The meaning and role of layout in the professional training of an artist-designer. Department of "industrial design" at Moscow State Technical University

Layout- a spatial object that reproduces the visual or individual functional characteristics of a product (structure, complex). With the exception of demonstration M.; the purpose of which is to create an idea of ​​the appearance of both designed and existing products, other types of M. serve mainly design purposes.

Prototyping(from Italian "macetto" - sketch, sketch) - a conditional or "natural" three-dimensional image of an object on a certain scale, which makes it possible to search for and evaluate the aesthetic, functional, constructive, technological or consumer qualities of new products and forms, to analyze various aspects of a specific design in a complex.

M. makes it possible to recreate and study various phenomena in the laboratory, contributes to the mechanization of the design process, and makes it possible to quickly obtain test materials for design objects that are close to nature. Layouts distinguish:

Depending on the simulated sides of design objects (artistic, aesthetic, constructive, technological);

Depending on the design stage (working, draft, demonstration, for laboratory testing);

Scale (life-size, reduced in various ratios);

By volume (three-dimensional - three-dimensional, semi-volumetric dioramas, cycloramas, perspective models, scenery models, planar ones);

According to the material of manufacture (from paper, fabric, wood, conditionally conveying the forms of future objects, to direct reproduction of the intended materials, texture, color).

Simultaneous consideration and solution of various design issues (for example, functional, material-constructive and aesthetic) on the same model, in combination with graphic materials, ensure in practice the implementation of an integrated approach to design.

Design modeling- reproduction of the essential properties and forms of a particular object or phenomenon in the form of a conditional copy (scheme); shifting the center of gravity in considering the problems of objective creativity from the subject to the method.

When designing design objects, especially complex ones, a significant arsenal of various modeling tools is used: functional diagrams, block diagrams, system models, various matrices and classification tables, typological models, etc. At the same time, artistic possibilities and means belonging to art are used. The most common of them are visual-graphic and spatial-plastic modeling tools.

Less traditional for design in general, but urgently needed in a number of specific situations (when designing large complex objects, developing industry programs, etc.) are the means of dramaturgy, theater, cinema, scenography, audiovisual technology, journalism, etc. In this case, a fundamental methodological the task of identifying, disclosing and using in relation to the design of these means of artistic approach.

For example, in environmental design, scenographic modeling of the processes organizing the environment is often used - in order to transfer them from pragmatic phenomena to the rank of artistic events. For this, purely "theatrical" technologies are used:

division of the process into "mise-en-scene", distribution of "main roles" among the components of the environment, definition of the "super task" of designing the environment complex, etc.

Design model- a specific design form of a statement about an object, fixation (presentation) of a scientific or design idea.

M.p. is the subject of design and at the same time a means of communication both between professionals and between the author, customer and consumer. M.p. should be distinguished:

adequacy(plausibility, fidelity, realism) of reality, since a model is a more or less exact likeness of a real object; conventionality, since the model does not literally repeat reality, but is a generalized, approximate reflection of it, revealing only properties that are essential from the point of view of solving this problem;

conceptuality since the model is an artificial object necessary for solving certain problems and, therefore, implies the presence of a creative intention, copyright concept that demonstrates the position of the artist in relation to reality, and should express this position.

M.p. can be graphic, three-dimensional, verbal, etc.

The meaning and role of layout in the professional training of an artist-designer

In the article, the author considers prototyping in environmental design as an important part in the process of preparing general designers in the field of environmental design and in the process of artistic and design activities.

Keywords: constructive thinking, layout-structures, volume-spatial composition.

In the existing system of art education in Russia, the problem of improving the professional training of artist-designers is of great importance. Therefore, there is a need to improve the level of artistic and technological professional skills of specialists in the field of artistic and design activities.

Nowadays, we are actively searching for new ways to improve the artistic and technological education of future artist-designers, and there is also an active improvement in the very methodology of teaching special artistic disciplines, the study and application of the latest technological progress and innovative technologies in the design activities of designers aimed at improving professional skills. future professionals.

