A small message on the topic of what is art. Why is art necessary? What is real art? The role and significance of art in human life

Art (lat. experimentum - experience, test) - figurative understanding of reality; the process or result of expressing the internal or external (in relation to the creator) world in an artistic image; creativity directed in such a way that it reflects the interests of not only the author himself, but also other people. Art (along with science) is one of the ways of cognition, both in the natural sciences and in the religious picture of the perception of the world. The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as an extremely developed skill in a particular area. For a long time, art was considered a kind of cultural activity that satisfies a person's love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating aesthetically expressive forms has gained the right to be called art. On the scale of the whole society, art is a special way of knowing and reflecting reality, one of the forms of artistic activity of social consciousness and part of the spiritual culture of both man and all mankind, a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations. In science, art is called both the actual creative artistic activity and its result - a work of art. In the most general sense, art is called craftsmanship (Slovak. Umenie), the product of which gives aesthetic pleasure. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines it as: "The use of skill or imagination to create aesthetic objects, settings or activities that can be shared with others." Thus, the criterion of art is the ability to evoke a response from other people. TSB defines art as one of the forms of social consciousness, the most important component of human culture. The definition and evaluation of art as a phenomenon is the subject of ongoing debate. During the Romantic era, the traditional understanding of art as craftsmanship of any kind gave way to a vision of it as "a feature of the human mind along with religion and science." In the XX century. In understanding the aesthetic, there have been three main approaches: realistic, according to which the aesthetic qualities of an object are inherent in it immanently and do not depend on the observer, objectivist, which also considers the aesthetic properties of an object to be immanent, but to some extent dependent on the observer, and relativistic, according to which aesthetic the properties of an object depend only on what the observer sees in it, and different people may perceive different aesthetic qualities of the same object. From the latter point of view, an object can be characterized according to the intentions of its creator (or lack of any intentions), for whatever function it was intended. For example, a goblet that can be used as a container in everyday life can be considered a work of art if it was created only for ornamenting, and an image can be a handicraft if it is produced on an assembly line.

In its first and broadest sense, the term "art" (art) remains close to its Latin equivalent (ars), which can also be translated as "skill" or "craft", as well as to the Indo-European root "composing" or "make up". In this sense, everything that was created in the process of deliberately compiling a certain composition can be called art. There are some examples that illustrate the broad meaning of this term: "artificial", "art of war", "artillery", "artifact". Many other commonly used words have a similar etymology. Artist Ma Lin, an example of painting of the Song era, circa 1250 24.8 H 25.2 cm art antiquity knowledge

Until the 19th century, fine arts referred to the ability of an artist or artist to express their talent, to awaken aesthetic feelings in the audience and engage in the contemplation of "fine" things.

The term art can be used in different senses: the process of using talent, the work of a gifted master, the consumption of works of art by an audience, and the study of art (art history). “Fine Arts” is a set of disciplines (arts) that produce works of art (objects) created by gifted masters (art as activity) and evoke a response, mood, convey symbolism and other information to the public (art as consumption). A work of art is the intentional and talented interpretation of an unlimited number of concepts and ideas in order to convey them to others. They may be created specifically for a specified purpose, or they may be represented by images and objects. Art stimulates thoughts, feelings, representations and ideas through sensations. It expresses ideas, takes many different forms, and serves many different purposes. Art is a skill that can be admired. Art that evokes positive emotions and mental satisfaction with its harmony can also evoke a creative response from the perceiver, inspiration, incentive and desire to create in a positive way. This is how artist Valery Rybakov, a member of the Professional Union of Artists, spoke about art: “Art can destroy and heal the human soul, corrupt and educate. And only bright art can save humanity: it heals spiritual wounds, gives hope for the future, brings love and happiness to the world ".

Based on the creative reproduction of the surrounding world in artistic images. In addition, in a broad sense, art can mean the highest level of skill in any field of activity, not even directly related to creativity (for example, in cooking, construction, martial arts, sports, etc.).

object(or subject) art is the world in general and man in particular, and the form of existence is a work of art as a result of creative activity. Piece of art- the highest form of the result of creativity.

Aims of Art:

• distribution of spiritual blessings;
• author's self-expression.

Functions of art.

1. Cognitive. Art acts as a source of information about the world or a person.
2. Educational. Art influences the moral and ideological development of the individual.
3. aesthetic. It reflects the spiritual need of a person for harmony and beauty. Forms the concept of beauty.
4. hedonistic. Close to the aesthetic function, but does not form the concept of aesthetics, but provides an opportunity for aesthetic pleasure.
5. predictive. The function of trying to foresee the future.
6. Compensatory. Serves to restore psychological balance; often used by psychologists and psychotherapists (fans of the Dom-2 program compensate for the lack of their own personal life and emotions by watching it; although I would not classify this show as art).
7. Social. It can simply provide communication between people (communicative), or it can call for something (propaganda).
8. Entertaining(for example, popular culture).

