings of the eastern states of western Bengal and Sikkim. Here you can play with the kids using a wooden bike and cars, ride a small elephant, ride a Rajasthani horse and meet monkeys. Undoubtedly, traditional toys will delight kids and give parents a few minutes of relaxing time.
The ground floor symbolizes the space of vaishyas - merchants. On the days of major festivals and holidays, you can taste Indian sweets, the famous masala chai and other dishes of national cuisine.
The two lower floors - basement and basement - are united by a common atrium, in the center of which rises the sacred banyan - a majestic tree, decorated with twinkling bells. Banyan is one of the most unusual trees in the world. Its crown can reach several hundred meters in diameter. And, just as Indian traders often gather under the canopy of a banyan tree, so in ETHNOMIR a sprawling tree is adjacent to souvenir shops and craftsmen's workshops. Walk around India's sacred banyan tree and make a wish. According to Indian beliefs, it will definitely come true!
One of the remarkable places of the cultural center is the atrium, surrounded by four niches, which symbolize the cardinal directions. Behind the elegant facades, amazing beauty opens up. There are carved walls worthy of the palaces of Jaipur, and the famous boat houses of the states of Jamu and Kashmir, and the facades of Buddhist temples with multi-colored wall paintings, and a special collective image of the buildings of the southern state of Kerala - a wooden house under a tiled roof.
The walls are decorated with Shekhawati frescoes, paintings and traditional paintings of Indian tribes. Not without the famous sacred cow. Her image is made in the street art technique, adjacent to the wall portrait of the famous Indian ideologist and public figure - Mahatma Gandhi, as well as the images of Krishna and Ravana - the colorful masks of the Kathakali theater actors.
Symbolism in the Cultural Center of India, as well as in Indian culture itself, permeates every element. Every color matters. So, red is the color of warmth, love and positive emotions. Green is the color of harmony and balance, black represents the destruction of ignorance, and pink is the color of hospitality. It is he who meets guests at the central gate on the first floor of the building. This level symbolizes the world of nobles, the famous kings of Bharata, celestial musicians and dancers. The floor space is reminiscent of the luxurious palaces of Rajasthan: the carved facade is made in the architectural style of Jaipur. The same theme is continued by a cozy concert hall for 60 seats - a chamber space for the mysteries of art.
The second floor is an exhibition space. Rise to the spiritual level to experience the wisdom of India by getting to know the Indian sages! Here you will see portraits of Krishna, Rishi Vyasa, Guru Nanak, Mahatma Gandhi, Sri Ramakrishna, Swami Vivekananda and many other philosophers and iconic symbols of Indian culture.
The dome symbolizes the vault of heaven, which crowns the worlds and serves as an altar to the three main Hindu gods - Vishnu, Brahma and Shiva. Here, on the top floor, you can be in solitude, enjoying the silence and the magnificent view from the terrace to the Sri Yantra Fountain.
The House of India features more than 3,000 exhibits brought from different states of India. You will see carved swings, spinning wheels and looms, wooden masks of theatrical actors, traditional kathputli puppets, Indian clothes - saris, dhoti, sarong - and much more.
Like other museums of ETHNOMIR, the Cultural Center of India is fully interactive.
Every day the doors of the Cultural Center of India are open for you during excursions and master classes according to the program of the day, which can be found in our calendar of events! Interesting programs will allow you to make a fascinating journey through the states of India, learn about family traditions, the wealth of myths and miracles, join the crafts and take away a souvenir made by yourself. And every weekend, the cultural center hosts performances by artists from India, who introduce guests to the rich traditions of their country through sensual dance and enchanting music.
We are waiting for you in an oriental fairy tale of amazing beauty called the Cultural Center of India in ETHNOMIR!
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CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
1. DELHI
2. NATIONAL MUSEUM
2.4. ART OF THE GUPT AGE
2.6. INDIAN BRONZE GALLERY
2.7. GALLERY OF PAINTINGS AND MANUSCRIPTS
2.8. ANTIQUES FROM CENTRAL ASIA
2.9. OTHER SIGNIFICANT GALLERIES
INTRODUCTION
There are more than 460 different museums in India, the main ones being the museums of Madras - the Government Museum and the National Art Gallery. In New Delhi, the National Museum. In Varanasi, the Sarnath Museum. In Calcutta - the Museum of India (a collection of exhibits on archeology and natural history); Birla Technology Museum. In Bombay, the Museum of Western India. In addition, India has a huge number of historical and architectural monuments. There are several Hindu temples in New Delhi, the main ones being Balkesh and Lakshminarsi. In Calcutta - the Victoria Memorial in the Maidan stamp; Raj Bhavan (government house); cathedral of st. Paul; Botanical Garden. In Agra - the world-famous Taj Mahal mausoleum; Pearl Mosque, built in the 17th century; marble mausoleum of Jahangri Mahal. In Bombay - Victoria Gardens, which houses a zoo; Kanheri caves with rock bas-reliefs of the 2nd-9th centuries; several temples of the 7th century. In Varanasi (one of the main shrines of Hindus) - 1500 temples, the most sacred of which is the Golden Temple (Bisheshwar). In Patna (the holy city of the Sikhs) there are many Sikh temples; mosque of 1499. In Delhi, the Red Fort (1648); Great Mosque; Hall of public receptions of the Great Mongols, the memorial walls of which are decorated with jewels; Rang Mahal Palace; Pearl Mosque; tower of the XII century Qutub Minar; zoo. In Amritsar (the main shrine of the Sikhs) there is the Golden Temple, surrounded by the sacred reservoir of immortality (Sikhs bathe in the reservoir to receive spiritual purification).