Nowadays, without the comprehensive training of design students, which includes the study of special major disciplines - design, layout, the basics of artistic skill and the mandatory study of auxiliary disciplines - drawing, painting, sculpture, art history, design history and other subjects, it is impossible to create a competent work of art in areas of artistic design and layout. Therefore, in the system of artistic training of an artist-designer, these items play a leading role.

The ongoing processes of modernization and transition to new standards of higher professional education formulate new requirements for the level of training of specialists in the field of environmental design. It is necessary to harmoniously combine the artistic, technological and aesthetic components of professional activity, due to the very specifics of artistic design and layout as an art form that meets the criteria of "usefulness, strength and beauty". Designers, as professional specialists, must comply with rapidly changing socio-economic conditions, the development and implementation of the latest technologies, be able to independently solve complex professional problems of creating a modern environment at a high aesthetic and artistic level.

Modeling in environmental design is an important part in the process of training generalists in the field of environmental design and in the process of artistic and design activities.

The model has been known since ancient times, back in the days of Ancient Egypt and ancient Greece, architects used not drawings, but a model. The word "layout" itself comes from the French - maquette and from the Italian - macchietta - a sketch and means a spatial image of something, usually in reduced sizes. Models of architectural structures belonging to the period of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism are known. Russian architects of the 18th–19th centuries. Rastrelli, Bazhenov, Thomas de Thomon, Montferan widely practiced prototyping. On the model, the main proportions, the scale of details, and possible visual distortions were checked. Quite often the mock-ups were made detachable and from them it was possible to judge not only the appearance of the building, but also its interior.

The purpose of the prototyping process is to master the technique and skills of volumetric modeling of environmental objects and their elements, as well as the acquisition of skills in working with paper, cardboard and other prototyping materials; development of spatial thinking.

The layout is visual, so the layout process forms the student's three-dimensional representations, since the layout is one of the means of expressing thoughts, a way of transmitting information. It helps to identify general compositional patterns, clarifies the proportions, the ratio of divisions, their scale, helps to find the correct volumetric-spatial solution of the composition and determine the ways to achieve it. Also, in the work on the composition of the layout, the basic concepts and principles of the harmonic organization of the form are studied: ratios, proportions, rhythm, balance.

The layout is, as it were, a temporary generalization of representations in large masses and relatively abstract forms of a certain idea, model, carrying a generalized functional and constructive content, one of the means of achieving an optimal response to the task. The model is made in a homogeneous material (as a rule, in paper, cardboard, plastic) and can be of two types: working and exhibition.

Modeling is a creative process of searching for an architectural composition. When working on a project (real or educational), the layout, being transformed in a certain sequence, is a link in the design process.

With the advent of artistic design as a type of design activity, layout has become its integral component, and the layout becomes an integral part of the completed project.

The role of the layout at various stages of design is not the same, and in accordance with this, the technology of its manufacture and material are determined. All this is dictated by the goals and specific requirements associated with each of these stages.

When studying the “sample”, the layout is required to transfer the general form or a combination of its parts. For the convenience of research, in some cases it is desirable that it be composite and be able to understand. The external shape of the layout does not change at this stage, and this predetermines its stability.

At the stage of making sketches, the layout is also intended for practical purposes, i.e. for the designers themselves, so it does not have to be visually attractive. But the internal blocks that make it up must be able to move, change their position, and combine in different ways.

When designing monosyllabic objects, the layout surface must be able to change in order to be able to give it one form or another in search of the best solution. The nature of the surface and the modeling of the volume are laid in the objects already at the draft stage of the project. The material and manufacturing technology of the layout should help this. Since the layout at the draft stage of design must be to some extent conditional, it does not use those materials in which this product will be performed in kind. When designing objects with a complex volumetric-spatial structure, from the very beginning of the design search, there are other tasks and, accordingly, a different layout technology. Here, the material should help to search for options, and for this it is necessary to easily articulate and separate parts, change the volumetric-spatial structure. The structure of some objects requires the production of dynamic models, since their individual elements should be checked only when moving one in relation to another.

