“Concretely historical and eternal in the stories of Ivan Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco” and “Brothers.

The writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is rightfully considered the last Russian classic, and a true discoverer of modern literature. The famous revolutionary writer Maxim Gorky also wrote about this in his notes.

Philosophical issues Bunin’s works include a huge range of topics and questions that were relevant during the writer’s lifetime and which remain relevant today.

Philosophical reflections of Bunin

Philosophical problems which the writer touches on in his works were very different. Here are just a few of them:

The decomposition of the world of the peasants and the collapse of the old rural way of life.
The fate of the Russian people.
Love and loneliness.
The meaning of human life.

The first theme about the decomposition of the world of peasants and the collapse of the village and ordinary way of life can be attributed to Bunin’s work “Village”. This story tells how the life of village men changes, changing not only their way of life, but also their moral values and concepts.

One of the philosophical problems that Ivan Alekseevich raises in his work relates to the fate of the Russian people, who were not happy and were not free. He talked about this in his works “Village” and “ Antonov apples».

Bunin is known throughout the world as the most beautiful and subtle lyricist. For the writer, love was a special feeling that could not last long. He devotes his cycle of stories to this topic “ Dark alleys", which is both sad and lyrical.

Bunin, both as a person and as a writer, was concerned about the morality of our society. He dedicated his work “Mr. from San Francisco” to this, where he shows the callousness and indifference of bourgeois society.

All the works of the great master of words are characterized by philosophical issues.

The collapse of peasant life and the world

One of the works where the writer raises philosophical problems is the burning story “The Village”. It contrasts two heroes: Tikhon and Kuzma. Despite the fact that Tikhon and Kuzma are brothers, these images are opposite. It is no coincidence that the author endowed his characters with different qualities. This is a reflection of reality. Tikhon is a wealthy peasant, a kulak, and Kuzma is a poor peasant who himself learned to write poetry and was good at it.

The plot of the story takes the reader to the beginning of the twentieth century, when in the village people were starving, turning into beggars. But in this village the ideas of revolution suddenly appear and the peasants, ragged and hungry, come to life listening to them. But poor, illiterate people do not have the patience to delve into political nuances; they very soon become indifferent to what is happening.

The writer writes with bitterness in the story that these peasants are incapable of decisive actions. They do not interfere in any way, and do not even try to prevent the devastation native land, poor villages, allowing their indifference and inactivity to ruin their native places. Ivan Alekseevich suggests that the reason for this is their lack of independence. This can also be heard from the main character, who admits:

“I can’t think, I’m not educated”

Bunin shows that this deficiency appeared among the peasants due to the fact that for a long time Serfdom existed in the country.

The fate of the Russian people

The author of such wonderful works, both the story “The Village” and the story “Antonov Apples” bitterly talk about how the Russian people suffer and how difficult their fate is. It is known that Bunin himself never belonged to peasant world. His parents were nobles. But Ivan Alekseevich, like many nobles of that time, was attracted to the study of the psychology of the common man. The writer tried to understand the origins and foundations national character a simple man.

Studying the peasant and his history, the author tried to find in him not only negative, but also positive traits. Therefore, he does not see a significant difference between a peasant and a landowner, this is especially felt in the plot of the story “Antonov Apples,” which tells how the village lived. The small nobility and peasants worked and celebrated holidays together. This is especially evident during the harvest in the garden, when Antonov apples smell strong and pleasant.

In such times, the author himself loved to wander in the garden, listening to the voices of men, observing changes in nature. The writer also loved fairs, when the fun began, the men played the harmonica, and the women put on beautiful and bright outfits. At such times it was good to wander around the garden and listen to the conversation of the peasants. And although, according to Bunin, nobles are people who carry the true high culture, but simple men, peasants also contributed to the formation of Russian culture and spiritual world of your country.

Bunin's love and loneliness

Almost all of Ivan Alekseevich’s works that were written in exile are poetic. Love for him is a small moment that cannot last forever, so the author in his stories shows how it fades away under the influence life circumstances, or at the will of one of the characters. But the theme leads the reader much deeper - this is loneliness. It can be traced and felt in many works. Far from his homeland, abroad, Bunin missed his native places.