1. DELHI
Delhi is a unique city. According to legends, modern New Delhi is already the eighth city in this place, and the earliest appeared long before the 10th millennium BC. e. Situated on the banks of the Yamuna River, the city consists of New Delhi (the capital) and Old Delhi. The city is divided into 9 districts: New Delhi, Old Delhi, Central Delhi, South Delhi, South East Delhi, North Delhi, East Delhi, West Delhi, North West Delhi. In addition, under the auspices of the city are peripheral territories, called the national territorial possessions of the capital; this includes the cities of Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad. Delhi has a population of around 15 million, making it the third most densely populated city in India after Kolkata and Mumbai. Delhi is a city of contrasts. Its architectural monuments belong to different eras from the 10th century, the Hindu-Rajputana era to the 17th century of the Mughal Empire and the 20th century of British architecture. It is quite common to see cars, horse-drawn carts and rickshaws on the same road. Being one of the greenest cities in India, Delhi is also one of the most polluted. New Delhi was built by the British and fully reflects their architectural style. Among the historical monuments of the capital, the famous Red Fort (Lal-Kila, 1639-1648) stands out with the vast palace complex of the Mughal era and the "multi-colored palace" Rang Mahal located inside, the ruins of the ancient monument of Delhi - the temple of Bhairon, the highest tower of the country (72.5 m.) - the Qutub Minar ensemble (Vijay-Stambh, presumably 1191-1370), the ruins of Lalkot, the "Old Fortress" Purana Qila (Din Panah, 1530-1545), the Raj Ghat Palace , the oldest observatory in India, Jantar-Mantar (1725), the ruins of Rai-Pithor, the Jahaz-Mahal complex ("palace-ship", 1229-1230), the "block tower" Chor-Minar, the memorial arch of the Indian Gate , the building of the former British Secretariat, which now houses the University of Delhi, Parliament House, the Memorial of the uprising of 1857, the official residence of the President of the country - the Rashtrapati Bhavan Presidential Palace (1931), Ashoka's column (250 BC, more than 12 m high) from a single piece of sandstone, as well as one of the wonders of the world - a stainless steel column (895 BC). BC) near the mosque Kuvvat-ul-Islam, etc.
The city is literally saturated with temples of all world religions, often so close to each other that a Buddhist stupa can be seen behind the minaret of the mosque, and the dome of the Christian church contrasts with Hindu buildings. The most interesting are the Sikh Sis-Ganj temple, the temple of Yogmaya (Krishna's sister), the temple of Lakshmi Narayan, the Jain temple of Digambar Jain with a unique "bird hospital", the oldest Christian temple in the country - the Baptist church on Chandni Chowk, the Anglican Church of St. James (1836), the main Tibetan temple of the capital - the Buddhist stupa Vihara, the Baha'i Lotus Temple (1986), the temple of the goddess Kali in Kalkaji (built in 1764 on the site of an older temple) and many others. The majestic mosques of Delhi are considered the best examples of Islamic art - Juma-Masjid (Friday or Cathedral, 1650-1658), Kila-Kuhna (1545), Kher-ul-Minazel (1561), Moth-ki-Masjid ( One Seed Mosque, 16th century), Sonehri (Golden), Fatehpuri (1650), Kalan-Masjid (Kali-Masjid, 1386), Jamat-Khana (Khizri, 14th century), Moti-Masjid (Pearl , 1662), the country's first mosque - Kuvvat-ul-Islam (1192-1198), Zinat-ul-Masjid and others.
Delhi is often called the "Mausoleum of the East" - so many memorial buildings of legendary rulers and statesmen of many eras are concentrated here. The category of religious buildings includes the mausoleum of Adham Khan, the darg (place of worship) of Kutbuddin-Bakhtiyar-Kaki, the tomb of Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmysh (1235), the darg of the Muslim saint Nizamuddin Chishti Auliyi (1325), the architectural ensemble of the tomb of Sultan Guri (1230 g.), the tomb of Firuzshah Tughlak, the tomb of Safdarjung, the tomb of the only female ruler of the East - Sultana Razia (1241), the masterpiece of Mughal architecture - the tomb of Humayun (Humayun-ka-Makbara, 1565), the mausoleums of Jahanara-Begam and Muhammad -Shah (1719-1748), the mausoleum of President Zakir Hussein (1973) near the Jamia Millia Islamic University, as well as a whole complex of tombs in Gardens Lodi.