Kinds of art.

Kinds of art are different - it all depends on what criterion they are classified by. The generally accepted classification considers three types of art.

1. art:
   • static (sculpture, painting, photography, decorative, etc.);
   • dynamic (for example, silent film, pantomime).

1. expressive art(or non-pictorial):
   • static (architecture and literature);
   • dynamic (music, dance art, choreography).
2. Spectacle art(theater, cinema, opera, circus).

Degree of application in everyday life art can be

• applied (decorative and applied);
• graceful (music).

By creation time:

• traditional (sculpture, literature);
• new (cinema, television, photography).

In terms of time-space:

• spatial (architecture);
• temporary (music);
• spatio-temporal (cinema, theater).

By the number of components used:

• simple (music, sculpture);
• complex (it is also synthetic: cinema, theater).

There are many classifications, and the definition and role of art is still an occasion for incessant disputes and discussions. The main thing is different. Art can destroy the human psyche or heal, corrupt or educate, oppress or give impetus to development. The task of human society is to develop and encourage precisely the "light" types of art.

Art - the sphere of human activity, covering creative work on the creation of aesthetically significant objects - works of art, ways of storing them and bringing them to the public through inclusion in the process of public communication.

Currently, there are many definitions of the concept of "art". Here are some of them:

"Art- a special form of social consciousness, which is an artistic (figurative) reflection of life. Displaying the world, the artist embodies his thoughts, feelings, aspirations, ideals in a work of art. He reproduces the phenomena of life and at the same time gives them his assessment, explains their essence and meaning, expresses his understanding of the world. "/Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary/

"Art(lat. ars) any ability to produce skillful work requiring talent, knowledge and experience was called.

"Art- the totality of all possible types of artistic creativity, including literature"

Art is understood and defined as a set of art forms, attempts to classify which can only be considered relatively successful.

From the point of view of the material conditions used, it is customary to divide art into three groups:

1) spatial (plastic)

Sculpture, painting, graphics and art photography constitute a special group of visual arts.

2) temporary

music (composing art)

literature

3) spatio-temporal

acting art (as well as the so-called synthetic art based on it: choreography, theater, cinema, television and video art, variety art, circus)

computer art

In each of these three groups of art, artistic and creative activity can enjoy

figurative signs, i.e. suggesting the similarity of images with sensually perceived reality (painting, sculpture, graphics - the so-called fine arts; literature; acting art)

signs of a non-figurative type, i.e. not allowing recognition in images of any real objects, phenomena, actions (architecture, music, dance)

signs of a mixed pictorial and non-pictorial nature, characteristic of synthetic forms of creativity (synthesis of architecture or decorative and applied art with fine art, etc.)

At the same time, it should be taken into account that the list of types of art is not unchanged in time and space - in different cultures and societies we are dealing with different configurations, moreover, in some cases it is difficult to draw a hard line separating artistic activity from non-artistic (different types of applied art, as well as design).

Art reflects the world holistically. The main subject of art is man, social life. The circle of phenomena of reality depicted by the artist is usually called the theme of the work

the inner world of the depicted is called idea emotionally expressed attitude of the artist to the depicted - evaluation . The theme, idea and evaluation, being inseparable, constitute the content of a work of art.

We call modern works of art those where complete unity of content and form, design and implementation, and mastery has been achieved. This unity is the basis of the beauty of art. Embodying the ideal of the artist, works of art are created according to the laws of beauty, become the embodiment and personification of beauty.

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In the simplest sense, art is the ability of a person to translate something beautiful into reality and receive aesthetic pleasure from such objects. It can also be one of the ways of knowing, called mastery, but one thing is certain: without art, our world would be insipid, boring and not at all exciting.

terminological stop

In the broadest sense, art is a kind of skill, the products of which bring aesthetic pleasure. According to entries in the Encyclopædia Britannica, the main criterion for art is the ability to evoke a response from other people. In turn, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia says that art is one of the forms of social consciousness, which is the main component of human culture.

No matter what anyone says, but the debate around the term "art" has been going on for a very long time. For example, in the era of romanticism, art was considered a feature of the human mind. That is, they understood this term in the same way as religion and science.

Special craft

In the very first and most common sense, the concept of art was deciphered as “craft” or “composition” (it is also creation). Simply put, art could be called everything that was created by a person in the process of inventing and comprehending a certain composition.

