The meaning of the word "tribe". Reasons for the emergence of tribes

Cayapo Indians

The Cayapo are a Brazilian tribe that live along the Xingu River in 44 separate villages linked by barely visible paths. They call themselves mebengokre, which means "people of the big water". Unfortunately, their "big water" will change drastically as the huge Belo Monte Dam is being built on the Xingu River. The 668 square kilometer reservoir will flood 388 square kilometers of forest, partially destroying the habitat of the Kayapo tribe. The Indians fought against the penetration of modern man for many centuries, fighting everyone from hunters and animal trappers to lumberjacks and rubber miners. They even successfully prevented the construction of the largest dam in 1989. Their population was once only 1,300, but has since grown to almost 8,000. The question today is how people will survive if their culture is threatened. Members of the Kayapo tribe are famous for their body painting, agriculture, and colorful headdresses. Modern technology is already infiltrating their lives - Kayapos drive motor boats, watch TV, or even harvest wood on Facebook.

Kalash

Nestled in the Pakistani mountains, on the border with the Taliban-controlled region of Afghanistan, is the most unusual tribe of white, European-looking people known as the Kalash. Many Kalash have blond hair and blue eyes, a stark contrast to their darker-skinned neighbors. Not only do the Kalash tribe differ in physical characteristics, they have a very different culture from Muslims. They are polytheistic, have a unique folklore, produce wine (which is forbidden in Muslim culture), wear brightly colored clothes, and give a lot more freedom to women. They are a decidedly happy, peaceful people who love to dance and host numerous annual festivals. No one knows for sure how this light-skinned tribe came to be in remote Pakistan, but the Kalash claim they are the long-lost descendants of Alexander the Great's army. DNA test evidence shows that they had an infusion of European blood during the time of Alexander's conquests, so there is a possibility that their stories are true. For many years, the surrounding Muslims persecuted the Kalash and forced many to convert to Islam. Today, approximately 4,000-6,000 members of the tribe remain, mainly engaged in agriculture.

Cahuilla tribe

While southern California is most often associated with Hollywood, surfers and actors, the area is home to 9 Indian reservations inhabited by the ancient Cahuilla people. They have lived in the Coachella Valley for over 3,000 years and settled there when the prehistoric Lake Cahuilla still existed. Despite problems with disease, gold rushes, and persecution, this tribe managed to survive, although it dwindled to 3,000 people. They have lost much of their heritage, and the unique Cahuilla language is on the brink of extinction. This dialect is a mixture of Ute and Aztec languages, in which only 35 elderly people can speak. At present, the elders are trying hard to pass on their language, “bird songs” and other cultural characteristics to the younger generation. Like most of the indigenous peoples of North America, they faced the problem of assimilation into the wider community in an attempt to maintain their old traditions.

Tribe Spinifex

The Spinifex tribe, or Pila Nguru, are indigenous people living in the Great Desert of Victoria. They have lived in one of the harshest climates for life for at least 15,000 years. Even after the Europeans settled in Australia, this tribe was not affected, as they occupied a too dry, inhospitable environment. Everything changed in the 1950s, when the land of Spinifex, not suitable for agriculture, was chosen for nuclear testing. In 1953, the British and Australian governments detonated nuclear bombs in the homeland of the Spinifex, without any consent and after a short warning. Most Aboriginal people were displaced and did not return to their homeland until the late 1980s. Upon their return, they faced heavy opposition in their attempt to legally claim the area as their own. Interestingly, their beautiful artwork helped prove the Spinifex's deep connection to this land, after which they were recognized as indigenous in 1997. Their artwork has received massive recognition and has appeared in art exhibitions around the world. It is difficult to count how many members of the tribe exist at the moment, but one of their largest communities, known as Tjuntyuntyara, has approximately 180-220 people.

