Works of writers about small Russian cities. A selection of amazing facts from the life of Russian writers
In 2015, many books celebrate the anniversary. So, for example, the fairy tale "Thumbelina" by Hans Christian Andersen and the story "Taras Bulba" by Nikolai Gogol are 180 years old, the novels "Poor People" by Fyodor Dostoevsky and "The Count of Monte Cristo" by Alexander Dumas are 170 years old, and Lewis Carroll's book "Alice in the Country miracles" - 150 years. We decided to recall when and where these outstanding personalities were born, as well as some facts from their biographies.
Hans Christian Andersen born April 2, 1805, this year marks the 210th anniversary of his birth. He was born in the small Danish town of Odense. There is a house-museum of the great storyteller in this town. In the museum you can see a bed, a hat, a trunk and a rope, which Andersen always carried with him everywhere in his old age in order to be able to escape through the window if a fire breaks out in the hotel. The house-museum of Hans Christian Andersen is visited annually by up to 150 thousand tourists from all over the world.
The small room where he lived with his wife was always clean and tidy. But the most important thing in this room were books - Andersen was very fond of reading. In particular, he liked books about all kinds of travel, and he also loved to reread the tales of the Thousand and One Nights.
The success of the writer brought fantasy story"Hiking Journey from the Holmen Canal to the Eastern End of Amager", published in 1833. For this work, Andersen received a reward from the king, which allowed him to travel abroad.
In the writing field, he gained some success by publishing his collection called "A picture book without pictures." Also had a continuation and "Tales", which in 1838 came out in the second edition, and in 1845 appeared "Tales - 3".
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol(at birth Yanovsky) was born on April 20 (according to the Julian calendar), 1809, he was named in honor of miraculous icon Saint Nicholas. Was born future writer in a family of landowners in the village of Sorochnitsy, which today is called Velikie Sorochnitsy, in the Poltava region, in Ukraine.
Nikolai Gogol spent his childhood in Vasilievka, on the estate of his parents. Gogol studied at the Poltava School, then with Gabriel Sorochinsky, and then entered the gymnasium. This is where he begins to write.
After graduating from the gymnasium, Gogol leaves for St. Petersburg. Petersburg, he writes his first poem " Ganz Küchelgarten”, which was sharply criticized by N.A. Field.
After the release of "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka", which caused universal admiration, Gogol is widely known.
Critics call the story "Taras Bulba" the most contrasting work of Gogol in relation to his other works. To write it, Gogol studied historical sources, among which were Beauplan's "Description of Ukraine" and others. It should also be noted that the first and second editions of Taras Bulba are different.
1835 edition:
Bulba was stubbornly terrifying. This was one of those characters that could only have arisen in the rough fifteenth century, and, moreover, in the semi-nomadic East of Europe, during the right and wrong concept of lands that became some kind of disputed, unresolved possession, to which Ukraine then belonged ... In general, he was great hunter before raids and riots; he heard with his nose where and in what place the indignation flared up, and already, like snow on his head, he appeared on his horse. “Well, children! what and how? who should be beaten and for what? he usually said, and intervened in the matter.
1842 edition:
Bulba was stubbornly terrifying. This was one of those characters that could have arisen only in the difficult 15th century on the semi-nomadic corner of Europe, when all of southern primitive Russia, abandoned by its princes, was devastated, burned to the ground by the indomitable raids of the Mongol predators ... Eternally restless, he considered himself the legitimate defender of Orthodoxy. Arbitrarily entered the villages, where they only complained about the harassment of tenants and the increase in new duties on smoke.
This is explained by the fact that Gogol wanted to supplement the second edition of Taras Bulba with a more detailed depiction of historical facts.
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky Born October 30 (Julian calendar) 1821 in Moscow. Probably, not only in Russia, but also in the world, it will be difficult to find a person who does not know the name of the great Russian classic.
Dostoevsky's father - Mikhail Andreevich - was a nobleman. Mother, Maria Feodorovna, came from a merchant family.
Fedor Mikhailovich was educated in one of the best boarding houses in Moscow - the Chermak boarding house. Dostoevsky's mother was an extremely religious person, so from childhood he knew the Gospel, went to worship at the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
The author wrote his first novel at the age of 24 (1845), and it was called "Poor People". However, the novel was published a year later - in 1846 in Nekrasov's journal Petersburg Collection.
The novel "Poor People" is written as an epistolary novel, that is, it is a novel in letters. The author's idea for the work was born at a time when he was translating Balzac's Eugenie Grande, but Dostoevsky did not let anyone in on his ideas about the novel. Fyodor Mikhailovich hoped to publish it in Otechestvennye Zapiski.
Dostoevsky is not just a writer, he is a psychologist writer, which means an attempt to understand a person and how this person will act in a given situation (for example, in everything famous novel"Crime and Punishment").
In the work "Poor People" the author was interested in a special type of person - personal. This interest is indicated in the title, the emphasis is not on the word "poor", but on the word "people". Subsequently, Belinsky would call Dostoevsky "New Gogol". However, in Gogol the hero is destroyed by circumstances, while in Dostoevsky the hero acquires a voice to judge the world around him.
Alexandr Duma. Alexandre Dumas père was born in a commune in the north of France - Ville-Cotret - on July 24, 1802. His father was a military man, and his mother was the daughter of an innkeeper. It may be surprising that his parents came from different walks of life, but even more interesting is the fact that Alexandre Dumas' grandfather is a wealthy landowner who married his Negro slave.
Alexandre Dumas began his working life as a scribe at a notary. Soon he moves to Paris and gets a position in the office. In Paris, he is fond of poetry, dramaturgy.
After three years in Paris, he begins his writing career by publishing a small collection of short stories, Contemporary Novels. However real success came to him after staging the play " Henry III and his yard. This play corresponded to the mood of the French of those times - it was anti-monarchist.
In the 1830s, Alexandre Dumas began to develop a special literary genre"historical scenes". In this genre, historical events were “ground up” with lively, dynamic dialogues.
