What is an academic degree and academic title. Who is an associate professor, professor, candidate of science

Degrees

Degrees awarded in different countries vary significantly in terms of titles, qualification requirements, award and/or approval procedures.

To obtain the degree of candidate or doctor of science, it is necessary to prepare a dissertation and defend it at a meeting of the dissertation council established at a university, research institute or other scientific institution. To defend a dissertation for the degree of Doctor, it is currently necessary to have a PhD degree, the defense of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science by persons who do not have a candidate degree, in accordance with the current "Regulations on the procedure for awarding academic degrees", is not provided. It should be noted that in this case, the correspondence or affinity of the branches of science and specialties previously obtained (consecutively) of higher education, the degree of candidate of science and the degree of doctor of science is actually not regulated in any way, except for cases of competition for scientific degrees in medical and veterinary sciences, which are possible only if applicant for higher medical (veterinary) education. In fact, in practice, cases of obtaining a higher degree in a branch of science and a specialty unrelated to an existing one are recognized as quite acceptable and are not limited in any way by the Higher Attestation Commission: for example, a candidate of economic sciences by engineers (mathematicians, chemists), a doctorate in economic sciences by candidates, for example, technical and physical mathematical sciences, etc. .

In parallel, there are similar degrees of Doctor of Laws, Theology, etc., awarded by an accredited institution of higher education. The degrees of Doctor of Laws (DL), Medicine (DM), Business Administration (DBA), etc., are considered in many countries as part of a professional rather than an academic/research doctoral system, i.e. it is assumed that the holder of such a degree is usually engaged in practice, not science. These degrees also do not require independent research, so a professional doctorate is not usually considered a degree. The assignment of a degree to a professional or research doctorate depends on the country and even on the specific university; Thus, in the USA and Canada, the degree of Doctor of Medicine is professional, and in Great Britain, Ireland and many countries of the British Commonwealth - research. A number of universities in the UK (including Oxford and Cambridge) even include the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the higher doctorate (the approximate equivalent of a Doctor of Science in Russia), requiring a significant contribution to medical science.

Academic titles

In Russia, academic titles are currently divided into the titles of associate professor (or professor) by specialty And by department. Since 2011, academic titles both in the department and in the specialty have been awarded by orders of the Minister of Education and Science on the proposal of the Higher Attestation Commission. Qualification requirements for applicants for academic titles in the department and in the specialty are somewhat different, for example, to be nominated for the academic title of professor in the department, you must be the author (co-author) of textbooks or study guides, which is not required for the title of professor in the specialty. But a professor in the specialty needs a larger number of people who defended candidate dissertations under his supervision: for a professor in a department - as a rule, at least two, for a professor in a specialty - as a rule, at least five.

In addition, the requirements differ within each category (professor in the department, associate professor in the department, professor in the specialty, associate professor in the specialty). So, it is allowed to assign the academic title of professor in the department to persons with the degree of Candidate of Sciences, and associate professor - to persons who do not have a degree, but the requirements for them are much stricter than for applicants with the degree of Doctor and Candidate of Sciences, respectively. Special requirements are imposed on applicants for an academic title who are workers of culture and art and have the appropriate honorary titles (People's Artist, Honored Artist, etc.), as well as workers of physical culture and sports who have the title of Honored Coach. In addition, it is allowed to award the academic title of professor in the department to major specialists who have received international or Russian recognition in the relevant field of knowledge.

According to the system in force in Russia and Belarus, in order to obtain the academic title of professor, it is not necessary to have the academic title of associate professor.

Previous academic degrees and titles

The academic title of senior researcher is currently not awarded in the Russian Federation, it is equated to the title of associate professor in the specialty. Previously (and currently in Ukraine and some other post-Soviet states), the title of senior researcher was awarded to employees of research institutes, and the qualification requirements for applicants for this title did not include teaching work in universities, in contrast to the title of associate professor.

Until the 1950s in the USSR there was an academic title "senior laboratory assistant".

Before the revolution, in the scientific and educational system of Russia there were academic degrees of a real student, a candidate (more precisely, a university candidate), a master's degree and a doctorate, the academic titles of an adjunct, a private docent, an assistant professor, an adjunct professor, an extraordinary professor, an ordinary professor, an honored professor. This entire hierarchy was completely abolished in 1918 (although some of the listed degrees and titles were abolished in the 19th century). Academic degrees in the Russian Empire gave the right to receive ranks of a certain class (see Table of Ranks).