In terms of the abundance of museums, the city can compete with any capital of the world, here are: the National Museum, the National Gallery of Modern Art, the Archaeological Museum of the Red Fort, the National Museum of Natural History, the Jawaharlar Nehru Memorial Museum "Tinmurti House" (1929-30), the memorial Indira Gandhi with the famous "crystal river" (1988), the Museum of National Crafts, the International Puppet Museum, the National Children's Museum and Aquarium at the Children's Palace, the Tibet House Museum on Lodi Road, the Air Force Museum at the airport. Indira Gandhi, Lalit-Kala-Academi Academy of Fine Arts, Museum of Applied Crafts, located in the large exhibition center Pragati-Maidan, Academy of Music and Dance, where the original Museum of Musical Instruments is located, the unique Sulabh Museum of Toilets and the Delhi Zoo (1959) - one of the largest and richest in the world.
2. NATIONAL MUSEUM
The National Museum is one of the best in India. It contains the largest, most complete and extensive collection of Indian art from prehistoric times to the late Middle Ages. The museum, with all its buildings and exhibition halls, is a vivid example of the development of the Indian artistic tradition, and also includes a small collection of works of art from Central Asia and pre-Columbian America. The history of the museum goes back to the first days after the adoption of Independence, when it was founded and housed in the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The core of the collection consisted of exhibits that were sent to London in 1947 for an exhibition at the Royal Academy. It was decided not to send them back after the end of the exhibition to the museums where they were originally stored, but to place them in the Delhi Museum, for which the National Museum was created, and the foundation stone for its foundation was laid by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on May 12, 1955 of the year. The museum moved to its current building in 1960. The building surrounds a small courtyard, has 4 floors of galleries and houses a huge collection of over 150,000 works of art. Every year the museum acquires more and more new works, which contributes to the growth of its wealth and splendor.
2.1. GALLERY OF INDIAN CIVILIZATION
Until the 1920s, when the remains of these ancient cities were discovered, India's history was thought to date back to the 3rd century BC, during the Mauryan Dynasty. The dramatic and sudden discovery of other older cities placed Indian civilization on a par with Egypt and Mesopotamia, both in antiquity and in artistic values. The oldest cities discovered are those now known as Mohenjo Daro (Grave Hill), Harappa (from which the term "Harappan culture" is derived) and Chanhu Daro. The excavations were carried out under the direction of R.D. Banerjee, Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, was then continued by the Archaeological Survey of India, led by Sir John Marshall. Wrong scientific methodology and inaccurate use of carbon dating damaged the results of these first excavations, but even so, they helped to bring thousands of valuable artifacts out of the ground, telling us the history of this ancient culture.
With the division of the subcontinent into 2 parts - the states of India and Pakistan - in the era of Independence, the finds from the excavations were also divided between them. So, Pakistan got the Mohenjo Daro and Harappa extracted from the ground, and India became the owner of a huge amount of treasures, many of which are stored in the National Museum. Excavations are ongoing to this day, and by this time India has discovered several more ancient cities and other archaeological sites related to the Indus Valley Civilization.
This culture, which spread its influence throughout the Indus Valley and adjacent territories, existed between 2500 and 1500 BC. It appears that the Indus Valley Civilization flourished throughout this millennium, and over 400 well-planned cities were built during that time. What really surprised historians is that in all likelihood it was a culture that followed a single pattern, with its standard, common plan for all cities, building design, and even the same size of bricks used in buildings. And this despite the fact that the cities were as far apart as Rupar in the Punjab and Lothal in the Kathiawar region of Gujarat are now, and were located strictly along the Indus River in Pakistan.
The gallery of the museum houses an exhibition dedicated to the exquisite pottery of this culture, which testifies to the common tastes that prevailed in all major cities. Samples of this art were mostly created using a potter's wheel, fired and decorated with black decorative painting on a red background.
Based on the shape of the object, one can judge its purpose: cooking, storing water or grain, small vessels for precious oils and incense. There are dishes, plates with a lid, graceful lamps and coasters. The painted vessels are especially magnificent. Mural elements range from natural motifs such as water, rain or earth, depicted with wavy, dotted or dotted lines, to images of animals, birds and fish. There is a large brick-colored vessel depicting a scene from rural life, where a peasant plows the land with the help of two buffaloes. The figures of animals are very well conveyed, as well as the lonely and hard work of a plowman.
Another vessel, possibly serving as a funerary urn, has an image in the form of a panel with a rather cheerful-looking peacock (from the cemetery N). The artist placed a human figure inside one of the peacocks, possibly influenced by some myth or legend, ritual or belief. Here is a huge number of diverse clay products found in the town of Nal, some of which have a design close to modern. They are vessels with geometric paintings of pale yellow, with blue and green hues on a white background.