Breadboarding is work on the object itself, in the process of working on which the designer's hand directly affects the form being made. The layout process is important for an artist-designer because through them the experience of transforming a spatial image develops, a spatial representation and spatial thinking are formed. By making models from various materials, students themselves intuitively discover their constructive properties. For example, when making models from paper, its main design features become clear. In a different state, the paper perceives the load in different ways. It can be curved, corrugated, rolled into a tube.

Model-structures (rib, tubular, lattice) help to understand the work of an open, naked structure, introduce various means of artistic expressiveness of structures. Paper layout develops constructive thinking.

Great importance is attached to the technique of making a model, an accurately and beautifully made model develops the taste, design thinking of the future artist-designer, and improves the skills of working with the material.

Modeling also develops analytical thinking. The layout is a process of ascent from abstraction to concrete, studying compositional patterns in complex real design.

The layout, its integrity, generality, extremely simple geometric forms instill in students a method of working from a large form to details, from the general to the particular.

Modeling as the most understandable form of compositional search is also reflected in the nature of design decisions. With the complication of design tasks, prototyping remains one of the main forms of work on composition, therefore prototyping is a subject-based practical activity in which perception and action turn into a practical skill in working with various prototyping materials.

Modeling of volume-spatial composition develops spatial thinking. This is especially helped by work with three-dimensional structures, with composition in space, together with all sorts of exercises in the material.

Modeling is closest to real analogues, it makes it possible to trace the change in the general structural construction of the projected volume, brings up the method of thinking "from the general to the particular", directs the student's thinking to the choice of material, design, makes it possible to master the laws of volume-spatial composition in generalized forms. This is the significance of layout for the preparation of an artist-designer of a high professional level.

Literature

1., Maksimova from paper and cardboard. - M .: University, Book House, 2000.

2. Drawing. Prototyping. Figure: Methodological guide for preparing to study at an architectural institute. – M.: MARKHI, 2002.

3. Wenninger M. Models of polyhedra. – M.: Mir, 1974.

4., Architectural layouts. - M., 1965.

5., - Drawing, layout, drawing. – M.: MAI, 2002.

6. Ikonnikov, form, image in architecture. M., 1986.

7. Krinsky teaching composition. architectural composition. M., 1970.

8. Melodinsky propaedeutics. M., 2000.

9. Timofeeva prototyping at the Moscow Architectural Institute. M., 1997.

The purpose of the lesson: the formation of the ability to use techniques, means of composition, the development of aesthetic taste on the example of works of art built taking into account compositional laws.

Lesson objectives:

• Educational: introduce students to different types of graphics, basic definitions and concepts of graphic design
• Educational: develop cognitive interest, promote the formation of creative imagination, develop taste and sense of composition
• Educational: education of cognitive interest in the art of design

Lesson equipment:

1. Computer class

2. Multimedia projector

3. Exhibition of printing products

Lesson plan:

1. Define graphics, the main types of graphics and the role of graphic design in contemporary art.

2. Showing a computer presentation followed by an explanation

3. Performing independent work using ICT technologies.

Organizing time

Introduction. You and I know how diverse fine art is. Let's name the types of fine arts.

Children's answers: Painting, graphics, sculpture, etc.

Today we will talk with you about graphics and its varieties.

The topic to be studied today is the topic: "The compositional foundations of layout in graphic design. Text and image as elements of composition."

1. Harmony, contrast and expressiveness of a planar composition

2. Symmetry, asymmetry and dynamic balance

3. Movement and static

4. Straight lines and organization of space

5. Color is an element of compositional space

6. Letter - line - font. font art

7. Compositional basics of layout in graphic design. Text and image as composition elements

Graphics (from gr. grapho - I write, I draw) - a type of fine art that is associated with an image on a plane. Graphics combines drawing, as an independent area, and various types of printed graphics: woodcut (xylography), engraving on metal (etching), engraving on cardboard, etc.