Position of bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia

Prior to the implementation of the Bologna recommendations, bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia do not refer to academic degrees, but to qualifications (degrees) of graduates of educational institutions of higher professional education.

Nomenclature of academic degrees

Depending on the specialty in which the dissertation is defended, the applicant is awarded one of the academic degrees.

Honorary Degree

The honorary degree of doctor of science (Honor Doctor or Honor degree or Doctor honoris causa) is issued by universities, academies or the Ministry of Education without taking a course of study and without taking into account the mandatory requirements (for publications, defense, etc.), but who have achieved great success in business and who gained fame in any field of knowledge (artists, jurisprudence, religious figures, businessmen, writers and poets, artists, etc.). Such people are involved in teaching activities and give lectures in the best universities in many countries of the world. An honorary doctorate degree is not awarded in medicine.

An honorary degree can be awarded and withdrawn.

Non-governmental organizations

Religious organizations can confer PhD (doctor) degrees in theology (or theology), professors and associate professors, etc. Other non-state organizations can also confer various academic degrees and titles, up to and including academician (see Non-State Academies). However, all these degrees and titles are not legally such in Russia and do not give their holders the rights provided for by the laws of the Russian Federation.

Contemporary discussions

Currently, there is a discussion about the possibility of transferring the scientific and qualification powers of the VAK to the academic councils of universities and research institutes (including non-state ones), as is done in many Western countries. Opponents of such a transfer express an opinion about the inevitable devaluation of the system of academic degrees and titles as a result of the loss of state control over the attestation of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel.

Notes

Related links

• Website of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
• Baleevskikh L.S., Muranov A.I. Domestic history of the normative regulation of nomenclatures of specialties of scientific workers in relation to jurisprudence // Jurisprudence. - 2008. - No. 5. - S. 243-259.

Many people are confused about the positions, degrees and titles of teachers and researchers working at the university. And it's not surprising...

Let's look into this.

The fact is that university employees are characterized immediately by four directions :

1. Academic position.

2. Administrative position.

3. Academic degree.

4. Academic title.

Table 1

List of academic positions

Positions are listed in alphabetical order. They give different rights and obligations to participate in the educational (academic) process. For example, a student can learn but cannot teach. An assistant can teach, but cannot independently develop their own curriculum, etc.

table 2

List of administrative positions

Positions are listed in alphabetical order. It is in accordance with the administrative positions that employees of the university receive a salary, or rather, an official salary. The higher the position, the higher the salary. These positions are of particular importance to the HR and accounting departments. They line up all employees in a hierarchy of superiors and subordinates.

List of academic degrees

Russia introduced two degrees:

1. PhD - primary. For example, candidate of medical sciences - candidate of medical sciences - candidate of medical sciences.

2. Ph.D- higher . For example, doctor of biological sciences - doctor of biological sciences - d.b.s.

In order to obtain such a degree, it is required to create a special scientific work called "the dissertation for the degree of candidate of such and such sciences" or "the dissertation for the degree of doctor of such and such sciences." In addition, this dissertation still needs to be "defended" in a specially designated place - the Dissertation Council. Specialists in a related scientific field will decide there whether the submitted dissertation corresponds to the desired degree. So a degree may or may not be awarded. Writing and defending a dissertation is not an easy and difficult job, therefore the scientific and organizational value of candidates and doctors of science is clearly higher than theirs, but before defending their academic degree.

True, we are threatened by the emergence of several more degrees, modeled on Western ones, but, of course, in the Russian way.

Bachelor- in fact, this is our same graduate of a technical school or a drop-out student of a university with an "incomplete higher", but who defended his thesis, for which he receives a "bachelor's degree". This is the lowest possible academic degree.

master- in the recent past - this is just a university graduate who defended his graduation thesis, and not just passed the state exams. But now the student's thesis has become known as the WQR ("final qualifying work") and has ceased to give the master's level. Now you will have to spend an additional 2 years (for additional money) at the university and do, in essence, the second thesis, now a master's. Only then will it be possible to be called a "master". And this work will be called a "master's thesis", like a candidate's or a doctor's thesis. A master's degree is an academic degree that reflects the appropriate educational level of the graduate, readiness for research and scientific and pedagogical activities. The master's degree is awarded based on the results of defending a master's thesis.