Bataki

The Philippine island of Palawan is home to the Batak people, the most genetically diverse tribe on the planet. They are believed to be of a Negroid-Australoid race, distantly related to the people from whom we are all descended. This means that they are the descendants of one of the first groups that left Africa about 70,000 years ago and traveled from the Asian mainland to the Philippines about 20,000 years later. Typical of Negroids, Bataks are small in stature and have strange, unusual hair. Traditionally, women wear sarongs while men only cover their bodies with a loincloth and feathers or jewels. The whole commune works together to hunt and harvest, after which they have celebrations. In general, Bataks are a shy, peaceful people who prefer to hide deep in the jungle without confrontation with outsiders. Like other local tribes, disease, land grabs, and other modern invasions have devastated the Batak population. Currently, there are approximately 300-500 people. Ironically, among the biggest dangers to the tribe has been environmental protection. The Philippine government has banned logging in certain protected areas, and the Batak traditionally practice tree cutting. Without the ability to grow food efficiently, many suffer from malnutrition.

Andamanese

Andamanese are also classified as Negroid, but due to their extremely short stature (adult males are below 150 centimeters) they are commonly referred to as Pygmies. They inhabit the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Like the Batak, the Andamanese are one of the first groups to migrate out of Africa, and developed in isolation until the 18th century. Up until the 19th century, they didn't even know how to make a fire. The Andamanese are divided into separate tribes, each with their own culture and language. One group disappeared when its last member died at the age of 85 in 2010. Another group, the Sentinelese, resists outside contact so fiercely that even in today's technological world, very little is known about them. Those who have not integrated into the larger Indian culture still live like their ancestors. For example, they use a single type of weapon, a bow and arrow, to hunt pig, turtle, and fish. Men and women collect roots, tubers and honey together. Obviously, their lifestyle is working for them, as doctors rate the health and nutritional status of the Andamanese as "optimal". The biggest problems they have is the impact of Indian settlers and tourists who force them to leave the land, bring diseases and treat these people like animals in a safari park. Although the exact size of the tribe is not known, as some still live in isolation, there are approximately 400-500 Andamanese in existence.

Piraha Tribe

Although there are many small primitive tribes throughout Brazil and the Amazon, the Pirahã stands out because they have their own culture and language, unlike many other people on the planet. This tribe has some bizarre features. They do not have colors, numbers, past tenses, or subordinate clauses. While some might call this language simplistic, these features are the result of Pirahã values ​​that live only in the present moment. Also, because they live fully together, they have no need to ration and share property. A lot of unnecessary words are weeded out when you don't have any history, don't have to track anything, and only trust what you see. In general, Pirahã differ from Westerners in almost every way. They sincerely rejected all kinds of missionaries, like all modern technologies. They have no leader and do not need to exchange resources with other people or tribes. Even after hundreds of years of external contact, this group of 300 has remained largely unchanged since ancient times.

People of Takuu Atoll

The people of Takuu Atoll are Polynesian in origin, but are considered one of the isolated cultures, as they live in the Melanesia region instead of the Polynesian triangle. Takuu Atoll has a particularly distinct culture that some call the most traditionally Polynesian. This is because the Takuu tribe is extremely protective of their way of life and protected from suspicious strangers. They even enforced the ban on missionaries for 40 years. They still live in traditional thatched buildings. Unlike most of us, who spend most of our time at work, the Takuu dedicate 20-30 hours a week to singing and dancing. Surprisingly, they have over 1,000 songs that they repeat from memory. 400 members of the tribe are connected in one way or another, and they are controlled by one leader. Unfortunately, climate change could destroy the Takuu's way of life as the ocean will soon swallow their island. Rising sea levels have already polluted freshwater sources and flooded crops, and although the community has created dams, they are proving to be ineffective.