Bunin’s story “In Paris” talks about how love can break out far from the homeland, but it is not real, since two people are completely alone. Nikolai Platanich, the hero of the story “In Paris,” left his homeland long ago because white officer could not come to terms with what was happening in his homeland. And here, far from his homeland, he accidentally meets beautiful woman. They have a lot in common with Olga Alexandrovna. The heroes of the work speak the same language, their views on the world coincide, and they are both alone. Their souls reached out to each other. Far from Russia, from their homeland, they fall in love.

When Nikolai Platanich, the main character, dies suddenly and completely unexpectedly in the subway, Olga Alexandrovna returns to an empty and lonely house, where she experiences incredible sadness, bitterness of loss and emptiness in her soul. This emptiness has now settled in her soul forever, because lost values cannot be replenished far from her native land.

The meaning of human life

Relevance Bunin's works is that it raises questions of morality. This problem of his works concerned not only the society and the time when the writer lived, but also our modern one. This is one of the biggest philosophical problems that will always face human society.

Immorality, according to the great writer, does not appear immediately, and it is impossible to notice it even at the beginning. But then it grows into some kind of turning point begins to give rise to the most terrible consequences. The immorality growing in society hits the people themselves, making them suffer.

An excellent confirmation of this could be famous story Ivan Alekseevich "Mr. from San Francisco." Main character doesn't think about morality or his own spiritual development. He only dreams of this - to get rich. And he subordinates everything to this goal. For many years of his life he works hard without developing as a person. And so, when he was already 50 years old, he achieves material well-being, which I have always dreamed of. The main character does not set himself another, higher goal.

Together with his family, where there is no love and mutual understanding, he goes on a long and distant journey, which he pays in advance. Visiting historical monuments it turns out that neither he nor his family are interested in them. Material assets crowded out interest in beauty.

The main character of this story has no name. It is Bunin who deliberately does not give the rich millionaire a name, showing that the entire bourgeois world consists of such soulless members. The story vividly and accurately describes another world that is constantly working. They have no money, and they don’t have as much fun as the rich do, and the basis of their life is work. They die in poverty and in the holds, but the fun on the ship does not stop because of this. The cheerful and carefree life does not stop even when one of them dies. The millionaire without a name is simply moved away so that his body is not in the way.

A society where there is no sympathy, pity, where people do not experience any feelings, where they do not know beautiful moments of love - this is a dead society that cannot have a future, but they also do not have a present. And the whole world, which is built on the power of money, is an inanimate world, it is an artificial way of life. After all, even the wife and daughter do not feel compassion for the death of a rich millionaire; rather, it is regret about the spoiled trip. These people do not know why they were born into this world, and therefore they simply ruin their lives. Deep meaning human life inaccessible to them.

The moral foundations of Ivan Bunin's works will never become outdated, so his works will always be readable. The philosophical problems that Ivan Alekseevich shows in his works were continued by other writers. Among them are A. Kuprin, M. Bulgakov, and B. Pasternak. All of them showed love, loyalty, and honesty in their works. After all, a society without these important moral categories it simply cannot exist.