Until the 19th century, art was the name given to the ability of an artist or singer to express their talent, captivate the audience and make them feel.

The concept of "art" can be used in a variety of areas of human activity:

• the process of expressing vocal, choreographic or acting talent;
• works, physical objects created by masters of their craft;
• the process of consumption of works of art by the audience.

Summing up, we can say the following: art is a kind of subsystem of the spiritual sphere of life, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images. This is a unique skill that can cause admiration from the public.

A bit of history

Art has been talked about in world culture since ancient times. Primitive art (namely, fine art, it is also a rock drawing) appeared together with man in the Middle Paleolithic era. The first objects that can be identified with art as such appeared in the Upper Paleolithic. The oldest works of art, such as shell necklaces, date back to 75,000 BC.

In the Stone Age, primitive rituals, music, dances, and decorations were called art. In general, modern art originates from ancient rituals, traditions, games, which were conditioned by mythological and magical ideas and beliefs.

From primitive man

In world art, it is customary to single out several eras of its development. Each of them adopted something from their ancestors, added something of their own and left it to their descendants. From century to century, art acquired an increasingly complex form.

The art of primitive society consisted of music, songs, rituals, dances and images that were applied to animal skins, earth and other natural objects. In the world of antiquity, art took on a more complex form. It developed in Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Persian, Indian, Chinese and other civilizations. Each of these centers arose its own unique style of art, which has endured more than one millennium and even today has an impact on culture. By the way, ancient Greek artists were considered the best (even better than modern masters) in depicting the human body. Only they managed in some incredible way to thoroughly depict the muscles, posture, choose the right proportions and convey the natural beauty of nature.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, religions had a significant influence on the development of art. This is especially true for Europe. Gothic and Byzantine art were based on spiritual truths and biblical stories. At that time, in the East and in the countries of Islam, it was believed that the drawing of a person was nothing more than the creation of an idol, which was banned. Therefore, architecture, ornaments were present in the visual arts, but there was no person. Developed calligraphy and jewelry. In India and Tibet, religious dance was the main art, followed by sculpture.

A wide variety of arts flourished in China, they were not influenced and pressured by any religion. Each era had its own masters, each of them had their own style, which they perfected. Therefore, each work of art bears the name of the era in which it was created. For example, a Ming era vase or a Tang era painting. In Japan, the situation is the same as in China. The development of culture and art in these countries was quite original.

Renaissance

During the Renaissance, art again returns to material values ​​and humanism. Human figures acquire their lost physicality, perspective appears in space, and artists strive to reflect physical and rational certainty.

In the era of Romanticism, emotions appear in art. The masters try to show the human individuality and the depth of experiences. Multiple artistic styles begin to appear, such as academicism, symbolism, fauvism, etc. True, their century was short, and the former directions, spurred on by the horror of the wars experienced, can be said to have been reborn from the ashes.

On the way to modernity

In the 20th century, masters were looking for new visual possibilities and standards of beauty. Due to the ever-increasing globalization, cultures began to interpenetrate and influence each other. For example, the Impressionists were inspired by Japanese engravings, Picasso's work was significantly influenced by the fine arts of India. In the second half of the 20th century, the development of various areas of art was influenced by modernism, with its inexorable idealistic search for truth and rigid norms. The period of modern art came when it was decided that values ​​are relative.

Functions and Properties

At all times, theorists of art history and cultural studies have said that art, like any other social phenomenon, is characterized by different functions and properties. All functions of art are conditionally divided into motivated and unmotivated.

Unmotivated functions are properties that are an integral part of human nature. Simply put, art is something that instincts push a person to and that goes beyond the practical and useful. These functions include:

• Basic instinct for harmony, rhythm and balance. Here art is manifested not in a material form, but in a sensual, inner desire for harmony and beauty.
• Feeling of mystery. It is believed that art is one of the ways to feel the connection with the Universe. This feeling arises unexpectedly when contemplating pictures, listening to music, etc.
• Imagination. Thanks to art, a person has the opportunity to use imagination without restrictions.
• Addressing many. Art allows the creator to address the whole world.
• rituals and symbols. Some modern cultures have colorful rituals, dances and performances. They are a kind of symbols, and sometimes just ways to diversify the event. By themselves, they do not pursue any goal, but anthropologists see in each movement the meaning laid down in the process of development of national culture.

Motivated Functions

The motivated functions of art are the goals that the creator consciously sets for himself when starting to create a work of art.