"Doctor of Philosophy" or "PhD" (PhD)- a degree popular abroad, in terms of scientific weight - this is something intermediate between a graduation thesis and a classic Soviet candidate's thesis. True, pessimists fear that over time they will begin to demand a hybrid of a higher level - something between a candidate's and a doctoral dissertation. Life will show what actually hatches from this gilded egg: a chicken or a crocodile...

An approximate analogue of the degree of Doctor of Science in countries with a "single-stage" system of academic degrees is the degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.), in countries with a "two-stage" system (for example, in Germany) - a habilitated (habilitated) doctor. After passing the habilitation procedure, i.e. defending the second doctoral dissertation (more weighty than the first), the applicant is awarded the title of habilitated doctor (doctor habilitatus, Dr. habil.)

There is also a system of academic degrees for "professional" rather than research work. For example, the degrees of Doctor of Laws (DL), Medicine (DM), Business Administration (DBA), etc. in many countries are considered as part of a professional rather than academic/research doctoral system, that is, it is assumed that the holder of such a degree engaged in relevant practical activities, not science. Since the acquisition of such degrees does not require the completion of independent scientific research, therefore, a professional doctorate is usually not considered an advanced degree. The assignment of a degree to a professional or research doctorate depends on the country and even on the particular university. So, for example, in the USA and Canada, the degree of Doctor of Medicine is professional, and in Great Britain, Ireland and many countries of the British Commonwealth - research.

Honorary Degree
There is another workaround for obtaining a degree without scientific work. This is the so-called "honorary degree" of Doctor of Sciences (Honor Doctor or Honor degree or Doctor honoris causa). It is issued by universities, academies or the Ministry of Education without taking a course of study and without taking into account the mandatory requirements (for publications, defense, etc.), but who have achieved great success in business and gained fame in any field of knowledge (artists, jurisprudence, religious figures, businessmen, writers and poets, artists, etc.). Such people are involved in teaching activities and give lectures in the best universities in many countries of the world. An honorary doctorate degree is not awarded in medicine. An honorary degree may be awarded or withdrawn.

So, an academic degree confirms the scientific qualifications of its holder and his ability to fruitful scientific activity.

List of academic titles

In Russia, according to the unified register of academic degrees and titles, approved in 2002, the following are provided:academic titles:

1. Assistant professor by specialty according to the nomenclature of specialties of scientists or by the department of an educational institution.Academic title of Associate Professor is assigned to employees of scientific organizations for research activities, and employees of higher educational institutions - for scientific and pedagogical activities.

2. Professor specialty or department.Academic title of professor is assigned to employees of higher educational institutions and scientific organizations for scientific and pedagogical activities and training of graduate students.

3. Corresponding member(corresponding member) of the Academy of Sciences.

4. Active member (academician) of the Academy of Sciences.

System academic titles more confusing than the system degrees . So, distinguish between titles by specialty And by department. In addition, degrees are, as it were, only scientific (scientists), and titles are both scientific and pedagogical (teaching). Academic degrees are officially registered only by the Higher Attestation Commission (Higher Attestation Commission), and all kinds of academic titles are registered by the Higher Attestation Commission, the Ministry of Education, and the Russian Academy of Sciences.

How can we distinguish between the concepts of "academic degree" and "academic title" in order to reduce the often observed confusion in this regard?

Speaking of academic titles, one should distinguish rank or just the position held by academic title, which you can have without occupying a similar position. Yes, you can borrow job title professor or associate professor, but not have the same ranks, confirmed by the presence of a certificate. Or, on the contrary, you can have title professor or associate professor, have an appropriate official certificate, but work not as a professor, but, for example, as a house manager, or even not work at all. So professors with the title of professors can work, alas, not at all as professors.

The matter is further complicated by the fact that people who work as professors, but do not have the same academic title, tend to call themselves professors, although in reality they only occupy professorship. It is curious that the military is more modest in this regard: for example, a colonel who occupies a general's job title, does not call himself a general until he receives a general rank.

So, ranks "docent" or "professor"supported by official certificates. Purely job titles "docent" or "professor", are not associated with the official assignment of the same academic title.

At the same time, in order to occupy a decent position in a university or research institution, it is desirable (and sometimes mandatory) to have degree. The presence of an academic degree, position and required activities in this position give the right to receive academic title.

Degrees are awarded as a result of the defense of dissertations, and academic titles assigned according to the results of scientific and pedagogical activity.

About availability degree testifies diploma Candidate or Doctor of Sciences, and about the availability academic title - certificate associate professor, professor. So the official supporting documents for degrees And ranks are called differently.