Composition

I. A. Bunin describes with extraordinary skill in his works full of harmonies natural world. His favorite heroes are endowed with the gift of subtly perceiving the world around us, the beauty of their native land, which allows them to feel life in all its fullness. After all, a person’s ability to see beauty around him brings peace and a feeling of unity with nature into his soul, helps him better understand himself and other people.
We see that not many heroes of Bunin’s works are given the opportunity to feel the harmony of the world around them. Most often this ordinary people, already wise life experience. After all, only with age does the world open to a person in all its completeness and diversity. And even then, not everyone can comprehend it. The old farmhand Averky from the story “The Thin Grass” is one of those heroes of Bunin who achieved spiritual harmony.
This no longer a young man, who has seen a lot in his life, does not experience horror from the knowledge of approaching death. He waits for it resignedly and humbly, because he perceives it as eternal peace, deliverance from vanity. Memory constantly takes Averky back to “distant twilight on the river”, when he met “that young, sweet one, who now looked at him indifferently and pitifully with senile eyes.” This man carried his love throughout his life. Thinking about this, Averky recalls both the “soft twilight in the meadow” and the shallow creek, turning pink from the dawn, against which a girl’s figure can be seen.
We see how nature participates in the life of this hero Bunin. Twilight on the river now, when Averky is close to death, is replaced by autumn withering: “Dying, the grass dried up and rotted. The threshing floor became empty and bare. A mill in a deserted field became visible through the vines. The rain sometimes gave way to snow, the wind howled through the holes of the barn, angry and cold.” The onset of winter caused in the hero of “The Thin Grass” a surge of life, a feeling of the joy of being. “Ah, in winter there was a long-familiar, always pleasing winter feeling! First snow, first blizzard! The fields turned white, drowned in it - hide in a hut for six months! In white snowy fields, in a snowstorm - wilderness, game, and in a hut - comfort, peace. They will sweep the bumpy earthen floors clean, scrub them, wash the table, heat the stove with fresh straw - good!” In just a few sentences Bunin created a magnificent living picture winter.
Like his favorite heroes, the writer believes that the natural world contains something eternal and beautiful that is beyond the control of man with his earthly passions. Laws of life human society, on the contrary, lead to cataclysms and shocks. This world is unstable, it is devoid of harmony. This can be seen in the example of the life of the peasantry on the eve of the first Russian revolution in Bunin’s story “The Village”. In this work, the author, along with moral and aesthetic problems, touches on social problems caused by the reality of the early 20th century.
The events of the first Russian revolution, reflected in the village in peasant gatherings, burning landowner estates, and the revelry of the poor, brought discord into the usual rhythm of life in the village. There is a lot in the story characters. Her characters are trying to understand their surroundings, to find some kind of support for themselves. So, Tikhon Krasov found it in money, deciding that it gives confidence in the future. He devotes his entire life to accumulating wealth, even marrying for profit. But Tikhon never finds happiness, especially since he has no heirs to whom he could pass on his wealth. His brother Kuzma, a self-taught poet, is also trying to find the truth, deeply experiencing the troubles of his village. Kuzma Krasov cannot calmly look at the poverty, backwardness and downtroddenness of the peasants, their inability to rationally organize their lives. And the events of the revolution further aggravate social problems villages are destroyed by normal human relations, pose insoluble problems to the heroes of the story.
The Krasov brothers are extraordinary individuals who are looking for their place in life and ways to improve it not only for themselves, but also for the entire Russian peasantry. They both come to criticize the negative aspects peasant life. Tikhon is amazed that in the fertile black earth region there can be hunger, ruin and poverty. “The owner should come here, the owner!” - he thinks. Kuzma considers the reason for this situation of the peasants to be their profound ignorance and downtroddenness, for which he blames not only the peasants themselves, but also the government “empty talkers” who “trampled and killed the people.”
The problem of human relationships and the connection of a person with the world around him is also revealed in the story “Sukhodol”. At the center of the narrative in this work is the life of an impoverished noble family Khrushchev and their servants. The fate of the Khrushchevs is tragic. Young lady Tonya goes crazy, Pyotr Petrovich dies under the hooves of a horse, and the feeble-minded grandfather Pyotr Kirillovich dies at the hands of a serf. Bunin shows in this story the extent to which human relationships can be strange and abnormal. This is what the former serf nanny of the Khrushchevs, Natalya, says about the relationship between masters and servants: “Gervaska bullied the barchuk and grandfather, but the young lady bullied me. Barchuk - and, to tell the truth, grandfather themselves - doted on Gervaska, and I doted on her.” And what does such a bright feeling as love lead to in “Sukhodol”? To dementia, shame and emptiness. The absurdity of human relationships is contrasted with the beauty of Sukhodol, its wide expanses of steppe with their smells, colors and sounds. The world around us is beautiful in Natalya’s stories, in the conspiracies and spells of holy fools, sorcerers, wanderers, wandering around native land.
“There is no nature separate from us, every slightest movement of air is the movement of our own soul,” wrote Bunin. In his works, imbued with deep love to Russia and its people, the writer was able to prove this. For the writer himself, the nature of Russia was that beneficial force that gives a person everything: joy, wisdom, beauty, a sense of the integrity of the world:

No, it’s not the landscape that attracts me,
It’s not the colors that I’m trying to notice,
And what shines in these colors -
Love and joy of being.

From birth, a person is among people. He grows, matures, becomes part of this very society. Since a person constantly communicates with people, moves in his circle, he depends on society, which shapes his character, worldview, lifestyle, and habits. It’s not for nothing that people say: “Whoever you mess with, that’s how you’ll gain.”