In the 1840s he published his most important and famous works: The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years Later, Vicomte de Bragelonne, or Ten Years Later, The Count of Monte Cristo, Queen Margot, The Countess de Monsoro, The Two Dianas, Forty-five .
The Count of Monte Cristo is one of the most important novels by Alexandre Dumas. In French, and in world literature, this work has become a classic. The success of the novel exceeded all expectations of the author. In honor of his hero, the Count of Monte Cristo, the writer names his palace, which he built with the money raised from the work.
Lewis Carroll(real name Charles Dodgson) was born on January 27, 1832 in the small village of Daresbury, in the southeast of Cheshire. The Dodgson family was large: 7 girls and 4 boys. Since childhood, Charles stuttered because he was left-handed, but he was forbidden to write with his left hand. His father himself was engaged in his education, but later the future author entered the school, where he really liked to study. Soon he changed school to another, which was called the Rugby school, and where he showed special interest to mathematics and theology.
After leaving school, the future writer entered one of the Oxford colleges. He did not study very well, however, after graduating from university and conferring a bachelor's degree, thanks to his mathematical abilities, he won a grant to lecture at Christ Church, one of the largest colleges in Oxford.
He began to write during his studies, sending his poems and stories to various editions under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll. He came up with such a pseudonym on the advice of the publisher Edmund Yates. Carroll's work began to appear in serious English publications such as The comic times, The Train.
However real glory he got thanks to his fairy tale "Alice in Wonderland". Carroll wrote this tale in 1864 for Alice Liddell, daughter of the new dean of Oxford University, Henry Liddell.
At first, critics received the book mixed or negative. In 1865, critics called it nothing more than a fairy tale dream. What did it mean? The fact is that the reviewers wondered: is it possible to fully describe dreams with all the zigzags and confusion. Critics believed that a child who read the book might feel bewilderment rather than joy.
Other critics were also very critical: almost all of them refused to see any sense in Alice's adventures.
Only decades later, recognition comes to Alice. The largest critic Harvey Darton spoke of the book as a groundbreaking work.
It is probably not enough to say that Carroll's work influenced world culture. For example, "Alice in Wonderland" was included in the list of "most English" objects and phenomena compiled by the British Ministry of Culture. It also influenced the painter Balthasar Balthus, one of the greatest French artists.
You can find all these books in our library at 26, Krasny Prospekt. You can also borrow biographies of the authors from the branch literature department of our library. We are happy to see you!
literary places Russia is an object of pilgrimage for many admirers of talent famous poets and writers. Where, if not here, do you feel the spirit of their works, do you begin to understand your favorite literary figure? Particularly reverent are excursions to literary places in Russia, where writers and poets spent their childhood and youth. After all, this is the cradle of the formation of their talent, worldview and attitude, which are reflected in subsequent work. Such, for example, are the family estates of L. N. Tolstoy, I. S. Turgenev, N. A. Nekrasov.
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
Tsarskoye Selo can be called a real forge of talents of the 19th century. It is from under the wing of this educational institution A. S. Pushkin, V. K. Kuchelbeker, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and many other politicians and artists came out.
Founded in 1811 by order of Alexander I, the lyceum was supposed to train the elite of the future Russian society. For six years of study, young people received an excellent education, equal to a university one.
Of course, the most famous student whom Tsarskoe Selo knew was A. S. Pushkin. It was here that he began to write poems, still imitating Zhukovsky, Batyushkov and French romantic poets. And at the same time, the originality of the future genius is already revealed here.
The training period is associated with another significant event in the life of a poet. It was at this time that his first small work, “To a Poet Friend,” was published. Graduates always remembered the years of study with warmth, sincerely worried about the fate of their beloved institution.
At the moment, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum is a functioning institution where you can see with your own eyes the poet’s room (he called it a cell), as well as a place of study and final exam, where Pushkin struck the talent of eminent teachers.
A. S. Pushkin: Mikhailovskoye
I would like to tell you about two more places associated with the genius of Pushkin. The first is Mikhailovskoye. This is the family estate of the poet's mother, erected by his grandfather Hannibal on the Pskov land.
Connoisseurs of Pushkin's work, and just readers, having been here, note that the pictures of the nature of many works seem to have been written off skillful hand local artist. For the first time the poet meets the measured village life immediately after graduating from the Lyceum, in 1817. Pushkin is immediately fascinated by the beauty of the surrounding world and the dimension that prevails here.
Even after the hateful exile, Pushkin returns here again and again for inspiration, because it is in Mikhailovsky that he especially feels his poetic gift. The last visit to the estate is connected with tragic event- the funeral of his mother, and a few months after that, the poet himself dies in a duel.
His grave is also here, in Mikhailovsky.
Boldino
Boldino autumn ... This period of Pushkin's life was marked by an unprecedented creative upsurge, which he felt while staying in Boldino, the family estate. His forced trip on the eve of the wedding with Natalya Goncharova was delayed due to the cholera epidemic raging in St. Petersburg. inspired by the future family life, the poet is at the highest peak of inspiration. Here he finishes "Eugene Onegin", writes most of the "Little Tragedies", "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda", as well as "Belkin's Tale".
These literary places in Russia must be visited by everyone who admires the genius of the great Pushkin.
M. Yu. Lermontov: Pyatigorsk
There are places in Russia that are inextricably linked with the life and work of another outstanding 19th poet century - M. Yu. Lermontov.
First of all, this is the Caucasian resort city of Pyatigorsk. This place played essential role in the life of the poet. Lermontov's first acquaintance with Pyatigorsk happened in childhood - it was here that his grandmother brought him to improve his health, because the future poet grew up as a very sickly child. very impressed Lermontov. From childhood, he was also gifted in the field of drawing. Many picturesque watercolors came out from under his brush, depicting mountain landscapes.
To this day, hot baths operate in Pyatigorsk, where the poet was treated. His observations of the so-called "water society" are reflected in the story "Princess Mary".
