Topic: Greece - "the cradle of European civilization". presentation for the lesson on MHK (grade 9) on the topic

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Purpose: To consider the historical development, to get acquainted with the culture of Greece. Task: - to stimulate interest in the art of ancient Greece. - to develop creative abilities, to satisfy the cognitive interest of students.

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In small towns and on the islands, centuries-old traditions of handicrafts are preserved. Products from gold and silver are produced in Thessaloniki, Athens, on the island of Kerkyra (Corfu) and in Ioannina; embroidery and lace - in the Ionian and Aegean islands; Crete and Epirus are famous for their handmade woolen blankets and carpets. Greece also produces carved wooden, ceramic and forged metal products. folk art

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Geographical position Greece is located in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and on the islands adjacent to its shores and to the coast of Asia Minor. It has borders with Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkey. It is washed by: the Mediterranean, Ionian and Aegean seas, as well as the Libyan Sea (Crete). Greece consists of about 2,000 islands, which account for almost 20% of the area of the entire country. An area of about 50,000 sq. km.

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The landscape of Greece is an endless succession of rocky, often treeless mountains, densely populated valleys, numerous islands, straits and bays. Mountain ranges make up almost a quarter of the country's surface. Basically, these are mountains of medium height up to 1200-1800 m.

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One of the oldest cities in the world and at the same time one of the youngest capitals in Europe, the status of a capital city acquired only after the events of the Greek national liberation war of the 19th century in 1834. Athens

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98% of the population are adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church: The Greek Constitution recognizes Orthodoxy as the leading religion in the country, while guaranteeing religious freedom for all citizens. 2% - Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Muslims. Religion

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Most likely, hardly anyone will dispute that Greece (Hellas) is the cradle of European civilization. And not only: ... Thousands of English and Russian words come from the Greek language Greeks like to celebrate their name days more than their birthdays The Greek anthem consists of 158 quatrains. Although, of course, only the first four are sung. Curious facts

Ticket 21

1. Greece is the "cradle of European civilization".

2. Chambers of Princes Yusupovs in Moscow. History of construction, style, name of the architect.

Ancient Greece is the cradle of European civilization.

About five thousand years ago, in the south of the Balkan Peninsula and its surrounding islands in the eastern Mediterranean, a culture was born that was destined to play the greatest role in the history of mankind - the culture of the ancient Greeks, or Hellenes. It was here that two and a half millennia ago culture reached such a flowering that for many centuries seemed unattainable. Athenian democracy, founded in those distant times, still serves as a model for anyone who thinks about the equality and freedom of every citizen.

The Greeks attached no less importance to human health. It is no coincidence that the first healer truly worthy of the title of a doctor was the Greek Hippocrates. And the samples of artistic creativity that have come down to us - sculpture, architecture, murals and ceramics, as well as myths and legends of Ancient Greece - belong to the highest, truly priceless creations of mankind.

For centuries, the classical culture of ancient Greece has occupied the imagination of people and still fascinates. It was the successor of the ancient Eastern cultures, acquiring new features over time and became the cradle of European culture.

The creative activity of the Greeks of the Bronze Age was based on the development of a large stock of experimental knowledge. First of all, it should be noted the level and volume of technological knowledge that allowed the population of Hellas to widely develop specialized handicraft production. Metallurgy included not only high-temperature (up to 1083°C) smelting of copper. Casters also worked with tin, lead, silver and gold, rare native iron was used for jewelry. The creation of alloys was not limited to bronze, already in the 17th-16th centuries. BC e. The Greeks made electr and knew well the technique of gilding bronze items. Bronze was used to cast tools, weapons and household items. All these products were distinguished by the rationality of the form and the quality of workmanship.

Pottery also testify to the fluency in complex thermal processes carried out in furnaces of various designs. Application potter's wheel known since the 13th century. BC e., contributed to the creation of other mechanisms set in motion by the power of a person or draft animals. So, wheeled transport already at the beginning of the II millennium BC. e. consisted of war chariots and ordinary wagons. The principle of rotation, which has long been used in spinning, was used in machines for rope making. When processing wood, we used turning and drilling fixtures. Achievements of engineering Achaeans clearly illustrate created in the XVI-XII centuries. BC e. aqueducts and closed water collectors. Particularly indicative is the knowledge of hydraulics and the accuracy of the calculations made during the construction of secret water supply systems in the fortresses of Mycenae, Tiryns and Athens around the 1250s.

distinguished by high achievements architecture. Architectural monuments vividly reflect the existence of property inequality and testify to the emergence of early class monarchies. Already monumental Cretan palaces of the XIX-XVI centuries. BC e. astounding in scale. However, it is characteristic that the general plan of the Cretan palaces was only a monumental repetition of the plan of the estate of a wealthy farmer.