Graphics can be easel, book, applied.

Easel graphics. A kind of graphic art, the works of which are independent in purpose and form, are not included in the ensembles of a book, album or in the context of a street, public interior, like a poster, do not have an applied purpose, like industrial graphics. The main types of easel graphics are easel drawing and easel sheet of printed graphics (print). The main forms of existence of easel graphics are museum and exhibition collections and expositions, hanging on the walls of public and residential interiors. Easel graphics decorate offices, galleries, the walls of our apartments

Book graphics. Book graphics is one of the types of graphic art. This includes, in particular, book illustrations, vignettes, headpieces, drop caps, covers, dust jackets, etc. The history of drawing has been largely associated with the handwritten book since antiquity and the Middle Ages, and the development of engraving and lithography has been connected with the printed book. In the ancient world, a font appeared, also related to graphics, since the letter itself is a graphic sign. The artist illustrates the text, supplements it with visual images, helping the reader to understand the writer's intention.

Graphic design is an artistic and design activity to create a harmonious and effective visual and communicative environment. Graphic design makes an innovative contribution to the development of the socio-economic and cultural sphere, contributing to the formation of the visual landscape of modernity

The graphic design spans the history of mankind from the Lascaux cave to the dazzling neon of Ginza. In the long history of the use of visual communication, there are vague differences and intersections between the art of advertising, graphic design and fine art. They are united by many common elements, theories, principles, practices and languages, as well as, sometimes, one patron or client. In the art of advertising, the absolute goal is to sell goods and services.

Graphic design: "The essence is to give order to information, form to an idea, expression and feelings to objects that confirm human experiences."

Graphic design can be classified into categories of tasks to be solved.

Typography, calligraphy, fonts, including the design of newspapers, magazines and books

Corporate identity, brand names, logos, brand books

Visual communications, orientation systems

Poster production

Visual solutions for product packaging, including confectionery and food

Web Design Tasks

Visual style of television broadcasts and other media products

Common uses of graphic design include magazines, advertising, packaging, and web design. Composition is one of the most important properties of graphic design, especially when using preliminary materials or other elements.

Graphic design is a human activity to create functionally and artistically significant products made by means of manual or computer graphics. Brush, pencil, pen, computer mouse, felt-tip pen - equal tools for creating graphic design products. Various artistic techniques and effects are used, designed for a positive perception by both the author and the user.

Let's try to formulate the composition properties:

1. Symmetry and asymmetry

2. Dynamics and statics

4. Contrast and nuance

5. Proportionality and scale

6. Color and tonal unity

By type of execution, three groups can be clearly distinguished:

Text only

Only sign

Combined version

What can be called graphic design products?

The corporate identity of the company and its main element - the logo

Packaging, labels, covers

Souvenir products

Internet sites

Book layouts and illustrations

from the Greek logos - word + typos - imprint

A logo is an original style, an image of the full or abbreviated name of the company or the company's products, which contributes to the company's image.

The logo is the face of the company. The creation of a logo is the beginning of the development of such an important visual characteristic of a company as a corporate identity.

Like any graphic image, a logo is created

according to the laws and properties of the composition Construction of the whole, where the location and interconnection of parts are determined by the meaning, content, purpose and harmony of the whole. The main thing in the composition is the creation of an artistic image.

The main criteria for the development of a logo, sign or trademark:

Individuality - this property allows you to stand out in the product market and make good competition

Originality - creating an image of a logo carrier that is different from competitors, this property should evoke positive emotions and associations among consumers

Functionality - a criterion that allows you to place the logo both on letterhead and web pages, as well as on fax messages, souvenirs or leaflets, for which the logo must be easily scalable and relatively simple

Associativity - this property indicates the presence of links, associations between the logo and the features of the product.