Non-state degrees and titles

And one more curious detail you should definitely know. In Russia there are many non-state educational institutions: academies, universities, institutes, which sometimes have their own non-state dissertation councils. Some of them dare to completely separate from the state in the person of the Higher Attestation Commission and begin to award academic degrees not only of a candidate, but even of a doctor of science. without the participation of the HAC , in the same way as it is customary abroad, but in completely different conditions. After protection like this "non-state" scientists are immediately issued sealed diplomas, popularly referred to as "crusts", the forms of which are not difficult to make or buy. The question of their legal force raises reasonable doubts ...

According to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 30, 2002 No. 74, only diplomas issued by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation or other authorized state bodies are valid as documents on the award of academic degrees provided for by the state certification system.

Academics and Corresponding Members

Now in Russia scientific academies with their academicians and corresponding members form a whole pyramid.

On first level, at the top of this academic pyramid is the one created by Peter the Great in 1724. Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) , which includes about a thousand corresponding members and full members (academicians). This is the holy of holies of domestic science.

On second level academic pyramid are state branch academies such as the Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS), the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, the Academy of Architecture and Construction, the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Academy of Arts and, to some extent, the Academy of Natural Sciences (RANS). They also include full members (academicians) and corresponding members, but their state academic "stipends" are one and a half, or even two times lower than in the Russian Academy of Sciences, and in general only the Academy itself has the right to pay money to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, without state support.

On third level there have already been so many non-state , public academies , and in them"public" academicians and corresponding members that it is not easy to count them. But in these"academies" state academic scholarships are not paid at all, and even, on the contrary, in order to become a member of them, one must pay an entrance fee - as a kind of payment for the right to bear the title of corresponding member or full member of such a non-state public Academy.

Similar " public academies» quite promptly were organized as well abroad our former compatriots. They briskly sell titles, diplomas and certificates, earning money on this, and not on science. And in Russia the number is growing"foreign academicians ", having beautiful"wrappers ”, with entries in a foreign language, as if confirming their mythical international scientific status ...

If you decide to work as a teacher, then you need to navigate the positions in the departments of universities: assistant, senior lecturer, associate professor, professor, know what the difference is between them, and what requirements a candidate for each position must meet in order to imagine what you have to be ready.

If you already have experience in scientific and pedagogical activity, you may have defended your Ph.D. thesis, but you doubt the correctness of understanding that there is a position, academic degree, academic title, you will also find explanations in this article.

If you're just idle curiosity, who's higher: a professor or a Ph.D.? Also look for the answer in the article.

How to get a job as a teacher at a university?

+ Improve diploma

If you want to work as a teacher in the future, and there is still enough time before graduation from a specialized university, then do not waste it in vain and work on your grades. It sounds trite, but in practice it turns out to be true: employers really look at the grades in the diploma, and the higher they are, the more job opportunities open up for you, and no one needs C students.

If the diploma has already been received, and nothing can be changed, then, unfortunately, I do not know the facts that teachers with triples in core disciplines worked at the university (do you know such cases? Share them in the comments!).

+ Write a resume with a photo

The finished resume must have a photo, so it will be easier for the employer to combine and remember as one: you, your resume and the interview with you. Imagine, he / she may have a bunch of papers in the table, taking out some kind of resume, it will be difficult for him / her to remember the person, the interview with him, and the impression made on him / her, if there is a photograph, the question is removed.

+ Personally contact the head of the department

If you are confident in your desire to find a job as a teacher and have a resume ready, the next step is to contact the head of the department of the university where you would like to work, because it is she / he, and not some other official of the university, who is aware of whether her / his free bets, or when they become free. Knowing the last name, first name, patronymic, work phone number of the head of the department, you need to contact her / him, and, in case of a vacancy, you will be invited for an interview.

At the same time, talking to the head of the department on the phone increases the chances of scheduling an interview compared to sending a resume by email.

Think about why you should be shaking for a couple of weeks waiting for a possible response from the employer to your resume, and why should the employer make extra gestures in the form of looking for a meeting with you? It’s better for you to immediately get an answer: “yes, we have vacancies, come for an interview”, or: “no, and they are not expected”, and move on, look for other options for solving the problem, how to get a teacher at a university. The employer, in his position, usually does not have to "run" for personnel, as a rule, there are few vacancies in the university, and it is the candidate who wants to get a job that should show ABOUT more initiative.