In this case, art can be:

• A means of communication. In its simplest form, art is a way of communication between people, through which information can be conveyed.
• Entertainment. Art can create an appropriate mood, helps to relax and distract from problems.
• For change. At the beginning of the twentieth century, many works were created that provoked political changes.
• For psychotherapy. Psychologists often use art for medicinal purposes. The technique based on the analysis of the pattern makes it possible to conduct a more accurate diagnosis.
• For the sake of protest. Art was often used to protest against something or someone.
• Propaganda. Art can also be a means of disseminating propaganda, through which you can quietly influence the formation of new tastes and moods among the public.

As can be seen from the functions, art plays an important role in the life of society, influencing all spheres of human life.

Types and forms

Initially, art was considered undivided, that is, the general complex of creative activity. For primitive man, there were no separate examples of art such as theater, music or literature. Everything was merged into one. Only after a while did different types of art begin to appear. This is the name of the historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, which are used to create different means.

Depending on the means used, the following forms of art are distinguished:

• Literature. Uses verbal and written means to create art samples. Three main genres are distinguished here - drama, epic and lyrics.
• Music. It is divided into vocal and instrumental, in order to create samples of art, sound means are used.
• Dance. To create new patterns, plastic movements are used. Allocate ballet, ritual, ballroom, modern and folk art of dance.
• Painting. With the help of color, reality is displayed on a plane.
• Architecture. Art is manifested in the transformation of the spatial environment with structures and buildings.
• Sculpture. It is a work of art that has volume and three-dimensional shape.
• Decorative and applied art. This form is directly related to applied needs, these are artistic objects that can be used in everyday life. For example, painted dishes, furniture, etc.
• Theater. With the help of acting, a stage action of a specific theme and character is played out on the stage.
• Circus. A kind of spectacular and entertaining action with funny, unusual and risky numbers.
• Movie. We can say that this is the evolution of theatrical action, when modern, audiovisual means are still used.
• Photo. It consists in fixing visual images by technical means.

To the listed forms, one can also add such genres of art as variety art, graphics, radio, etc.

The role of art in human life

It is strange, but for some reason it is believed that art is intended only for the upper strata of the population, the so-called elite. For other people, this concept is allegedly alien.

Art is usually identified with wealth, influence and power. After all, it is these people who can afford to buy beautiful, indecently expensive and absurdly useless things. Take, for example, the Hermitage or the Palace of Versailles, which preserved rich collections of the monarchs of the past. Today, governments, some private organizations and the very wealthy can afford such collections.

Sometimes one gets the impression that the main role of art in a person's life is to show others the social status. In many cultures, expensive and elegant things show a person's position in society. On the other hand, two centuries ago there were attempts to make high art more accessible to the general public. For example, in 1793 the Louvre was opened for everyone (until then it was the property of the French kings). Over time, this idea was picked up in Russia (Tretyakov Gallery), the United States (Metropolitan Museum) and other European countries. Still, people who have their own art collection will always be considered more influential.

synthetic or real

In today's world there is a wide variety of works of art. They acquire various types, forms, means of creation. The only thing that has remained unchanged is folk art, in its primitive form.

Today, even a simple idea is considered art. It is thanks to ideas, public opinion and critical feedback that works such as the Black Square, the natural fur-covered tea set, or the photograph of the Rhine River that sold for $4 million enjoy enduring success. It is difficult to call these and similar objects real art.

So what is true art? By and large, these are works that make you think, ask questions, look for answers. Real art attracts, I want to get this item at any cost. Even in literature, Russian classics wrote about this attractive force. So, in Gogol's story "Portrait", the protagonist spends his last savings on acquiring a portrait.

Real art always makes a person kinder, stronger and wiser. Possessing invaluable knowledge and experience that have been collected over many generations and are now available in an acceptable form, a person has the opportunity to develop and improve.

Real art is always done from the heart. It does not matter what it will be - a book, a picture, music, a play. The viewer will feel. Be sure to feel what the creator wanted to convey. Feel his emotions, understand his thoughts, go with him in search of answers. Real art is an inaudible conversation between an author and a person, after which the listener/reader/viewer will never be the same again. That's what real art is. A real concentrated bunch of feelings. As Pushkin wrote, it should burn the hearts of people, and no matter what - with a verb, a brush or a musical instrument. Such art should serve people and inspire them to change, entertain when they are sad, and inspire hope, especially when it seems that there is no way out. It's the only way, it can't be any other way.

Today there are many strange, sometimes even ridiculous objects that are called works of art. But if they are not able to "hook to the quick", then they cannot relate to art a priori.