Very beautiful round, squat vessels, whose diameter exceeds their height; as well as square lamps with corrugated edges. From the clay quarried on the banks of the Ganges, the Harappan artist made not only vessels, but also toys and figurines - some of the most charming and touching images that have come down to us from the civilization of the river valley. Figurines of a bull, an anteater, a pig and a monkey are small masterpieces. There are also moving figures of a flying bird and a monkey climbing a pole with its tail pressed to its back. One of the toy bulls can move the head, which the master attached to the body with a hinge and thread.
Among the human figures, most depict scenes from the everyday life of the people who inhabited these ancient cities: a woman lying on a bed and breastfeeding a child, a woman kneading dough, a man with a bird in his hands, possibly with a domestic duck, which he holds under his arm.
These are small figurines, usually no more than 8 cm (3 inches) in height, but they reflect the playful and observant eye of their creator, whose touch, cheerful and light, is full of childish delight, which is exactly what these figurines were intended for.
On the example of metal and clay toy carts, we can judge the transport that probably existed in these cities to transport people from village to city and from city to city. In total, 6 different types of wagons of various shapes and sizes can be distinguished, with large, durable wheels. Also, we can have an idea, seeing these figurines of bulls, about the domestication of animals, one of the exhibits is nothing more than a toy bird cage.
Here you can see a variety of stone products, from jewelry to toys. Necklaces made of semi-precious stones were restored from round beads found during excavations. There are bone and shell buckles, carved pendants and bracelets, a group of lovely little squirrels gnawing nuts, and stone vessels.
The steatite seals of the Indus Valley Civilization are a mystery to historians. The glass display case displays many small seals, some as small as 3-4 cm (an inch or two), square or rectangular in shape. Each seal has a characteristic geometric ornament in intaglio relief with curious Harappan inscriptions at the top or side. The relief is so perfect that, when printed on soft clay, it gives a clear reverse image. The skill of the creators of these seals deserves special attention.
One of the seals in this collection is particularly interesting; it depicts a seated man wearing a horned crown or mask; some scholars believe that this is one of the earliest anthropomorphic images of a guru or deity, possibly a prototype of the god Shiva. The figure is surrounded by animals such as a rhinoceros, a bull, an elephant, a tiger, a deer, etc. What puzzled historians in this case is that today the area around Mohenjo Daro, where these seals were discovered, is a desert, where, as it was believed earlier, except for rhinoceroses, no one has ever lived. Moreover, rhinos and elephants now inhabit only North East India, which is thousands of miles away. It is possible, as Zimmer suggested in The Art of Indian Asia, that "the presence of domesticated animals at Mohenjo Daro at that time indicates that the climate of the Indus Valley was wetter, the vegetation more dense, and the water supply more abundant than now." Other scientists think otherwise. Some suggest that the people of Harappa cut down their dense forests to build cities and build fires to bake thousands of bricks for their buildings, thereby changing the natural environment and climate so drastically that they eventually had to leave their homes and leave the cities. However, such a powerful impact on the natural environment is the exclusive prerogative of only the culture of the 20th century!
The period of existence of civilization in the Indus Valley is also known as the "Chalcolithic" period in the history of India, since at that time, in addition to stone and clay, metal began to be used. Statues and tools made of copper and bronze have been found at many excavation sites. Silver and, much less frequently, gold were used to make jewelry (in the "jewelry gallery" of the museum you can see jewelry from the era of the Harappan civilization). The most famous is the bronze figurine of the so-called "Dancer". Her nude figure is 10.5 cm (just over 4 inches) tall, she wears many bracelets on her arm and a simple necklace around her neck. Her hair is gathered and twisted behind her back. One hand rests on the thigh, and one leg is slightly bent at the knee; her head is proudly raised, as if she is looking with a slight grin at the vain world flashing before her eyes.
The skill of the Harappan sculptors in metal can be appreciated by looking at two exhibits that have an almost modern look: the "Elephant on Wheels" and the "Wagon" from Daimabad (Maharashtra). These two figurines, stunningly elegant, are a prime example of the art of the Harappan masters. Even in small figurines, such as the Mohenjo Daro Buffalo (2500 BC), the master achieved perfection in depicting an animal waving its tail and slightly raising its head, as if about to moo.