+ Choose a good time

A well-chosen job search time will help you successfully get a job as a university teacher.

Usually the workload between teachers is distributed over the ACADEMIC year, and it starts on September 1st. Begin to pre-distribute the load in the spring.

As you know, the academic year is divided into 2 semesters, and teachers most often quit, read: places are vacated at the beginning of the semester.

From the foregoing, it follows that approximately in May, June, the head of the department will approximately know whether he / she will need new teachers for the next academic year. => it is better to contact the head of the department in May, June.

But in any case, it often turns out not as planned, and here too: some teacher found another job and decided to quit, he usually does this from the beginning of the 1st semester, less often from the beginning of the 2nd semester. => you can monitor vacancies at the end of August, beginning of September, end of December, January.

It happens that even in the middle of the year someone leaves somewhere, then the head of the department has to be nervous to find at least someone, and at the height of the academic year it is very difficult, everyone is arranged and working in their places. This is where he / she opens the folder with the accumulated resumes of candidates, and your resume photo can serve you well: he / she will vaguely remember one, barely the other, but he will remember you and invite you for an interview!

How is the competition for the vacant position of a university teacher going?

I will answer. On the first point: information about really free places at university departments is not submitted either to labor exchanges or published on the Internet; on the second point: the placement of announcements about a competition for filling vacant positions at the university is a formality, the fulfillment of the requirements of the competition procedure, and for each post there is already a real person who is now applying, and a little earlier occupied this position, his term of employment has simply expired contracts.

The fact is that this happens in accordance with the practice adopted at universities, in view of following the Regulations on the procedure for filling the positions of teaching staff belonging to the teaching staff, approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (the last - in 2015):

" 1. Present Regulations<…>determines the procedure and conditions for filling the positions of teaching staff related to the teaching staff in an organization carrying out educational activities for the implementation of educational programs of higher education and additional professional programs, and concluding employment contracts with them for an indefinite period or for a fixed period no more than five years.

3. The conclusion of an employment contract for filling the position of a teacher in an organization, as well as the transfer to such a position, is preceded by election by competition to fill the relevant positions (hereinafter referred to as the competition). "

// garant.ru

Practice shows that an employment contract is concluded with a teacher for a period of up to 5 years (this can be either 1 year or 3 years, or another figure up to 5), I am not aware of the approval of open-ended contracts, this happens, perhaps, with eminent professors (if you know the circumstances, examples when they conclude termless contracts with teachers, tell us in the comments).

So, in order to take a certain position in the department, you need to go through the competition, which means confirming your compliance with this position. Competitions keep teachers in good shape, make them develop, since a suitable candidate is usually a teacher who meets the following requirements: who has completed advanced training, published scientific articles, published teaching aids, has work experience, and more.

Among the stages of the competition, the following can be distinguished: the applicant filling out a package of documents, the candidate’s report to the members of the department in which he claims to continue working, the candidate’s approval at a meeting of the institute / university competition committee, the approval of the candidacy by the academic council of the institute / university - this is briefly.

Positions in the university in ascending order

The lowest position of a university teacher - assistant . He, just like other teachers, conducts practical or seminar classes, but Not may be allowed to lecture. The salary of an assistant is the lowest, but the requirements for a candidate for this position are minimal - work experience of 1 year, and after graduating from graduate school - there is no condition for having experience.

The next position at the university in ascending order is Senior Lecturer . The teacher in this position is also Not allowed to lecture. But the requirements for an employee applying for it are quite high: work experience of at least 3 years and, in the case of a candidate of science degree, work experience is also necessary. In addition, the candidate for the position must present the results of research and methodological work: the presence of published scientific articles, the release of teaching aids.

For the vast majority of teachers who have not defended their Ph.D. thesis, and therefore do not have a Ph.D. degree, the position of a senior teacher is the ceiling for development in a department at a university.

Job title associate professor at the department at the university is given in the presence of a PhD degree (that is, a successful defense PhD dissertation) and the experience of scientific and pedagogical work, that is, work at the university as a teacher, at least 3 years or the academic title of associate professor.

Senior Lecturer and Associate Professor, the difference, as we can see, is as follows:

Senior Lecturer - a position lower than Associate Professor.

The presence of a PhD degree is the main condition for an applicant for the position of associate professor.

The necessary scientific and pedagogical work experience seems to be the main requirement for the applicant for the position of senior lecturer.