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Introduction 3

1. The concept of art 4

2. Arts 5

3. Qualitative characteristics of the arts 6

4. Principles for the classification of arts 12

5. Interaction of arts 16

Conclusion 17

References 18

INTRODUCTION

Art, one of the forms of social consciousness, an integral part of the spiritual culture of mankind, a specific kind of practical-spiritual exploration of the world. In this regard, art includes a group of varieties of human activity - painting, music, theater, fiction, etc., combined because they are specific - artistic and figurative forms of reproducing reality.

The artistic and creative activity of a person unfolds in diverse forms, which are called types of art, its types and genres. Each type of art is directly characterized by the way of the material existence of its works and the type of figurative signs used. Thus, art, taken as a whole, is a historically established system of various specific ways of artistic exploration of the world, each of which has features that are common to all and individually unique.

The purpose of this test is to study all issues related to the arts.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

reveal the concept of art

consider the concept of an art form

get to know the characteristics of the arts

study the principles of classifying art forms

consider the interaction of the arts

THE CONCEPT OF ART

Art is one of the most important areas of culture, and unlike other areas of activity (occupation, profession, position, etc.), it is generally significant, without it it is impossible to imagine people's lives. The beginnings of artistic activity are noted even in primitive society long before the advent of science and philosophy. And, despite the antiquity of art, its irreplaceable role in human life, the long history of aesthetics, the problem of the essence and specificity of art still remains largely unresolved. What is the secret of art and why is it difficult to give a strictly scientific definition of it? The thing is, first of all, that art is not amenable to logical formalization, attempts to reveal its abstract essence have always ended either in approximation or in failure. 1

Three different meanings of this word can be distinguished, closely related to each other, but differing in their scope and content.

In the broadest sense, the concept of "art" ( and this , apparently the oldest use of it) means all skill , skillfully, technically performed activity, the result of which is artificial in comparison with natural, natural. It is this meaning that follows from the ancient Greek word "techne" - art, skill.

The second, narrower meaning of the word "art" is creativity according to the laws of beauty. . Such creativity refers to a wide range of activities: the creation of useful things, machines, this should also include the design and organization of public and personal life, the culture of everyday behavior, people's communication, etc. Nowadays, creativity is successfully functioning according to the laws of beauty in various areas of design .

Artistic creativity is a special type of social activity. , whose products are special spiritual aesthetic values ​​- this is the third and narrowest sense of the word "art". It will be the subject of further consideration.

KINDS OF ART

Types of art are historically established, stable forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize the content of life and differ in the ways of its material embodiment. . Art exists and develops as a system of interconnected types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of the real world itself, displayed in the process of artistic creation.

Each type of art has its own specific arsenal of visual and expressive means and techniques. Thus, art forms differ from each other both in the subject of the image and in the use of various visual means. concept « art form » - the main structural element of the system of artistic culture. Fine art reveals the diversity of the world with the help of plastic and color materials. Literature includes all shades of creativity realized in the word. Music deals not only with the sound of the human voice, but also with a variety of timbres created by natural and technical devices (we are talking about musical instruments). Architecture and arts and crafts - through existing in space material structures and things that satisfy the practical and spiritual needs of people express their species specificity in a complex and diverse way. Each of the arts has its own special genera and genres (that is, internal varieties). Art forms are links of a single social phenomenon, each of them relates to art as a whole, as private to general. The specific properties of art manifest themselves in a specific historical era and in different artistic cultures in different ways. Meanwhile, the very division of art into types is connected, first of all, with the peculiarities of human perception of the world.

QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ART TYPES

Architecture - the formation of reality according to the laws of beauty when creating buildings and structures designed to serve human needs in housing and public spaces. Architecture - This is a kind of art, the purpose of which is the creation of structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of people. It performs in people's lives not only an aesthetic function, but also a practical one. Architecture as an art form is static, spatial. The artistic image here is created in a non-pictorial way. It reflects certain ideas, moods and desires with the help of the ratio of scales, masses, shapes, colors, connection with the surrounding landscape, that is, with the help of specifically expressive means. As a field of activity, architecture originated in ancient times.

Architecture gravitates towards ensemble. Its buildings skillfully fit into the natural (natural) or urban (urban) landscape.

Architecture is both art, and engineering, and construction, requiring a huge concentration of collective efforts and material resources. Architectural works are created for centuries. Architecture does not reproduce reality visually, but is expressive. Rhythm, the ratio of volumes, lines - the means of its expressiveness. 2

applied arts - these are things that surround and serve us, create our life and comfort, things made not only as useful, but also as beautiful, having a style and artistic image that expresses their purpose and carries generalized information about the type of life, about the era, about the worldview people. The aesthetic impact of applied art is daily, hourly, every minute. Works of applied art can rise to the heights of art.