Connected with the Caucasus further service young officer. Here Lermontov found his death. By chance, a tragedy occurred in Pyatigorsk. Deciding to end his service, he last time goes to the Caucasus, having rented a small house with his uncle.
Here they linger for treatment on the waters. On July 27, 1841, a fatal incident occurs with an old acquaintance Martynov. Here, near Mount Mashuk, the poet was buried, but after 8 months his ashes were transferred to the family crypt - M. Yu. Lermontov still rests there. Russia has lost another brilliant poet.
It should be said that the memory of the poet is sacredly revered in Pyatigorsk. The place of his last stay, the house where the quarrel with Martynov took place, the place of the duel and the initial burial place of Lermontov are places that guests of the city must visit.
Tarkhany
The Tarkhany Museum-Reserve is another place that is inextricably linked with M. Yu. Lermontov. In this estate he spent his childhood. Here life is recreated with documentary accuracy. noble family XIX century.
In addition to the manor's house, the Keykeeper's House and the People's Hut are open to visitors. Also, visitors can honor the memory of the poet in family vault where he is buried, and in the chapel.
The museum-reserve leads a very active cultural life: competitions and festivals dedicated to the poet are constantly held. The Lermontov holiday, which takes place here on the first weekend of July, has become traditional.
Museum of N. A. Nekrasov in Chudovo
Many poets and writers of Russia become more understandable if you discover them everyday life, and even better - the conditions in which childhood passed. N. A. Nekrasov is no exception in this regard. From the school literature course, we know that it was children's observations of the difficult life of serfs that largely determined the direction of the poet's work.
The house-museum of N. A. Nekrasov is the place where the poet rested his soul from city life, hunted and received inspiration for new works.
It is located in Chudovo and is part of a large complex of the reserve of the same name. It is here that the famous “Chudov cycle”, 11 brilliant poems, was written. As a rule, Nekrasov hunted in these places. Here, the already seriously ill poet finishes his great work - the poem "Who in Rus' should live well."
At the moment, the house-museum is a hunting house, in which, in addition to the rooms of the poet and his wife, there is a dining room, an office, guest rooms. By the way, there were quite a few of the latter here - many literary figures came here to hunt with Nekrasov: Saltykov-Shchedrin and Pleshcheev, Mikhailovsky and Uspensky. The building of the agricultural school is also presented to the attention of visitors.
The house-museum often holds exhibitions and programs for visitors of various ages.
Museum of F. I. Tyutchev in Ovstug
Tyutchev's family house-museum belonged to the poet's family long before his birth: in mid-eighteenth century, the poet's grandfather began the construction of an estate on the lands that he received as a dowry after the wedding.
The poet's father, having received inheritance rights, begins to expand the house. Soon a chic estate in the spirit of classicism with a manor house, decorated with columns, with an outbuilding, grows here. Located on the banks of the river, it has its own island with a gazebo. This place becomes for Tyutchev a source of not only vitality, but also inspiration. The poet, glorifying nature in all its diversity, draws pictures from these places - they are so memorable to his soul.
Unfortunately, the estate was not given due attention, and it fell into disrepair, but a gradual reconstruction is underway. If initially excursions to these literary places in Russia were limited only rural school, now they cover the guest wing, as well as the church. Also, visitors can see a recreated windmill, a gazebo on the island and chic
Peredelkino
Listing the literary places in Russia, one should also mention those that are associated with the activities of this, first of all, Peredelkino. It is this place that is the focus of the dachas of the entire literary elite of the twentieth century.
The idea of building a village where Russian writers would rest, live and create belonged to M. Gorky. It was he who procured in 1934 this piece of land for these purposes. For quite a short time the first 50 houses were rebuilt. Among their tenants were A. Serafimovich, L. Kassil, B. Pasternak, I. Ilf, I. Babel.
They build cottages and many post-war writers: V. Kataev, B. Okudzhava, E. Evtushenko, Here, for the local children, he writes his beautiful fairy tales K. Chukovsky.
The House of Creativity of Writers functions on the territory of the village, among the existing museums one can note the houses of B. Pasternak, K. Chukovsky, B. Okudzhava, E. Yevtushenko. Many writers and poets have found their last refuge here.
Aksakov Ivan Sergeevich (1823-1886) - poet and publicist. One of the leaders of Russian Slavophiles. The most famous work: the fairy tale "The Scarlet Flower".
Aksakov Konstantin Sergeevich (1817-1860) - poet, literary critic, linguist, historian. Inspirer and ideologist of Slavophilism.
Aksakov Sergey Timofeevich (1791-1859) - writer and public figure, literary and theater critic. Wrote a book about fishing and hunting. Father of writers Konstantin and Ivan Aksakov.
Annensky Innokenty Fedorovich (1855-1909) - poet, playwright, literary critic, linguist, translator. Author of plays: "King Ixion", "Laodamia", "Melanippa the Philosopher", "Famira Kefared".
Baratynsky Yevgeny Abramovich (1800-1844) - poet and translator. Author of poems: "Eda", "Feasts", "Ball", "Concubine" ("Gypsy").
Batyushkov Konstantin Nikolaevich (1787-1855) - poet. Also the author of a number of well-known prose articles: "On the character of Lomonosov", "Evening at Kantemir" and others.
Belinsky Vissarion Grigoryevich (1811-1848) - literary critic. He headed the critical department in the publication "Domestic Notes". Author of numerous critical articles. He had a great influence on Russian literature.
Bestuzhev-Marlinsky Alexander Alexandrovich (1797-1837) - Byronist writer, literary critic. Published under the pseudonym Marlinsky. Published the almanac "Polar Star". He was one of the Decembrists. Author of prose: "Test", " terrible divination"," Frigate Nadezhda "and others.
Vyazemsky Petr Andreevich (1792-1878) - poet, memoirist, historian, literary critic. One of the founders and the first head of the Russian Historical Society. Close friend Pushkin.
Venevetinov Dmitry Vladimirovich (1805-1827) - poet, prose writer, philosopher, translator, literary critic Author of 50 poems. He was also known as an artist and musician. Organizer of the secret philosophical association "Society of Philosophy".