Teaching positions at the university also include such as Professor , only a teacher with a doctoral degree in science (and, therefore, who defended doctoral dissertation), or the academic title of professor, as well as work experience of at least 5 years.

The difference between an associate professor and a professor is as follows:

The position of associate professor is lower than the position of professor.

The presence of a scientific degree of a candidate of sciences (or an academic title of associate professor) is the main condition for applying for the position of associate professor.

The scientific degree of doctor of science (or the academic title of professor) seems to be a necessary requirement for an applicant for the position of professor.

Position and degree

Now you know what positions teachers can hold at the department, but I also mentioned such a concept as an academic degree - it is worth dwelling on it in more detail.

There are two academic degrees in Russia: candidate of science and doctor of science.

To obtain PhD degree , you need to enroll in graduate school, after which you need to defend your Ph.D. thesis - a scientific study on a specific problem.

What does postgraduate study in Russia give and why go there? Graduate school gives a respite from the army? Is it included in the work experience? What gives in employment? Postgraduate study and work, how to combine? What is the duration of postgraduate studies? What are the types of postgraduate studies? Is there a postgraduate course? How is part-time postgraduate study different from full-time? What is the learning process in graduate school? What does postgraduate study without protection give?

PhD degree awarded after successfully defending a doctoral dissertation written during doctoral studies. You can enter doctoral studies only if you already have a PhD degree.

Is an assistant professor a position or an academic degree? Associate Professor and PhD, what's the difference?

Thus, answering the question: is an associate professor a position or an academic degree, we can say that an associate professor is a position occupied by a teacher in a department who usually has a Ph.D.

Associate Professor and PhD, what is the difference? The difference between an associate professor and a candidate of science is that, as you already know, an associate professor is a position of a teacher in a university department, and a candidate of science is a degree awarded to him as a result of a successful defense of his Ph.D. thesis.

What is the difference between a PhD and a professor? Who is higher professor or doctor of science?

Doctor of Science and Professor - The difference is that a Doctor of Science is a degree awarded to a researcher who has completed a doctoral dissertation. A professor is a teaching position at a university department, which can be occupied, in the vast majority of cases, by a teacher with a doctorate degree.

To answer the question: who is higher professor or doctor of science, in my opinion, is impossible, because these concepts refer to different ranking systems for scientists.

Professor - is the highest position in the department: Assistant -> Senior Lecturer -> Associate Professor -> PROFESSOR.

The terms "academic degree" and "academic title" are associated with people who are engaged in scientific professional activities. Most often these are teachers at universities, institutes, technical schools.

Types of academic degrees

An academic degree reflects the qualifications of a scientist in the scientific field. There are two types of degrees:

1. PhD.
2. Ph.D.

An academic degree can only be awarded if there is a dissertation (candidate's and doctoral, respectively), which must be written while studying at graduate school or doctoral studies. At the same time, conditions must be met that confirm the active scientific activity of the dissertation candidate and the approbation of his work. These include the publication of scientific articles in specialized journals and participation in scientific conferences, including foreign ones.

In addition, the awarding of a scientific degree is preceded by the process of public defense of the written scientific work at a meeting of a specialized academic council, which is created at a higher educational institution. In the process of transition of education to the European level, the degree of "Doctor of Philosophy" (Ph.D) is introduced, which is equated to the traditional "PhD".

Anyone with a higher education can enter graduate school and defend a PhD thesis. But only a candidate of sciences who has already taken place can enter the doctoral program. At the same time, it is not at all necessary that the specialization of the candidate's and doctoral dissertations coincide. So, the first can be written in technical sciences, and the second in philosophical, or vice versa. Confirmation of the implementation of a huge and painstaking work, its recognition is carried out by obtaining an appropriate diploma.

The highest degree of professionalism and competence is considered to be the degree of a doctor of science, but it is less common than a candidate of science. This is due to the increased requirements for the preparation and defense of a doctoral dissertation. In other words, it is much easier to write and defend a candidate's work than a doctoral one. Therefore, not all scientists, having received the opportunity to work at a university, decide to write a doctoral dissertation. But those who dare and successfully cope with this task receive many privileges. These include getting the highest position in an educational institution, securing a job, receiving a salary allowance, the opportunity to lead leadership positions and participate in meetings of specialized candidate or doctoral dissertation councils, not to mention the status and respect that is surrounded by doctors of science.