2.2. ART OF THE MAURYAN, SUNGA AND SATAVAHANA PERIODS
The most dramatic period in the history of Indian culture, in terms of found fragments of sculptures, was the 3rd century BC, following the era of the Indus Valley Civilization. The museum houses several excellent examples of Mauryan period sculpture and Sunga art. Several sculptures from the Buddhist stupa at Amaravati were taken from the British Museum. These marble panels are made in a soft, delicate manner. The most remarkable thing in these images is the transmission of the beauty of the female figure in all its variety of poses and positions. However, the best collection of Amaravati sculpture is still considered to be the one that is stored in the State Museum of Chennai. The collection of the National Museum contains only one panel of this stupa, "Awe of the Sanctuary", built by Buddhists to store holy relics. Although the original stupa at Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh was destroyed by vandals, this panel gives us an idea of what this stupa might have looked like, with its semi-circular structure surrounded by a high sculptural enclosure. Based on the proportions of the figures depicted on the front of the fence, it can be concluded that the stupa was quite high, which explains the size of the panels that formed part of the stupa fence and its decor.
2.3. THE ART OF GANDHARA AND MATHURA
In the northwest of the subcontinent, in what is now part of present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, examples of magnificent sculpture have been found dating back to the era of Greco-Roman influence following the invasion of the great Alexander the Great in the 3rd century BC. Trade relations with Greece and Rome lasted for several centuries, and during this period Buddhism received great support from the rulers. The result was a style known as "gandhara" (from the name Gandhara, which was worn by these lands). The famous Taxila University was also located here, attracting Buddhist scholars from all over Asia as a place of pilgrimage, learning and research. The Buddha figures are made of lustrous black and gray slate in the classic Gandharian style. His clothes, like Roman togas, fall in deep, heavy folds, while his face remains calm and contemplative. His hair is styled in waves and tied into a knot at the back of his head.
There are also sculptural panels of Gandhara stupas depicting episodes from Buddhist literature. On the example of sculpted busts and heads left from the statues, one can trace the attempts of the masters to follow the Greek and Roman patterns of figurative art. The expressive faces of "Little Child" and "Old Man" are made with a touch of realism, following nature as it is. In general, realism rarely appears in Indian art, more often the artist seeks to embody abstract concepts and ideas, using the figure as a symbol.
The sculpture of Mathura in Uttar Pradesh in the first centuries of our era is very easily recognizable, it was made of amazing red sandstone with white patches. Excavations at Mathura have unearthed many sculpted panels that formed part of the stupas' enclosures. The museum in Mathura contains the best collection of masterpieces from Kushana and Mathura. These fence panels, or balustrades, are also easily recognizable as they consist of vertical sculpted columns (balusters) that are connected by horizontal beams adorned with sculpted lotus motifs. Some of these upright pillars are only 1 m (3 ft) high and are adorned with sculpted figures of worshiping women and three nymphs, or "salabhanjika".
There is also a panel depicting a woman carrying a branch of a tree (Ashokadhana), influenced by fertility myths, according to which the “tree of Ashoka” (jonesia ashoka) is so sensitive that it is covered with flowers as soon as a woman touches it. Where the Buddha was born, in Lumbini, now Nepal, there was a grove where the "trees of Ashoka" grew, because of this they acquired a special holiness for Buddhists. Its long pointed green leaves can often be seen in Buddhist sculpture.
Another sculptural image presented here is a woman bathing at a waterfall (Shana Sundari, Mathura, 2nd century), a mother and child playing with a rattle, and a woman looking in a mirror. Another well-known panel depicts a fainting woman called "Vasantsena" (Kushana, 2nd century). A small male figure with a cup in his hands supports the falling woman, while another tries to hold her with his hand. On all these panels from Buddhist fences, women are depicted bare-breasted. Embroidered blouses are a later fashion. Even today, in Hindu rituals, seamless clothing is considered clean and undefiled. Women wore wide belts, with the help of which clothes were fixed, hiding the lower part of the body and falling in beautiful folds. Jewelry, varied and skillfully made, takes the form of long heavy earrings, necklaces, belts, bracelets on arms and legs. Often bracelets were worn in large quantities, covering the entire length of the arm.
2.4. ART OF THE GUPT AGE
In the Gupta era (3rd-6th centuries), a huge part of India came under centralized control, which could not but affect the art of later regional styles. It was during this period that the first Hindu temples were built of stone, replacing clay, brick and wooden structures. The sculptural decoration of these temples gave food for experimentation in the decoration of Hindu religious buildings. However, the Guptas extended their patronage to the Buddhist communities, where sculpture was created, marked by the influence of earlier styles of Mathura and Gandhara. The figure of the Buddha (Sarnath, 5th century, Gupta period) is a classic example of the confidence gained by Indian craftsmen. The Buddha is depicted standing, with his hand raised in a gesture of protection, abhaya. Through the clothes it is clearly visible how one knee is gracefully half-bent and relaxed. Clothes no longer fall into many folds, as we saw in the sculpture of the Gandharian masters, they are simplified into an abstract body cover. The draperies are rendered so magnificently that under them the young body of the Buddha is clearly visible, full of warmth and lively pulsation. The face of the Buddha is oval in shape, with a wide forehead, with perfect features, their symmetry reflects the balance of the mind of the Buddha at rest. His half-closed eyes symbolize contemplation.