Herzen Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870) - writer, philosopher, teacher. The most famous works: the novel “Who is to blame?”, the stories “Doctor Krupov”, “The Magpie-Thief”, “Damaged”.
Glinka Sergei Nikolaevich (1776-1847) - writer, memoirist, historian. ideological inspirer conservative nationalism. Author of the following works: "Selim and Roxana", "Virtue of Women" and others.
Glinka Fyodor Nikolaevich (1876-1880) - poet and writer. Member of the Decembrist Society. The most famous works: the poems "Karelia" and "The Mysterious Drop".
Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich (1809-1852) - writer, playwright, poet, literary critic. Classic of Russian literature. Author: " dead souls”, a cycle of stories “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, the stories “The Overcoat” and “Viy”, the plays “The Inspector General” and “Marriage” and many other works.
Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich (1812-1891) - writer, literary critic. Author of the novels: "Oblomov", "Cliff", " ordinary story».
Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich (1795-1829) - poet, playwright and composer. He was a diplomat, died in the service in Persia. The most famous work is the poem "Woe from Wit", which served as the source of many catchphrases.
Grigorovich Dmitry Vasilyevich (1822-1900) - writer.
Davydov Denis Vasilyevich (1784-1839) - poet, memoirist. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Author of numerous poems and military memoirs.
Dal Vladimir Ivanovich (1801-1872) - writer and ethnographer. Being a military doctor, he collected folklore along the way. The most famous literary work – « Dictionary living Great Russian language. Dahl tinkered with the dictionary for over 50 years.
Delvig Anton Antonovich (1798-1831) - poet, publisher.
Dobrolyubov Nikolai Alexandrovich (1836-1861) - literary critic and poet. Published under pseudonyms -bov and N. Laibov. Author of numerous critical and philosophical articles.
Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881) - writer and philosopher. Recognized classic of Russian literature. Author of works: "The Brothers Karamazov", "Idiot", "Crime and Punishment", "Teenager" and many others.
Zhemchuzhnikov Alexander Mikhailovich (1826-1896) - poet. Together with his brothers and writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Zhemchuzhnikov Alexei Mikhailovich (1821-1908) - poet and satirist. Together with his brothers and writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov. Author of the comedy "Strange Night" and the collection of poems "Songs of Old Age".
Zhemchuzhnikov Vladimir Mikhailovich (1830-1884) - poet. Together with his brothers and writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich (1783-1852) - poet, literary critic, translator, founder of Russian romanticism.
Zagoskin Mikhail Nikolaevich (1789-1852) - writer and playwright. Author of the first Russian historical novels. Author of the works "Prankster", "Yuri Miloslavsky, or Russians in 1612", "Kulma Petrovich Miroshev" and others.
Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826) - historian, writer and poet. Author of the monumental work "History of the Russian State" in 12 volumes. His pen belongs to the story: Poor Lisa”,“ Eugene and Yulia ”and many others.
Kireevsky Ivan Vasilyevich (1806-1856) - religious philosopher, literary critic, Slavophile.
Krylov Ivan Andreevich (1769-1844) - poet and fabulist. Author of 236 fables, many expressions of which have become winged. He published magazines: "Mail of Spirits", "Spectator", "Mercury".
Kuchelbecker Wilhelm Karlovich (1797-1846) - poet. He was one of the Decembrists. Close friend of Pushkin. Author of works: "The Argives", "The Death of Byron", "The Eternal Jew".
Lazhechnikov Ivan Ivanovich (1792-1869) - writer, one of the founders of the Russian historical novel. Author of the novels "Ice House" and "Basurman".
Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich (1814-1841) - poet, writer, playwright, artist. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: the novel "A Hero of Our Time", the story " Prisoner of the Caucasus”, poems “Mtsyri” and “Masquerade”.
Leskov Nikolai Semenovich (1831-1895) - writer. The most famous works: "Lefty", "Cathedrals", "On knives", "Righteous".
Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich (1821-1878) - poet and writer. Classic of Russian literature. Head of the Sovremennik magazine, editor of the Domestic Notes magazine. The most famous works are: “Who should live well in Rus'”, “Russian women”, “Frost, Red nose”.
Ogarev Nikolai Platonovich (1813-1877) - poet. Author of poems, poems, critical articles.
Odoevsky Alexander Ivanovich (1802-1839) - poet and writer. He was one of the Decembrists. The author of the poem "Vasilko", the poems "Zosima" and "The Elder-Prophet".
Odoevsky Vladimirovich Fedorovich (1804-1869) - writer, thinker, one of the creators of musicology. He wrote fantastic and utopian works. Author of the novel "Year 4338", numerous stories.
Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich (1823-1886) - playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author of plays: "Thunderstorm", "Dowry", "Balzaminov's Marriage" and many others.
Panaev Ivan Ivanovich (1812-1862) - writer, literary critic, journalist. Author of works: "Mama's Boy", "Meeting at the Station", "Lions of the Province" and others.
Pisarev Dmitry Ivanovich (1840-1868) - literary critic of the sixties, translator. Many of Pisarev's articles were dismantled into aphorisms.
Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich (1799-1837) - poet, writer, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author: poems "Poltava" and "Eugene Onegin", novels " Captain's daughter", a collection of stories" Belkin's Tales "and numerous poems. He founded the literary magazine Sovremennik.
Raevsky Vladimir Fedoseevich (1795-1872) - poet. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812. He was one of the Decembrists.
Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich (1795-1826) - poet. He was one of the Decembrists. Author of the historical poetic cycle "Duma". He published the literary almanac "Polar Star".
Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Efgrafovich (1826-1889) - writer, journalist. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: "Gentlemen Golovlev", " wise gudgeon"," Poshekhonskaya antiquity. He was the editor of the journal "Domestic Notes".
Samarin Yuriy Fedorovich (1819-1876) - publicist and philosopher.
Sukhovo-Kobylin Alexander Vasilyevich (1817-1903) - playwright, philosopher, translator. Author of plays: "Krechinsky's Wedding", "Deed", "Death of Tarelkin".