Russian writers often reflected on this topic in their works.

The interaction between man and society is clearly shown in the story “The Master from San Francisco” by I.A. Bunina

Events begin on a huge white ship with the catchy name “Atlantis”, which sets off to travel from America to Europe. Rich people have fun, sleep, eat, pretend to live. The entire narrative is based on contrast: a sparkling festive deck and a black, rumbling hold. Thanks to this technique, the writer shows the striking gap between those who work and those who use these works. There is practically no plot. During the trip, a rich tourist dies, who would like to live and live. A gentleman from San Francisco has died. The author does not give him a name, the reader knows little about his past. The goal of his entire previous life: to become as rich as possible, he spared neither his strength nor the strength of his many workers. Even going to Europe for two years, he cannot make a travel plan himself.

He simply borrows from those he wants to follow as an example. The voyage does not bring much pleasure. But the rich tourist carries out a clearly defined plan. Only life makes its own adjustments. The American has never thought about the transience of life, and therefore death comes at the most inopportune moment. At that very moment when the gentleman dreams of earthly things: oh delicious lunch, O beautiful girl, about money.

And what about the people surrounding him on this luxurious journey? For them, this millionaire is no longer a person from their circle. This is just an unpleasant incident that ruined their long-awaited vacation. A soulless society, for which only money has value, is incapable of empathy. Way back home is far from the pomp with which the gentleman set off on a long journey. He is secretly sent from the island not in a coffin, but in an ordinary soda box. We need to get rid of this problem quickly. Thus, the author shows that from false power to insignificance is one moment.

If people are obsessed with ideas of wealth and power, then society becomes unhealthy. Therefore, only through self-improvement can the world around us be made better.

Updated: 2018-10-07

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I. A. Bunin with extraordinary skill describes in his works the natural world full of harmony. His favorite heroes are endowed with the gift of subtly perceiving the world around them, the beauty of their native land, which allows them to feel life in all its fullness. After all, a person’s ability to see beauty around him brings peace and a feeling of unity with nature into his soul, helps him better understand himself and other people.

We see that not many heroes of Bunin’s works are given the opportunity to feel the harmony of the world around them. Most often these are simple people, already wise from life experience. After all, only with age does the world open to a person in all its completeness and diversity. And even then, not everyone can comprehend it. The old farmhand Averky from the story “The Thin Grass” is one of those heroes of Bunin who achieved spiritual harmony.

This no longer a young man, who has seen a lot in his life, does not experience horror from the knowledge of approaching death. He waits for it resignedly and humbly, because he perceives it as eternal peace, deliverance from vanity. Memory constantly returns Averky to the “distant twilight on the river”, when he met “that young, sweet one, who now looked at him indifferently and pitifully with senile eyes.” This man carried his love throughout his life. Thinking about this, Averky remembers both the “soft twilight in the meadow” and the shallow creek, turning pink from the dawn, against which a girl’s figure can be seen.

We see how nature participates in the life of this hero Bunin. Twilight on the river now, when Averky is close to death, gives way to autumn withering: “Dying, the grass dried up and rotted. The threshing floor became empty and bare. A mill in a deserted field became visible through the vines. The rain sometimes gave way to snow, the wind howled through the holes of the barn, angry and cold.” The onset of winter caused in the hero of “The Thin Grass” a surge of life, a feeling of the joy of being. “Ah, in winter there was a long-familiar, always pleasing winter feeling! First snow, first blizzard! The fields turned white, drowned in it - hide in a hut for six months! In white snowy fields, in a snowstorm - wilderness, game, and in a hut - comfort, peace. They will sweep the bumpy earthen floors clean, scrub them, wash the table, heat the stove with fresh straw - good!” In just a few sentences, Bunin created a magnificent living picture of winter.

Like his favorite heroes, the writer believes that the natural world contains something eternal and beautiful that is beyond the control of man with his earthly passions. The laws of life of human society, on the contrary, lead to cataclysms and upheavals. This world is unstable, it is devoid of harmony. This can be seen in the example of the life of the peasantry on the eve of the first Russian revolution in Bunin’s story “The Village”. In this work, the author, along with moral and aesthetic problems, touches on social problems caused by the reality of the early 20th century.