In the same way, the master achieved the expression of inner power in the "Statue of Vishnu" (Mathura, 5th century, Gupta era). His torso was preserved, but his legs and arms were broken off. The body is rendered superbly, especially the sensual rendering of the slightly convex belly above the belt. The chest is depicted wide, showing the precious jewelry in all its splendor. The necklace, which consists of many pearl strands, hangs very elegantly. The variety of textures reproduced by the sculptor in this work is truly incredible: the heavy texture of metal jewelry, the weight of pearl threads, the pattern of fabric and the softness of the sensual body. By that time, Indian artists had already completely subjugated the material; what had to be emphasized, or removed, or partly ignored, was a matter of aesthetics and iconography, leaving far behind the realm of realism.
In this gallery you can see other sculptures of the Gupta era, which have a narrative character. Unlike the early Buddhist story panels, the Gupta masters concentrated the entire myth or legend in one main episode, assuming that the viewer is already familiar with the content of the entire myth - knows what preceded this episode and what followed it. A typical example of such a composition is the panel "Lakshmana punishes Supranakha" (Deogarh, 5th century, Gupta era). This is an episode from the Ramayana, an epic poem in which Rama, his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana find themselves in the forest as a result of palace intrigues. Rama, as one of the incarnations of Vishnu, is presented in the poem as an ideal king-hero. In the forest, the sister of Ravana, the king of Lanka, whose name was Supranakha, falls madly in love with Rama, but he ignores her. Then she tries to seduce Lakshmana. In this panel, she is punished for her lustful desires by Lakshmana, who is ordered to cut off her nose and ears. Sita humbly watches this drama. The forest scene is marked with just one tree at the top. This episode, according to the poem, is followed by the flight of Supranakha to Lanka, to her brother, to whom she complains. Ravana, having heard about the beauty of Sita, kidnaps her, which causes a heated struggle between the followers of Ravana and Rama, as a result of which good triumphs over evil.
In addition to stone sculpture, the temples and buildings of the Gupta period, still made of brick, were decorated with terracotta panels. The National Museum has a fine collection of terracotta dating back to the 5th century. The figures of Ganga and Yamuna (Ahicchatra, 5th century, Gupta era) are an example of the personification of the goddesses of the sacred rivers of Hinduism. Holding a jug in her hands, Ganga is seated on the back of Makara, or a crocodile, while Yamuna is depicted sitting on a turtle. Such figures depicting rivers later served as decoration for the upper part of the doorposts in temples or tombs, symbolizing the cleansing from evil and the forgiveness of sins at the entrance to the temple. Other terracotta panels represent humans and animals, and one of them is dedicated to the great battle from the Mahabharata, where warriors ride in chariots, holding bows, ready for battle.
2.5. GALLERY OF MEDIEVAL SCULPTURE
These galleries, which contain medieval sculpture of the 7th-17th centuries, collected in various regions of India, are difficult to describe due to the huge variety of features and styles. In the course of our story, we can only mention that after the collapse of the Gupta Empire, up to the Mughal rule, the Indian subcontinent was politically fragmented and divided among many ruling dynasties. Each territory ruled by a dynasty flourished its own style of art, with its own approach to architecture, sculpture, painting and other forms of art. It cannot be said that traces of former unity and common ideals were absent in these works. Most of the works of art were created according to the laws of Hinduism. The art of Buddhism after the 13th century developed only in certain areas - in Bihar, in Bengal, etc. In the galleries of medieval sculpture, magnificent examples of the achievements in the field of art of various schools and regional forms are presented. The south of India is represented by majestic granite sculptures of the Pallava period, such as "Shiva Bikshatan Murti" (7th century, Pallava era, Kanchipuram). Pallava sculpture, like all temple sculpture, must be considered in the context of the structure on which it was placed.
Mahabalipuram and Kanchipuram, near Chennai in Tamil Nadu, have several superbly preserved temples from that time. The temples, like the sculptures presented here, are distinguished by a powerful, dense appearance, full of dignity, they have a small amount of ornamentation and features overwhelming the viewer. The statues of various gods and goddesses are distinguished by their elegance, height and slender figure.
There are several temples and rock-cut tombs from the Chalukya era in Karnataka. In this region, there was an influential school in the arts - in Badam, Aihole and Pattadakal. The sculpture of this school, presented in the museum, is characterized by a special drama, to the same extent as the whole innovative and creative style of the Chalukyas. “Flying Gandharvas” (7th century, Chalukya, Aihole, Karnataka) is an image of two celestial nymphs soaring with ease and grace in the sky, their beautiful robes billowing and fluttering in the wind.
"Tripurnataka" (8th century, Chalukya, Aihole, Karnataka) is a magnificent example of drama and movement in sculpture. Shiva stands on an air chariot carried by the gods, directing his crushing arrow at 3 fortresses and the kingdoms of powerful asuras. Asuras received from Brahma permission to build 3 fortresses, one copper on earth, one silver in the sky, and one gold in the underworld. When they imagined themselves invincible, Shiva destroyed all 3 of their fortresses with a single arrow.