Another level of architectural thought is the later palaces of the mainland kings. They are based on the central core - megaron, which also repeats the traditional plan of an ordinary dwelling. It consisted of a front room (prodomos), a main hall (domos) with a front hearth, and a back room. Many acropolises were protected by powerful stone walls of cyclopean masonry with an average thickness of 5-8 m. Columns and semi-columns, stone and marble carvings, wall paintings with the most complex compositions were widely used.

The early period of development of architecture (before the 5th century BC) was called archaic . This is the time of the formation of the Greek slave society and the emergence city-states ( policies ) - fortified economic and political centers of the civil community, providing members with the right to own land and slaves. The ancient Greeks called themselves Hellenes, and their country Hellas.

Temples were not yet built in the Bronze Age. Palaces and fortresses were replaced by numerous temple buildings. The beautiful statues of the Olympian gods have more majestic and luxurious dwellings than the old primitive idols. Secular construction receded into the background.

Greek architecture of the early archaic era retained its form megaron Mycenaean period. Megaron, the ruler's house, became a sanctuary, but the building material remained the same - wood and clay. In the first half of the 8th century a temple appears, the planning basis of which was the Mycenaean megaron. The temple was built of unbaked bricks and covered with a wooden gable roof. During this period, a planning scheme was formed, which formed the basis for the subsequent architecture of Greek temples and which is characterized by the surrounding of the main volume of the temple with a colonnade.

Secular buildings, also rectangular in shape, were fragile and very modest, made of reeds and clay. All the achievements of Greek architecture of that time - constructive and decorative - are associated with the construction of temples. In the Archaic period, monumental buildings made of stone appeared, mainly from limestone of soft local rocks. Hellenic masters of architecture already in the 7th century. BC e. developed a strictly thought-out system of rational correlations between the bearing and non-bearing (bearing) parts of the building, between the columns and the ceiling lying on them. Order - a certain combination of parts of the post-and-beam structure, their structure and decoration.

There are: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders.

Name order (lat. ordo - order).

The Greek architectural order consisted of the following main elements:

Three-stage stereobata (grounds) - the basement of the temple;

- columns (bearing supports), consisting of:
- - grounds(bases),
- - trunk(fust) - in order to stabilize the tapering upwards ( entasis), processed flutes(vertical grooves)
- - capitals- creating a more convenient transition from horizontal beams to column verticals; abacus(square capital slab) is supported by a round slab in the form of an inverted truncated cone ( echinus), which ensures uniform transfer of load to the column over its entire cross section;

In the process of the formation of Greek architecture, presumably in the VIII century. BC e., at first two artistic trends arose in architecture, two main orders: Doric And Ionic, somewhat later (430 BC) appeared Corinthian in the interior Temple of Apollo at Bassae(Iktin). Orders from the very beginning varied significantly in detail and proportions.

Doric was distinguished by the desire for monumentality, seriousness, "masculinity", perfection of proportions. The Doric style was formed around 600 BC. e. and has since undergone only minor changes. An example is the Doric temple of Hera at Olympia.

Ionic a style that was especially popular in the Greek city-states that arose on the coast of Asia Minor in the 5th century BC. not yet fully formed. Masters of the Ionian direction rushed achieve lightness, grace, whimsical lines. Early Ionic temples in Asia Minor were richer and larger than Doric temples.

The ancient Roman architectural theorist Vitruvius, referring to the opinion of Greek authors, compares the Doric order with "strength and beauty of the male body", Ionic order - with "the sophistication of women, their adornments and proportionality".

Corinthian the order was developed from the 4th century. BC e. in a number of monuments of Greek architecture. It first took shape at the end of the 5th century. BC e. An example of the Corinthian order is the monument of Lysicrates (335-334 BC) - a cylindrical volume, its cone-shaped tiled roof ends with a sculptural decoration - an acroterium. Its semi-columns are lighter and more elegant than Ionic columns, they have a higher capital, impost curved in plan - the transition from the bell of the capital to the architrave. Volute capitals - in the form of stylized curls of the acanthus plant.