The events of the first Russian revolution, reflected in the village in peasant gatherings, burning landowner estates, and the revelry of the poor, brought discord into the usual rhythm of life in the village. There are many characters in the story. Her characters are trying to understand their surroundings, to find some kind of support for themselves. So, Tikhon Krasov found it in money, deciding that it gives confidence in the future. He devotes his entire life to accumulating wealth, even marrying for profit. But Tikhon never finds happiness, especially since he has no heirs to whom he could pass on his wealth. His brother Kuzma, a self-taught poet, is also trying to find the truth, deeply experiencing the troubles of his village. Kuzma Krasov cannot calmly look at the poverty, backwardness and downtroddenness of the peasants, their inability to rationally organize their lives. And the events of the revolution further aggravate the social problems of the village, destroy normal human relationships, and pose insoluble problems for the heroes of the story.

The Krasov brothers are extraordinary individuals who are looking for their place in life and ways to improve it not only for themselves, but also for the entire Russian peasantry. They both come to criticize the negative aspects of peasant life. Tikhon is amazed that in the fertile black earth region there can be hunger, ruin and poverty. “The owner should come here, the owner!” - he thinks. Kuzma considers the reason for this situation of the peasants to be their profound ignorance and downtroddenness, for which he blames not only the peasants themselves, but also the government “empty talkers” who “trampled and killed the people.”

The problem of human relationships and the connection of a person with the world around him is also revealed in the story “Sukhodol”. At the center of the narrative in this work is the life of the impoverished noble family of the Khrushchevs and their servants. The fate of the Khrushchevs is tragic. Young lady Tonya goes crazy, Pyotr Petrovich dies under the hooves of a horse, and the feeble-minded grandfather Pyotr Kirillovich dies at the hands of a serf. Bunin shows in this story the extent to which human relationships can be strange and abnormal. This is what the former serf nanny of the Khrushchevs, Natalya, says about the relationship between masters and servants: “Gervaska bullied the barchuk and grandfather, and the young lady bullied me. Barchuk - and, to tell the truth, grandfather themselves - doted on Gervaska, and I doted on her.” And what does such a bright feeling as love lead to in “Sukhodol”? To dementia, shame and emptiness. The absurdity of human relationships is contrasted with the beauty of Sukhodol, its wide expanses of steppe with their smells, colors and sounds. The world around us is beautiful in Natalya’s stories, in the conspiracies and spells of holy fools, sorcerers, wanderers wandering around their native land.

“There is no nature separate from us, every slightest movement of air is the movement of our own soul,” wrote Bunin. In his works, imbued with deep love for Russia and its people, the writer was able to prove this. For the writer himself, the nature of Russia was that beneficial force that gives a person everything: joy, wisdom, beauty, a sense of the integrity of the world:

No, it’s not the landscape that attracts me,

It’s not the colors that I’m trying to notice,

And what shines in these colors -

Love and joy of being.