Tolstoy Alexei Konstantinovich (1817-1875) - writer, poet, playwright. Author of the poems: "The Sinner", "The Alchemist", the plays "Fantasy", "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich", the stories "Ghoul" and "Wolf Foster". Together with the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers, he created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828-1910) - writer, thinker, educator. Classic of Russian literature. Served in the artillery. Participated in the defense of Sevastopol. The most famous works: "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection". In 1901 he was excommunicated from the church.
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883) - writer, poet, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: "Mumu", "Asya", " Noble Nest", "Fathers and Sons".
Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich (1803-1873) - poet. Classic of Russian literature.
Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich (1820-1892) - lyric poet, memoirist, translator. Classic of Russian literature. Author of numerous romantic poems. He translated Juvenal, Goethe, Catullus.
Khomyakov Alexei Stepanovich (1804-1860) - poet, philosopher, theologian, artist.
Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889) - writer, philosopher, literary critic. Author of the novels "What to do?" and "Prologue", as well as the stories "Alferyev", "Small stories".
Chekhov Anton Pavlovich (1860-1904) - writer, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Playwright " The Cherry Orchard”, “Three sisters”, “Uncle Vanya” and numerous stories. Conducted a population census on Sakhalin Island.
Now the current generation sees everything clearly, marvels at the delusions, laughs at the foolishness of its ancestors, it is not in vain that this chronicle is scribbled with heavenly fire, that every letter screams in it, that a piercing finger is directed from everywhere at him, at him, at the current generation; but the current generation laughs and arrogantly, proudly begins a series of new delusions, which will also be laughed at by descendants later. "Dead Souls"
For what? Like an inspiration
Love the given subject!
Like a true poet
Sell your imagination!
I am a slave, a day laborer, I am a merchant!
I owe you, sinner, for gold,
For your worthless piece of silver
Pay the divine price!
"Improvisation I"
Literature is a language that expresses everything that a country thinks, wants, knows, wants and needs to know.
In hearts simple feeling the beauty and grandeur of nature is stronger, more alive a hundred times than in us, enthusiastic storytellers in words and on paper.
"Hero of our time"
Everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,
And all the worlds have one beginning,
And there is nothing in nature
No matter how love breathes.
In the days of doubt, in the days painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland - you are my only support and support, O great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that happens at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
Poems in prose "Russian language"
So, complete your dissolute escape,
Prickly snow flies from the bare fields,
Driven by an early, violent blizzard,
And, stopping in the forest wilderness,
Gathering in silver silence
Deep and cold bed.
Listen: shame on you!
It's time to get up! You know yourself
What time has come;
In whom the sense of duty has not cooled down,
Who has an incorruptible heart,
In whom is talent, strength, accuracy,
Tom shouldn't sleep now...
"Poet and Citizen"
Is it possible that even here they will not allow and will not allow the Russian organism to develop nationally, by its organic strength, but certainly impersonally, servilely imitating Europe? But what to do with the Russian organism then? Do these gentlemen understand what an organism is? Separation, "split" from their country leads to hatred, these people hate Russia, so to speak, naturally, physically: for the climate, for the fields, for the forests, for the order, for the liberation of the peasant, for Russian history, in a word, for everything, hate for everything.
Spring! the first frame is exposed -
And noise broke into the room,
And the blessing of the nearby temple,
And the talk of the people, and the sound of the wheel ...
Well, what are you afraid of, pray tell! Now every grass, every flower rejoices, but we hide, we are afraid, just what kind of misfortune! The storm will kill! This is not a storm, but grace! Yes, grace! You are all thunder! The northern lights will light up, it would be necessary to admire and marvel at the wisdom: “the dawn rises from the midnight countries”! And you are horrified and come up with: this is for war or for the plague. Whether a comet is coming, I would not take my eyes off! Beauty! The stars have already looked closely, they are all the same, and this is a new thing; Well, I would look and admire! And you are afraid to even look at the sky, you are trembling! From everything you have made yourself a scarecrow. Eh, people! "Storm"
There is no more enlightening, soul-purifying feeling than the one that a person feels when he gets acquainted with a great work of art.
We know that loaded guns must be handled with care. But we do not want to know that we must treat the word in the same way. The word can both kill and make evil worse than death.
There is a well-known trick of an American journalist who, in order to increase the subscription to his magazine, began to publish in other publications the most brazen attacks on himself from fictitious persons: some printed him out as a swindler and perjurer, others as a thief and murderer, and still others as a debauchee on a colossal scale. He did not skimp on paying for such friendly advertisements, until everyone thought - yes, it’s obvious that this is a curious and remarkable person when everyone shouts about him like that! - and began to buy up his own newspaper.
"Life in a Hundred Years"
I ... think that I know the Russian person in his very depths, and I do not put myself in any merit for this. I did not study the people from conversations with St. Petersburg cabbies, but I grew up among the people, on the Gostomel pasture, with a cauldron in my hand, I slept with him on the dewy grass of the night, under a warm sheepskin coat, and on the Panin’s swaying crowd behind circles of dusty manners ...
Between these two colliding titans - science and theology - there is a stunned public, quickly losing faith in the immortality of man and in any deity, quickly descending to the level of a purely animal existence. Such is the picture of the hour illuminated by the radiant midday sun of the Christian and scientific era!
"Isis Unveiled"
Sit down, I'm glad to see you. Cast away all fear
And you can keep yourself free
I give you permission. You know one of these days
I was elected king by the people,
But it's all the same. They confuse my thought
All these honors, greetings, bows...
"Crazy"
- What do you need abroad? - I asked him at a time when in his room, with the help of servants, his things were being packed and packed for shipment to the Varshavsky railway station.
- Yes, just ... to come to your senses! - He said confusedly and with a kind of dull expression on his face.
"Letters from the Road"
Is it really a matter of going through life in such a way as not to offend anyone? This is not happiness. Hurt, break, break, so that life boils. I am not afraid of any accusations, but a hundred times more than death I am afraid of colorlessness.