Masters around the world have tackled the challenge of conveying movement and static in visual arts such as sculpture. In the art of the Chalukya era, especially in the sculpture of Badami at Aihole, the sculptor excelled in depicting the great drama in stone, full of breathtaking frozen action.
Several exhibits represent the western part of India, such as "Chamunda" (12th century, Parmara, Madhya Pradesh) and a marble figure of Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge (12th century, Chauhan, Bikaner, Rajasthan), which are equally beautiful, but in a slightly different style, and, of course, from different types of stone. Some of these masterpieces adorn the entrance to the museum's lobby.
From the east of India came the famous sculptures of Konarak, Orissa, they are easily recognizable by the brilliant, almost black chlorite from which they are made. powerful
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Museums are repositories of historical, scientific, artistic and cultural values and play a very important role in preserving the spiritual heritage of the country. Antiquities exhibited in museums are not only of historical value, they are also outstanding works of art illustrating the most important moments of our history.
The remains of Emperor Humayun himself, Akbar's father, are buried here. Surprising is the wonderful, clearly planned garden, laid out by ancient architects around the tomb. Later, such gardens became an indispensable and important attribute of Mongolian architecture. Surprising is the wonderful, clearly planned garden, laid out by ancient architects around the tomb. Later, such gardens became an indispensable and important attribute of Mongolian architecture.
National Gallery of Modern Art The gallery is located in a building built in 1911. Its collection consists of works by masters of the 19th and 20th centuries, mainly Italian. However, foreign artists are also well represented, many of their works are the pride of the collection. Hall 1. Works created in the first decade of the 20th century, works by Balla, Boccioni and Modigliani; Hall 2. Works of the Futurists: Morinetti, Boccioni, Balla, Severini. Here are the works of Cezanne and Morandi
Hall e's. XX century: Carra, De Chirico, Morandi, Mondrian. Salon wind then. Sculpture by Manzu and Marino Marini; Salon Centrale. Marini, De Chirico, Carra, George Morandi, Balla; The museum presents artists of different directions - Pre-Raphaelites, Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, Futurists, Expressionists, Abstractionists. The museum's collection includes works by such masters (except those mentioned above) as Canova, Degas, Monet, Van Gogh, Matisse, Picasso, Henry Moore.
National Museum, New Delhi This museum has an amazing collection of Indian art and sculpture dating from the prehistoric era to the late Middle Ages. The exposition presents relics of the Harappai civilization, paintings, manuscripts and wall paintings, frescoes from the Buddhist temples of Central Asia. The rich and diverse collection is spread over three floors, and it will take at least a whole day to see the exposition.
Bharat Kala Bhavan Museum in Varanasi The Hindu University Museum is one of the best museums in India, which houses more ancient Sanskrit manuscripts, a collection of sculptures and miniatures of centuries. The Hindu University Museum is one of the best museums in India, which houses more ancient manuscripts in Sanskrit, a collection of sculptures and miniatures of centuries.
Architectural Museum "Dakshina Chitra" One of the most interesting places in the suburbs of Chennai. The museum represents real houses of the past and the century before last: the house of a merchant, fisherman, potter, spinner, etc. The houses were carefully dismantled in their original places, transported and assembled. This is how a collection containing different houses from the four states that make up the South of India turned out.
Collections of various icons and objects of religious action are hung on the walls. In one of the departments of the gallery, the priest's house is presented. The rooms are small and empty. There is a sculptural group on the floor - a teacher and his students are sitting. A very interesting place is the kitchen. Here you can look at the hearth, household items
Thanjavur Sculpture Museum. The museum is located in the palace of the former local ruler. Upon entering, we are greeted by a large pentagram on the floor, and in the center is a large statue. The floor is paved with stone tiles, everything around us is the color of gray stone, which is why after a dusty yellow and hot street there is a strange feeling of an old cool grotto. The ceiling is high and crowned with a dome, which gives an acoustic effect and envelops even more with a veil of antiquity. Behind the columns are green trees in the bright sun. Walking forward you find yourself in the courtyard. There are beautiful paths here and bright well-groomed greenery catches the eye.
The entrance to the library began with an arch, it was low and shabby, if desired, you could jump up and touch the ceiling with your hand. After it there is a long narrow passage under the open sky. The walls are crooked and the old paint of a light yellow color has begun to crumble and in some places has become covered with a dark brown fungus. The stone-paved floor slowly went up.
This passage ended in a dead end on which a poster was located in an unusual way, apparently with the emblem of the library. On the left, where the columns went, there were metal cabinets - apparently, books are stored here. This papyrus is about 300 years old. The information on it is a catalogue. When there are a lot of papyri, they also need systematization.