In the forest, in the mountain, a spring, alive and sonorous,
An old cabbage roll above the spring
With a blackened popular print icon,
And in the spring there is birch bark.
I do not love, O Rus', your timid
Thousands of years of slave poverty,
But this cross, but this ladle is white
Humble, dear features!
I. A. Bunin
I. A. Bunin with extraordinary skill describes in his works the world of nature, full of harmonies. His favorite heroes are endowed with the gift of subtly perceiving the world around them, the beauty of their native land, which allows them to feel life in all its fullness. After all, a person’s ability to see beauty around him brings peace and a feeling of unity with nature into his soul, helps him better understand himself and other people.
We see that not many heroes of Bunin’s works are given the opportunity to feel the harmony of the world around them. Most often these are simple people, already wise from life experience. After all, only with age does the world open to a person in all its completeness and diversity. And even then, not everyone can comprehend it. The old farmhand Averky from the story “The Thin Grass” is one of those heroes of Bunin who achieved spiritual harmony.
This no longer a young man, who has seen a lot in his life, does not experience horror from the knowledge of approaching death. He waits for it resignedly and humbly, because he perceives it as eternal peace, deliverance from vanity. Memory constantly takes Averky back to “distant twilight on the river”, when he met “that young, sweet one, who now looked at him indifferently and pitifully with senile eyes.” This man carried his love throughout his life. Thinking about this, Averky recalls both the “soft twilight in the meadow” and the shallow creek, turning pink from the dawn, against which a girl’s figure can be seen.
We see how nature participates in the life of this hero Bunin. Twilight on the river now, when Averky is close to death, is replaced by autumn withering: “Dying, the grass dried up and rotted. The threshing floor became empty and bare. A mill in a deserted field became visible through the vines. The rain sometimes gave way to snow, the wind howled through the holes of the barn, angry and cold.” The onset of winter caused in the hero of “The Thin Grass” a surge of life, a feeling of the joy of being. “Ah, in winter there was a long-familiar, always pleasing winter feeling! First snow, first blizzard! The fields turned white, drowned in it - hide in a hut for six months! In white snowy fields, in a snowstorm - wilderness, game, and in a hut - comfort, peace. They will sweep the bumpy earthen floors clean, scrub them, wash the table, heat the stove with fresh straw - good!” In just a few sentences, Bunin created a magnificent living picture of winter.
Like his favorite heroes, the writer believes that the natural world contains something eternal and beautiful that is beyond the control of man with his earthly passions. The laws of life of human society, on the contrary, lead to cataclysms and upheavals. This world is unstable, it is devoid of harmony. This can be seen in the example of the life of the peasantry on the eve of the first Russian revolution in Bunin’s story “The Village”. In this work, the author, along with moral and aesthetic problems, touches on social problems caused by the reality of the early 20th century.
The events of the first Russian revolution, reflected in the village in peasant gatherings, burning landowner estates, and the revelry of the poor, brought discord into the usual rhythm of life in the village. There are many characters in the story. Her characters are trying to understand their surroundings, to find some kind of support for themselves. So, Tikhon Krasov found it in money, deciding that it gives confidence in the future. He devotes his entire life to accumulating wealth, even marrying for profit. But Tikhon never finds happiness, especially since he has no heirs to whom he could pass on his wealth. His brother Kuzma, a self-taught poet, is also trying to find the truth, deeply experiencing the troubles of his village. Kuzma Krasov cannot calmly look at the poverty, backwardness and downtroddenness of the peasants, their inability to rationally organize their lives. And the events of the revolution further aggravate the social problems of the village, destroy normal human relationships, and pose insoluble problems for the heroes of the story.
The Krasov brothers are extraordinary individuals who are looking for their place in life and ways to improve it not only for themselves, but also for the entire Russian peasantry. They both come to criticize the negative aspects of peasant life. Tikhon is amazed that in the fertile black earth region there can be hunger, ruin and poverty. “The owner should come here, the owner!” - he thinks. Kuzma considers the reason for this situation of the peasants to be their profound ignorance and downtroddenness, for which he blames not only the peasants themselves, but also the government “empty talkers” who “trampled and killed the people.”
The problem of human relationships and the connection of a person with the world around him is also revealed in the story “Sukhodol”. At the center of the narrative in this work is the life of the impoverished noble family of the Khrushchevs and their servants. The fate of the Khrushchevs is tragic. Young lady Tonya goes crazy, Pyotr Petrovich dies under the hooves of a horse, and the feeble-minded grandfather Pyotr Kirillovich dies at the hands of a serf. Bunin shows in this story the extent to which human relationships can be strange and abnormal. This is what the former serf nanny of the Khrushchevs, Natalya, says about the relationship between masters and servants: “Gervaska bullied the barchuk and grandfather, but the young lady bullied me. Barchuk – and, to tell the truth, grandfather themselves – doted on Gervaska, and I doted on her.” And what does such a bright feeling as love lead to in “Sukhodol”? To dementia, shame and emptiness. The absurdity of human relationships is contrasted with the beauty of Sukhodol, its wide expanses of steppe with their smells, colors and sounds. The world around us is beautiful in Natalya’s stories, in the conspiracies and spells of holy fools, sorcerers, wanderers wandering around their native land.
“There is no nature separate from us; every slightest movement of air is the movement of our own soul,” wrote Bunin. In his works, imbued with deep love for Russia and its people, the writer was able to prove this. For the writer himself, the nature of Russia was that beneficial force that gives a person everything: joy, wisdom, beauty, a sense of the integrity of the world:
No, it’s not the landscape that attracts me,
It’s not the colors that I’m trying to notice,
And what shines in these colors -
Love and joy of being.

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