Applied art is national by its very nature , it is born from the customs, habits, beliefs of the people and is directly close to their production activities and everyday life.

The pinnacle of applied art is jewelry, which retains its independent significance and is developing today. A jeweler creates fine, elaborate jewelry and handicrafts using precious metals and stones.

decorative arts - aesthetic development of the environment surrounding a person, artistic design of a “second nature” created by a person: buildings, structures, premises, squares, streets, roads. This art invades everyday life, creating beauty and comfort in and around residential and public spaces. Works of decorative art can be a doorknob and a fence, a stained-glass window and a lamp that enter into a synthesis with architecture. Decorative art incorporates the achievements of other arts, especially painting and sculpture. Decorative art is the art of embellishment, not embellishment. It helps to create a holistic architectural ensemble. It captures the style of the era.

Painting - an image on the plane of pictures of the real world, transformed by creative imagination. artist; singling out the elementary and most popular aesthetic feeling - the feeling of color - into a special sphere and turning it into one of the means of artistic development of the world.

Paintings are works that are created on a plane using paints and colored materials. The main visual tool is a system of color combinations. Painting is divided into monumental and easel. The main genres are: landscape, still life, subject-themed paintings, portrait, miniature, etc.

Graphic arts is based on a single-color drawing and uses a contour line as the main visual means: a dot, a stroke, a spot. Depending on the purpose, it is divided into easel and applied printing: engraving, lithography, etching, caricature, etc. 3

Sculpture - spatial and visual art, mastering the world in plastic images, which are imprinted in materials capable of conveying the life image of phenomena. Sculpture reproduces reality in volume-spatial forms. The main materials are: stone, bronze, marble, wood. According to its content, it is divided into monumental, easel, sculpture of small forms. According to the shape of the image, they distinguish: three-dimensional three-dimensional sculpture, relief-convex images on the plane. The relief, in turn, is subdivided into bas-relief, high relief, counter-relief. Basically, all genres of sculpture developed in the period of antiquity. In our time, the number of materials suitable for sculpture has expanded: works of steel, concrete, and plastic have arisen.

Literature- a written form of the art of the word. It creates a real living being with the help of the word. Literary works are divided into three categories: epic, lyric, drama. The epic literature includes the genres of the novel, story, short story, essay. Lyrical works include poetic genres: elegy, sonnet, ode, madrigal, poem. Drama is meant to be staged. Dramatic genres include: drama, tragedy, comedy, farce, tragicomedy, etc. In these works, the plot is revealed through dialogues and monologues. The main expressive and visual means of literature is the word. The word is an expressive means and mental form of literature, the symbolic basis of its imagery. Imagery is at the very foundation of the language that is created by the people, absorbs all their experience and becomes a form of thinking.

Theater - a kind of art that artistically masters the world through a dramatic action carried out by actors in front of the audience. Theater is a special kind of collective creativity that unites the efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer, and actors. Through the actor, the idea of ​​the performance is embodied. The actor turns on the action and gives theatricality to everything that is on the stage. The scenery creates on the stage the interior of the room, the landscape, the view of the city street, but all this will remain a dead props if the actor does not spiritualize things with stage behavior. Acting skills require special talent - observation, attention, the ability to select and generalize life material, fantasies, memory, temperament, means of expression (diction, intonation diversity, facial expressions, plasticity, gesture). In the theater, the act of creativity (the creation of an image by an actor) takes place before the eyes of the viewer, which deepens the spiritual impact on him.

Music - art that consolidates and develops the possibilities of non-verbal sound communication associated with human speech. Music, based on the generalization and processing of the intonations of human speech, develops its own language. The basis of music is intonation. The structure of music is rhythm and harmony, which in their combination give a melody. Loudness, timbre, tempo, rhythm and other elements also play a significant, meaning-forming role in music. These signs form a musical phrase, a musical image, and their system forms a musical text. The language of music is a hierarchy of levels: individual sounds, sound combinations, chords. The most important elements and expressive means of the musical language are melodic-intonational structure, composition, harmony, orchestration, rhythm, timbre, dynamics

Choreography- the art of dance, the echo of music.

Dance - a melodic and rhythmic sound that has become a melodic and rhythmic movement of the human body, revealing the characters of people, their feelings and thoughts about the world. The emotional state of a person is expressed not only in the voice, but also in gestures, the nature of movements. Even a person's gait can be swift, joyful, sad. Human movements in everyday life and in work are always somehow emotionally intoned, expressive and subject to a certain rhythm. Dance for centuries polished and generalized these expressive movements, and as a result, a whole system of choreographic movements proper arose, its own artistically expressive language of the plasticity of the human body. The dance is national, it expresses the character of the people in a generalized form.