Types of academic titles

After fulfilling certain conditions related to scientific activity, with a certain experience, the teacher is awarded one of the following titles:

1. Assistant professor.
2. Professor.

The title of associate professor can be obtained by an accomplished candidate of sciences who is actively engaged in scientific activities after defending his dissertation, publishes his scientific articles in specialized journals, methodical literature, takes part in scientific conferences, and also has a certain teaching experience, of which one is an associate professor. It can be seen from this that there is some confusion, since academic titles are consonant with some positions of research workers, so they will be discussed below.

The title of professor can be obtained by a doctor of sciences, who, like a candidate, is engaged in improving his qualifications, scientific works, their approbation, printing his textbooks and has deep knowledge in a certain field of science. It is desirable that the scientific work of a doctor of science also manifests itself in the guidance of graduate students. A prerequisite is also the presence of experience, including the position of professor. The supporting document is a certificate of conferment of the relevant academic titles.

The benefits of being a professor closely overlap with those of earning a doctorate.

Job types

Teachers in higher educational institutions can work in the following positions:

• Assistant.
• Senior Lecturer.
• Assistant professor.
• Professor.

Assistants are young scientists who do not have a degree, graduate students who are writing a Ph.D. thesis, or applicants after defending it.

The position of a senior lecturer can be held by a candidate of sciences without work experience and scientific achievements. After fulfilling these conditions, the candidate of sciences has the right to hold the position of associate professor without having this title yet! And only after working as an associate professor for a certain period of time, having written the required number of scientific papers during this time, the candidate of sciences receives the title of associate professor.

In this case, the assistant professor works in the same position. At the same time, he has the right to hold the position of professor, has a certain scientific experience and merits in scientific developments. A doctor of sciences always holds the position of a professor, even if he has not yet received such a title.

From the above information it follows that the concepts under consideration are closely related to each other and obtaining the latter directly depends on degree certifying a degree. But there are still differences between them: a dissertation work is a necessary circumstance for awarding a scientific degree, and a title is the assignment of a scientific degree. That is, to obtain an academic title, it is also necessary to write and defend a dissertation.

In order to be admitted to the defense of a Ph.D. thesis, in addition, it is necessary to pass exams in the specialty, foreign language and philosophy in advance.

Encyclopedic YouTube

1 / 5

✪ Associate Professor, Professor, Academician, Doctor of Science. What does it mean?

✪ What is a PhD in life? // Knowledge Greed

✪ WHY DO WE NEED A PHD? // Knowledge Greed

✪ Introduction of scientific degrees in Russia - Elena Vishlenkova

✪ WORK IN SCIENCE - PLUSES AND MINUSES // Greed of Knowledge

Subtitles

Degrees in the world

Degrees awarded in different countries vary significantly in terms of titles, qualification requirements, award and/or approval procedures.

Degrees in Russia

Story

The awarding of academic degrees was originally one of the main privileges of European universities, which distinguished them from other scientific and educational institutions. The first in time of occurrence and the main university academic degree was the degree of doctor, certifying the highest qualification of the person being certified and giving the right to lecture at any university (the right ubique docendi). By the 18th century, an extensive system of academic degrees had developed in Europe, including initial and intermediate bachelor's and master's degrees (awarded at the end of certain stages of education). A similar hierarchy also passed to Russia with the development of higher education in it according to European standards.

In Russia, the title of "master" is introduced by the decree of Alexander I of January 24, 1803 "On the organization of schools." At the same time, the title of doctor was introduced, and later the title of candidate. The master occupied an intermediate position between a candidate (a person who graduated from the university with honors) and a doctor. The master's degree gave the right to the rank of titular adviser (grade 9 according to the Table of Ranks). The right to "grant academic degrees or merit" was granted to five universities: Moscow, Derpt (Yuryevsky, later Tartu), Kazan and Kharkov, as well as Vilna University, which was guided by a separate charter. Later, universities in Warsaw, Kyiv, St. Petersburg received the right to award academic degrees.

On January 20, 1819, an imperial decree adopted the "Regulations on the production of academic degrees", which unified the system of academic degrees and the requirements for them in institutions subordinate to the Department of Public Education.

The award of a master's degree was carried out after passing the master's exam (consisting of oral and written parts) and defending a dissertation at a meeting of the university faculty; in some cases a public lecture was also required. Preparation for the master's exam took up to 4 years, only isolated cases of preparation for such an exam in two years are known. Thus, the master's degree of the beginning of the 19th century could approximately correspond to a candidate of sciences.