Verse is the same music, only combined with the word, and it also needs a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.
You experience a strange feeling when, with a light touch of your hand, you make such a mass rise and fall at will. When such a mass obeys you, you feel the power of a person ...
"Meeting"
The feeling of the Motherland should be strict, restrained in words, not eloquent, not chatty, not “waving your arms” and not running forward (to show yourself). The feeling of the Motherland should be a great ardent silence.
"Solitary"
And what is the secret of beauty, what is the secret and charm of art: whether in a conscious, inspired victory over torment or in unconscious longing human spirit who sees no way out of the circle of vulgarity, squalor or thoughtlessness and is tragically condemned to appear self-satisfied or hopelessly false.
"Sentimental Remembrance"
Since my birth I have been living in Moscow, but by God I don’t know where Moscow came from, why it is, why, why, what it needs. In the Duma, at meetings, I, along with others, talk about urban economy, but I don’t know how many miles in Moscow, how many people there are, how many are born and die, how much we receive and spend, for how much and with whom we trade ... Which city is richer: Moscow or London? If London is richer, then why? And the jester knows him! And when some question is raised in the thought, I shudder and the first one starts shouting: “Submit to the commission! To the commission!
Everything new in the old way:
The modern poet
In a metaphorical outfit
Speech is poetic.
But others are not an example for me,
And my charter is simple and strict.
My verse is a pioneer boy
Lightly dressed, barefoot.
1926
Influenced by Dostoevsky and foreign literature, Baudelaire and Poe, my fascination began not with decadence, but with symbolism (even then I already understood their difference). A collection of poems, published at the very beginning of the 90s, I entitled "Symbols". It seems that I was the first to use this word in Russian literature.
The run of changeable phenomena,
Past those flying, speed up:
Merge into one sunset of accomplishments
With the first gleam of gentle dawns.
From the lower life to the origins
In a moment, a single review:
In the face of a single smart eye
Take your twins.
Immutable and wonderful
Blessed Muse gift:
In the spirit of the form of slender songs,
There is life and heat in the heart of the songs.
"Thoughts on Poetry"
I have a lot of news. And all are good. I'm lucky". I am writing. I want to live, live, live forever. If you only knew how many new poems I have written! More than a hundred. It was crazy, a fairy tale, new. I publish new book, quite different from the previous ones. She will surprise many. I changed my understanding of the world. No matter how funny my phrase sounds, I will say: I understood the world. For many years, perhaps forever.
K. Balmont - L. Vilkina
Man is the truth! Everything is in man, everything is for man! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! It sounds... proud!
"At the bottom"
I'm sorry to create something useless and no one needs now. Collection, book of poems given time- the most useless, unnecessary thing... I don't mean to say that poetry is not needed. On the contrary, I affirm that poetry is necessary, even necessary, natural and eternal. There was a time when whole books of poetry seemed necessary to everyone, when they were read in full, understood and accepted by everyone. This time is past, not ours. For the modern reader no need for a collection of poems!
Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture. Therefore, the study and preservation of the Russian language is not an idle occupation with nothing to do, but an urgent need.
What nationalists, patriots these internationalists become when they need it! And with what arrogance they sneer at the "frightened intellectuals" - as if there is absolutely no reason to be frightened - or at the "frightened townsfolk", as if they have some great advantages over the "philistines". And who, in fact, are these townsfolk, "prosperous philistines"? And who and what do the revolutionaries care about, if they so despise the average person and his well-being?
"Cursed Days"
In the struggle for their ideal, which is “freedom, equality and fraternity”, citizens must use such means that do not contradict this ideal.
"Governor"
“Let your soul be whole or split, let your understanding of the world be mystical, realistic, skeptical, or even idealistic (if you are unhappy before that), let the creative techniques be impressionistic, realistic, naturalistic, the content be lyrical or fabulous, let there be a mood, an impression - whatever you want, but, I beg you, be logical - may this cry of the heart be forgiven me! – are logical in design, in the construction of the work, in syntax.
Art is born in homelessness. I wrote letters and stories addressed to a distant unknown friend, but when a friend came, art gave way to life. Of course, I'm not talking about home comfort, but about life, which means more than art.
"We are with you. Diary of love"
An artist can do nothing more than open his soul to others. It is impossible to present him with predetermined rules. He is still an unknown world, where everything is new. We must forget what captivated others, here it is different. Otherwise, you will listen and not hear, you will look without understanding.
From Valery Bryusov's treatise "On Art"
Well, let her rest, she was exhausted - they exhausted her, alarmed her. And as soon as it's light, the shopkeeper will rise, she will begin to fold her goods, she will grab a blanket, she will go, pull out this soft bedding from under the old woman: she will wake the old woman, raise her to her feet: it's not light, it's good to get up. It's nothing you can do. In the meantime - grandmother, our Kostroma, our mother, Russia!
"Whirlwind Rus'"
Art never speaks to the crowd, to the masses, it speaks to the individual, in the deep and hidden recesses of his soul.
Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) (1878 - 1942)
How strange /.../ How many cheerful and cheerful books there are, how many brilliant and witty philosophical truths - but there is nothing more comforting than Ecclesiastes.
Babkin dared, - read Seneca
And, whistling carcasses,
Take it to the library
In the margins, noting: "Nonsense!"
Babkin, friend, is a harsh critic,
Have you ever thought
What a legless paraplegic
Light chamois is not a decree? ..
"Reader"
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A critic's word about a poet must be objectively concrete and creative; the critic, while remaining a scientist, is a poet.
"Poetry of the word"
Only great things are worth thinking about, only great tasks should be set by the writer; set boldly, without being embarrassed by your personal small forces.
“It’s true, there are both goblin and water ones here,” I thought, looking in front of me, “or maybe some other spirit lives here ... A mighty, northern spirit that enjoys this wildness; maybe real northern fauns and healthy, blond women roam in these forests, eating cloudberries and lingonberries, laughing and chasing each other.