The choreographic image arises from musical-rhythmic expressive movements, sometimes supplemented by pantomime, sometimes by a special costume and things from household, labor or military use (weapons, scarves, utensils, etc.).

Circus - the art of acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, pantomime, juggling, magic tricks, clowning, musical eccentrics, horse riding, animal training. Circus - this is not a record holder, but the image of a person demonstrating his highest capabilities, solving super-tasks, creating in accordance with co super-task, according to the laws of eccentricity.

Photo art - creation by chemical-technical and optical means of a visual image of a documentary value, artistically expressive and authentically capturing an essential moment of reality in a frozen image. Documentary is the "golden backing" of a photo that captures forever the fact of life. Life facts in photography are transferred from the sphere of reality to the sphere of art almost without additional processing. With the development of technology and skill, the photographic image also began to convey the active attitude of the artist to the object (through the shooting angle, the distribution of light and shadows, through the transmission of a kind of “photoplein air”, that is, air and reflexes cast by objects, through the ability to choose the moment of shooting). Nowadays, photography has acquired color and is on the threshold of a three-dimensional, holographic image of the world, which expands its informative-pictorial and artistic-expressive possibilities.

Movie - the art of visual moving images created on the basis of the achievements of modern chemistry and optics, art that has found its own language, widely embracing life in all its aesthetic richness and synthetically absorbing the experience of other art forms.

Cinema is superior to theater, literature, painting in creating visual moving images that can broadly embrace modern life in all its aesthetic significance and originality. Cinema is directly based on the possibilities of technology. The very specificity of cinema is mobile and changes with the discovery and development of new technical and artistic means.

A television - a means of mass video information capable of transmitting aesthetically processed impressions of being at a distance; a new kind of art that provides intimacy, domesticity of perception, the effect of the presence of the viewer (the effect of "momentary"), the chronicle and documentary nature of artistic information.

In terms of its mass character, television has now overtaken cinema. Thousands of transmitting and rebroadcasting television stations are now operating on earth. Television broadcasts are carried out from the ground, from under the ground, from under the water, from the air, from space. Television has its own criteria for talent. A television artist must combine the qualities of an actor, journalist, director, charm and erudition, ease and naturalness of communication with people, instantaneous reaction, resourcefulness, wit, ability to improvise and, finally, citizenship, publicism. Unfortunately, not all broadcasters have these qualities.

An important aesthetic feature of television is the transmission of a “momentary incident”, a direct report from the scene, the inclusion of the viewer in the flow of history that is flowing right now and which newspapers and newsreels will be able to talk about only tomorrow, the day after tomorrow - literature, theater, painting.

Stage- equal interaction of literature, music, ballet, theater, circus; a mass spectacle with an enhanced entertaining and entertaining beginning, addressed to a "variegated" audience. The stage produces such a specific aesthetic effect on the viewer that one can speak of the birth of a new art form from the equal coexistence of a number of arts.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION OF ART KINDS

The problem of identifying art forms and clarifying their features has worried mankind for a long time. The first classification of art forms, which was carried out by Plato and Aristotle , did not go beyond the study of the specifics of individual types of art. The first holistic classification was proposed by I. Kant , but not in practice, but in theory. Hegel gave the first system of presentation of the relationship of specific types of art in the lecture “The System of Individual Arts”, in the foundation of which he laid the relationship between idea and form, creating a classification of art forms from sculpture to poetry. 4

IN XX For centuries, Fechner classified the art forms from a psychological point of view: from the standpoint of the practical use of the art form. So, he attributed both cooking and perfumery to art, i.e. types of aesthetic activities that, in addition to aesthetic values, perform other practical functions. Approximately the same views were held by iG. Monroe - counted about 400 types of art. In the Middle Ages, Farabi held similar views. The diversity of art has developed historically as a reflection of the versatility of reality and the individual characteristics of its perception by a person. Therefore, when singling out any kind of art, we mean the form of art that has developed historically, its main functions and classification units.

The division of art into types is due to:

1) aesthetic richness and diversity of reality;

2) the spiritual richness and variety of the artist's aesthetic needs;

3) the richness and diversity of cultural traditions, artistic means and technical possibilities of art.

The variety of art forms allows us to aesthetically explore the world in all its complexity and richness. There are no major or minor arts, but each art has its own strengths and weaknesses compared to other arts.

What are the principles for classifying the arts?