Before proceeding to the practical part of our lesson, let's take a break. Physical education minute

Task 1 Create a logo

1. Design a logo under the auspices of:
2. Physical health (sports show)
3. Creative Project Competition (Idea Fair)
4. Art gallery (vernissage)
5. Moral health (action "Do good")
6. Festival of Arts (holiday - Olympiad)
7. When designing a logo, you can use your own themes.

To complete this task, you will need a program based on a vector solution. The vector format allows you to change the size of the image, for example, increase it to the size of a billboard or more, without losing quality. This is very important, as it will allow you to put your logo on T-shirts and pens, as well as on large media, including various promotional products. Such logo creation tools are programs such as Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw, Freehand, XARA X, etc.

Things to consider when creating a logo:

Originality

expressiveness

Conciseness

Readability

memorability

In logos, it is desirable to avoid multicolor.

1. the more colors, the more difficult it is to achieve balance and harmony;

2. too colorful logo is less memorable and may look annoying;

Graphic design includes poster production.

Poster (German Plakat fr. placard - announcement, poster, from plaquer - stick, stick) - a catchy, usually large-format, image, accompanied by a short text, made for promotional, advertising, informational or educational purposes. In another meaning - a kind of graphics . In modern design, a poster is perceived as "a message reduced to a clear visual formula, intended for a contemporary to draw conclusions and concrete actions." This formula reflects a certain level of graphic design and informs about the subject of communication.

The specificity of the artistic language of the poster is determined by the fact that it should be perceived at a great distance, attract attention, the meaning of the depicted should immediately catch the eye. As a special type of graphic art, the poster has existed since the second half of the 19th century. The features of the genre include the following: the poster should be visible at a distance, be understandable and well perceived by the viewer. The poster often uses an artistic metaphor, figures of different scales, images of events taking place at different times and in different places, contour designation of objects.

For text, the font, location, color are important.

The posters also use photography in combination with drawings and paintings.

Poster art today is multi-genre. The poster can be: political, theatrical, film, advertising, circus and environmental. The image and font should show the idea behind the poster. It is difficult to choose a font that is most appropriate in each individual case. The color of the font attracts attention and evokes a special relationship with the image presented on the poster. A type poster is a common type of visual propaganda.

The specificity of the figurative language of the poster: the clarity of the image, catchiness, decorativeness.

First of all, it is necessary to outline and decide the composition of the poster.

With a symmetrical composition, the poster is dominated by the central figure. Asymmetric, on the contrary, is like a fragment, part of some big whole. And the focus is on movement. There is also a linear, diagonal construction of the composition.

In the image on the poster, only those things that have clear semantic functions should take place.

A poster is not a painting, it is not always necessary to convey color nuances and depict the smallest details. It is advisable to use a sparing selection of colors (no more than three or four), which will completely allow you to create an expressive color scheme. The color wheel will help you choose harmonious color combinations. Achromatic colors are also beautifully combined.

Student message

The theme and purpose of posters can be very diverse:

Informational

Educational

Instructional

satirical

Task 2. Image - a figurative element of the composition

Based on the rules of composition, perform exercises that combine images and text, in which:

1. Instead of rectangles - photos, and instead of lines - lines of text

2. Instead of spots - images (photos, drawings, cut out along the contour, growing like lines from the background

3. Photo serves as background for text and other compositional elements

In the layout of the poster, the problem of the compositional and semantic connection of the image and text is solved. The image can be in the form of a drawing, a photograph, or an abstract spot. In the combination of image and text, an image should appear that reveals the theme of the poster. In the sketch of the poster, all the features of the composition are realized: harmony and balance of masses, rhythm, diversity, a clearly expressed dominant, etc.

Having determined the theme of the poster and selected the constituent compositional elements, arrange them in a certain format.

The text of the poster should be short and easy to read, as if growing out of the background.

The composition can be deep and frontal.

Task 3. Designing a postcard

Having chosen the theme and genre of the postcard, determine its design.

The text can be on the background of the image and outside of it.

The compositional tasks here are the same as in the poster.

Before you start work, decide on the choice of task. You can make a poster layout or a postcard layout. Determine the theme of the poster or postcard and what program you will work with

Summing up the lesson.