Spirit Tribe

The Dukha are the last group of nomadic herders of Mongolia with a history dating back to the Tang Dynasty. There are about 300 members of the tribe left, carefully guarding their cold homeland and believing in the sacred forest, where the ghosts of their ancestors live. Resources are scarce in this cold, mountainous region, so the Spirits rely on reindeer for milk, cheese, transportation, hunting, and tourism. However, due to the small size of the tribe, the Spirit's way of life is in jeopardy as the reindeer population is rapidly declining. There are many factors contributing to this decline, but the most important are over-hunting and predation. Making matters worse, the discovery of gold in northern Mongolia has brought a mining industry that is destroying local wildlife. With so many challenges, many young people are leaving their ancient roots behind and choosing to live in the city.

El Molo

The ancient El Molo tribe in Kenya is the smallest tribe in the country and also faces many threats. Due to the near-constant harassment of other groups, they have already isolated themselves on the remote shoreline of Lake Terkana, but still can't breathe easy. The tribe depends solely on fish and aquatic animals for survival and trade. Unfortunately, their lake evaporates 30 centimeters every year. This contributes to water pollution and a decrease in fish populations. Now it takes them a week to catch the same amount of fish they previously caught in a day. El Molo has to take risks and dive into crocodile-infested waters for the sake of the catch. There is fierce competition for fish and the El Molos are under threat of being invaded by warring neighboring tribes. On top of these environmental hazards, the tribe suffers cholera outbreaks every few years that wipe out most of the people. The average life expectancy of El Molo is only 30-45 years. There are approximately 200 of them, and anthropologists estimate that only 40 of them are "pure" El Molo.

ethnic type. community and social organization report. society. Distinguish. feature of this type of ethnic. The community is served by the existence of blood relations between its members, the division into genera and phratries. Other signs of P. are: the presence of a tribal territory, a certain economic. a community of fellow tribesmen, expressed, for example, in collective hunts and customs of mutual assistance, a single tribal language, tribal identity and self-name, and among the tribes of the era of a developed tribal system, there is also tribal self-government, consisting of a tribal council, military. and civil leaders. This stage is characterized by the presence of tribal cults and holidays. According to the most generally accepted point of view, P. in its infancy arises simultaneously with the genus (according to another, a little later than it), since the exogamy of the latter implies the presence of permanent ties (household, cultural, ideological, and, above all, marriage) as between at least two tribal groups. P. usually exists before the transition to the class. society. The expansion of property is preceded by the development of property. stratification, the emergence of tribal nobility, an increase in the role of the military. leaders, the emergence of alliances of tribes. In surviving forms, P. can also be preserved in the class. society, intertwined with the slave owner., feud. and capitalist. relations (tribes of nomadic Arabs, Tuareg, Kurds, Afghans, etc.). Lit .: Engels F., The origin of the family, private property and the state, K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., Vol. 21; Morgan L. G., Ancient Society, trans. from English. L., 1934; Butinov N. A., On the primitive linguistic. continuity in Australia, SE, 1951, No 2; Kosven M. O., On the historical. the ratio of clan and tribe, ibid.; Formozov A. A., On time and history. conditions for the formation of a tribal organization, "CA", 1957, No l; Pershits A. I., Tribe, nationality and nation in Saudi Arabia, "SE", 1961, No 5; Tokarev S. A., The problem of ethnic types. communities, "VF", 1964, No 11. L. A. Feinberg. Moscow.

PL'EMYA, b. and dates. tribe, tribe, tribe, pl. tribes, tribes (tribes obsolete), tribes, cf. 1. In a pre-class society - a collection of people, usually similar in physical type, united (in one form or another) by tribal relations ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Life on Earth originated a very long time ago, namely about 3.7 billion years ago. The evolution continues today. Man does not stand still and constantly develops. Today we live in a modern society, and in ancient times people existed in tribes. However, such unions did not appear immediately, but only some time after the birth of man. What is the meaning of the word "tribe"? And for what purpose were they created in primitive society?

The meaning of the word "tribe" among primitive people

A tribe is a certain group of people, ethnic and social, connected by family ties, territory, culture or language. Or several connections at once. In a primitive society, the emergence of a community is not surprising. People needed to build a shelter, get food, protect themselves from wild animals. As you know, it is not so easy to cope with everything alone.