First of all, among the arts, there are fine (painting, graphics, sculpture, art photography) and non-fine (music, architecture, arts and crafts, choreography). The difference between them lies in the fact that the fine arts reproduce life in a form similar to it (depict it), while the non-pictorial arts directly convey the inner state of the spirit of people, their experiences, feelings, moods through a form that is “not similar” directly to the object of display. This difference is not, of course, absolute. because, firstly, all types of art express an attitude to some aspects of life, so that the term expressive arts (as non-pictorial forms of artistic creativity are sometimes called), which has developed historically, is not accurate. And yet, the distinction of arts into pictorial and non-pictorial not only has a basis, but is also decisive in the morphology (classification) of the arts, because it is based on the difference in the object of display. Fine arts turn to reality as a source of the formation of the human world, non-pictorial arts - to the results of the impact of reality on the spiritual world of the individual (people's worldview, their feelings, experiences, etc.). Therefore, for the former, the basis is the image of the objective world. Thoughts and feelings are transmitted in them indirectly: only by the expression of the eyes, facial expressions, gestures, and the appearance of people can one learn about their feelings and experiences. The basis of the latter is the embodiment of thoughts, feelings, moods, and the depiction of objects of reality, if any, is, as a rule, indirect.

The division of the arts into static (spatial) and dynamic (temporal) ones is quite essential. The former include painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts, artistic photography; to the second - literature, music, dance. Spatial arts with great power reproduce the visible beauty of reality, the harmony of space, are able to draw attention to certain aspects of the reflected world, to every detail of the work itself, which makes them indispensable in aesthetic education, teaching beauty. At the same time, they are powerless to directly convey the changes in life, its course. 5 This is successfully done by temporary arts that can recreate both the course of events (literature) and the development of human feelings (music, choreography). Not all types of art can be "ranked" to one or another clearly delimited type. On the basis of the synthesis of simple arts, synthetic arts arise. These include theatre, cinema and television. They, as a rule, combine the features of the fine and non-pictorial, spatial and temporal arts, so that they are sometimes even referred to as a special group of spatio-temporal arts. According to the nature of the aesthetic impact on a person, taking into account, of course, the characteristics of the content and image, and to a certain extent and material, the arts are divided into visual and auditory. The great Russian physiologist I. M. Sechenov noted that visual memory is primarily spatial memory, while auditory memory is temporary memory. Visual impressions are therefore predominantly associated with the spatial arts, auditory - with the temporal. Synthetic arts are usually perceived both by sight and by hearing.

According to the method of practical artistic development of the material, art can be divided into types that use natural material - marble, granite, wood, metal, paint, etc. (architecture, painting, graphics, sculpture, arts and crafts), sound (music), the word (primarily fiction), as well as the arts in which the person himself acts as the "material" (theater, cinema, television, stage, circus). A special place here is occupied by the word, the use of which is widely used by various types of art. As a rule, it enriches them. We also note the division of the arts into utilitarian (applied) and non-utilitarian (elegant; sometimes they are also called pure). In the works of utilitarian arts (architecture, arts and crafts) in recent decades, there has been an increasing utilitarian use of some types of fine arts (music in production and in medicine, painting in medicine), their purpose for practical material purposes and the proper aesthetic are organically intertwined. purposefulness. As for the fine arts, the benefit they bring to society is determined by their ideological and aesthetic character. Finally, it is necessary to distinguish between primary and secondary (performing) arts. The latter include music, choreography, variety art, theater, cinema, television and radio art, and the circus. Their action is associated with an intermediary (performer), who connects the fundamental principle of the work (play, script, score, libretto, and so on) with listeners and viewers. Being an active interpreter of the work, the performer each time transforms the primary work, gives it his own interpretation, practically becomes its co-author.

INTERACTION OF THE ARTS

Art forms are closely related to each other, mutually influence each other. Even such seemingly distant art forms as cinema and architecture, music and painting are interconnected. Art forms have a direct influence on each other. So, in those frequent cases when one type of art is used by another (for example, music, painting, etc. in the theater), it is often significantly transformed: for example, music in the drama theater has become a special genre, theater painting has also acquired its genre specificity . Theatrical synthesis of the arts includes the author's content, director's reading, acting performance, with the participation of music, choreography, artistic design.

Even in ancient times, architecture interacted with monumental sculpture, painting, mosaics, and icons. In this synthesis, architecture dominates.

Decorative art incorporates the achievements of other arts, especially painting and sculpture.

Cinema by its nature is a synthetic art: the film image as its components includes: literature (scenario, lyrics); painting (settings in a regular film); theater (the play of film actors, which, despite its fundamental differences from the work of actors in the theater, is nevertheless based on the theatrical tradition and relies on it).