Acropolis- an elevated and fortified part of the ancient Greek city, the so-called upper city; fortress (shelter in case of war).

athenian acropolis-156m rocky hill with a gently sloping top (approx. 300m long and 170m wide).

) The most famous monument of ancient architecture, located on the Athenian Acropolis, the main temple in ancient Athens, dedicated to the patroness of this city and all of Attica, the goddess Athena.

) The Parthenon was thought out in the smallest detail, completely invisible to an outside observer and intended to visually lighten the load on the load-bearing elements, as well as correct some errors of human vision.

) Although the temple seems to be perfectly straight, in fact, there are almost no strictly straight lines in its contours.

To the right of the Propylaea, on a ledge of rock, stood a small temple to the goddess of victory Nike. She is usually depicted as winged. But, having defeated the Persians, the Athenians boldly wished to keep the goddess forever and not let her fly away. Therefore, they erected a temple in honor of Nika the Wingless, Nika Apteros.

During the X-XII centuries. BC e. the art of vase painting developed rapidly. Already at the beginning of the II millennium BC. the traditional geometric ornament of the Cretans was complemented by a spiral motif, brilliantly developed by the Cycladic masters in the previous century (see Fig. 4). Later, in the XIX-XV centuries. BC, in all regions of the country, vase painters also turned to naturalistic motifs, reproducing plants, animals and marine fauna. It should be noted that in some areas, bright local artistic traditions have developed that clearly characterize
Vase with warriors from Mycenae. vase painting of each center.
The breadth of society's artistic demands was manifested in the close attention of art to man and his activities. A brilliant example is the multi-colored paintings in the houses of Mount Jean Akrotii,
Master vase painters, much less than sculptors or architects, depended on the canons consecrated by religion or the state. Probably, this explains the extraordinary thematic diversity characteristic of the Greek vase painting of the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. It was in vase painting, earlier than in any other branch of Greek art, with the possible exception of coroplasty and bone carving, that mythological scenes began to alternate with episodes of a genre character.
Amphora(ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς "a vessel with two handles") - an antique egg-shaped vessel with two vertical handles, often with a sharp conical bottom. It was common among the Greeks and Romans. Most often, amphoras were made of clay, but there are also amphoras made of bronze. They served mainly to store olive oil or wine. They were also used as urns for burial and for voting.
The volume of amphora can be from 5 to 50 liters. Large tall amphoras were used to transport liquids. In Rome, amphoras with a volume of 26.03 liters (ancient Roman cubic ped or Greek "talent (unit)") were used to measure liquids.

Literature early Greeks, like other peoples, went back to the traditions ancient folk art, which included fairy tales, fables, myths and songs. With the change in social conditions, the rapid development of folk epic poetry who glorified the deeds of the ancestors and heroes of each tribe. By the middle of the II millennium BC. e. the epic tradition of the Greeks became more complicated, in society appeared professional storytelling poets, aeds. In their work already in the XVII-XII centuries. BC e. a prominent place was occupied by legends about the most important historical events contemporary to them.
In the XIV-XIII centuries. BC e. epic literature has developed into a special kind of art with its own special rules of speech and musical performance, poetic meter-hexameter, an extensive supply of constant characteristic epithets, comparisons and descriptive formulas. The level of poetic creativity of the early Greeks is evidenced by the epic poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" - outstanding monuments of world literature. Both poems belong to the circle of historical narratives about the campaign of the Achaean troops after 1240. BC. to the Trojan kingdom.

Lyric poetry is becoming widespread and soon becomes the leading literary trend of the era, which, in turn, is divided into several main genres: elegy, iambic, monodic, i.e. intended for solo performance, and choral lyrics, or melik. at the same time, Greek tragedy was born - the genre of literature most fully corresponding to the spirit of the classical policy

WRITING
Writing in the Greek culture of the XXII-XII centuries. BC e. played a limited role. Like many peoples of the world, the inhabitants of Hellas, first of all, began to do drawing notes, already known in the second half of the III millennium BC. e. Each sign of this pictographic letter denoted a whole concept. Cretans are some signs, though few, created under the influence of Egyptian hierographic writing, that arose back in the 4th millennium BC. e. Gradually, the forms of signs were simplified, and some began to designate only syllables.

slide presentation

Slide text: Greece is the cradle of European civilization

Slide text: Purpose: To consider the historical development, to get acquainted with the culture of Greece. Task: - to stimulate interest in the art of ancient Greece. - to develop creative abilities, to satisfy the cognitive interest of students.