• What are the main concepts we met today?
• Student responses. (graphics, poster, etc.)
• Review of works and analysis.

Bibliography.

1. N.M. Sokolnikova Fundamentals of Composition, Moscow, Ed. "Title", 1993

2. A.S.Piterskikh, G.E.Gurov, Fine Arts. Design and architecture in human life, Moscow, "Prosveshchenie", 2008

Model at different design stages.

Lecture 12. Modeling and modeling and their role in design.

1. The concept of "Layout", "Layout", "Model", "Modeling".

Layout(French Maquette - scale model, Italian macchietta, diminutive of macchia) - a model of an object on a reduced scale or in full size, devoid, as a rule, of the functionality of the object being represented. Designed to represent an object. Used when representing the original object is unreasonably expensive or impossible.

An architectural model is a three-dimensional image of architectural structures.

The original layout is the original, which completely coincides with the future printed edition.

Electronic layout - generalized information about the product and its components in electronic form.

A town-planning model is a model of an entire microdistrict or city. Often on a scale of 1:1000 - 1:5000

Landscape layout - terrain layout. Displays mountains, lakes, terrain, trees.

Interior layouts - show the interior arrangement of an apartment or cottage.

A mockup is a model of something: a prototype. For example, a layout of scenery, books, binding.

Modeling has been widely used since ancient times; unlike graphics, it slightly reflected culture, had little to do with plastic art, and had only practical significance.

Models of architectural structures belonging to the period of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism are known. Russian architects of the 18th - 19th centuries. Rastrelli, Bazhenov, Thomas de Thomon, Montferan practiced prototyping widely. On the model, the main proportions, the scale of details, and possible visual distortions were checked. Quite often the mock-ups were made detachable and from them it was possible to judge not only the appearance of the building, but also its interior. The architecture of the middle of the last century excluded prototyping not only from design practice, but also from the educational process. Modeling again revived constructivism, associated in Russia with the activities of VKhUTEMAS. Since then, layout in architecture has been widely used.

Modeling, as a method associated with the design of an object, was rarely used at the time of handicraft production.

Only with the advent of artistic design as a type of design activity, layout became its integral component, and the layout is often an integral part of the completed project.

Model - some simplified similarity of a real object; reproduction of an object in a reduced or enlarged form (layout); scheme, physical or informational analogue of an object.

Modeling is:

Building a model of real-life objects (object, phenomenon, processes);

Replacing a real object with a suitable copy;

Research of objects of knowledge on their models.

Modeling is an integral element of any purposeful activity, one of the main ways of cognition.

Due to the ambiguity of the concept of "model" in science and technology, there is no single classification of types of modeling: classification can be carried out according to the nature of the models, the nature of the objects being modeled, and the areas of application of modeling (in engineering, physical sciences, cybernetics, etc.). For example, the following types of modeling can be distinguished:

information modeling

Computer modelling

Math modeling

Mathematical-cartographic modeling

Molecular modeling

Digital Simulation

Logic Modeling

Pedagogical Modeling

Psychological modeling

Statistical modeling

Structural modeling

Physical modeling

Economic and mathematical modeling

Simulation

evolutionary modeling

The modeling process includes three elements:

Subject (researcher),

Object of study,

A model that determines (reflects) the relationship of the cognizing subject and the cognized object.

The first stage of building a model assumes some knowledge about the original object. The cognitive capabilities of the model are due to the fact that the model displays (reproduces, imitates) any essential features of the original object. The question of the necessary and sufficient degree of similarity between the original and the model requires a specific analysis. Obviously, the model loses its meaning both in the case of identity with the original (then it ceases to be a model), and in the case of an excessive difference from the original in all essential respects. Thus, the study of some aspects of the modeled object is carried out at the cost of refusing to study other aspects. Therefore, any model replaces the original only in a strictly limited sense. It follows from this that several “specialized” models can be built for one object, focusing attention on certain aspects of the object under study or characterizing the object with varying degrees of detail.