"North"
You need to be able to close a boring book...leave a bad movie...and part with people who don't value you!
Out of modesty, I will be careful not to point out the fact that on the day of my birth the bells were rung and there was a general rejoicing of the people. Gossips They associated this jubilation with some great holiday that coincided with the day of my birth, but I still don’t understand what else is there to do with this holiday?
That was the time when love, good and healthy feelings were considered vulgar and a relic; no one loved, but all were thirsty and, like poisoned ones, fell to everything sharp, tearing apart the insides.
"The Road to Calvary"
- Well, what's wrong, - I say to myself, - at least in a short word for now? After all, exactly the same form of farewell to friends exists in other languages, and there it does not shock anyone. great poet Walt Whitman, shortly before his death, said goodbye to readers with a touching poem "So long!", Which means in English - "Bye!". The French a bientot has the same meaning. There is no rudeness here. On the contrary, this form is filled with the most gracious courtesy, because here the following (approximately) meaning is compressed: be prosperous and happy until we see each other again.
"Live Like Life"
Switzerland? This is a mountain pasture for tourists. I've traveled all over the world myself, but I hate those ruminant bipeds with a Badaker for a tail. They chewed through the eyes of all the beauties of nature.
"Island of Lost Ships"
Everything that I wrote and will write, I consider only mental rubbish and do not respect my literary merits. And I wonder, and I wonder why in appearance smart people find some meaning and value in my poems. Thousands of poems, whether mine or those poets whom I know in Russia, are not worth one chanter of my bright mother.
I am afraid that Russian literature has only one future: its past.
Article "I'm afraid"
For a long time we have been looking for such a task, similar to lentils, so that the combined rays of the work of artists and the work of thinkers directed by it to a common point would meet in common work and could ignite even the cold substance of ice into a fire. Now such a task - a lentil that guides together your stormy courage and the cold mind of thinkers - has been found. This goal is to create a common written language...
"Artists of the World"
He adored poetry, tried to be impartial in his judgments. He was surprisingly young at heart, and perhaps even in mind. He always looked like a child to me. There was something childish in his clipped head, in his bearing, more like a gymnasium than a military one. He liked to portray an adult, like all children. He liked to play "master", in literary superiors they “humilate” their own, that is, the little poets and poetesses who surrounded him. Poetic children loved him very much.
Khodasevich, "Necropolis"
Me, me, me What a wild word!
Is that one over there really me?
Did mom love this?
Yellow-gray, semi-gray
And omniscient like a snake?
You have lost your Russia.
Did you resist the elements
Good elements of gloomy evil?
No? So shut up: took away
Your fate is not without a reason
To the edge of an unkind foreign land.
What's the point of groaning and grieve -
Russia must be earned!
"What You Need to Know"
I never stopped writing poetry. For me, they are my connection with time, with new life my people. When I wrote them, I lived by those rhythms that sounded in heroic history my country. I am happy that I lived in these years and saw events that had no equal.
All the people sent to us are our reflection. And they were sent so that we, looking at these people, correct our mistakes, and when we correct them, these people either change too or leave our lives.
In the wide field of Russian literature in the USSR, I was the only literary wolf. I was advised to dye the skin. Ridiculous advice. Whether a painted wolf or a shorn wolf, he still does not look like a poodle. They treated me like a wolf. And for several years they drove me according to the rules of a literary cage in a fenced yard. I have no malice, but I am very tired ...
From a letter from M. A. Bulgakov to I. V. Stalin, May 30, 1931.
When I die, my descendants will ask my contemporaries: "Did you understand Mandelstam's poems?" - "No, we did not understand his poems." "Did you feed Mandelstam, did you give him shelter?" - "Yes, we fed Mandelstam, we gave him shelter." "Then you are forgiven."
Maybe go to the Press House - there is one sandwich each with chum caviar and a dispute - "about the proletarian choral reading", or in Museum of Science and Industry- there are no sandwiches, but twenty-six young poets read their poems about the "locomotive mass". No, I will sit on the stairs, shivering from the cold and dream that all this is not in vain, that, sitting here on the step, I am preparing the distant sunrise of the Renaissance. I dreamed both simply and in verse, and the result was boring iambs.
"The extraordinary adventures of Julio Jurenito and his students"
Russian writers and poets, whose works are considered classics, today have world fame. The works of these authors are read not only in their homeland - Russia, but all over the world.
Great Russian writers and poets
A well-known fact that has been proven by historians and literary critics: the best works Russian classics were written during the Golden and Silver Ages.
The names of Russian writers and poets, who are among the world classics, are known to everyone. Their work has forever remained in world history as an important element.
The work of Russian poets and writers of the "Golden Age" is the dawn in Russian literature. Many poets and prose writers developed new directions, which subsequently became increasingly used in the future. Russian writers and poets, the list of which can be called endless, wrote about nature and love, about light and unshakable, about freedom and choice. The literature of the Golden Age, as well as later of the Silver Age, reflects the attitudes of not only writers to historical events but of the people as a whole.
And today, looking through the thickness of the centuries at the portraits of Russian writers and poets, every progressive reader understands how bright and prophetic their works were, written more than a dozen years ago.
Literature is divided into many topics that formed the basis of the works. Russian writers and poets spoke about war, about love, about peace, opening up completely to every reader.
"Golden Age" in Literature
The "golden age" in Russian literature begins in the nineteenth century. The main representative of this period in literature, and specifically in poetry, was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, thanks to whom not only Russian literature, but the whole of Russian culture as a whole acquired its special charm. Pushkin's work contains not only poetic works but prose stories.
Poetry of the "Golden Age": Vasily Zhukovsky
The beginning of this time was laid by Vasily Zhukovsky, who became a teacher for Pushkin. Zhukovsky opened such a direction for Russian literature as romanticism. Developing this direction, Zhukovsky wrote odes, which were widely known for their romantic images, metaphors and personifications, the ease of which was not in the directions used in Russian literature of past years.