Academic degrees in the Russian Empire gave the right to receive ranks of a certain class. The first legislative act introducing academic degrees in Russia (1803) established a correspondence between them and the Table of Ranks: if a candidate entered the public service, he received the rank of XII class (provincial secretary), master - IX (titular adviser), doctor - VIII (college assessor).

The principles and requirements for scientific certification in the 19th century were set out in the laws "On the organization of schools" (1803), "Regulations on the production of academic degrees" (1819), "Regulations on testing for academic degrees" (1837 and 1844). In 1864, the "Regulations on tests for the title of a valid student and for academic degrees" appeared, which remained in general terms unchanged until 1918.

Before the revolution, in the scientific and educational system of Russia, there were scientific degrees of a real student, candidate (more precisely, candidate of a university), master's degree and doctorate.

The composition and hierarchy of academic degrees changed in the 19th century. The triad "candidate" - "master" - "doctor" was the original, operating in 1803-1884. According to the “Regulations on the production of academic degrees” (1819), the triad was supplemented by the fourth (lowest) degree “real student”.

Currently

To obtain the degree of candidate or doctor of science, it is necessary to prepare a dissertation and defend it at a meeting of the dissertation council established at a university, research institute or other scientific institution. To defend a dissertation for the degree of Doctor, it is currently necessary to have a PhD degree, the defense of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science by persons who do not have a candidate degree, in accordance with the current "Regulations on the procedure for awarding academic degrees", is not provided. It should be noted that in this case, the correspondence or relatedness of the branches of sciences and specialties previously obtained (consecutively) of higher education, the degree of candidate of sciences and the degree of doctor of sciences being sought is actually not regulated in any way, except for cases of competition for scientific degrees in medical, veterinary and legal sciences, which are possible only if the applicant has a higher medical, veterinary or legal education, respectively. In fact, in practice, cases of obtaining a higher degree in a branch of science and a specialty unrelated to an existing one are recognized as quite acceptable and are not limited in any way by the Higher Attestation Commission: for example, a candidate of economic sciences by engineers (mathematicians, chemists), a doctorate in economic sciences by candidates, for example, technical and physical -mathematical sciences, etc. . The possibility of banning the acquisition of a scientific degree in medical and veterinary sciences by persons who do not have a specialized education in a magistracy or a specialist is being considered.

In most countries, the analogue of the Ph.D. degree is the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree and numerous equivalent degrees. The approximate analogue of the degree of Doctor of Science in countries with a "one-stage" system (for example, in the USA and Canada) of academic degrees is the Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degree, in countries with a "two-stage" system (for example, in Germany) - habilitated doctor.

Position of bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia

Prior to the implementation of the Bologna recommendations, bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia do not refer to academic degrees, but to qualifications (degrees) of graduates of educational institutions of higher professional education.

List of branches of science and academic degrees

Contemporary discussions

Currently, there is a discussion about the possibility of transferring the scientific qualification powers of the VAK to the academic councils of universities and research institutes (including non-state ones), as is done in many Western countries. Opponents of such a transfer express an opinion about the inevitable devaluation of the system of academic degrees and titles as a result of the loss of state control over the attestation of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel. One of the consequences of the public discussion can be considered the project "The concept of modernization of the certification system for highly qualified scientific personnel in the Russian Federation", implemented by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

This document, along with provisions on the transfer of part of the powers of the Higher Attestation Commission to state and private universities, provides for the possibility of public professional certification of highly qualified personnel not related to scientific and scientific-pedagogical activities. It is proposed that existing in a number of states, but not officially approved in Russia, the procedure for awarding professional doctoral degrees, similar to the degrees provided for by the UNESCO International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). It should be noted that this certification model, new for the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, has practically existed in Russia since 1998.

In February 2017, the Ministry of Education and Science proposed to allow only persons with a master's or specialist's qualification in medicine and veterinary medicine to receive degrees in the medical and veterinary sciences. The public comment procedure has begun and will end on April 16, 2017.

Surcharge (surcharge)

In Russia, in connection with the legislation, allowances (surcharges) to wages and monetary allowances are provided for if an employee or serviceman has degree [ ] .

see also

Notes

1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 24, 2013 N 842 "On the procedure for awarding scientific degrees" (indefinite) . Rossiyskaya gazeta (01.10.2013). Retrieved November 15, 2016.
2. Hawkins C.F. Write the MD Thesis // How To Do It. - 2nd edition. - London: British Medical Association, 1985. - ISBN 0-7279-0186-9.