Cave temples of Ajanta Ajanta is famous for its beautiful Buddhist cave temples, which were built over several centuries, starting from 200 BC. AD Then they were forgotten, abandoned and therefore not touched by any religious fanatics. There are about 30 caves in total, in five there are temples (viharas), in the rest - monastic cells (chaityas). A typical cave temple of Ajanta is a large square hall with small cells located around the perimeter. On the sides of the hall, separated by colonnades, there are side passages intended for religious processions.
The facades of the cave temples dating back to the Gupta period are lavishly decorated with sculpture. The monumental monuments of Ajanta are made with great plastic skill. Large figures of deities and spirits, goddesses with steeply curved hips and huge breasts, placed in niches or simply against the walls, protruding from the darkness of the temple, were perceived by the viewer as formidable and powerful forces of a mysterious and fabulous nature. The interiors of the temples of Ajanta are covered almost entirely with monumental paintings.
India is rich in sights, which will be interesting to look at for every tourist. Due to its difficult historical development, this country has become a center for many religions and cultures that are closely intertwined here. Speaking of India, one immediately comes to mind its numerous temples belonging to different religious movements, Ayurveda - a special direction in Indian medicine, and museums, of which there are more than 500 here.
The most famous museums in India
Museum and aquarium, where you can see rare species of fish and underwater plants, as well as products made from real pearls.
Another institution that attracts the attention of tourists is the Prince of Wales Museum, visiting which you can learn many historical facts about life in India during the British colonization. This museum opened in 1905. Its founder is George V, King of Great Britain.
The Indian Museum has been opened in Calcutta, which contains the largest collection of exhibits that tell us about the history of India and its archeology. There is also another museum here - the Queen Victoria Memorial, which contains a collection of portraits and sculptures depicting famous residents of India. This memorial was opened in 1921.
In Sarnat, a city located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, you can visit the museum, which contains archaeological exhibits, from which you can learn a lot of interesting information about the most ancient periods in the history of India. In this museum, you should definitely see the column of Ashok - one of the rulers of India. According to historical information, Ashok visited Sarnat during his reign and adopted Buddhism here. As a result, this column was created in his honor. It is noteworthy that the lion, which is depicted on it, was eventually depicted on the Indian coat of arms and became the national symbol of the country.
If you come to Chennai, be sure to go see the exhibition at the Chennai Museum. Here you can see exhibits of the Stone and Iron Ages, which were found in one of the Buddhist temples, as well as bronze items. Here you can also see ancient sculptures and coins, national weapons and armor, as well as zoological and geological exhibits.
Also, speaking of Indian national museums, one cannot fail to mention the Museum of Tibetan Culture, which is located in Gangtok. Here you will see objects of Tibetan art - statues, sculptures, masks, etc. It is here that the chronicle of Sikkim monasteries and their unique photographs are kept. This museum is famous for being founded by the Dalai Lama himself in 1957.
Of course, this is only a small part of the museums that every traveler should visit, but even these places can tell you many interesting facts about the history and culture of India.
Museums of India. The most famous and famous museums of Indian cities - photo and video, addresses, location, sites, schedules, opening hours.
In Mumbai, tourists are attracted by the Taraporewal Aquarium and the Maritime Museum, where you will see unique underwater plants, rare fish and pearl products. The luxurious building of the Prince of Wales Museum takes visitors back to the time when India was a British colony. The founding father of the museum, built in 1905, is the English King George the Fifth.
The museum of the city of Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh) stores archaeological relics of the ancient history of India. The most famous exhibit of the museum is the Ashoka Column, named after the Indian ruler. Ashok converted to Buddhism by visiting the holy city of Sarnat.
The stone lion from the top of the capital of Ashoka migrated to the coat of arms of India and became a symbol of the country.
The main exhibits of the Chennai Museum in Madras are stone and iron age artifacts found in a Buddhist temple and an exhibition of bronze items. In addition, in the museum you will find an extensive collection of armor and weapons, sculptures and coins from different centuries, botanical, geological and zoological exhibits.
The Namgyal Tibetan Museum in Gangtok, Sikkim, displays the largest collection of Tibetan art: tanks, statues, masks and altars. The museum contains chronicles of more than 60 monasteries of Sikkim, unique photo archives. The cornerstone that marked the beginning of the construction of the museum was laid by the Dalai Lama in 1957.
In the north of Trithvandrum is the Napier Museum, founded in 1855 and named after the then governor of Madras. In addition to works of art made of bronze and ivory, ancient jewelry and archaeological finds, costumes of ritual dancers and a collection of miniatures, the museum exhibits paintings by Nicholas Roerich.
The Assam State Museum will introduce you to the collection of archaeological finds made of metal, terracotta, stone and wood. The constant interest of tourists is the state science museum and the planetarium.
Kolkata boasts the largest collection of exhibits dedicated to the archeology and history of India. All of them are exhibited in the Indian Museum. The Queen Victoria Memorial, opened in 1921, has collected sculptures and portraits of prominent citizens of India.