At the second stage, the model acts as an independent object of study. One of the forms of such a study is the conduct of "model" experiments, in which the conditions for the functioning of the model are deliberately changed and data on its "behavior" are systematized. The end result of this stage is a set (set) of knowledge about the model.

At the third stage, the transfer of knowledge from the model to the original is carried out - the formation of a set of knowledge. At the same time, there is a transition from the "language" of the model to the "language" of the original. The process of knowledge transfer is carried out according to certain rules. Knowledge about the model should be corrected taking into account those properties of the original object that were not reflected or were changed during the construction of the model.

The fourth stage is the practical verification of the knowledge obtained with the help of models and their use to build a general theory of the object, its transformation or control.

Modeling is a cyclical process. This means that the first four-stage cycle can be followed by a second, a third, and so on. At the same time, knowledge about the object under study is expanded and refined, and the original model is gradually improved. Deficiencies found after the first cycle of modeling, due to little knowledge of the object or errors in the construction of the model, can be corrected in subsequent cycles.

Now it is difficult to indicate the area of ​​human activity where modeling would not be applied. For example, models have been developed for the production of automobiles, the cultivation of wheat, the functioning of individual human organs, the life of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, and the consequences of an atomic war. In the future, for each system, their own models can be created, before the implementation of each technical or organizational project, modeling should be carried out.

Design is undoubtedly an innovative activity, but, unlike discovery and invention, it has a well-defined goal, which is formulated in the form of a design task. In our science, for a long time, the word “design” was understood only as “artistic construction”.

Artistic design is the process of solving a design problem, which includes the stages of developing a concept, identifying specific goals, analyzing an object, designing, developing project documentation and creating an image of a thing.

In general, the process of creating a new thing can be represented as the following scheme: demand - planning - programming (forecasting) - design - production - replication - distribution - consumption. The starting point of the designer's creativity is the needs of man and society. He must study, know, feel and translate them into objective forms and images that arise as a response to needs. The basis of design is a comprehensive consideration of social needs. Actually, the study of needs is the main content of the pre-project analysis when creating a new thing: the study of consumers and their needs; properties and qualities of products; requirements for this type of product. The design methodology is based on the consistent application of analysis and synthesis methods.

Pre-project analysis - a study carried out at the initial stage of design and comparison of data on the desired functions of a thing or a complex of things or an environment, about the appearance of the designed product and environment, about the manufacturing method, about the presence of analogues of the proposed object (an analogue is a product similar to the one being designed for its functional purpose, principle of operation, conditions of use). Pre-project analysis reveals the shortcomings of existing products, the wishes of consumers.

In addition to pre-project analysis, when designing a new product, they resort to socio-economic analysis, functional analysis (research of ways to use the product), functional-cost analysis (study of the structure of the needs of various population groups and the most cost-effective ways to satisfy them), technological analysis (research of materials and possible ways of manufacturing a product), shape analysis (study of the structure of a product and its analogues, search for options for compositional, constructive and plastic solutions).

The results of the analysis carried out should be integrated into the synthesis operations by means of objectification (structure formation) and harmonization (composition) of the object. Structure formation of single objects - shaping. Composition is a method of harmonization, a system of means and methods for creating an aesthetically integral object. In the process of synthesis, the results of the studies carried out are implemented in specific methods of shaping: combinatorial, analog, figurative-associative. Combinatorial and analogue methods of costume shaping have been studied quite well*. Synthesis in design is a mental ordering of design information selected during design analysis, and their combination into a single whole - a design image. Synthesis methods can be either systemic (combinatorial, analog) or spontaneously intuitive (associative). In the process of synthesis, a creative concept is formed - the most important link in solving a design problem. The concept in design is the main idea, the semantic orientation of the goals, objectives and design tools.