Slide text: In small towns and on the islands, centuries-old traditions of handicrafts are preserved. Products from gold and silver are produced in Thessaloniki, Athens, on the island of Kerkyra (Corfu) and in Ioannina; embroidery and lace - in the Ionian and Aegean islands; Crete and Epirus are famous for their handmade woolen blankets and carpets. Greece also produces carved wooden, ceramic and forged metal products. folk art

Slide text: Geographical position Greece is located in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and on the islands adjacent to its shores and to the coast of Asia Minor. It has borders with Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkey. It is washed by: the Mediterranean, Ionian and Aegean seas, as well as the Libyan Sea (Crete). Greece consists of about 2,000 islands, which account for almost 20% of the area of the entire country. An area of about 50,000 sq. km.

Slide text: The landscape of Greece is an endless series of rocky, often treeless mountains, densely populated valleys, numerous islands, straits and bays. Mountain ranges make up almost a quarter of the country's surface. Basically, these are mountains of medium height up to 1200-1800 m.

Slide text: One of the oldest cities in the world and at the same time one of the youngest capitals in Europe, the city acquired the status of a capital city only after the events of the Greek National Liberation War of the 19th century in 1834. Athens

Slide text: 98% of the population are adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church: The Greek Constitution recognizes Orthodoxy as the leading religion in the country, while guaranteeing religious freedom for all citizens. 2% - Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Muslims. Religion

Slide text: Most likely, hardly anyone will dispute that Greece (Hellas) is the cradle of European civilization. And not only: ... Thousands of English and Russian words come from the Greek language Greeks like to celebrate their name days more than their birthdays The Greek anthem consists of 158 quatrains. Although, of course, only the first four are sung. Curious facts

Slide text: January 1 - New Year January 6 - Epiphany January 8 - Gynaikratia January 28 - Apokries March 25 - Independence Day John the Russian June 23 - Midsummer Night Holidays

Objectives: to form students' ideas about the state of Ancient Greece; characterize the main features of Greek culture, art and religious beliefs; to educate, by means of the subject, a sense of beauty.

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Greece - "the cradle of European civilization" Religion of the Greeks A walk along the Athenian Acropolis In search of a man

Religion of the Greeks How often, with a yearning soul, I madly rush into your wonderful ancient world, Holy Greece! M. Mikhailov One of the characteristic features of the artistic culture of Ancient Greece was the reflection in it of mythological ideas about the phenomena of nature and human life. The fantasy and vivid imagination of the Greeks populated the world with omnipotent gods and courageous heroes whom they worshiped and whom they revered sacredly.

The Greek gods Have a human appearance, they, like people, suffer from grief, and rejoice in the delights of life, fall in love and hate fiercely. People erect temples and colossal statues to them, compose hymns, dedicate unique literary works

Gods of Egypt Gods of Greece Zoomorphic depiction of the gods Different depictions of the same god The gods do not interfere in people's lives Anthropomorphic depiction of the gods God is endowed with one name The gods are actively involved in people's lives

Walk on the Acropolis PROPYLEIA

A walk along the Acropolis The highest achievements of ancient Greek architecture are associated with the ensemble of the Acropolis The day will be forever dear to me, When I, the Propylaea, Under your marble canopy, That the foam of the waves of the sea is whiter Temple of Nike Apteros (Wingless)

Acropolis Athena Promachos (Almighty) Patroness of Athens and all the people The night looked into my face. Black cypress branches. And at the feet, having rolled up the ring, Sleeps the theater of Dionysus.

Walk on the Acropolis TEMPLE ERECHTHEION

In Search of Man Greek art is imbued with love for man. The philosopher Diogenes walked around the city in broad daylight with a lantern in search of .... MAN. The ideal embodied in itself: Spiritual beauty youth charm health The whole history of Greek art is the search for the ideal PERSON

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Slides captions:

Greece is the cradle of European civilization

Purpose: To consider the historical development, to get acquainted with the culture of Greece. Task: - to stimulate interest in the art of Ancient Greece. - to develop creative abilities, to satisfy the cognitive interest of students.

January 1 - New Year January 6 - Epiphany January 8 - Ginaikratia January 28 - Apokries March 25 - Independence Day John the Russian June 23 - Midsummer Night Holidays

The presentation was made by Andrey Britikov and Sofia Utkina. Lecturer: Lebedeva Rimma Petrovna.

Thank you for your attention.

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