Mikhail Lermontov
Another great writer and poet for the "Golden Age" of Russian literature was Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. His prose work"A Hero of Our Time" received great fame at one time, because it described Russian society the way it was in that period of time, about which Mikhail Yuryevich writes. But all readers of Lermontov's poems fell in love even more: sad and sad lines, gloomy and sometimes terrible images - the poet managed to write all this so sensitively that every reader is still able to feel what worried Mikhail Yuryevich.
Prose of the Golden Age
Russian writers and poets have always been distinguished not only by their extraordinary poetry, but also by their prose.
Lev Tolstoy
One of the most significant writers of the "Golden Age" was Leo Tolstoy. His great epic novel "War and Peace" became known to the whole world and is included not only in the lists of Russian classics, but also of the world. Describing the life of the Russian secular society during the Patriotic War of 1812, Tolstoy was able to show all the subtleties and features of the behavior of St. Petersburg society, which for a long time since the beginning of the war, it seemed that they had not participated in the all-Russian tragedy and struggle.
Another novel by Tolstoy, which is still read both abroad and in the writer's homeland, was the work "Anna Karenina". The story of a woman who fell in love with a man with all her heart and went through unprecedented difficulties for the sake of love, and soon suffered betrayal, fell in love with the whole world. A touching story about love, which can sometimes drive you crazy. The sad end became a unique feature for the novel - it was one of the first works in which the lyrical hero not only dies, but deliberately interrupts his life.
Fedor Dostoevsky
In addition to Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky also became a significant writer. His book "Crime and Punishment" - became not just a "Bible" of a highly moral person with a conscience, but also a kind of "teacher" for someone who has to do Difficult choice, foreseeing all outcomes of events. Lyrical hero works not only made a wrong decision that ruined him, he took on a lot of torment that haunted him day and night.
In the work of Dostoevsky there is also the work "Humiliated and Insulted", which accurately reflects the whole essence of human nature. Despite the fact that a lot of time has passed since the moment of writing, those problems of mankind, which Fedor Mikhailovich described, are still relevant today. Main character, seeing all the insignificance of the human "darling", begins to feel disgust for people, for everything that people of rich strata are proud of, having great value for society.
Ivan Turgenev
Another great writer of Russian literature was Ivan Turgenev. Writing not only about love, he touched upon the most important problems of the world around him. His novel "Fathers and Sons" clearly describes the relationship between children and parents, which remains exactly the same today. Misunderstanding between the older generation and the younger is an age-old problem of family relations.
Russian Writers and Poets: The Silver Age of Literature
The Silver Age in Russian literature is considered to be the beginning of the twentieth century. It is the poets and writers of the Silver Age that acquire special love from readers. Perhaps this phenomenon is due to the fact that the life time of writers is closer to our time, while Russian writers and poets of the "Golden Age" wrote their works, living on completely different moral and spiritual principles.
Poetry of the Silver Age
The bright personalities that distinguish this literary period were, undoubtedly, poets. Many directions and currents of poetry appeared, which were created as a result of the division of opinions about the actions of the Russian authorities.
Alexander Blok
The gloomy and sad work of Alexander Blok was the first to appear at this stage of literature. All Blok's poems are permeated with longing for something extraordinary, something bright and bright. Most famous poem"Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy” perfectly describes Blok’s worldview.
Sergey Yesenin
One of the brightest figures of the Silver Age was Sergei Yesenin. Poems about nature, love, the transience of time, one's "sins" - all this can be found in the poet's work. Today there is not a single person who would not find a poem by Yesenin that can please and describe the state of mind.
Vladimir Mayakovsky
If we talk about Yesenin, then I immediately want to mention Vladimir Mayakovsky. Sharp, loud, self-confident - that was exactly what the poet was. The words that came out from under the pen of Mayakovsky, and today amaze with their power - Vladimir Vladimirovich perceived everything so emotionally. In addition to rigidity, in the work of Mayakovsky, who has personal life didn’t go well, there are also love lyrics. The story of the poet and Lily Brik is known throughout the world. It was Brik who discovered in him all the most tender and sensual, and Mayakovsky, in return for this, seemed to idealize and deify her in his love lyrics.
Marina Tsvetaeva
The personality of Marina Tsvetaeva is also known to the whole world. The poetess herself had peculiar character traits, which is immediately evident from her poems. Perceiving herself as a deity, she even in her love lyrics made it clear to everyone that she was not one of those women who are able to offend themselves. However, in her poem “So many of them fell into this abyss,” she showed how unhappy she had been for many, many years.
Prose of the Silver Age: Leonid Andreev
Great contribution to fiction made by Leonid Andreev, who became the author of the story "Judas Iscariot". In his work, he put it a little differently biblical history betrayal of Jesus, exposing Judas not just a traitor, but a man suffering from his envy of people who were loved by all. Lonely and strange Judas, who found rapture in his tales and tales, always received only ridicule in his face. The story tells about how easy it is to break a person’s spirit and push him to any meanness if he has neither support nor close people.
Maksim Gorky
For literary prose The Silver Age is also important contribution and Maxim Gorky. The writer in each of his works hid a certain essence, having understood which, the reader realizes the full depth of what worried the writer. One of these works was the short story "Old Woman Izergil", which is divided into three small parts. Three components, three life problems, three types of loneliness - all this was carefully veiled by the writer. A proud eagle thrown into the abyss of loneliness; noble Danko, who gave his heart to selfish people; an old woman who has been looking for happiness and love all her life, but never found it - all this can be found in a short, but extremely vital story.
Another important work in the work of Gorky was the play "At the Bottom". The life of people who are below the poverty line - that's what became the basis of the play. The descriptions that Maxim Gorky gave in his work show how much even very poor people, who basically do not need anything, just want to be happy. But the happiness of each of the heroes is in different things. Each of the characters in the play has its own values. In addition, Maxim Gorky wrote about the "three truths" of life that can be applied in modern life. Lies for good; no pity for the person; the truth necessary for man - three views on life, three opinions. The conflict, which remains unresolved, leaves each character, as well as each reader, to make his own choice.