Design - creation of a description, image or concept of a non-existent object with specified properties. “The main stage of design design takes place in the mind of the designer… Design design combines knowledge and fantasy, intuition and calculation, science and art, talent and skill”**. Design is associated with the psychology of creativity, therefore, in order to intensify design, a designer needs to take into account and apply heuristic methods that contribute to the development of fantasy and imagination and the search for new non-trivial ways to solve a design problem. In the design process, it is necessary to apply the data of science (sociology, forecasting), as well as use figurative-associative methods that allow filling the form with meaning and socio-cultural content.

The design idea is "embodied" in the design process in a sketch - in a layout - in a model. The initial stage of designing a new product is the creation of its sketch. The designer first creates in his imagination a prototype of the future thing, taking into account existing design ideas, technology, production economics, achievements of artistic culture (architecture, painting, sculpture), and then its preliminary graphic image (sketch), which is then supplemented with three-dimensional models, descriptions of the appearance and way of practical use. At the same time, the project acquires concrete outlines in the process of design modeling.

Modeling is a display, presentation or description of an integral object (system of objects), situation or process. There are artistic and figurative modeling, mathematical modeling (calculation of a mathematical model), design and graphic modeling (creating a sketch), volumetric modeling (creating a layout and model), verbal modeling (creating a verbal concept of a new object, describing the principle of its operation, etc. )

The most common modeling method is retrospective modeling based on the analysis of prototypes and analogues and setting a design task based on this analysis. However, this method does not allow you to fulfill the main task of design - the creation of new things, but makes it possible to improve existing ones. Another modeling method is constructive modeling, i.e. modification of the functions and morphology of a thing (the morphology of a thing is the material form of a thing, organized in accordance with its functions). Constructive modeling can be: corrective (the functions and form of a thing are improved); transitional (functions and morphology are rethought to give the object new qualities - as an example from fashion design, one can cite the direction of deconstructivism in design); projective (the functions and form of things are created again - the work of the Japanese clothing designer I. Miyake). The most innovative modeling technique in design can be considered prospective modeling (or project forecasting), which deals with the study of desirable prospects for the development of society and develops projects that can help achieve these prospects.

One of the design methods is prototyping - the creation of three-dimensional images of the designed objects.

Prototyping - making models of products from various materials in full size or in the desired scale. The following layout methods are used in clothing design: tattoo and fake. Model - a material spatial image of the designed product.

When designing devices and machines, it is necessary to check the technical viability of the idea by an engineer, after which the designer makes his own adjustments to the design, taking into account real technical capabilities. The final stage is the joint work of the designer and engineer on the structural, technical and aesthetic "refinement" of the image.

A clothing designer is able to independently design and manufacture a product without the participation of other specialists, as he has all the necessary skills. But if we are talking about industrial design, then at its different stages, other specialists take part in the work, first of all, the designer and technologist.

Clothing design - the creation of a new sample of clothing with specified properties, including research, the creation of sketches, layouts, models, calculations and construction of drawings of products, the manufacture of prototypes. Designing clothes, like designing in general, involves the same steps and uses the same methods. Based on research on consumer demand and analysis of analogues, a creative concept is born, which is embodied primarily in the image. It is born either on paper when creating a sketch and then embodied in a layout, and then in a model, or in working with material when making a layout, and then the layout is embodied in a model. Modeling the shape of a suit - the organization of the material in accordance with the compositional idea of ​​​​the suit, the embodiment of the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe clothing model in the material. The result of the simulation is the finished thing.

If we are talking about industrial design, then the clothing designer works together with the technologist and designer, first developing an experimental model, and then, after selection and testing, an industrial design.

Clothing design is the development of a design (construction, relative position and configuration of parts) of a clothing model. It consists of the following stages: selection of a methodology, development of product drawings for a preliminary design, calculation, construction of a drawing (using individual or standard measurements), production of patterns, preparation of working documentation.

Technical modeling is the development of drawings and a sample of clothing based on a basic model or its graphic representation. The developed sample serves as a standard of form and design for mass production.

Technology - a set of methods for processing, manufacturing or processing raw materials, semi-finished products or products in the production process; a set of techniques and methods for making clothes.