A tribe based on family ties, that is, as we now say a family, has always existed. The first step towards the creation of large communities was the reunification of several families into one large group for the purpose of hunting. For a successful hunt had to change territory. Over time, such societies became larger and larger. People were reunited in groups that often had a common ancestor. Over the course of life, these unions grew more and more. As a result, tribes appeared. The meaning of the word today is familiar to everyone. And what was their way of life?

About life in a primitive society

Their life plan was quite simple. The strongest members of the tribe, of course, were the men. The main biological need - the need for food was satisfied by men. They were the ones who hunted. People, as a rule, in those days had practically no free time, there was enough work for everyone. And this is natural, because the main goal of primitive society is to feed themselves and their tribe. By the way, the forms of social life appeared precisely thanks to hunting, during which men acted together. In the primitive system, they were considered the main persons, because the life of the whole tribe depended on them.

The same important persons were considered and children - those on whom the continuation of the family depended. It is worth saying that the tribe is not only a blood relationship. What else was it characterized in primitive society?

The meaning of the word "tribe" in history

Primitive unions became more complicated over time. Initially, the meaning of the word "tribe" meant a common territory, division into clans, a common economy, as well as customs.

After some time, the meaning of the word "tribe" began to mean self-government, included a special council, leaders and military. But this already happened at a later stage. The mixing of tribes and conquests in different territories led to the emergence of ethnic communities. Some peoples are still tribes.

So we figured out the meaning of the word "tribe". By the way, some of these communities have survived to this day. Scientists even specifically looking for them. Seeing the tribes with your own eyes is quite interesting. These people have never seen TV, and certainly have no idea what the Internet is.

(English tribe, from Latin tribus), a type of ethnic community and socio-potestar structure, until recently theoretically associated mainly with the early stages of social evolution.

Watch value Tribe in other dictionaries

Tribe- cf. (fruit) in a broad sense: a kind of animal. All tribes of the earth. human, all people. | Knee, generation, genus, offspring. Pozharsky died out and died out. | offspring. | People,........
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Tribe Sr.— 1. Ethnic and social community of people connected by tribal relations, territory, culture, language and self-name. // trans. obsolete People, nation. 2. transfer .........
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

Tribe- R. etc. tribe, tribe, tribe, pl. tribes, tribes (tribes obsolete), tribes, cf. 1. In a pre-class society - a collection of people, usually similar in physical type, united ........
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Tribe- tribe; pl. tribes, -men, -menam; cf.
1. The type of ethnic community and social organization of the era of the primitive communal system (blood relations between members, ........
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov

Tribe- A common Slavic word that goes back to the same stem as the noun fruit (with a modified root vowel).
Etymological Dictionary of Krylov

Tribe- the type of ethnic community and social organization of primitive society. Characteristic: consanguinity between its members, division into clans and phratries, common territory, ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Tribe— ethnic type. community and social organization report. society. Distinguish. feature of this type of ethnic. community is the existence of blood relations between its members, ........
Soviet historical encyclopedia

Tribe- the type of ethnic community and social organization of the era of the primitive communal system. P. is characterized by consanguinity between its members, division into genera, phratries ........
Sexological Encyclopedia

Tribe- - English. tribe; German Stamm. The type of ethnosocial community, characterized by collective property, a common language, a specific social. organization (general meeting, ........
sociological dictionary

Tribe And Tribal Society- (tride and tribbal society) - 1. (Usual meaning) a pastoral society or a society of primitive agriculture, whose members have common cultural or linguistic characteristics, ........
sociological dictionary

Tribe- - the type of ethnic community and social organization of the era of the primitive communal system. Characteristic: consanguinity between its members, division into clans and phratries, ........
Philosophical Dictionary

TRIBE- TRIBE, -meni, pl. -mena, -men, -menam, cf. 1. Ethnic and social community of people connected by tribal relations, territory, culture, language and self-name. Primitive........
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov